Incidents of the era of steam and electricity: extreme shipbuilding. "Captain": a floating disaster
"Monarch" and "Captain"
If the history of the introduction of the Erickson tower in the American Navy is the most dramatic page in the history of military shipbuilding, then Kolz's struggle for recognition by the Admiralty of his tower remains the most tragic. Influenced by the civil war, when fast-paced events favored the small Monitor, the ship's historic debut placed its creator on an unattainable pedestal as an inventor and ship designer. Coles, on the other hand, year after year sought the construction of a seaworthy turret ship, only to overcome interference from various departments and the periodic collapse of all hopes, while constant illness prevented him from presenting his views before the commissions assembled to consider them. And in the end, the ship of his dreams was destined to be built with a large overload, so that in a sharp squall, in the blink of an eye, he destroyed the hopes for the success of his appearance, which before his death seemed undeniable.
From the day the Royal Sovereign and Prince Albert were ordered, Colz never ceased to defend the advantages of a turret on a seaworthy ship of the line over its onboard armament. By lectures, articles, and letters to the press, he created such strong publicity for his system that in 1864 the leading newspapers were almost unconditionally on his side.
The fantastic project of 1859 with ten domed towers was rejected by the Admiralty designers as an impractical implementation of these principles. It was followed in 1862 by a more acceptable design for a double-towered ship with four masts, which the indefatigable inventor first presented at a lecture at the Royal Institute of the Armed Forces. The three masts of this project were tripod, to avoid a reduction in the area of fire of the guns due to shrouds and other standing rigging. But Colse didn't claim to be a ship's engineer, especially when it came to working on a project that was a practical proposal. Therefore, in order to carry out drawings for the Council, he needed a qualified assistant, and he turned to the Admiralty with a request to provide him with an experienced shipbuilder designer for a while. The following year, N. Barnaby was sent to him to help in drawing up drawings and calculations. The first drawing was dated March 1863.
In general, the Colza-Barnaby design was based on the design of 1862, but had three tripod masts with full sailing equipment. Net displacement (without all loads) was 3700 tons, main dimensions 85.3 x 16.45 x 7.47 m, speed 12 knots, armament consisted of four 300-pound guns in two towers. The sail area was large - 3066 m. It should be noted that all projects of Kolz's seaworthy ships were supposed to be supplied with sails on the maximum scale, and he strongly relied on tripod masts.
However, the Council decided that until two coastal defense turret ships were tested, it would not be practical to start building any more turret ships. But after the success of the Royal Sovereign, Colse demanded that the Council expand its experiments in relation to the type of seaworthy ship. He hoped for a favorable response to the draft prepared by Barnaby, but the Council ignored him, and Colse never found out what became of his drawings.
In 1864 he attacked the inertia of officials from the other side. Since the "Pallas" and "Bellerophon" were adopted as standards for battleships of medium and small displacement, Kolz decided to submit projects for this particular tonnage. Starting with the Pallas, he requested permission to use his drawings to copy the dimensions and design, and again requested a specialist to complete the drawings. He wrote to the Council:
“The ship will be equal, if not superior, to any of them in the main combat elements - speed, protection, seaworthiness, and will decisively surpass them in offensive power. The drafts will be submitted for consideration, followed by the publication of a commission of naval officers, half of which I will name.
The chief builder agreed to temporarily provide the drawings of the Pallas and urged Kolz to take the Bellerophon as a basis, which, in his opinion, would lead to a more satisfactory tower ship, since the Pallas's hull was still wooden. Colz used both sets of drawings, taking the smaller ship as a sample for measurements, and from the larger project he used the main components and devices. The employees of the builder of the Portsmouth shipyard, Joseph Scullard, were placed at Colse's disposal, and in due time the design of a ship, smaller than the design of 1863 and carrying armament in one tower, was submitted to the Council. Its comparison with Pallas is given below:
Tower ship "Pallas"
Dimensions, m
68.6 x 14.94x6.59
68.6 x 15.24x6.55
Displacement, t
Design power, h.p.
Speed, knots
2,600 pounds
4 100 lb. 2 110 lb
Armor: belt, citadel, tower
78-152, 152, 152
Airborne salvo weight, kg
Armor weight, t
Sail area, m2
In all respects, the turret ship was superior to the corvette, which, moreover, could not use guns in waves and had limited firing angles. In April 1864, a commission was appointed to consider the proposed project, but none of its members were named as Kolse. It was composed of: Vice Admiral Lauderdale (Chairman), Rear Admiral H. R. Yelverton, Captain H. Caldwell, Captain J. Kennedy and Captain G. B. Fillimore. All interviewees, with the exception of Reed, spoke favorably of the tower ship, and Inspector Rear Admiral Elliot even stated: "For a vessel of this displacement, I prefer the proposed drawing to any other seaworthy ship with armor and full sailing equipment that I have seen or heard about" .
Colza turret ship projects
Turret ship Colza, 1862
Colza turret ship, 1863 (Colza-Barnaby design)
Kolz-Skallord Project
Due to illness, Kolz could not attend any of the meetings, and after the publication of the report on the commission's findings, he was only able to respond to the numerous critics of the project from August. Kolz summarized their main objections as follows:
1. "The possibility of penetration of the projectile through the roof of the tower during rolling or with outboard fire." Answer: "... when the roof of the tower is at a height of 16 feet from the water level, and the guns of the Pallas are only 9 feet".
2. “The ability to jam the tower during a boarding attack. Answer: “... when any boarding party can be swept off the ship; and if the wedges are driven from above into a 4.5 "gap between the deck and the base of the tower, then they can be knocked out by people below."
The commission, although it did not approve the weapons in just one tower, expressed the wish that the Kolz system be tested on a seaworthy ship. In accordance with his recommendations, the department of the chief builder prepared the design of the Monarch, and in March 1866, his drawings were sent to Kolz. He suggested the following changes:
1. Reduce the height of the towers,
2. Remove the forecastle and poop,
3. Place the towers 4.6 m from the water instead of 5.2 m. In his letter, he said:
“Let me note that when designing this ship, one of the main advantages of the turret system - firing directly at the nose from the heaviest guns - turned out to be discarded, and the concentration of all guns in a broadside is replaced by a gun layout in which some of them, along with armor, are installed at the extremities, which leads to an overload of the latter, adversely affects the seaworthiness of the ship and is contrary to obtaining high speed. Therefore, I must express my opinion that a seaworthy turret ship should not have an extra load in the bow and stern, as is proposed on the Monarch, that its turrets should not be deprived of the ability to conduct longitudinal fire, and that the deployment of turret guns on the Monarch at an unparalleled height of 17 feet above the water is a disadvantage of the design, since it adds extra weight, and at a considerable height, which makes working with guns at sea difficult. A good seaworthy ship does not depend at all on the weight of the surface, but its behavior depends on its shape, and the extremities of the ship should be left light in proportion to its displacement.
