It hides the person well. Secretive is a bad person? Let's figure it out together
The difference between modesty and secrecy is huge! What more in Kurganinsk, you can guess.
A modest person is a person completely devoid of any bragging or boasting. This is a highly moral person who has a true upbringing and at the same time high demands on himself.
A modest person, clearly aware of his obvious advantages, deliberately avoids loud public recognition, nobly and tactfully helping others to show off their unique virtues. Usually humble people express their opinion with pleasure, benevolence and sincerity, you just need to ask them about it. They are firm, active, consistent and thorough in critical situations. Their position is clear and open.
Sometimes modesty is also confused with timidity and shyness. And in vain, because timidity and shyness determine only the degree of a person's lack of confidence in the correctness of their actions.
The above can in no way be attributed to the concept of a secretive personality, because the secrecy of a person comes from the ability to hide not one's talents and virtues, but one's true beliefs and habits.
A secretive person seems to wear a mask pleasing to the environment, skillfully misleading others about his own tastes, preferences and opinions. He is able to imitate noble feelings, but not experience them. And if a real modest person avoids recognizing his merits out of delicacy and respect for others, then the motives of a secretive person, as a rule, are not so noble.
A secretive person hides not at all out of delicacy and respect for others, but out of deep arrogance, aggression and distrust, and sometimes contempt for others. Sometimes even relatives and friends of a secretive person have no idea about who exactly they have lived next to and continue to live for many, many years. It seems to be quiet and modest, such a family member or neighbor, laconic and complaisant.
It seems to be saying what everyone is used to saying and hearing. But, if you think about it, it is almost impossible to get a completely clear, definite explanation from a secretive person on this or that occasion, and even his actions are sometimes so inexplicable ...
If a secretive person is a leader, then the formulation of tasks in his performance is a real torment for subordinates. The fulfillment of the same task is reminiscent of the game " sea battle". The handwriting of such a person is too intricate. Subordinates spend too much time and effort on solving the "mysteries" of the secretive boss, who is also an avid hustler.
Often a secretive person, due to the structure of his personality, experiences a piercing antipathy for truly modest, contact, hardworking and sincere people. Of course, a secretive leader will express such antipathy implicitly, but in the form of a series of unexpected and much more urgent, important and difficult production needs that have fallen on the head of a modest person. Moreover, lazy and evasive subordinates, with such a distortion of labor relations, will feel quite comfortable.
The sincerity of a radically secretive person in the family can not be counted on. The nature of such a radical is such that he will definitely find something to hide from the second half. For example, the true size of your salary or some suspicious addictions. Life with a werewolf is unpredictable. And sometimes dangerous.
Therefore, before marriage, young people of both sexes, out of respect for themselves, their parents and their future children, should try with great attention to investigate who is who your future second half.
You never really know anything about them. Well, at best, in general terms - where a person lives, what he works for ... You will learn about marital status, changes in status, and departure abroad by chance. If you know at all. Such people can communicate with you for a long time, but at the same time tell almost nothing about themselves. What makes them do so?
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I have a friend with whom we have been in contact for ten years. True, mostly remotely. During this time, we discussed many topics, from politics to literature, but information about the life of Victor himself has to be pulled out literally with ticks. Only recently I found out that he lost his parents early, and even his personal life is a taboo ... I still don’t know for sure whether he was married and with whom he lives now ... It’s worth asking an “uncomfortable” question, how Victor turns off the conversation or translates him on another topic, or even irritably informs him that he "does not want to talk about it." At the same time, he knows everything about me - with whom I live, with whom I meet ...
Once I was told a story about a woman who hid from her friends that she was getting married. They found out about this after the fact and were very offended by her ...
However, not everyone is inclined to spread about the upcoming changes in marital status. I had a school friend, quite close. In any case, we communicated more or less regularly. Somehow, a few years after graduation, I called her and found out that she was married. And before that, there were no hints that she was dating someone ... Some time passed - and she told me that she had given birth to a child. But we met during her pregnancy, and she didn’t say a word! I also learned about her divorce from strangers ...
Another friend also carefully concealed her personal life. Even when she began to live with a man, and I heard a man's voice on the phone a couple of times, I asked her: “Do you have changes in your personal life?”, She answered evasively. Although, it would seem, well, what's wrong with that - they live in a civil marriage ...
