When did the tradition of celebrating the day of the last bell appear? Presentation of the research project "when the school bell rings" School bell early 20th century.
The various calendar systems of the ancient world once came to a single system known as the Julian calendar, which did not last long - from the reform of its founder (46 BC) to the First Ecumenical Council in Nicea, convened by Constantine the Great in 325 AD. It was on this day in 312 that Emperor Constantine the Great granted Christians freedom of religion. At the Council, the holy fathers established the celebration of the church new year on September 1 (O.S.) instead of March 1.
In ancient Judea, September 1 was celebrated as the feast of the harvest, and we know for certain from the Gospel that on this day the Savior first addressed the people with a sermon. On the same day in 312, Emperor Constantine, having adopted Christianity from his mother Helena, defeated his opponent Mauxentius, overshadowing the army with a banner on which a cross was depicted. After the victory of Christ, the Church ceased persecution and began its victorious march through the Byzantine Empire.
But in Rus' there are many outlandish things. So, for example, 1699 lasted ... 4 months.
In September, the Orthodox greeted him with the singing of the troparion for the new year, and at the end of the year, Peter I issued a decree on the celebration of the New Year on January 1 and the introduction of the chronology in the Western manner - from the Nativity of Christ.
What about September 1st? Many years later, this day became the Day of Knowledge, the beginning of a "new life" for many children - symbolically and at the same time naturally. Feast of the first call. This is the most long-awaited day for those who cross the school threshold for the first time. This is a holiday for first-graders and first-year students. Both of them enter into a completely new life. Therefore, this day is one of the most exciting and memorable for them.
Knowledge Day is an official holiday, which is celebrated on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 01.10.80 N 3018-X “On holidays and memorable days”, as amended. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 1, 1988 N 9724-XI "On Amendments to the Legislation of the USSR on Holidays and Memorable Days".
September 1 is the holiday of the beginning of the new academic year, primarily for pupils, pupils, students, teachers and lecturers. Traditionally, schools celebrate the start of the school year on this day. First-graders are greeted with special solemnity in schools. In secondary specialized and higher educational institutions, as a rule, they do without rulers, but the solemnity of the moment does not at all decrease from this.
On September 1, students and their parents give flowers to teachers, congratulating them on the start of the school year. The first persons of the state traditionally congratulate teachers and students on the Day of Knowledge. District administrations, heads of cities and the country visit various educational institutions.
On September 1, significant events took place in history, one way or another related to education:
In 1714Petersburg, by order of PETER I, the first state library in Russia was created. Now it is the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 1919The world's first State Film School was opened, now known as the All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography. A. S. Gerasimova.
In 1953on the Lenin (Sparrow) mountains opened a new complex of buildings of Moscow State University.
In 1964For the first time, the program “Good night, kids!” appeared on the TV screen, entertaining and educating kids, preparing them for school life.
Catchphrases of the day:
The first of September is the first day of the calendar
The first time in first class
It all starts with a school bell
Knowledge is power
Traditionally, in Russia at the end of May, one of the main holidays of schoolchildren is celebrated - the last bell. Celebrations take place at a time when studies have already ended, and final exams have not yet begun. The last call thus draws a peculiar line in the long-term educational marathon with all its lessons and changes, victories in regional olympiads and challenges to the director, quarrels with peers and first love.
history of the holiday
The last bell in the USSR began to be celebrated in the 1970s of the twentieth century. It is impossible to establish the exact date of the origin of this tradition. The fact is that at that time the Ministry of Education decided to add significance and solidity to secondary education. After all, as you know, before in the Soviet school only graduation was widely celebrated. Thus, a signal was sent to educational institutions about the introduction of a new holiday - the last bell. True, all the schools of the Union began to celebrate it not immediately, but gradually. Over time, the holiday "overgrown" with traditions and fell in love with both students and teachers. The date of the last call each educational institution determines independently.
Last call at Moscow school No. 1259. Photo: AiF
Celebration traditions
In most schools, on the eve of the last bell, they decorate the assembly hall, as well as the yard. They draw wall newspapers that tell about the everyday life of each class. Special clothes also belong to the traditional attributes - a Soviet-style school uniform with aprons for girls (boys, as a rule, wear a formal suit).
Recently, sometimes graduates prefer to attend the celebration in more modern outfits. Nevertheless, the lush white bows in the hair of the girls are just as indispensable attribute of the solemn event, as are the wide scarlet ribbons used by students and students with the inscription "Graduate", as well as the bells attached to clothes and then carefully preserved.
The ceremony of celebrating the last bell consists of two parts - official and arbitrary. During the first, congratulations are heard for future graduates, teachers, head teachers and the director speak. In addition, the program held in the schoolyard provides for the actual “last call” - for this ceremony, one of the young graduates and a small first-grader are selected - the graduate carries her holding a large bell on her shoulders.
Then schoolchildren can already celebrate their holiday more informally. Attired students traditionally walk in the city center, take pictures for memory, and release balloons into the sky. Also, in some schools, for the last call, whole classes go to sanatoriums and rest homes.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Kaduysky municipal district
"Kaduyskaya secondary school"
Conference "First steps into science"
Title of the work "Sound of the school bell"
P. Kaduy, 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
The impact of the school bell ringtone on students and teachers:
2.1 Purpose, objectives, relevance and hypothesis…………………………………………….4
Consultations with specialists………………………………………………..4
Analysis of printed publications and Internet resources…………………………….5
The results of surveys of primary school students and school teachers………6
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………........9
List of sources…………………………………………………………………..10
Annex 1 (photo report of consultations with specialists)……………………..11
Appendix 2 (photo report of student surveys)………………………………..........12
Appendix 3(results of surveys of students in grades 2-4)……………………..13
Annex 4 (student answers)…………………………………………………..14
Annex 5 (teachers' answers)……………………………………………………...16
Introduction.