However, the Council did not accept Kolz's recommendations, and the Monarch began to be built in the form that Kolz considered "not reflecting his views on a seaworthy tower ship" and "a ship that cannot satisfactorily and convincingly show its principles in tests."
Shortly after the Monarch was ordered, it became apparent that Kolz's supporters in parliament, the press, and society were not satisfied with the Admiralty's turret ship project. Since the advent of ironclads, the official policy of maintaining naval superiority has been the subject of constant criticism, and many politicians and journalists have been far from trusting the Admiralty. The controversy became more and more caustic, the number of supporters of the Kolz project grew, and the Admiralty began to be scolded from all sides. Unfortunately, there was a split in the Admiralty itself - some lords were on the side of the inspector and the chief builder, who looked at the project with hostility, while others, led by the first Lord Somerset, defended Colz. Caught in a similar situation between the two factions, the sea lords found themselves in a quandary. They could prove their professional credibility and resign, or acquiesce to the public demand and give Kohl a free hand in Whitehall, or pursue a middle course, which they did. As a compromise, the Council agreed to finance the construction of a turret ship designed by Kolz. which was to be built by one of the private firms.
Coles chose the Laird firm, which occupied the second place in the shipbuilding world and had already built several tower ships for foreign fleets. The firm agreed to be responsible for the construction and design of the ship, which, at the personal choice of the first lord, was given the name "Captain". So, the firm in Brickenhead soon began building two ironclads bearing the names of the ships of Nelson's squadron - "Kapten" and "Vangard" - both of which were destined for a short, tragically ending fate.
By that time, there were already three quite definite points of view on the type of seaworthy ship with turret guns:
1. Kolz put forward requirements to have a freeboard height of 3.4-3.3 m, towers with the heaviest guns and all-round fire, as well as heavy three-legged masts with full sailing equipment.
2. Reed rejected a sail-rigged turret ship, but if masts were so necessary, he would place them between the turrets, moving the latter to the extremities, where the guns could be aimed in any direction from the foremast and mizzen masts. He preferred to have towers fore and aft on a parapet through which all the fans could be brought up and all exits from below well protected, as well as a hinged deck on the middle superstructure and no more than light masts for raising flag signals. He leaned in favor of a midship height of about 3.6 m and considered the monitor hull suitable only for harbor defense ships.
3. The Board wanted a combination of turrets and rigging with a high-sided hull fitted with a forecastle and poop. Sailing equipment was considered as an essential element of the ship, because then there was still little trust in the reliability of steam as a driving force, in addition, low-pressure boilers and uneconomical machines led to a large consumption of coal and limited the range. With the small capacity of the coal pits of that time, they were more inclined to believe that with the help of sails one could increase speed and save fuel, instead of abandoning the spars in favor of increasing the supply of coal.
An essential advantage of the tower was its circular horizontal guidance, but due to the restrictions created by the shrouds and spars, as well as the superstructures necessary for convenient handling of sails, this advantage was largely lost. Reed considered the turret spar ship to be an anachronism, because of the low freeboard it was dangerous, and he himself inspired the Admiralty Council that the best method of placing guns on spar battleships was the central battery. He emphasized that on a ship of this displacement, twice as many guns could be placed in a battery than in towers, with equal protection with them.
Inspector Spencer Robinson was a staunch opponent of the seafaring ironclad turret ship, and it was because of his influence on the Coles Council that he fought such a long and difficult struggle for his offspring. In 1867, shortly after the contract price for the Captain was set at £335,000. Robinson stated:
“Despite the fact that I say all the time with knowledge and conviction that a turret ship is the best weapon you can use for coastal defense, I have my own opinion, based on a clear conviction, backed by facts, and logic, that such a ship cannot be the best ship for the high seas and cruising purposes" and further "the biggest opponent of the use of a tower system on a seaworthy ship is Captain Coles himself, because in doing this he defends the impossible."
In his detailed report to the Council of April 26, 1865, the inspector was more favorably disposed towards the tower ship than in his testimony before the Commission, and on the question of the sail propulsion, some of his remarks were very appropriate, being the forerunners of the reaction against the spar, which in a few years became common in the fleet:
“Since many officers, whose opinion is of great weight, consider a large sail area for a seaworthy ship as an essential element, then my statement that all the basic qualities of a steam warship, especially an armored one, are at risk due to large windage, are treated with distrust; my objections to this are not diminished by the introduction of tripod masts for carrying sails, though this is an ingenious device.
If there are practical reasons why it is almost impossible to raise the propeller on an armadillo - and this project does not provide for this - then a large area of \u200b\u200bsails becomes ineffective and even harmful during battle, in stormy winds and generally when sailing in windy weather .
However, if a large sail area is required on a seaworthy tower ship, then this can only be done according to the ingenious invention of Captain Kolz.
Meanwhile, Kolz's concept was being put into practice. In July 1866, the Laird drawings were sent to Whitehall for inspection, and on July 2, 1866, the master builder reported that:
The Captain is well designed, in the right proportions, and does not differ in substance from the ship that we would design if the Lords of the Admiralty authorized for our projects the same 6-foot deck height above the water.
However, despite Kolz's vigorous protests, by decision of the Council, the ship received a forecastle and pooped. Colz considered them useless, a serious burden for the ship, which deprived him of the opportunity to conduct longitudinal fire from the guns. But the experience of building turret ships for foreign fleets showed the Laird company that a ship with a low or medium height side cannot use its turret guns, which were flooded with water, and that only the bow and stern superstructures, which were equipped with the Scorpion and Wyvern can help keep towers relatively dry. To this decision of the Council, Kolz was forced to obey and sacrifice his long-guarded principles.
In June 1866, the construction of the "Monarch" was begun - the official project of the department of the chief builder, reflecting the requirements of the Commission, naval officers and shipbuilders. Six months later, the keel of the Captain was laid in dry dock at Birkenhead, which was being built according to the design of the Laird company, which embodied all the features of the Colz concept, but with a forecastle and poop.
Builder
Launched into the water
Commissioned
Price
Dimensions, m
106.7x17.53x6.86/7.92
Displacement, t
8300 (hull and armor 3486, equipment 4814)
Armament
1869; 4 12" muzzle-loading rifled, 3 7" muzzle-loading rifled,
1371: 4 12" rifled muzzleloaders, 2 9" rifled muzzleloaders, 1 7" rifled muzzleloader,
added when upgrading: 4 12-pounders, 10 3-pounders.
Armor, mm
board 114,153.178, traverses 102-114, nose 127, towers 203-254, conning tower 203, lining 250-300, skin 32-38 (total armor weight 1364 tons)
Mechanisms
reciprocating ("Humphreys and Tennant"), two cylinders (diameter 3048 mm), piston stroke 1372 mm. 63 rpm, indicated power 7840 hp 14.8 knots, two-bladed propeller (diameter 7163 mm, pitch 8230 mm), 9 boilers (pressure 2.1 atm),
in 1892: replacement of mechanisms with an inverted triple expansion machine ("Models"), indicated power 8216 hp, 15.75 knots, 8 cylindrical boilers (10.5 atm).