Another friend at first devoted everyone to the ups and downs of her relationship with men. As a result, she was already preparing for the wedding, when suddenly everything ended abruptly. It turned out that three weeks before the wedding there was a quarrel, Masha offered the groom to live separately, he went to his parents and ... did not return.
A few years later, Masha left for permanent residence abroad. Once on Skype, she mentioned that a friend should come to her. I didn't even know she met someone there. Then Maria reported on LiveJournal that they had moved in together. And four months later - that they got married ... Masha told that she was expecting a child only three months before his birth. Note: all this time we have been actively communicating with her via Skype!
And yet what is the reason for secrecy?
Most often, people hide the circumstances of their lives, because they do not want to be discussed. Not everyone is pleased when their bones are washed, even at a distance. In addition, a person who has information about you often has the opportunity to harm you, interfere with the execution of your plans.
Many are also afraid to talk about their ideas for the future, "so as not to jinx it." For example, about pregnancy, as a rule, do not tell until half term. They do not always share information about the upcoming marriage, as the wedding can easily be upset, as happened with my girlfriend. Not everyone talks about changes in their personal lives, about the fact that they started dating someone.
It is not recommended to talk about plans related to work or business. Superstitious people are afraid that they will be envied or wished for evil and thus "spoil". There are those who consider the proverb "Zagad is never rich" to be fair.
I judge by myself: every time I imagined in all details a new job, project or relationship with some man, a bummer awaited me ... Parapsychologists believe that by “living” the desired situation, we kind of “realize” it on a subtle level, and this option is "closed". Therefore, it is useful in a sense to live for today - in any case, do not treat your plans too emotionally, do not “guess” for the future, but adapt to the present situation.
However, there is another reason why people are secretive. They do not trust you because they do not know how you will use the information received. One and the same person can be quite frank with some, and keep closed with others, even if they seem to be connected by friendship ... But most often such an individual does not frank with anyone. This is usually the behavior of those who have already burned themselves once, told someone the whole “underground” and got a bad result.
Is it worth it to be offended by secretive people? Looking in what situations. If this is a friend who is afraid that you will “spoil” her personal happiness, this is one thing. But if you meet a man and don’t even know his last name (as was the case with one of my acquaintances) and he is silent, like a partisan, about his past and marital status, then this is a reason to be wary. It is possible that he has something to hide. So feel free to ask questions. Avoid answer? Better look elsewhere!
Arina LYUSINA. "About you"
Blood in the stool is always an alarming symptom that requires careful examination and adequate treatment. This is one of those signs that are not treated on their own, without medical help and drugs.
Causes of blood in the stool
Blood in the stool: causes
The list of diseases that may be accompanied by such a symptom is quite large. You can reduce everything to one single reason - damage to the vessels and muscle tissue of the digestive tract. If damage has already occurred, it is necessary to identify where the bleeding area is located as soon as possible and begin a course of treatment.
Blood may not always be visible to the naked eye. Sometimes patients go to the doctor with other complaints, but upon careful examination, it turns out that there is hidden blood in the stool. This means that the damage is located in upper divisions Gastrointestinal tract (stomach, esophagus, small intestine).
Blood in the stool, the causes of which are associated with damaged veins, hemorrhoids, a fissure, looks bright scarlet.
It is more often present not even in the stool itself, but on toilet paper, linen or dripping after a bowel movement. A distinctive feature of such bleeding is pain in the anus, which is felt as "external". After a bowel movement, the bleeding stops and the pain goes away, but itching may occur as the fissure heals. Despite the fact that such bleeding is caused by shallow injuries, it still poses a threat. Frequent bleeding causes anemia, an infection can get into an open wound.
If the blood is scarlet, but in the stool, and liquid, it is most likely an intestinal infection that caused damage to the intestinal walls. Fever is often associated with infection.
Blood streaks in a normal stool without severe pain can mean inflammatory bowel disease or other gastrointestinal tract.
The most dangerous type of bleeding is black loose stools:
- He reports that the bleeding is massive, the source may be in the upper gastrointestinal tract, stomach or duodenum.
- Under the action of enzymes and gastric juice, the blood thickens, turns black.
- The cause of such serious damage to the mucosa can be some drugs or toxic substances.