For the first time, the doors of the school for each first-grader are opened with a school bell. But the holiday is over, weekdays are coming and it’s not a joyful bell that calls to study, but a loud and sharp bell, the sound of which irritates the ear, the sound of which makes you shudder, you want to cover your ears with your hands and run away from him. But he catches up with you again and again, after each lesson, day after day. It is known that the safe noise level for a person is 40 dB. School bell sound 100 dB. This is more than the safe level, twice. The school bell is just one component of the school noise, to which is added screaming and running around at breaks, noise from the street. Noise pollution ranks second in terms of harmful effects on the human body after chemical pollution of the environment. Doctors say that noise makes a person angry. Evil people always have a bad mood, which affects not only themselves, but also those around them. They get sick from constant irritation. In modern medicine, a diagnosis has appeared: "Chronic anger."
Prolonged noise adversely affects the hearing organs, reducing the sensitivity to sound. Noises cause functional disorders of the cardiovascular system; have a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often causes accidents and injuries. It leads to a breakdown in the activity of the heart, liver, to exhaustion and overstrain of nerve cells. Sudden loud noises, such as school bells, affect the autonomic nervous system. A strong, unpleasant sound causes a heartbeat, an increase in blood pressure and adrenaline in the blood. Under the influence of "school" noise, students manifest changes in the functional state of the central nervous system. The noise intensity level in the lessons is mainly in the range from 50 to 80 decibels, with a frequency of 500 to 2000 hertz. Noise up to 40 decibels does not cause negative changes, they become pronounced when exposed to noise of 50 and 60 decibels. Noise levels above 80-100 decibels contribute to an increase in the number of errors in work, reducing labor productivity by about 10-15% and at the same time significantly deteriorating its quality.
2. The impact of the school bell on students and teachers
2.1. Purpose, objectives, relevance and hypothesis
Why did we choose this topic? It is interesting for our social class and age group. In some schools, instead of a rattling, ear-irritating bell, there are already tunes that are pleasant to the ear, making you “wake up”, cheer up in the morning, smile after a poorly written control. We would like to improve the time spent in the institution by schoolchildren, their parents and teachers, evoke pleasant emotions from listening to the school bell, just smile when you hear cheerful, energetic, positive, pleasant to the ear music, but this will take time and solve some other problems.
Now our goal of the project is the impact of the school bell on students and teachers.
To achieve our goal, we have set a number of tasks:
Consult with experts about the impact of the school bell melody on students and teachers;
Find information on our topic in printed publications and Internet resources and process it;
Conduct a survey among students in grades 2-4;
Conduct a survey among school teachers;
To conclude.
Hypothesis of our project: Suppose that the sound of a school bell is an irritant for students and teachers. And we will try to prove it.
2.2 Expert advice
Our group turned to Galina Anatolyevna Blinova, Deputy Director for Administration and Maintenance (see Appendix 1), for advice on the school bell and system arrangement.
We consulted with the school health worker Tsareva Galina Valentinovna (see Appendix 1). She told us that "Noise makes a person angry. Such people poison the life not only of those around them, but also of themselves. In modern medicine, even a diagnosis has appeared - “chronic anger”. People who are constantly angry from blood noise produce too many stress hormones, such as adrenaline. From this, the pressure jumps, the heartbeat increases.
We visited the school psychologist of our school Borisova Galina Gennadievna(See Appendix 1)and consulted about the school bell. “I really like the idea of studying the influence of the school bell ringtone. I am ready to help, if necessary, to advise on this issue. And this is what she told us: “Many of us sometimes catch ourselves on the fact that the most insignificant troubles cause disproportionately strong irritation. At the same time, the mood deteriorates, well-being worsens, and as a result, mental imbalance gradually becomes an unpleasant feature of character.
So, from a psychological point of view,bad influence have the following sounds:
Modern commercial music - hip-hop, rock, hard rock, electronic and pop - is written at low frequencies, which, according to studies, has an effect similar to the roar of an earthquake, a building collapse or an avalanche. A person subconsciously feels threatened, in addition, he may feel a breakdown and depression. Prolonged exposure to low frequencies causes a change in the functioning of the glands responsible for the hormonal background, the level of insulin in the blood changes, and the ability to self-control decreases or disappears completely.
Swearing and obscene speech, lyrics with a negative message, have a strong influence on a person. A person who constantly hears mate, screams, negative speeches around him will simply wither if he does not think about how to protect himself.
Useful sounds include first of all, these are the sounds of nature: the murmur of a stream, the singing of birds, the sounds of waves and rain, the songs of dolphins. These sounds allow you to disconnect from the bustle of the city and direct your inner gaze to your own sources - wildlife. Result: stress relief, a state of rest and relaxation, lowering blood pressure, improving overall well-being, improving mood.
Attachment 1
Consultation with the Deputy Director for AHS Blinova Galina Anatolyevna
Consultation with the medical worker of the school Tsareva Galina Valentinovna
Consultation with a teacher - school psychologist Borisova Galina Gennadievna
Annex 2
Survey of students in grades 2-4 MBOU "Kaduyskaya secondary school"
2 "A" class
2 "B" class
3 "A" class
3 "B" class
3 "B" class
4 "A" class
4 "B" class
4 "B" class
Appendix 3
The results of surveys of students in grades 2-4
SURVEY PROCESSING
Questions for students :
Does the sound of the school bell annoy you?