Fuel reserve, t
600 (coal)
Sailing area, m 2
Crew, people
When discussing the weapons of the Bellerophon, the Council approved a new 9 "gun for it only after a long debate. While the ship's hull was on the slipway, a notification came from the Naval Artillery Directorate that a new 10" gun would soon be tested, and at the same time the metallurgists proposed armor plates with a thickness of 230 mm, which can withstand a hit of 9 "shells from the then accepted combat distance of 900 m. Since the German company Krupna at the same time began to produce steel 300-pound and 600-pound guns, superior to the French ones (at the same time, Russia was testing several 900-pound models.) The Admiralty could not afford not to react, and for the Hercules, whose construction began in the dry dock of Chatham, shortly after the Bellerophon's hull was taken out, they decided to accept new guns and thicker armor.
Battleship "Monarch"
At the time of its commissioning, the Hercules was the most powerful warship in the world, but this title did not last long for him, since each addition to the “fleet of samples” meant the appearance of a ship more powerful both in terms of attack and defense than his predecessors. In general, the project was an enlarged "Bellerophon" with slightly improved contours, as well as the distribution of weights, which contributed to its more stable behavior at sea. She had a pointed ram instead of a rounded one, a stern like on the Bellerophon and an elevated forecastle, but did not have a poop until they began to prepare her as a flagship. The steering wheel was balanced, it was controlled by a built-in steering wheel under the cut of the poop, as well as one more. below, on the main deck. Improved construction methods made it possible to exceed the cost of the Bellerophon by only £20,000, although the new ship had a “gain” of as much as 1100 tons, while its machines turned out to be even cheaper.
That the Council considered the concept of a seaworthy turret ship in terms of economy is evident from the preliminary drawings, which show that the proposed displacement quota was very small and allowed only 15-ton guns and 152 mm armor to be carried. Reed insisted on a larger tonnage in order to use 25-ton guns and 178-mm protection, which was eventually accepted.
The hull was simply the hull of a ship with a central battery - with three decks, an elevated forecastle, but without a poop, had a noticeable ram and a rounded stern, like Reed's previous ships, but with better lines. The ratio of length to width was 5.7:1 instead of 5.5:1 for Hercules. Thus, the ratio of the main dimensions of the "Monarch" was not surpassed by any British battleship until the "Dreadnought" (1906), which had almost 6:1. The freeboard height in the middle part of the hull was 4.27 m, the guns were 0.9 m above the deck or 5.2 m above the water - 2.1 m more than the battery guns of the ships in service. A great deal of ingenuity was shown in the alteration of the structure of the upper deck in order to avoid, as far as possible, limiting the area of fire of the turret guns.
In the absence of the usual fixed bulwark, which was replaced by light iron shields that were hinged overboard when preparing the ship for battle, 500 sailor's berths were stored on a hinged deck, stretching from the fore mast to quarter quarters. This design was supported by stanchions that protected the ladders from the living deck, the base of the funnel and a casing around the mainmast. Being a vulnerable superstructure, this hinged deck could not carry anything that could, if damaged, fill up the towers below, although several quick-firing small-caliber guns were later placed on it. The boats were grouped ahead and behind the mizzen mast and were manned by a cargo jib.
Ahead of the chimney was a small conning tower with only a side view. It contained the steering wheel of the steam rudder. The navigation cabin of miniature size was located on the bridge of the quarter quarters, and the ship was usually controlled from there, despite the lack of visibility due to the large number of gear and superstructures around, the steering was carried out by means of a built-in steering wheel in the stern, another one located below, and tillers on the main and lower decks (manual control).
Armament
Two towers were located in the middle part of the ship in a diametrical plane, and the barrels of the first 12 "guns of the British fleet peeped out of their oval ports. These 25-ton guns, loaded from the muzzle, fired 272-kg shells at 6000 m, giving a double volley in 2 minutes The horizontal aiming was carried out by a steam drive, but an auxiliary manual was also provided. These 600-pound guns, with which Colz proposed to arm his ship of a single-turret design, were far superior to the previous 10 "guns, and the prototype was nicknamed "Big Will" in the fleet. But soon after being put into service, it became clear that the tools and machine tools were clearly unsuccessful.
Tower installation "Monarch" (section)
A short forecastle was divided by a semicircular bulkhead into two parts: bow and stern, in which two linear 7 "muzzle-loading guns were installed. They fired through loopholes on both sides of the diametrical plane, the height above the water of which was 5.1 m. In the stern was the third the same 7" gun, which has three ports on the main deck 2.4 m from the water. After the first campaign, all these guns were replaced by 9".
In 1878, two torpedo tubes were installed on the Monarch on the main deck.
Armor
According to the already established system, the protection of the hull was provided by a full belt along the waterline with a thickness of 114-178 mm, which rose above the water to the level of the main deck and fell below the normal load waterline by 1.5 m. In the middle of the hull was a citadel with side armor of 178 mm and traverses in 102-114 mm, the edges of which were beveled to the sides. This armor covered the bases of the towers and part of the ammunition magazines. The bow guns were covered by a 127-mm semicircular bulkhead, enveloping the forecastle from the bow and sides and descending down to the waist as protection against longitudinal hits. In general, this cover of 114-127 mm was insufficient to protect even medium-caliber guns from fire and only made the bow of the ship heavier, reducing its speed against the oncoming wave, which the ship could not keep up due to the risk of losing the masts. The stern gun was similarly protected. The diameter of the towers was the same as on the Prince Albert - 7.9 m, but their height above the upper deck was only 2.14 m. The turret armor was 203 mm thick, and the frontal part around the ports was 254 mm.
Booking scheme "Monarch"
Machine installation
Equipped with the most powerful engine installation among British warships, the Monarch developed 14.9 knots at 7840 hp. and thus broke the long-standing record of the Warrior, set by him on a measured mile, and surpassed the rest of the ships of his squadron by a quarter of a knot. The fact that he had only one propeller was practically the only thing in which he lagged behind the Captain.