- Black stool will require hospitalization. An ambulance must be called immediately. Doctors can help you find the source of the bleeding and stop it.
It is impossible to determine the cause of bleeding on your own. You need to see a doctor for an examination. Any type of bleeding can be a symptom of a cancerous tumor, which must be ruled out before starting treatment.
Possible diseases
Possible diseases in which there is blood in the stool
Many are embarrassed to go to the doctors with such a problem and try to be treated on their own. There are a lot of diseases accompanied by internal bleeding and blood in the stool. It is impossible to diagnose oneself on the basis of symptoms alone. In order for the treatment to be effective, it is necessary to undergo an examination.
Diseases that cause blood in the stool:
- Polyps. Usually they talk about polyps in the colon. These are small growths on the intestinal mucosa. There may be several. Polyps can cause cancer, so they require mandatory treatment and monitoring. In this case, there may be a large amount of mucus and blood in the stool. When polyps enlarge, they cause abdominal pain and long-term constipation. This disease cannot be cured with medication. Small polyps can be removed with an endoscope, large ones require surgery.
- Hemangioma. This is a benign tumor. It can be located in both the small and large intestine. With hemangioma, bleeding is inevitable. There are several types of hemangiomas. All of them can lead to bleeding and anemia. Treatment is usually performed surgically.
- Hemorrhoids and anal fissure. With hemorrhoids, veins swell and prolapse. When constipated, they can become damaged and bleed. An anal fissure is a tear in the lining of the rectum, which is also accompanied by bleeding, sometimes quite strong and prolonged. Both hemorrhoids and fissures are treated with a diet, suppositories, laxatives, baths with herbal decoctions, enemas. In extreme cases, surgery is possible.
- Ulcerative colitis. The intestinal mucosa is affected by ulcers, which can bleed from time to time. The stool varies from mushy to severe diarrhea, depending on the severity of the disease. In severe form, there may be pus in the stool. Treatment begins with conservative methods. Only acute severe cases and bowel perforation require surgery.
- Oncology. Blood in stool can mean both colon cancer and stomach cancer. Tumors, growing, destroy the wall of the intestine or stomach, which causes bleeding. If the bleeding is severe, part of the organ is surgically removed.
- Infection (dysentery, salmonellosis, etc.). There are many intestinal infections. They all start with fever and diarrhea. There may be pain in the abdomen. In the feces, you can find not only blood, but also mucus, pus. Such diseases require immediate treatment.
Blood in baby's stool
Causes of blood in the stool in a child
Blood in the feces of a child always scares mothers and makes them see a doctor. In fact, children are prone to the same gastrointestinal diseases as adults.
In children under one year old, blood in the feces can also appear with dysbacteriosis. With this disease, the intestines are inflamed, small vessels can be damaged. At the same time, the child has bloating, flatulence, colic, and sometimes foamy diarrhea. Treatment is carried out with the help of adsorbents, probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriophages.
A fissure in the anus is quite difficult in young children. It also occurs against the background of persistent constipation, which can affect both infants and older children. The matter is complicated by the fact that you can’t explain to a baby that you can’t push, or vice versa, you don’t need to be afraid to go to the toilet. Each bowel movement causes pain, screaming and tears in the child. An important component of treatment is the prevention of constipation. Pediatricians prescribe Normaze and Dufalac, as well as suppositories with sea buckthorn oil to heal the crack.
The most frightening cause of blood in the stool and severe constipation is intestinal obstruction:
- Obstruction can be caused by an improper diet, ingrown intestinal walls, and a congenital anomaly. At the first suspicion of obstruction, the child should be urgently hospitalized.
- Obstruction does not always mean that the child cannot go to the toilet at all. Sometimes there is a liquid frequent stool with blood, which soon turns into one continuous blood clot. The child screams, cries, refuses to eat, and if he eats, he burps profusely.
- Mothers need to seek immediate medical attention. Soldering the child and folk remedies lead to nothing. As a result, the child may die.
- If the obstruction was detected in a young child in advance, on ultrasound, it can be treated with a barium enema.
The cause of blood in the feces of a child can even be a banal food allergy.