Which is better: the sound of a bell (K), a school bell (Z), or a melody (M)?
What kind of music would you like to hear as a ringtone? A - Modern, B - Sounds of nature, C - Classical, D - Standard.
What genre of music to put on the school bell ringtone? A - pop music, B - rock music, C - traditional, D - classical.
Appendix 4
Answers of students in grades 2-4
Appendix 4
Answers of students in grades 2-4
Annex 5
School teachers' answers
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"Eurasia: education of the future"
International competition of research works and projects of schoolchildren
"Debut in Science"
PROJECT "SCHOOL BELLS"
Leaders: Selezneva E.G., Matveeva A.V. primary school teacher MAOU "Gymnasium No. 31", Perm, Lenskikh N.N. head theoretical department of MAOU DOD "DSHI No. 13", Perm
Participant: Khaliullin Vladislav Ilshatovich, student of the 4th grade of the MAOU "Gymnasium No. 31", Perm
Perm, Russian Federation
Introduction
Part 1. School bell
1.1 The impact of the school bell on the human body
1.2 Australian experience
1.3 Music therapy
1.4 School bell
1.5 Bell ringing
Part 2. The school bell is harmful to health
2.1 The negative impact of the school bell on the human body
2.2 Irritability
2.3 Replacing the school bell
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
Introduction
For the first time, the doors of the school for each first-grader open on September 1 with the school bell. The bell calls students to a wonderful event in the life of every person - studying at school. But the holiday is over, weekdays are coming, and it’s not a joyful bell that calls to study, but a loud and sharp bell, the sound of which irritates the ear, the sound of which makes you shudder, you want to plug your ears with your hands and run away from him. But he catches up with you again and again, after each lesson, day after day.
It is known that the safe noise level for a person is 40 dB. School bell sound 100 dB. This is more than double the safe level and comparable to the sound of a passing train. The school bell is just one component of school noise, to which is added screaming and running around during breaks, noise from the street. Noise pollution ranks second in terms of harmful effects on the human body after chemical pollution of the environment. Doctors say that noise makes a person angry. Evil people always have a bad mood, which affects not only themselves, but also those around them. They get sick from constant irritation. In modern medicine, the diagnosis "Chronic anger" has appeared.
The goal of the project: to replace the school bell.
1. Prove the harmful effects of the school bell on the human body.
2. Study information about the school bell, bell ringing, musical bells.
3. Observation of students, teachers and young musicians.
4. Develop questions and conduct a survey "How does the school bell affect you?" before and after the introduction of a new call.
5. Testing "Does it annoy you?" among students, teachers, young musicians before and after the introduction of a new bell.
6. Formulate conclusions based on the results of the survey and testing.
7. Listen to the bell ringing, musical works with bell ringing.
8. To study the influence of school noise, bell ringing, musical bells experimentally.
9. Visit the international bell ringing festival in Usolye, Perm region.
10. Develop proposals to fix the problem.
11. Carry out activities at school to eliminate the problem: speak in class, at the V regional scientific and practical conference "My first step into science."
12. Interview the director of the gymnasium about the financial costs of replacing the school bell.
13. Compare the results before and after the call replacement and draw conclusions.
14. Take part in the all-Russian competition of research works "Young Researcher" in order to obtain an expert assessment.
The object of research is the human body.
The subject is a school bell, bell ringing, melodies with bells.
The work is a theoretical and practical research. Its significance lies in the fact that it proves the adverse effect of the school bell on the health of people at school. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that, using the example of our gymnasium, it was proved that after replacing the bell, the negative impact of the bell and irritability decreased for all students and teachers.
Various sources of information were used to write the work: encyclopedic dictionaries, TV programs, the Internet, literary works, musical works of classical music, bell ringing.
Part 1. school bell
1. 1 Influence of schoolth call to the human body
Every year, a bell in the hands of a first-grader sitting on the shoulder of a high school student opens the doors of the school and calls the students to study. But the holiday is over, weekdays are coming, and it is not a joyful bell that convenes to study, but a loud and sharp call. His sound is so annoying that you shudder, cover your ears with your hands and want to run away from him. But he catches up with you again and again, day after day.
It is known that the safe noise level for a person is 40 dB. School bell sound 100 dB. This proves exceeding the safe level by two and a half times. The school bell is just one component of school noise, to which is added screaming and running around during breaks, noise from the street. Noise pollution ranks second in terms of harmful effects on the human body after chemical pollution of the environment. Doctors say that noise makes a person angry. Evil people always have a bad mood, which affects not only themselves, but also those around them. They get sick from constant irritation. In modern medicine, the diagnosis "Chronic anger" has appeared.
A call is a sound. Sound is vibrations that affect the entire surrounding space. According to the Swiss scientist Hans Jenny and the Japanese scientist Emoto Masaru, who claim that a droplet, vibrating under the influence of sound, takes the form of a three-dimensional star or a double tetrahedron in circles. The higher the frequency of vibration, the more complex the forms. But, as soon as the sound subsides, the most beautiful formations again become in the form of a drop of water (illustration No. 1 of the appendix).
The structure of water copies the information field in which it is located, and the human body consists of 90% water. Therefore, if a person, consisting of 90% water, is under the influence of “correct” music, the vibration frequency of which coincides with the vibration of his body, then such a person is not afraid of any diseases.