His boilers were the first to use artificial draft, which, although it proved to be an effective measure for increasing speed, led to a wasteful consumption of steam and coal. In 1870, the stokers were equipped with forced ventilation, but forced draft and closed stokers were not used for another ten years, and only in the 80s and 90s. this has already been widely used to improve speed,
Various auxiliary mechanisms were a necessary and integral part of the equipment on the Monarch, so that this battleship, with its steam-powered turrets, capstan and rudder, can be considered the forerunner of the modern system of auxiliary mechanisms for all purposes.
rigging
When Coles decided to equip the Captain with the largest possible type of standard Royal Navy spar. Reid obtained permission from the Council to increase the Monarch's sail rating from 2nd scale to 1st, so that even the slightest chance of an Admiralty project ship being hit in a sailing race would be nipped in the bud. As a result of the adopted arrangement of towers, the distance between the masts was unusual - the fore and main masts were separated by a space of 47.3 m. Except that the lower masts had a height from deck to top of 24, 24.7 and 19.2 m, according to compared to 26.2, 26.2 and 20.6 m on the Achilles, the Monarch carried a full ship's equipment, and her spars were the same as those of six battleships equipped with sails on the maximum scale. With such equipment, he once showed a speed of 13 knots on the log, carrying straight sails and storm foxtails (only Royal Oak squeezed out more -13.5 knots). In 1872, the mizzen mast was rearmed like a barque, and all other yards were replaced with shorter wooden ones, the fixed iron bowsprit was replaced by a retractable wooden one, which lay on an elevated forecastle.
Reed complained about the difficulty of arranging a rig that would not cover the sectors of fire of the turret guns within 20 ° from the center line on both sides. On the Captain, the running rigging was controlled from a hinged deck, and on the Monarch, this deck carried several boats in the stern and was intended mainly for officers' walks. Reid said: “They will work with running rigging on the upper deck, above which the turret guns should shoot, therefore, a thousand devices and tricks must be used so that the standing and running rigging blocks the guns as little as possible.”
In fact, the main trick was to reduce the number of lower fore and main shrouds, which were thickened as compensation. Compared to other spar tower ships, in this case the problem of the guys was solved very successfully.
Seaworthiness
The Monarch sailed well under sail, but could not tack or gybe with a guarantee if she did not resort to the help of a machine. Until the front of its balance rudder was cut off, it steered poorly and, when going downwind, it was almost impossible to keep it from turning lag into the wave. But in bad weather, she was "what one could wish for as a seaworthy ship - buoyant and at the same time noticeably stable. There was no case that he heeled more than 15 °, and this was a rare exception. He never drew water on board, his guns could act on both windward and leeward sides with equal ease. In addition, “he could carry a large area of \u200b\u200bsails, when tacking, go steeply to the wind, and in a fresh breeze he overtook the Inconstant and Voladzh under sails.
Its metacentric height was only 1.03 m and, according to Admiral Boyes: “While at anchor, the Monarch rarely remained on an even keel, generally heeling 3-4 ° along the pendulum - and then could roll over to the other side for no apparent reason ". With empty bunkers, it had a list of 5 °, and the transfer of guns from the loading position to the firing position also caused a noticeable hull tilt.
Modernization
In 1890, the ship was brought to the shipyard for modernization, but for unknown reasons, her obsolete muzzle-loading guns were not replaced with more modern ones, although breech-loading guns could be installed without much difficulty. £136,000 was spent on the installation of new triple expansion machines and cylindrical boilers, after which the ship could give 15.75 knots. Such a speed was quite consistent with his appointment as a patrol ship to Cape Town, and he spent the last segment of his service as a miserable stationer. At this time, he lost his sailing spars, received combat tops on the fore and mizzen masts, a tall imposing funnel, chart house, ventilation bells and the usual set of small rapid-fire cannons and shotguns on the upper superstructures to justify his presence in the lists of an effective fleet during six more years. Work on it ended in 1897 - it was the longest major overhaul ever carried out.
The battleship "Monarch" and the scheme of its reservation after modernization
The weight savings when removing the spar was not as great as expected. Reed, using the Monarch as an example, showed that the total weight of spars, sails and rigging was less than 210 tons, and including supplies for sailing rigging, 250 tons were obtained - this was the subject of what was called "endless supplies and weight associated with sailing equipment. Reducing the crew by half saved another 125 tons and 100 tons could be put on the removed devices and mechanisms, more or less associated with sails and a large crew. In total, this gave 475 tons, which Reid considered heavy enough to increase the supply of coal and strengthen the armor. After the rework, the weight of the hull was to be 3386 tons, and the equipment 4829 tons - or about 41% of the displacement and 59% of the bearing capacity against 42% and 58%, respectively, when she was a spar battleship. But if the Monarch had been designed as a sparless ship, its carrying capacity would have been 1000 tons more.
And more about reconstruction. One of the main difficulties accompanying any addition of weight to a ship is maintaining adequate stability. It is well known that the constant additions and changes for any warship lead to a constant increase in draft and are accompanied by a decrease in stability. On earlier seaworthy battleships, the loss of their metacentric height was on average 20 mm per year. This increase in draft corresponds approximately to the addition of one ton of weight for every £150 spent on alterations, additions, and painting, and so on, and on this basis it is very easy to estimate the increase in draft, accompanied by a decrease in the ship's freeboard, which has always meant a serious loss for its stability.
The fact that the Monarch remained an effective fleet fighting unit for 33 years may be seen as a high tribute to a good ship, but her aging coincided with a period when neglect to replace old ships led to the accumulation of 38 ironclads armed with muzzle-loading guns and still considered efficient. The fact that combat service (during the Boer War) in Table Bay did not put the old ship in serious danger may justify this last segment of her service, which allowed her to outlive the Prince Albert by a year.
One of the early photographs taken on the deck of the turret battleship Monarch (commissioned in June 1869), showing both of her two-gun turrets. The Monarch was the first ship to be armed with 25-ton 12" muzzle-loading rifled guns firing 272-kg (600-pound) Palliser shells, as well as standard 225-kg shells. Apart from innovations in the horizontal aiming of the entire turret, consisting in its steam drive, the design of the gun mounts was completely similar to the old machines of the horizontally sliding type, with vertical aiming and loading carried out manually.The towers themselves had a round shape, their diameter was 7.92 m. .
"Monarch"
It was put into operation in Chatham in May 1869 and served in the Channel until 1872 - went to the USA along with the American corvette Plymouth, which it overtook under sail; made the transition back and forth, not feeling the lack of coal, using the sails as an auxiliary mover. Walking home, he walked 242 miles one day, only one mile short of the Ocean's record. In the summer of 1870, he participated in comparative trials with the Captain, in which he ensured his superiority in all respects. He spent the next 15 months in the Channel, and then was disarmed for repairs and received a barque outfit.
In 1874-1877. served in the Channel, then sent to the Mediterranean, returning to the mother country for repairs in 1877. Served again in the Mediterranean in 1878-1885, participated in the bombardment of Alexandria, on which he released 125 12", 54 9" and 21 7" projectile.Abandoned by a stationer in Alexandria, where from year to year he spun around his barrel due to difficulties with coal.During the threat of war with Russia in 1885, he was recalled to Malta, where the flag was hoisted on him by the Commander-in-Chief, Lord John Hay, but from - due to the strong fouling of the stern pipe attachment, it soon fell off, the ship lost its course, it was carried out to sea and for several days its whereabouts were unknown. Escorted 1885 Repaired in 1885 Canal service again 1885-1890 then disarmed for repairs Modernized 1890-1897 sent with half crew as guard ship to Simons Bay where she stayed until 1902, demoted to the mother ship and renamed in 1904 to "Saimum". In 1905 he was brought to the metropolis. Sold for scrap in 1906
"Captain"
Builder
Launched into the water
Commissioned
Price
Dimensions. m
97.5 x 16.23 x 6.86/7.16 (actual draft 7.47/7.77)
Displacement, t
6963 (actually 7767)
Armament
4 12" rifled muzzleloaders, 2 7" rifled muzzleloaders.