An allergic reaction manifests itself not only in the form of a rash and redness, but also in the form of diarrhea with mucus and blood impurities. The strongest allergens are natural cow's milk, citrus fruits, gluten and various chemical additives in products (dyes, flavors).
Any signs of blood in a child's stool should alert parents. It is necessary to conduct a thorough examination and identify the cause of bleeding.
Diagnosis when detecting blood in the stool
Examination of the gastrointestinal tract to identify the causes of blood in the stool
When blood appears in the stool, diagnosis is necessary as soon as possible. The first step is to contact a proctologist. He will listen and record complaints, examine and conduct a digital examination. If the cause is in a fissure and hemorrhoids, this will be clear on palpation.
If further testing is needed, the doctor will order tests. Be sure to take a blood test and feces for occult blood and eggs of worms.
The final conclusion about the diagnosis will help to make sigmoidoscopy:
- This is a study of the lower intestines using an endoscope.
- A thin tube with a camera at the end is inserted into the anus.
- The picture is displayed on the monitor screen.
- You can enter the camera only 30 cm. However, most often this is enough.
- This is a safe procedure with virtually no contraindications.
- With severe incessant bleeding, this procedure is not performed, since no information can be obtained, but there is a danger of injuring the intestines even more.
Sigmoidoscopy requires careful preparation. In order for the doctor to be able to examine everything in detail, the intestines must be clean. Therefore, a few days before the procedure, you must go on a strict diet, and put a cleansing enema on the day of the procedure.
Video. Causes of blood in the stool.
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%0ATreatment of the appearance of blood in the stool by alternative methods
Treating bleeding without knowing the cause with folk remedies can be very dangerous. Traditional medicine is used only as part of the main treatment prescribed by a doctor.
All funds must be agreed with a specialist:
- With hemorrhoids and cracks, warm baths with potassium permanganate or decoctions of chamomile and St. John's wort help.
- Microclysters with chamomile are useful for cracks, internal hemorrhoids, colitis. Chamomile needs to be brewed, cooled to a slightly warm state and injected into the anus with a pear. After the introduction, you need to lie down for about 20 minutes.
- Worms in the people are treated with onion infusion. The average onion should be finely chopped, pour warm water and leave overnight. In the morning, the infusion should be filtered and drunk on an empty stomach.
- There is a folk method for removing tapeworm using garlic and milk. It consists in the fact that you need to eat 10 heads of garlic and drink milk. Then after a while you should take a laxative. However, one must be careful with such treatment, since garlic is irritated by the mucous membrane and can provoke an exacerbation of other diseases.
- For hemorrhoids, it is recommended to apply cotton swabs with sea buckthorn oil to bumps. Sea buckthorn will stop the blood and relieve inflammation.
- Polyps in the intestines are treated with a decoction of celandine. With a decoction, you can do microclysters in courses of 10 days. Infusion of celandine can be drunk 10 minutes before meals. With polyps, it is also recommended to take horseradish with honey in a teaspoon 3 times a day.
- As a hemostatic agent, they also drink a decoction of orange peels. They do not need to be dried, you can take fresh crusts, boil in boiling water, then cool, add sugar and drink.
- Nettle is a well-known hemostatic agent. A decoction of nettle is drunk with uterine and other bleeding. Dried nettle leaves are brewed with boiling water, cooled and taken several times a day.
- Bleeding is also treated with yarrow. The crushed grass is brewed in a glass of boiling water. An hour later, the infusion is filtered and drunk every time before meals.
It is advisable to discuss the use of any folk remedies with a doctor. They are not suitable for every patient, and in any case, a sense of proportion is important.
If hidden blood is detected in the stool in an infant, older children or in an adult, then various diseases of the large intestine or stomach can be the cause. In one case, the presence of a large amount of blood impurities may be detected, in others less. But in any case, you should consult a doctor and undergo a comprehensive examination that confirms the red blood cells in the feces and determines the exact diagnosis. Diagnosis is necessary if, in addition to occult blood, the patient is concerned about other symptoms.
Why it appears: causes in an adult and a child
There are main factors due to which occult blood in the feces can be detected, characteristic of the newborn and adult patients equally:
- bleeding with varicose veins of the esophagus;
- Mallory-Weiss syndrome;
- internal or external hemorrhoids;
- crack in the anus;
- peptic ulcer in the intestines or duodenum, which caused bleeding;
- a malignant tumor in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract;
- tuberculous lesions of the intestine;
- long-term drug therapy, with the use of certain drugs;
- stomatitis or periodontal disease.