1. 2 Australian experience
Having studied Internet resources, it became known that the school bell irritates not only my hearing, but also the hearing of schoolchildren of the Australian school in Mattersburg. The school management came to the conclusion that it is especially difficult for primary school students who are frightened out of habit. Accustomed to a soft home environment, children experience stress during the year of study, and this can negatively affect the further formation of the psyche. The teachers of this school believe that children should not be stressed again and have found a solution to this problem by replacing the bell with "soft music", which, according to psychologists, creates a pleasant mood and increases efficiency. Now, two minutes before the end of the lesson, a gentle melody begins to sound quietly in the classroom, which sets up the students and the teacher to complete the lesson. It gets louder and louder and when it ends, the lesson comes to an end. Students have time to answer teachers' questions, and teachers themselves, who often forget about time, can calmly end the lesson. No one jumps at the sharp sound, and the students are in no hurry, collecting their things. School director Johanna Schwartz is happy about the new call: “Before, children jumped out of their seats and rushed headlong to the break, knocking each other down on the go. It was an extra headache for teachers and stress for students, but now everything has changed for the better. In my opinion, this is a very good solution to the problem, and as a young musician, it is close to me. But there is a problem in the choice of melodies, as different people like different music.
1. 3 Music therapy
Music has always healed mankind. Even in the III century. BC. with specially selected melodies, they healed melancholy, nervous disorders and heart pains. In the 90s of the twentieth century. the concept of "music therapy" appeared - a method based on the healing effect of music on the psychological state of a person. Many researchers believe that the healing factor of music is rhythm. Every organ of the human body vibrates, and this vibration may or may not coincide with the vibrations of some musical instruments. There is scientific evidence that when an organ is diseased, its rhythm changes. But if you manage to choose the right music to match the rhythm of the diseased organ with the instrument, then after a while the rhythm can be restored. In a study of music written by various composers, the French otolaryngologist Alfred Tomatis found that Mozart's music contains the most high-frequency sounds that recharge and activate the brain. Most of the works of Mozart, Vivaldi, Bach have an ideal rhythm - 60 beats per minute, which corresponds to a natural, healthy heartbeat. Classical music in an orchestral performance harmoniously affects the entire body.
University of Cheffield professor Katie Overy articulated the benefits of music:
Improving the level of reading skills;
Increasing the level of speech skills;
Improving the skills needed to solve spatial and temporal problems;
Improvement of verbal and counting and arithmetic abilities;
Improving concentration;
Memory improvement;
Improved motor coordination.
There are musical recipes for all occasions:
To activate brain activity - Chopin "Mazurka", Strauss "Waltz", Mozart "I and III parts from piano sonatas", "Rondo", waltzes from Tchaikovsky's ballets, "On the troika", "Spring" from Vivaldi's "Seasons", marches, etc.
To calm down - Beethoven "Symphony No. 6" part 2, Schubert "Ave Maria", Brahms "Lullaby", Chopin "Nocturne in G Minor", Debussy "Light of the Moon", Mozart "Little Night Serenade" part 2, "Winter" from "The Seasons" by Vivaldi, duet of Lisa and Polina from Tchaikovsky's opera "The Queen of Spades", etc.
To cure a headache - Khachaturian "Masquerade Suite", Mozart "Don Giovanni", Liszt "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 1", Beethoven "Fidelio", Oginsky's polonaise, etc.
Get rid of insomnia - Sibelius "Sad Waltz", Tchaikovsky's plays, Grieg "Peer Gynt", etc.
To reduce anger - Bach "Italian Concerto", Haydn "Symphony".
Musicologists have proposed a means of mitigating noise: skillfully and correctly selected music affects the efficiency of work.
Conclusion: replacing the school bell with melodies from classical music will not only have a positive effect on the body, but also increase work efficiency. Everyone works and gets tired at the lessons, so the melody of the call from the lesson should be soothing, and it is better if the sound is increasing. At recess, everyone is awake and preparing for the lesson, so we need a melody that activates the brain. Studying at a children's art school and constantly listening to classical music, I decided that the melody of the “Dance of the Dragee Fairy” from the ballet “The Nutcracker” by P.I. Tchaikovsky, which begins quietly and slowly, and then grows, will fit like a bell from a lesson. And the famous melody of Christmas bells will call to the lesson, which always evokes a joyful mood in everyone.
1.4 school bell
According to historians, the first school bell was glass. The ancient Greek philosopher and teacher Plato used to gather his students for lessons. It consisted of two vessels: one - empty, the other with water. It was called clepsydra. Plato's idea was that the sound of such a bell would be penetrating and wake the students up early in the morning for classes.
Before the appearance of the electric bell, all educational institutions in the world used a copper bell. The bell ringing came to the school because the first schools were parochial, then the signal about the beginning and end of the lesson was given by the church bell. In addition to invigorating mood, bell ringing can relieve illness and nervous tension. Even the sound of a small school bell has healing vibrations. The bell is the most powerful instrument of music therapy.
The strength of sound is measured in decibels (dB). "Bell" means "bell" in English, and "deci" means ten. It turns out that one decibel is equal to the sound of ten bells.
1.5 bell ringing
Sound is energy.
Sounding bells, in addition to frequencies audible to the human ear, radiate ultra- and infrasonic waves.
Back in the early 70s of the twentieth century, Swedish scientists were the first in the world to discover that the sounds of a bell literally in a matter of seconds kill pathogenic viruses (in particular, the causative agents of typhoid, hepatitis and influenza). No wonder during epidemics for many centuries in Europe and in Rus' there was a rule - to ring all the bells.