Armor, mm
belt 102-178, towers 203 (bases) -229 (sides) -254 (forehead), conning tower 178, (total weight of armor 1190, of which lining 200)
Mechanisms
trunk, two installations, 4 cylinders (diameter 2286 mm. stroke 991 mm). 74 rpm. indicated power 5400 hp, 14.25 knots, 2 two-bladed propellers (diameter 5182 mm, pitch 6553 mm). 8 box boilers (pressure 2.1 atm).
Fuel reserve, t
600 (coal)
Sailing area, m 2
2445/3529 (full)
Crew, people
In the history of shipbuilding, the Captain remained the only British double-deck seaworthy ship. She had the largest length-to-beam ratio of any capital ship for the next 35 years, and the lowest freeboard of any Royal Navy seaworthy ship.
Battleship "Kapten"
Although Kolz is considered to be responsible for the Captain's project, in this case the extent of his participation does not go beyond the general concept of a special type of warship from the point of view of a sailor, with guns mounted in towers of the inventor's own design. The Laird brothers' firm took on the burden of building a ship to reflect Colse's requirements, but they did not hesitate to introduce any improvements they deemed necessary to the design, such as a forecastle and poop, which were fundamentally alien to Colse's concept. They were ship's engineers, and the success or failure of the ship depended on their calculations and drawings. Coles was concerned that the materialization into metal of his designs would be carried out by the country's most capable shipbuilders, who had already built several tower ships that successfully crossed the ocean to Latin America. But because of the completely upset health, he was engaged in the construction of the Captain much less than he intended.
The main difference between the Captain and the Monarch was that the former had only two decks instead of three, so that its upper deck matched the main one on other ironclads of the time. According to the project, its height above the water was only 2.6 m, while at the Monarch it was 4.27 m, and the actual difference in the sea at full load increased to a dangerous value, which subsequently led to the tragedy. Some semblance of what was the upper deck on the other ships of this type passed over the towers from the forecastle to the poop at their level, forming a hinged deck that connected the fore and aft superstructures and rested on the notorious "coffin-like" central superstructure. Chimneys, the mainmast, skylights of the engine room and boiler fans passed through it. On the narrow hinged deck along the sides there were bed nets of the team in the form of a kind of parapet, as well as three boats, lowered by arrows, a conning tower, bitings and coffee-nail strips for attaching the gear of the running rigging of the fore and main masts. This deck was intended for team formations, training at sea and sailing (although it was too cramped for sheets and halyards). In front of the chimney, the hinged deck was crossed by a light bridge with an engine telegraph and voice pipes leading to the built-in steering wheels installed on the poop and lower deck. The ship had a slightly protruding ram stem, a semicircular stern, an ordinary-type rudder and two propellers. In size, it was 3 m shorter and 1 m narrower than the Monarch, its length-to-width ratio was 6:1 - not a single ship before the Dreadnought (1905) had it so tall. However, since the middle part of the hull had full contours, and over a considerable length the hull retained its greatest width, this in a certain way compensated for the difference in the width of the Captain and Monarch.
Armament
Its turrets were wider and somewhat taller than those of the Monarch, but were smaller in diameter and carried the barrels of 25-ton guns only 0.76 m from the deck and barely 2.4 m above the water. Although the deck was overwhelmed by waves even in moderate weather, the inconvenience of this was not felt inside the towers, and the guns could even be effectively used in stormy seas on the windward side. After the guns fired, the turret was turned around for loading, and the gun ports were closed.
The turret guns surrounded by superstructures were not able to fire in the bow and stern, so for this, a 7 "gun was installed on the forecastle 6.33 m above the water, and the second one was the same on the poop, at a height of 5.5 m. Both stood without any protection. Colz preferred just such an arrangement of 7 "guns adopted on the Monarch, since it allowed the guns to be mounted higher and not to overload the tips with armor, which still could not withstand medium-caliber shells.
The bow tower of the ill-fated contemporary of the "Monarch" - the tower battleship "Kapten. He repeated the heavy armament of the Monarch, except that the design of its gun turrets was somewhat different (they had a smaller diameter), and the vertical guidance drives of the guns raised and lowered the entire gun mount along with the barrel instead of the usual rotation of the gun barrel around its trunnions.
Armor
The entire hull up to the upper deck was armored with 102-178mm plates, which thickened to 203mm in the area of the bases of the towers at a length of 24m. The turrets had a 254mm front and 229mm sides on a 280mm teak lining. The total weight of the armor was 1190 tons against 1364 tons on the Monarch. The armor was thicker everywhere, as the armor area became smaller.
The scheme of booking "Kapten"
Machine installation
The Captain became the second British heavy artillery ship to have two propellers, and after her only three ironclads were built with a single propeller - these ships remained at risk of being left without a course in the event of a breakdown. On the Penelope, two propellers were installed as a ploy to reduce draft, and on the Captain, a twin-shaft engine installation halved the risk of a complete loss of speed and improved the maneuverability of the ship. It is noteworthy that the Captain's two-shaft propulsion system was made in Birkenhead, where there was no industrial capacity for the manufacture of heavy castings and forgings necessary for a single machine of such power.
Two trunk engines drove two-bladed propellers, and during sea trials at Stokes Way, at full power, they developed 74 rpm and gave the ship a speed of 14.5 knots.
In order to minimize the overload, a full supply of 600 tons of coal was taken on board only once. Under steam, the Captain was not as economical as the Monarch, although it turned out to be 500 tons lighter in terms of displacement.