Hidden blood in the feces sometimes means that the body has a reduced ability to coagulate the blood fluid, which is hereditary.
Pathology in a child
The presence of blood in the stool in infants and older babies is associated with various reasons, and some are very serious. In a small patient inside the feces, the blood fluid means the following deviations:
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- Dysbacteriosis. Due to unbalanced nutrition in infants, the presence of occult blood in the feces is often observed. Antibacterial therapy, weak protective functions of the immune system can also affect the violation. In addition to blood, the baby is worried about constant diarrhea, a rash on the skin, poor appetite, and abdominal distention.
- Obstruction or intussusception of the intestine. Violations are associated with congenital anomalies in the formation of the organ tube, excessive food intake by the baby, early introduction of complementary foods. At first, the baby looks tired, constantly cries, soon blood appears in the child's feces, and the stool itself becomes liquid.
- Allergic reaction to food. Allergies can occur to cow's milk protein, citrus fruits, gluten, various additives and dyes. In addition to hidden blood, the baby has frequent diarrhea with foam, constant crying and anxiety. Children with this disorder do not gain weight well.
With others as with yourself
Often secretive people are the perfect keepers of secrets. The fact is that they do the same with others as they do with themselves. Therefore, if they don’t say anything about their personal lives, some secrets, and so on, then, of course, they won’t talk about yours either. Secretive people are silent, so they just don't need to constantly share information. On the contrary, they try to devote as little as possible to others in their lives and try to learn something about someone. But if you come up and tell something to a secretive person, it is unlikely that he will close your mouth. Such individuals are good listeners. Just do not expect advice or tips from such a person. If they say, then very little, to the point. Often such women and men are simply silent. Therefore, if you are thinking whether it is worth entrusting your secret to a secretive person, you can not be afraid that it will be made public, but also not expect any help, and so on, if the person is not completely confident in his abilities and ability to help.
Appearances are deceptive
Secretive people often look angry and sullen. In fact, this is not always the case. Such a person is simply immersed in his thoughts, it is not too important for him to make contact with society. Although many secretive people have friends and rotate in companies. They just don't say anything. Cheerful and chatterboxes, distinguished by secrecy, are rather an exception to the rule. Sociable people simply do not know how to be silent for a long time. But the quiet and thoughtful always seem very secretive. However, you should not assume that secretive people are angry at the whole world and are ready to literally pounce on you with or without reason. Their outer darkness is never the main characteristic of the soul. Secretive people can be kind, honest, sympathetic and understanding. You just need to find an approach to them and become a fairly close person. With loved ones, such guys and girls always show themselves differently. They can laugh, and communicate, and so on. But if such a person suddenly becomes sad or begins to frown, there is no need to try to stir him up or ask what the matter is. Such behavior will only cause him a negative reaction. Secretive people are best left alone so that they can sort out their problems on their own.
Secretive and proud
Secretive people are very often unbearably proud. They are so proud that they simply do not like and do not want to ask for help, even when they really need it. Secretive people hide their problems because they believe that they have no right to impose their troubles on someone. Moreover, they are simply unpleasant when someone knows about their experiences and tries to help. A proud person always wants to decide everything himself. His hyper-independence sometimes does not lead to the best consequences, but such a person is unlikely to change his tactics of behavior. Secretive people very often do not tell others about something, not because they do not trust. They just don't want to impose their problems. Such a person may even lie, but just so that you do not worry. Although, if we continue to talk about proud sincere ones, then it is worth noting that in terms of trust in these people it is difficult to find fault with something. They are the least likely to lie, because they don’t speak much and they don’t have to get out of situations where you can accidentally shake up too much, and then try to refuse their words. Therefore, if a secretive person, when asked where he was on Sunday evening and why he didn’t pick up the phone for five hours in a row, says that he solved business at work, but does not want to tell what, be sure that it is so. If a secretive person named the place in which he was, then this is true. The fact is that he either does not say anything, or says part of the truth. Therefore, one should not suspect such people of lying and expect a trick from them. The secretiveness of this type of individual never affects those who are nearby. These people do not deceive their loved ones and do not even try to do so. They do not say anything at all for the sole reason that they simply do not consider this information important or necessary for someone. Therefore, if your loved one is distinguished by secrecy, you do not need to try to find lies in his words, follow him, and so on. Trust what he says. And if he doesn't say anything, just explain that you, for example, need to at least know where he is. Let him not say what he is doing and with whom, but at least he tells his location. Secretive people, in fact, quite understanding. Therefore, if you explain everything without cavils and accusations, such a person will definitely understand you and try to make sure that you do not worry, and his personal space does not suffer.