Modern Russian physicists A. Okharin and V. Isakov, having studied the characteristics of sound waves emanating from sounding bells and their impact on the surrounding space, came to the conclusion that the sounds of a bell have a rejuvenating effect on the human body. It is known that ringers do not suffer from colds. Bell ringing is used in Russia and the United States in the treatment of cancer - bell therapy. The secret is that the bells "radiate" sounds of very high frequency in abundance, in moderate doses, can work wonders.
“The bell emits a huge amount of resonant ultrasonic radiation, which spiritually and physically cleanses the space,” said the Russian scientist Fotiy Yakovlevich Shipunov, who was one of the leaders of the Biosphere Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Ultrasound has a relaxing effect on the human body, and infrasound causes states of tension, fear, anxiety.
It should be noted that the audio recording of bell ringing does not have such healing properties as live sound, but it also relieves nervous tension.
To listen to the bell ringing, on June 15, 2013, my family and I visited the VII International Bell Ringing Festival in the city of Usolye, Perm Territory. After the ringing of bells at the festival, I agree with Professor S.V. Smolensky, who said that the ringing of bells represented "the loudest stupidity." Most bell ringers ring "anyhow". They are required not only to want to ring the bells, but also to have an ear for music in order to get music from the bell orchestra. The famous theorist of bell ringing K.K. Saradzhev dreamed of performing musical, not church bells.
Part2. School bells are bad for your health.
2. 1 The negative impact of the school bell on the human body
The influence of the bell on the human body has been studied in two ways: theoretical and practical. For a theoretical study, five characteristics of the influence of the call were selected: pleases, amuses, frightens, irritates, and acts unpleasantly. These characteristics were offered to different respondents: 27 classmates, 15 primary school teachers, 24 young musicians - students of children's art school No. 13 in Perm - children with a fine ear for music. Questioning among the respondents was conducted three times: at the beginning of the school year on September 3, 2012, when everyone had a rest after a long summer vacation, with a festive mood from the beginning of the school year, and without fatigue from study. For the second time - at the end of the first half of the year on December 25, 2012, when the pre-holiday New Year's mood and fatigue accumulated over four months of study. And for the third time - at the end of the school year on May 17, 2013, when the pre-holiday mood from the upcoming summer holidays and severe fatigue from studying for the school year. Questioning at the end of the academic year with a new musical bell was conducted among classmates and teachers of gymnasium No. 31 in Perm and young musicians who were not students of the gymnasium.
The results of the survey (table No. 1 of the appendix) show that at the beginning of the year the school bell pleases more classmates (29%) than young musicians (13%) and teachers (10%). Amuses 11% of classmates, 10% of teachers and not a single musician. It scares 14% of classmates, 13% of musicians and not a single teacher. The call irritates more teachers (40%) than classmates (25%) and musicians (20%). It has an unpleasant effect on 54% of young musicians, 40% of teachers and 21% of classmates. If you visualize the results obtained in a diagram, then all respondents have negative characteristics: frightening, annoying and unpleasantly acting, they prevail over positive ones: it pleases and amuses. (diagram No. 1 of the appendix).
From this it follows that the school bell already at the beginning of the school year, when there is no fatigue from study and work, adversely affects students (60%), teachers (80%) and young musicians (87%).
By the end of the first half of the year, the number of classmates who were pleased with the call decreased by 5%, amusing - by 7%, annoying - by 1%. The number of classmates who are frightened by the call by 2% and unpleasantly affected by 11% has increased (Table No. 2 of the appendix). Comparing the results of classmates for half a year, we can conclude that by the end of the first half of the year, the positive characteristics of influence decreased, while the negative ones increased (comparative diagram No. 2 of the appendix).
For objective reasons, it was not possible to conduct a survey at the end of the first half of the year among teachers and young musicians.
Based on the theoretical data obtained, we can conclude that the school bell adversely affects the human body. During the school year, the negative impact increases.
school bell irritability harmfulness
2.2 Irritability
The unfavorable influence of the school bell increases irritability. In order to find out about the irritability of people who are constantly at school, testing was conducted at the beginning of the school year on September 3, 2012, at the end of the first half of the year on December 25, 2012. The same respondents took part in the testing. The test (application) determines three degrees of irritability: highly irritated, who are annoyed by everything, even insignificant things. They are quick-tempered, easily lose their temper. And this shatters the nervous system, from which others suffer. Averagely irritated, who are irritated only by unpleasant things and do not make drama out of ordinary adversity. And very balanced. The results of the degree of irritability at the beginning of the school year (Table 3) show that teachers (7%) are more irritable at the beginning of the school year than classmates (4%) and young musicians (4%).
At the end of the first half of the year, testing was conducted only among classmates. The results showed (diagram No. 3 of the appendix) that the number of highly irritated remained the same, and the number of balanced decreased by 17%.
Conclusion: at the beginning of the school year, teachers are more irritable than classmates and young musicians. By the end of the first half of the year, irritation among classmates increases due to a decrease in the number of balanced ones.
2.3 Replacing the school bell
The school bell adversely affects the human body. And according to the results of the survey (diagram No. 4 of the appendix), the majority (47%) of the respondents were in favor of replacing the school bell with the sound of a bell.
The school bell has a negative effect on the body, the bell has a positive effect. Therefore, several options have been proposed to solve this problem:
The first option: acting like Plato, use a glass bell. Empirically, I tried to repeat Plato's invention (photo No. 1 of the application).
This requires two glass vessels: one large, the other smaller. First, pour water into a smaller vessel and put it in a large one, knock, the sound is sonorous. Then pour water into a large one and put a small empty one into the water, the sound turned out to be muffled. I assume that Plato used the same method. It is simple, safe, economical and can ring in the classroom nowadays. However, for a modern school with many classrooms and floors, it has a number of disadvantages: water can spill and wet the papers on the table, and, in addition, the teacher must constantly note the time for the lesson and the break, and if there is more than one teacher in the school, then the time may not match and it will be a mess. It can be applied in a school with one class.