rigging
Both ships carried the same supply of coal, but the Captain could not take fuel other than her coal pits (which was then common), so the sailing spars remained a significant component if the ship claimed seaworthiness status. But instead of being content with the lower sail scale - which would have been quite an appropriate decision - Colse decided to equip his ship with the heaviest masts and the most developed spars. It was a gesture of complete confidence in the Captain's ability to carry any weight on top, as well as the desire to compensate for the high drag of the two propellers and the low sailing qualities of a heavy ship. But if the Admiralty was surprised by this, then the Laird company complied with the instructions to increase the upper weight without objection, and equipped the Kapton with the highest and heaviest masts in the entire fleet - the lower mainmast had a height of 29.3 m from the gunwale to the gunwale against the largest 26 .2 m on any other British ship. Due to the adopted placement of the towers, the masts were better positioned for carrying sails than on the Monarch, however, due to the proximity of the mainmast to the chimney, her sails were quickly covered with soot and soot. To avoid cluttering the sectors of fire of the turret guns with standing rigging, Colz used three-legged masts, which had already solved this problem on the small Wyvern. In place of the usual shrouds and forduns, iron supports appeared - they served simultaneously as shrouds and stays. The standing rigging attached to the hinged deck consisted of rope ladders by which the sailors could reach the sails. Equipped in this way, the Captain was always ready to open fire, while the Monarch required at least an hour and a half to prepare for combat at close range after a chase under sail. In the upper spars, the Captain had a number of characteristic features. Bram-topmasts were taken on the topmasts behind the topmasts, and not in front, as usual, which was done for the same reasons as on the Wyvern: instead of the usual bram-stays and fordun, the topmasts and brams-topmasts were held by iron supports, fixed under the tops and on the tops of the tops; the main trisol had a boom, like the mizzen spinnaker, and could be deployed in any position, since the ship did not have a cruise stay that could prevent it from turning. On the original rigging plan, the masts and topmasts were a single unit, as on all previous ships with three-legged masts, but in 1868 it was considered desirable to install the topmasts on the hoses and slightly modify the dimensions of the spars, leaving approximately the same sail area of 2446 m 2 .
During construction, the shed deck was enlarged, thus adding an overhead weight, although this provided additional space for working with the sails. The new conditions were initially considered difficult, but later the captain of the ship, Captain Burgoin, wrote: “Now, if you make the sailors work on a narrow deck, it will be as convenient as working with gloves.” In the very first campaign, the builder's opinion was confirmed that the ship would be as rigid as other battleships of the latest construction. With a wind of 6-7 points and heavy seas, she listed when turning through the gybe by 13 ° -14 °, which was in line with expectations based on calculations of her ability to carry a similar sail area. Under sail, Captain Commerell considered her to be a rather rigid ship, with light and slow rolling. Captain Burgoyne was quite happy with it under sail - he spoke of the Captain as "a complete success - the most comfortable and obedient ship" and, in his opinion, "one of the most efficient warships in the world."
Equipment
The officers and crew, excluding the commander, senior officer and navigator, were located on the lower deck at the waterline level, where there were portholes and there was good ventilation - this, however, in a curious way, was completely at odds with the opinion of the inspector, set out in his report after the first inspection of the ship. Lighting was provided through large deck hatches, and in this respect the ship was better than usual. In general, the equipment was primitive, but there was a patented steam-powered spire.
Building responsibility
For a long time, work on the construction of the Captain's hull was suspended due to a hitch in resolving the issue of responsibility for its design and construction, since Colz was sick a lot and could not live in Birkenhead during the entire long period of construction, when his presence was required for supervision for each stage of work. As a result, the inspector agreed to take responsibility for the construction on himself, on the condition that in all clauses of the contract the name of Colz be replaced by the phrase "Inspector of the Fleet", and if the Lords of the Admiralty "instruct to accept the same functions and rights in relation to the Captain" as to "Agincourt", built by the same company. Firm "Laird" agreed to these conditions, as well as to Art. to build the ship according to the original design, applying only those modifications that will be agreed upon by both parties and that will be approved by Kohls.
Stability
The tragedy of the Capton, which capsized due to loss of stability, was determined by a court-martial to be due to "an error by the Laird company, due to which the ship sat deeper in the water than was calculated" - a contradiction that the inspector regarded as " serious error in design calculations.
This condemnation of the firm's qualifications was generally unjustified - the fault for the error lay more with the shipyard workers than with its design office. The ship would not be sitting so deep in the water if there were deviations from the accepted data in calculating its displacement, but this could be due to the use of too heavy materials - and these are two different things when it comes to the professional reputation of the company.
When Reed was asked to carefully evaluate all the details of the project, he noted that: “In my preliminary report, I did not express doubts about the stability of the ship, but, having understood the essence, I found that the center of gravity of the ship, armed and armored in accordance with the scheme applied, is located higher than it might seem at first glance, and I would advise you to ask the Laird company for certificates in this regard, which is especially important in light of the proposal to give the Captain more windage.
“We have carefully checked the position of the center of gravity and the distribution of weights and have no reason to fear that this vessel will have insufficient stability. We may notice that even if the vessel is completely lightened after burning all the coal, it is envisaged that the space under the inner bottom can be filled with water as ballast.
The difference between high and medium freeboard is clearly visible from the fact that the metacenter on the Monarch was located 0.5 m above the waterline, and on the Captain it lay 2.3 m below it - too big a difference to attribute it to an error in calculations. In this case, the basic principles of the theory of stability were touched upon, and the true cause of the tragedy was the omissions in respect of weight control and verification of the structural material used for construction.
Responsibility for overload
Coles wanted the Admiralty to supervise the construction during the entire period of the ship's construction, as was usually done in cases of ordering ships from private firms, but the Council avoided this on the grounds that the responsibility for the construction of the Captain lay with the Laird company. and on the Colza itself. The most that the Council agreed to was to send an observer to control the quality of the material used, but by no means control its weight. It is quite possible that it was the deviation from the accepted practice that became the main factor in the death of the Captain. The Laird firm provided the builder with a complete list of all materials, which was sent to the inspection department. However, in many cases, the weight of materials, the indication of which was not originally envisaged due to difficulties in the calculation of some components of such a “new manner” project, was greater. In addition, additions were often made based on expert data and information that came after the approval of the project.
Reid would not allow the use of the term "permissible", implying the sanction of the Council, even for minor details. He was convinced that all responsibility should remain with the construction company. It is known that some innovations, which were not subject to protest by the surveyor, contributed to the increase in weight and decrease in stability - such as an increase in the height of the forecastle and poop, as well as an increase in the length and width of the canopy deck.
Overload
Many Admiralty shipbuilders then knew that any private shipbuilder tends to underestimate the load of the ship being built at his shipyard, which he can carry - the consequence was that before the appearance of the Monarch, not a single battleship sailed with a design draft. In two cases (subsequently cited by Barnaby in court), the actual draft exceeded the design one by 0.7 m for the Tamar and 0.88 m for the Orontes, although both ships had a forecastle added to the original design and pooping. The Warrior, Agincourt and Bellerophon were well over their design draft. Partly realizing that the same could happen with the Captain, the company requested permission to do without an iron shirt under the armor, which could be safely abandoned. They were not allowed to do this, although several armored ships built after the Captain did without it.