Clinical cases
Of course, secrecy is not always a manifestation of certain character traits. It also happens that secretive people are not quite adequate psychologically or even mentally. In this case, there can be no talk of any trust at all, since such a person is not like you, he does not trust himself. If you notice that a person hides everything that is possible and impossible, because he is simply afraid of some unknown and incomprehensible enemies, then he may develop paranoia. It is better for such a person not to trust any special information, because he can interpret it incorrectly, or even turn it against you. In such a situation, it is best to contact a specialist, since such manifestations of secrecy can lead to absolutely inappropriate actions, hostility towards loved ones, and so on. Paranoia differs from ordinary secrecy in that a person becomes nervous, twitchy. He can not sit still, it seems to him that someone is watching him. In this state, a person can begin to hide his belongings, calling them very valuable, although in fact they are ordinary knick-knacks, not answering phone calls, accusing completely harmless people of being spies, and so on. Such behavior is difficult to confuse with ordinary secrecy, because if a secretive person is simply silent and does not want to go into the details of his personal life, the paranoid person begins to be hostile to everyone, hide everything and hide himself. In such situations, a person cannot be trusted simply because he has a mental disorder and he needs the help of a good specialist, who is recommended to contact immediately.
If symptoms occur, the doctor must confirm the diagnosis with the help of objective studies before prescribing treatment. First of all, laboratory tests are carried out that can show a deviation from the norm.
The patient is prescribed a general analysis of blood, feces, urine. If a specialist has a suspicion that a pathology of the gastrointestinal tract is developing, leading to internal bleeding, then a test is prescribed in order to detect it.
Why is a fecal occult blood test done?
With pathology of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, feces become almost black or dark red due to contact of blood with enzymes. If the integrity of the intestines is broken, then the feces acquire a bright red color. With significant bleeding, the patient needs emergency medical care.
Bleeding is not always constant, ulcers and inflammations bleed periodically. With a small involvement of blood vessels in the pathological process, the shade of feces and their consistency does not change.
If no blood is detected during the coprogram, and the doctor suspects occult bleeding, then the patient should take another test. The reaction to occult blood in the feces is positive, while bleeding is not necessarily present, that is, the result is false positive.
When to take the test
- abdominal pain that is constant or occurs intermittently;
- nausea and vomiting;
- heartburn;
- emptying in consistency differs from the norm (mushy);
- false urge to defecate;
- frequent constipation;
- diarrhea;
- weight loss, lack of appetite;
- hyperthermia.
If the bleeding is not severe, then it is impossible to notice blood in the feces without special reagents
The study allows you to confirm the diagnosis. It is also carried out if the patient has been diagnosed with gastrointestinal diseases using other diagnostic methods. The results will help the specialist understand the degree of mucosal damage and determine the severity of the disease, and a repeat test will show how effective the prescribed therapy is.
How to take an analysis
A therapist, oncologist, surgeon, gastroenterologist can prescribe a test. Prior preparation is required before submission. Doctors give the following recommendations. 72 hours before the test, exclude iron-containing foods from the menu, as well as tomatoes and vegetables and fruits that are green. You should not eat meat or fish, because they contain hemoglobin.
For a week, stop taking medications such as aspirin, laxatives, iron tablets, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. If it is not possible to stop drug therapy, then the doctor should be informed about the drugs taken.
Do not eat foods that change the color of feces. The collection of material should be carried out before diagnostic manipulations in the digestive tract. It is not recommended to do an enema or take laxatives to speed up the collection of a sample for analysis.
Do not collect a sample during menstruation. If X-ray diagnostics was carried out, then the analysis can be taken only after 2-3 days.