The second option: contact the director of the gymnasium with a request to purchase a bell for each class, preferably a Valdai bell, and the teacher will ring them at the end and beginning of the lesson. Bell ringing produces not only audible high and low sounds, but also invisible ultra- and infrasound, which can kill viruses and bacteria. This option has a huge advantage, since during the period of mass viral infections, schools will not have to be quarantined. But it also has disadvantages in the inconvenience for the teacher to constantly keep track of time. You can purchase one large bell, appoint a special bell ringer who will walk along the corridor and ring, but the bell ringer's path along the corridor will take longer than the change lasts.
The third option is to combine music with bell ringing and turn it on instead of ringing. This technique is used in music therapy to relieve irritability and mental stress in children. Despite the fact that the audio recording of the bell ringing does not have healing properties, like a live sound, but even it relieves mental stress.
For our gymnasium, I chose the third option and turned on March 10, 2013 to the director Lyudmila Vladislavovna Serikova with a request to replace the bell with melodies with bells: after the lesson "Dance of the Dragee Fairy" from the ballet "The Nutcracker" by P.I. bells.
In addition, he suggested that the director turn on classical music during breaks in the following order: at the beginning of classes - peppy, Khachaturian's "Masquerade Suite", Sviridov's "Snowstorm", Mozart's "Don Giovanni", etc., in the middle - calm, Beethoven's "Symphony No. 6 "part 2, Schubert "Ave Maria" and others, at the end - smooth, Strauss "Waltz", Chopin "Mazurka".
The director supported my version and since April 1, 2013 in our gymnasium the bell has been ringing with Christmas bells and the music of the Dance of the Dragee Fairy. In addition, Chopin's "Spring Waltz" sounded at one break.
On November 15, 2013, I interviewed the director of the gymnasium L.V. Serikova (photo No. 2 of the appendix) in order to find out about the amount of money that the gymnasium spent to replace the bell. The costs amounted to 325,000 rubles. (Questions and answers in the application).
At the end of the academic year on May 17, 2013, testing was conducted on the same questions as at the beginning of the year to obtain results on the degree of irritability after replacing the ringing with bells. As well as a survey about the impact of a new call on the body. Testing and questioning were conducted among classmates and teachers of our gymnasium and young musicians who do not study at our gymnasium. The results are amazing. It turned out that in less than two months, highly irritated classmates and teachers were gone, but the number of highly irritated young musicians increased by 3% compared to the beginning of the school year. The number of moderately irritated teachers decreased by 5%. Among young musicians who are not students of our gymnasium, the number of moderately irritated people decreased by 11%, while among classmates it increased by 4%. The number of those who are balanced has increased for everyone: for classmates by 4%, for teachers by 12% and for young musicians by 8% compared with the beginning of the year (Table No. 4 of the appendix).
Interesting results were obtained on the effect of the call on the body. The number of classmates and teachers of our gymnasium, where the bell was replaced by melodies, and the number of young musicians in whose schools the old bell rang, for whom the bell pleases and amuses, has increased significantly, and the number of all respondents, for whom the bell irritates, frightens and has an unpleasant effect, has significantly decreased ( table No. 5 of the appendix).
Based on these results, it can be concluded that listening to classical music and playing music relieve irritability and have a beneficial effect on the human body.
The results of a survey conducted among classmates and teachers of our gymnasium showed that the number of classmates for returning the old bell and for leaving a new bell turned out to be the same (42%). Teachers are happy about the new call (75%).
The results of the Melody Preference Survey showed that the majority (91%) liked the melody of Christmas bells.
Opinions about the influence of Chopin's melody "Spring Waltz" on recess are different. Based on the results of the survey, we can conclude that Chopin's "Spring Waltz", which was played at recess, calms a greater number (86%) of respondents.
For practical research, the methods of the Swiss scientist Hans Yenni and the Japanese scientist Emoto Masaru were taken, which consist in listening to sounds with water and its further freezing.
Five types of sounds were taken for the experiment: noise in the classroom during one school day, ringtones "Christmas bells", melodies "Dance of the Dragee Fairy" from the ballet P.I. Tchaikovsky's "The Nutcracker", the ringing of the Valdai bell, silence without sound.
To obtain a photo of the noise in the classroom, the following experiment was carried out: water was poured into a jar from the tap in the classroom, put on the teacher's table and stood there for one day on February 11, 2014, then brought home, poured into a Petri dish and frozen in the freezer . Then photographed with a Nokia Asha 501 phone camera at 3.2 MP (photo # 3 of the application).
Looking through the frozen water, we can conclude that a pattern has formed on which different lines are visible, some are large, others are small, which are located randomly, without a definite pattern and symmetry.
To obtain a photo of silence, water was taken from the tap in the apartment, poured into a Petri dish and frozen in the freezer (photo No. 4 of the application). Drawing of silence without lines and pattern.
To obtain a photo of the ringing of the Valdai bell, water was poured into a Petri dish and a ring was made over it, then the cup was placed in a freezer (photo No. 5 of the appendix). The ringing pattern of the Valdai bell is similar to the shape of a bell, in the head of which the lines are straight and sparsely located, and in the sound ring the lines are small, often arranged in a semicircle.
To obtain a photo of the melody "Christmas Bells", water was taken into a Petri dish, placed near the computer from which the melody sounded, then frozen in the freezer. The drawing of the melody looks like a flower with pointed petals (photo No. 6 of the application).