As already noted, in the case of the Captain, the admiralty officer, who usually received instructions to monitor compliance with the norms of weights, received no such instructions, and as a result, Barnaby, during his visit to Birkenhead in September 1867, indicated that:
“... there was not a single evidence of the necessary vigilance, so necessary in relation to armored ships, in order to ensure an accurate draft. The Laird gentlemen, I believe, are very careful in weighing all the material put on the ship, but with regard to the distribution of materials, I have seen in many cases where too much material was used to obtain the desired structural strength ... and we know that some positions were simply not taken into account in the calculations (turret engines) ship loads. That this state of affairs did not remain without comment was to be expected, despite the contract, and Barnaby again stated: "My subordinates have repeatedly mentioned ... and I myself have seen this more than once during my visits to the shipyard, and spoke about this to representatives of the contractor that much more iron is used in the construction of a ship than would be done in the construction of such a ship in Her Majesty's shipyard or under my direction. The surviving calculations show that the required total displacement was 6866 tons, according to the drawings 6950 tons are shown - thus, there was an initial reserve of 84 tons. If a thorough inspection was carried out for the weight of materials, the Captain could be a successful ship, but week after week more and more the tragedy penetrated his hull, as the lack of official supervision allowed adding a centner here, a ton there - on beams, slabs, decks, towers, engine room equipment, and a hundred and one different knots, and overload penetrated into every foot of length ship, so that when it was taken out for testing, the draft was 7.66 m bow and 7.78 m stern instead of 6.86 and 7.16 m, respectively. The ship, fully equipped for going to sea, had an average draft of 7.69 m and a freeboard of only 1.98 m instead of 2.6 m, and the displacement reached 7837 tons. The overload of the ship consisted of the following (in tons):
Devices and useful things
Tower for shooters
Tools with machines
Tower improvements
Foredeck, poop and shed deck
tower mechanisms
Cement and sand
Armor and lining
Glacis slabs
A total of 857 tons - according to the calculations of the construction company, even 860 tons were obtained.
Stability
March 27, 1869, when the ship surfaced in the dock, Mr. F.C. Burns from the department of the main builder noticed that she had turned out to be too overloaded - by at least 427 tons - and her draft would increase by at least 0.3 m, if you leave the crew size of 400 people. But if the team is brought to 500 people, as expected, the draft will increase by another 4 cm.
During completion, the company was faced with the need to resolve the issue of stability. It has been calculated that the safe bank angle is only 21°, i.e. less than a third of the Monarch's safe bank angle. Therefore, when the ship sailed for Portsmouth on February 24, 1870, to receive coal and ammunition, a letter was sent asking for practical measurements and verification of these figures at the state shipyard. This was not yet a doubt about its stability (at that time it was believed that low-sided ships had a different roll from high-sided ones), and inclining tests were only of academic interest as a study of the characteristics and properties of a new experimental type ship. However, although permission to conduct tests was received on February 26, 1870, they were carried out only on July 29. The results were summed up on August 23, and the data obtained confirmed the company's calculations - the maximum angle of the ship's heel is 21 °. Both Coles and his commander Captain Burgoyne knew about this, but due to the large amount of work in the Admiralty and due to the absence of the “urgent” mark on these papers, the documents did not reach Admiral Milne in time, the commander of the squadron, which included the Captain ".
So, the stability of the ship did not cause any doubts, although the officers arriving on a visit to the ship, accustomed to high-sided ships, looked at the low side with apprehension. However, the commander of the Captain Bourgogne was quite confident in his ship and, although the Admiralty objected to the payment of the last installment to the Laird company on the grounds that the draft of the ship exceeded the design, it was agreed that this would be done on the condition that sea trials pass successfully. If the company's calculations were published, and tests to determine the angle of a safe roll were carried out immediately, there would be no need for such a clause - the ship would never go to sea with the risk that these tests could end in failure.
After a series of comprehensive tests of the Captain at sea, together with the Monarch, both ships joined the rest of the squadron at sea. Having safely withstood storms and performing well under steam, under sail and during firing practice, the Captain seemed to put her critics to shame. And only one Reid still persistently expressed fear for the fate of this ship, but could not inspire this to Hugh Childers, who replaced Somerset as First Lord. The Captain's triumph left Reid in a very difficult position, especially after Childers assigned his son to the ship, demonstrating high respect for her fighting qualities, contrary to the opinion of the chief builder. The antagonism erected by the construction of the Captain between the civilian members of the Council and their professional advisors culminated in Reid's resignation on July 8, 1870 - formally in order to accept the offer of the J. Whitworth company, although, in his own words, "the reason was all that It happened".
Inclining tests
After returning to Portsmouth in July, the Captain underwent tests to determine the safe angle of heel, as a result of which it was concluded that in calm water her maximum safe angle was 15 ° -16 °. Before entering the three-week artillery test, the ship made some minor repairs. During the upcoming campaign, it was supposed to establish concussion standards during shooting and then close the contract with the Lairds company. Having joined the Canal fleet, the Captain, with Colz on board as an observer, sailed for Gibraltar on August 4, 1870.
The death of the Captain
At sea on September 6, the admiral arrived on the ship with an inspection. By evening it was fresh, the Captain was listing 13.5 °, and the water reached her deck. When asked by the admiral about the state of the ship, Colz and commander Burgoyne answered with confidence that he was safe, after which the admiral returned to his flagship.
The Captain in the inner harbor of the Royal Naval Base at Portsmouth, 1870. The photo clearly shows the extremely low freeboard of the ship, in contrast to its huge masts.
The weather worsened, and by midnight a strong storm arose with significant sea waves. The Captain, carrying topsails taken on two reefs and a fore-sten-staysail, had both watches on the superstructure - the sailors tried to lower the topsails. But the roll of the ship was so great that it was not possible to do this, and at 15 minutes in the middle of the night, when an exceptionally cruel squall came up that cost the ships of the squadron 23 sails, the Captain, having exhausted its safe angle of heel, lay down on board, turned over upside down and went to the bottom. He took with him Kolz and 472 officers and sailors - almost the entire crew, only 17 sailors and gunners survived, who managed to get to the shore on a longboat.
Tribunal-martial court
Judging by the testimonies during the process, the builders did not consider the excess of the design draft to be dangerous for the stability of the ship, and the Admiralty was so satisfied with the assurances of the builder and the results of the first tests that they did not even take any steps to carry out the necessary heel tests or to immediately bring the already existing results. to Admiral Milne, which the flagship eventually received between August 25 and September 1, when his fleet was already at Vigo. The crew considered their ship excellent and had no doubts about its safety, speaking of it as "the most advanced sea vessel on which they had ever served."