If the subject has periodontal disease, in which there is severe bleeding of the gums, then one day before collecting feces, it is not advised to brush your teeth, since the blood that has entered the stomach can give a positive result.
You need to take the material from three different sides of the stool. An unreliable answer is likely if water or urine enters the sample. In order to exclude this, it is recommended to lay an oilcloth on the toilet. The test sample must be placed in a plastic container (available at a pharmacy) and brought to the laboratory within the next 2-3 hours.
What does it mean if the result is positive?
An occult blood test is positive if a pathology develops in which a certain amount of blood enters the lumen of the stomach or intestine. That is, there is a disease, which is characterized by inflammation of the mucosa and its perforation.
In some cases, the tumor is manifested only by the release of a small amount of blood in the feces.
In young children, blood may also be seen in the stool. Quite often this is due to the child's intolerance to cow's milk. If the baby is breastfed, then even the use of milk, butter, sour cream by the mother can cause bleeding.
If the child has lactose intolerance, then you need to carefully select an artificial mixture.
Bleeding in a baby can be caused by dysbacteriosis, amoebiasis, colitis, dysentery. One of the reasons for the presence of blood in the feces is the cracks in the anus, resulting from the passage of too hard feces. This happens if the child does not drink enough fluids.
Slightly, but constantly bleeding from the moment of formation. If the bleeding has become profuse, then it will be detected during the coprogram. An occult blood test helps to see the symptoms of cancer at an early stage, and this increases the chances of a favorable outcome of the disease. A positive test for occult blood will be due to bleeding from the nose or gums, pharynx.
How is the presence of blood in the stool determined?
During the study, chemicals are used that, when in contact with an erythrocyte, change color under the influence of oxidation. The Gregersen method allows you to see even a small amount of hemoglobin. Benzidine turns iron blue.
Taking into account the speed of staining and its intensity, a weakly positive (+), positive (++ or +++) and sharply positive (++++) reaction is established. When using benzidine, it is possible to establish blood loss of more than 15 ml / day, which often gives false positive results.
Immunochemical analysis of feces is considered more accurate. It uses antibodies to human hemoglobin, so there is no need to diet. The test is highly sensitive, it will detect 0.05 mg of hemoglobin per gram of stool (at 0.2 ml/g of feces, the test is considered positive).
This method allows you to detect tumor formations in the large intestine, but does not detect bleeding from the esophagus or stomach. In 3% of cases, tests give a positive result in the absence of a neoplasm in the large intestine.
Reasons for false positive and false negative results
Normally, there is no blood in the feces, so if there is no pathology that provokes bleeding in the esophagus, stomach or intestines, then the result of the analysis will be negative. Under some circumstances, a fecal occult blood test will give a false positive or false negative result.
So, often the study does not detect blood in case of formation in the large intestine, therefore, colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy is used to confirm colorectal cancer and polyps.
A false-positive result can be obtained if there was no preparation for the study, if there is bleeding gums, or if the patient has frequent nosebleeds. There will be blood in the stool if the mucous membrane is injured, for example, the patient cuts the esophagus with a fish bone.
As a rule, the analysis gives a false positive result if the patient ignored the doctor's recommendations and did not adhere to the diet.
More often, an analysis is carried out specifically for the presence of iron in the feces, so even an apple eaten yesterday can stain the sample, which will be interpreted as the presence of blood. To exclude false-positive or false-negative results, it is recommended to carry out diagnostics three times (samples of three consecutive bowel movements) and follow all recommendations for preparing for the study and collecting material.
If the tests twice show a large amount of hemoglobin in the feces, then they are considered reliable.
If the analysis turned out to be uninformative, then the doctor prescribes a hardware study - a colonoscopy. It consists in examining the surface of the large intestine with an endoscope inserted through the anus.
Such a diagnosis will allow you to see the exact localization of the lumen. To determine the condition of the lining of the esophagus or stomach, endoscopy is used, in which a flexible tube is inserted through the mouth. In order to exclude an erroneous result, it is recommended to take the analysis three times.
If the study gave a negative result, then the doctor will not exclude a peptic ulcer or a cancerous lesion of the organ of the digestive system. Based on the analysis of fecal occult blood alone, a diagnosis cannot be made, it only means that a pathology is present and, together with the clinical manifestations of the disease, allows a preliminary diagnosis to be made.