To obtain a photo of the melody "Dance of the Dragee Fairy" from P.T. Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Nutcracker", water was taken into a Petri dish, placed near the computer from which the melody sounded, then frozen in the freezer. The drawing of the melody looks like a five-pointed star or a snowflake (photo No. 7 of the application).
Based on the experiments, we can conclude that the sound of silence has no pattern, the pattern of the ringing of the Valdai bell is similar to a bell with beautiful symmetrical lines arranged in a semicircle, the pattern of class noise with asymmetrical lines of different lengths arranged randomly, the pattern of the “Dance” from The Nutcracker » as a five-pointed star or snowflake, the drawing of "Christmas bells" as a flower with pointed petals. Of the five sounds taken for experiments, beautiful drawings have melodies and bell ringing.
Based on practical research, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Water records information about the sounds it is near.
2. Different sounds have different patterns.
3. The sound of silence has no pattern.
4. The sound of the Valdai bell is similar to a bell.
5. The sound of "Dance Fairy Dragee" is like a five-pointed star.
6. The sound of Christmas bells is like a flower with spiky petals.
Taking into account the results of theoretical and practical research, we can conclude that melodies with bells and bell ringing create beautiful patterns and have a beneficial effect on the human body.
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the exclusion of one component from school noise - a sharp bell, listening to classical music and playing music relieve irritation and reduce the harmful effects of noise on the human body.
Conclusion
When we first cross the threshold of the school to the sounds of a joyful and cheerful bell, we do not even suspect that the sharp sound of the school bell will frighten and annoy us further. The sound of a school bell exceeds the safe noise level by two and a half times. The bell is just one component of the school noise. Noise has a harmful effect on the human body. From noise, a person becomes irritable and angry. The World Health Organization draws attention to public underestimation of the impact of noise on health, drawing attention to the steady increase in background noise. It has been proven that exceeding the permissible noise levels leads to an increase in the excitability of the nervous system, memory impairment, circulatory disorders, etc.
Already at the beginning of the school year, the school bell adversely affects most people. This harmful influence intensifies towards the middle of the school year. The negative impact of the bell leads to an increase in irritability and most people want to replace the school bell. I, like most of the people interviewed, immediately wanted to change the call. If we replace the school bell with music, as they did in one of the Australian schools, then the harmful effects will decrease. From the first grade, doing sound research, I realized that it’s not enough to do research and discover something new for yourself, but you need your discoveries to be introduced into everyday life and improve it. I was lucky that the director of our gymnasium L.V. Serikova is trying to improve the school life of students and teachers, and it took a little time from my idea to change the bell to its implementation. This project proved that, having implemented my proposals to replace the school bell with melodies with bells, in less than two months there were no highly irritable people in the school, and the number of balanced ones increased. New school bells are more pleasing and amusing than frightening and annoying. Listening to classical music at recess calms people down. Having visited the international festival of bell ringing (photo No. 8 of the appendix), I was convinced of the correctness of the chosen variant of the school bell, since in order to get a musical, beautiful and melodic bell ringing, you need to have an ear for music, talent and skill.
Considering that a person consists of 90% water, and water copies the informational surrounding field, the images of frozen water of music and bell ringing are more beautiful than the images of silence and cool noise. Taking part in the regional scientific and practical conference (illustration No. 2 of the appendix), the Russian correspondence competition (illustration No. 3 of the appendix), I wanted to draw the attention of students, teachers and parents to the problem of the harmful effects of the call on the human body. And also to the fact that this problem can be solved by applying my suggestions in all schools in Russia and around the world. Opinion of an expert of the All-Russian contest "Young Researcher" about my work: "Dear Vladislav Ilshatovich! Thank you very much for your interesting and useful work. At the internal section of the conference, your report will surely arouse great interest of the audience. I wish you success in your further research. Recommendations for participation in six face-to-face conferences ”confirmed the usefulness of my research and gave strength to further research.
I would like the school bell to be joyful in all schools of the world!
FROMlist of literature
1. A.I. Tsvetaeva, N.K. Saradzhev "Master of magic ringing". M. "Music", 1988.
2. Large illustrated explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.
3. Kotova M. Healing sound. Science and life. 1990. No. 6.
4. Rakin A.G. Waves big and small: non-fiction literature. M. Det.lit., 1985.
5. Sharikov I.G. On the use of bells and beats in music therapy. M.2000
6. http: // www.kolokola.ru
7. http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry Ringing
9. http://wikipedia.org> Bell
10. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ultrasound
11. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ infrasound
12. http: //narodinfo.ru/articles/61685. html
13. http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-17810/
14. http://shkolazhizni.ru>Articles>0/n-8458. Sinarevskaya "What is the secret of the bell ringing."
15. http: //dslov.narod/ru/fslov/59.htm
16. utro.ru/articles/2003/10/30/245. Marta Vesloukhova "School bell - a mental attack on a child."
17. rtwiki.iteach.ru/index.php./Occupation of the circle Health of my school/Vishnyakova Z.M./Buinsk/2012
18. svetan.ru.>musikoterapia.html
19. lazarev.org>interesting||news…kolokolov/
20. neoglavnom.com/na-zdorovje…lechenie…zvon-kolokola
21.pritvor.kz.pridel/cerkov/doroga/264-2011-06-2614
22. nsportal.ru>Scarlet sails>borba-so-shkolnym-shumom
23. www.KFS-Koltsova.biz
24. the-day-x.ru>pamyat-vody.html
25. cosmoforum.ucoz.ru>Ethics>19-285-1
26. zhallo.ru>nepoznannoe/kolokolnyj-zvon
27. http://ethnocolocol.ru/load/muzykalznaczvonnic/6-1-0-151 A. Pokrovsky “On the musical significance of belfries”.
Application
Figure 1. Photo of water under the influence of different music, different words
Table 1. Results of the survey of the impact of the bell at the beginning of the school year
Diagram 1. Impact of the bell at the beginning of the school year
Table 2. Comparative results of the survey of the influence of classmates' calls at the beginning and end of the semester.
Diagram 2. Comparative data on the impact of a call on classmates for half a year
Test "Are you annoyed?..."
Answer options: "very" - 4 points, "not particularly" - 1, "by no means" - 0.
Not particularly |
|||||
The crumpled page of the newspaper you want to read? |
|||||
Excessive proximity of the interlocutor? |
|||||
When someone coughs in your direction? |
|||||
When someone laughs out of place? |
|||||
When someone tries to teach you what to do and how to do it? |
|||||
When in the cinema the person sitting in front of you is constantly spinning and commenting on the plot of the film? |
|||||
When you are trying to retell the plot of an interesting book that you are going to read? |
|||||
Loud talking at recess? |
|||||
A person who gestures while talking? |
More than 30 points: You will not be classified as a calm and balanced person. Everything annoys you, even the smallest things. You are quick-tempered, easily lose your temper. And this shatters the nervous system, from which others suffer.
Below 30: You can be classified as the most common category of people. Only the most unpleasant things annoy you, but out of ordinary adversity, you do not make drama.
Less than 9: You are a very balanced person.
Table 3. Results of testing for irritability at the beginning of the year
Diagram 3. Comparative data on the results of testing for irritability among classmates at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the first half of the year.
Diagram 4. Results of the survey about replacing the school bell.
Questions and answers of an interview with the director of the MAOU "Gymnasium No. 31", Perm L.V. Serikova November 15, 2013
Question 1: how did you get the idea to replace the bell?
Answer: After reading your research.
Question 2: what technical means were used to replace the bell?
Answer: a public address and broadcast system, including: 2 amplifiers, an automated control system, a trombone, 72 SWS-03 Inter-M loudspeakers, a ROOKOT voice public address unit, 2 RM-01 microphones, a laptop, Microsoft "Windows 7" software , 40 boxes 12x12 DEGROSS, 15 junction boxes UK-2P. This system was installed in addition to the fire alarm system.
Question: How much money did you need to replace the call?
Answer: 325,000 rubles.
Photo 1. Interview with the director of the MAOU "Gymnasium No. 31" L.V. Serikova
Table 4. Comparative results of the test for irritability among classmates, teachers and young musicians at the beginning and end of the school year.
Table 5. Comparative table of the results of the effect of ringing among classmates, teachers and young musicians at the beginning and end of the school year.
Photo 2. Noise in the classroom
Photo 3. Silence
Photo 4. Valdai bell ringing
Photo No. 5. The melody of "Christmas bells"
Photo 6. The melody of the “Dance of the Fairy Dragee” from the ballet “The Nutcracker” by P.I. Tchaikovsky
Photo 7. International Festival of Bell Ringing and Sacred Music in Usolye, Perm Territory 06/15/2013
Illustration 3. Photo of the diploma of the winner of the V regional scientific and practical conference "My first step into science" 03/02/2013
Figure 4. Photo of the diploma of the laureate of the III degree of the Russian correspondence competition "Young Researcher", April 2013
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A ringing bell or, as we used to say, a bell is one of the main and integral symbols of the school. Welcome the new school year with the first bell. Moreover, the first bell is an important event for every student, because once everyone was a first grader and for everyone the very first, most sonorous school bell sounded.
There is also a last call. For most students, it evokes joyful emotions from the anticipation of summer holidays. But for high school graduates, the last bell rings for the last time, because of this, their joyful feelings are mixed with a slight sadness from parting with school. Therefore, the school bell has been the most recognizable symbol and an integral attribute of the school for many decades for everyone. However, few people know where the history of the school bell originates from.
It all started in the 4th century BC. The first prototype of the school bell appeared near ancient Athens, in the Academy created by Plato. In fact, the first "school bell" was an alarm clock - a water clock of a special design and it was called clepsydra.
There is a beautiful legend about the “school bell” in Rus': “Having conquered the free city of Novgorod, Tsar Ivan III ordered the veche bell to be removed and delivered to Moscow so that it would ring in harmony with Moscow. But when the veche bell was being transported through Valdai, a sleigh overturned on one of the slopes, and the bell fell into a ravine. The first bells were cast from its fragments. These bells began to be used to warn of some event.
When the bell appeared in Russian schools, today no one can say for sure. It is known that earlier schoolchildren were gathered into classes most often with the help of large and small bells. Back in the 50s of the XX century, these school bells hung in some schools.
The first "electric school bell" was made by the American physicist Joseph Henry in 1831. And this is not surprising, because he was a school teacher, taught physics and mathematics at a school in the small town of Albany, which he graduated from himself.
In the Russian Federation, the most familiar to us electric bell, the trills of which, depending on the circumstances, can be either melodic and pleasant - for a break, or sharp and unexpected - for a lesson, appeared in schools in the second half of the 20th century.
Since 1984, the date of September 1 is celebrated as one of the public holidays in Russia and the former Soviet Union - the Day of Knowledge. And it is also a holiday of the First Bell for everyone who starts their studies and, of course, for teachers and parents. A mandatory attribute of this first autumn holiday is a small ringing bell.
Sources:
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