Two excerpts from the testimony before the Tribunal relating to the fact that the admiral was not informed in time of the results of the stability tests deserve to be cited. Captain Commerell: “Do you really think that the [stability] diagram and the official indication that the Captain will immediately capsize at a roll of 21 ° had a great influence on the officers who were entrusted with the experiment, and that in the case of the Captain. just like with other ships, did it increase their responsibility? I ask this because the officer who commanded the Captain, having such a diagram in his hands, should not have dared to leave this ship under sail even for a single night. J. Reed:
The Captain was built for the same conditions as the other ships, and I believe - although it is hard for me to say this - that if any such information came from the Admiralty, the most effective measures would be taken to prove that The Admiralty is mistaken, and to tell it the greatest sailing ... In my opinion, the unseaworthiness of the Captain became a cause of concern for those many who declared their faith in this ship, and what I foresaw about the ship happened to him - first they will the most acclaimed, he will be carefully looked after at the beginning of his service until his shortcomings become apparent, and because of this, even before commissioning, he will be rejected as completely unserviceable. Back in 1860, I did everything in my power to resist the desire of the first lord to increase the number of "captains", and I turned out to be right. I repeated these arguments of mine over and over and over again, basing them on the danger that the Captain carried in itself, and when I realized that all this was pointless, I left my position. Now, proposals to build new "captains" are out of the question, but I am no longer the main builder, and the unfortunate son of the first lord rests among the victims of this catastrophe. I want the court to understand that my resignation was not a direct consequence of this cause, but that it was a significant factor in what happened ... and that I had good reasons not to support the systematic allegations of the danger to which the Captain was exposed.
The commander of the Captain, Bourgogne, Reed once stated very clearly: “I don’t want to say anything against it [the ship], but I’m glad that it’s your destiny, and not mine, to go to sea on it.”
According to Barnaby, "The construction of the Captain was a major experiment, and this experiment was made with a well-founded prospect of success, but, as in many other experiments, unforeseen accidents led to failure." This failure ended tragically for Cooper Colz, who, it might seem, only lived to see his life's work end in disaster. However, only a few years later, the battle fleets of the whole world gave his tower all the due that he demanded for it. The court-martial concluded:
“Her Majesty's Ship Captain capsized under the pressure of the wind force on the sails, which was also facilitated by rough seas; the area of the sails at the time of her death (relative to the strength of the wind and the state of the sea) was insufficient to endanger a ship with a proper margin of stability.
Starting around the third quarter of the 19th century, iron-clad battleships slowly but surely began to push the wooden fleet. The American Civil War forced the governments of the North and South to speed up the construction of a new type of ship - the Monitor and Merrimack. The Spaniards in the war against Peru and Chile (1865-1870) used the battery battleship Numancia, protected by four-inch armor. Britain, initially somewhat lagging behind other maritime powers in this matter, was in a hurry to restore its status as the mistress of the seas.
UNDER PUBLIC PRESSURE
Soon, the three-deck Royal Sovereign appeared in the coastal waters of Albion - the first English tower battleship rather roughly converted from a sailboat. However, due to technical shortcomings, this ship was suitable only for coastal defense and could not go to the open sea. And the prestige of the country required the construction of iron ships capable of fighting the enemy in the open ocean. The public was indignant: while other countries were building armadillos with might and main, British sailors were forced to fight on wooden tubs of the Columbus era. All English newspapers of that time were filled with articles containing demands, persuasion and even threats against the Admiralty. So it can be argued that, having laid the Captain in 1867 - a fundamentally new and far from the most successful, as it turned out later, type of battleship, the British "sea wolves" went on about the newspapers.
The Captain was designed by Cooper Coles, the English inventor of the rotating gun turret. Previously, Coles supplied the Royal Sovereign with his towers, and then set about building a whole series of new ships. And the first in this series was to be the Captain.
The technicians of the Laird company, at whose shipyards the battleship was built, looked with disbelief at the drawings of the newly-minted design - too high, in their opinion, were the heavy towers. They did a good job, but honestly warned the selection committee about their doubts and strongly recommended that the new battleship be carefully checked for stability.
At first glance, the ship was supposed to inspire respect: the displacement of the Captain was 7770 tons, the length was about 100 meters, and the width was 16 meters. The ship had four guns in two towers, located high on the bow and on the stern. The towers were connected by a covered upper deck. The thickness of the turret armor ranged from 20 to 32.5 centimeters, and the belts along the waterline - 15-20 centimeters. Three three-legged masts with full spars were installed on the ship. The crew included 500 officers and sailors; the fuel supply was 500 tons, although Kolz himself counted on 1000 tons.
STRENGTH TESTS
According to the Kolz project, the height of the freeboard of the battleship should be about two and a half meters. However, due to an error in the drawings, the side height turned out to be half a meter lower. As a result, the battleship, which even on paper was doubtful among experts, “live” looked even more unreliable.
However, the numerous checks to which Her Majesty's new ship was subjected made the voices of skeptics quiet down for some time. In May, the Captain weathered a severe storm in the Bay of Biscay; at the same time, his fighting qualities were also tested. In fairly strong seas, heavy guns were fired without any difficulty, and this shooting was quite well-aimed. He sailed well and maneuvered well, easily overtaking other ships. One of the authoritative British admirals, after observing the actions of the Captain, came to the conclusion that "this is a very formidable ship and, thanks to the superiority of its weapons, can destroy all the casemate ships of the squadron individually."
In view of such positive reviews, the Captain was recognized as the best ship of Her Majesty and rightfully became part of the English fleet. At the end of the summer of 1871, together with a squadron of ten ships, he again headed for the Bay of Biscay. On board the ship, in addition to the crew and officers, was the creator of the new battleship, Cooper Kolz.
On September 6, the squadron passed Cape Finisterre (Spain). The weather was gloomy, the sea was agitated and, it seems, the matter was approaching a formidable storm. Admiral Mailn, the squadron commander, having visited the Captain, drew the attention of its creator to the fact that the lee deck of the battleship was completely hidden under water during pitching. Kolz tried to reassure the admiral, arguing that this had already happened during trials and that the ship was not in danger. However, Milen was in doubt and, far-sightedly refusing to spend the night on board the battleship, went to the flagship.
MISSING BATTLESHIP
By eight in the evening, the excitement intensified, but the real storm was still far away. At eleven o'clock in the evening the wind picked up, it began to rain heavily, and the ships began to lose each other in a gloomy veil. By one in the morning, the element showed all its strength. A mighty squall seemed to sweep the squadron across the ocean and was ready to sink the British ships, but, having suddenly begun, the storm ended just as suddenly. By three o'clock in the morning the clouds parted. Admiral Mailn recalled: “The moon gave quite a lot of light, but not a single large ship was visible where the Captain was last seen, although the lights of several other ships were visible at some distance. With the onset of dawn, it turned out that the squadron was scattered, but instead of eleven there were only ten ships, the captain was missing.
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рЕТЧБС ЙЪ ФТЕИ ВПМШЫЙИ ЛБФБУФТПЖ, РПВХДЙЧЫЙИ БОЗМЙЮБО УНПФТЕФШ У ОЕЛПФПТПК ДПМЕК ПРБУЕОЙС ОБ ВТПОЕОПУГЩ, РТПЙЪПЫМБ ФПМШЛП Ч 1871 З. ч ФЕЮЕОЙЕ ДЕУСФЙ МЕФ ОБ ЬФПН ОПЧПН ФЙРЕ ВПЕЧПЗП УХДОБ ОЕ РТПЙУИПДЙМП УЕТШЕЪОЩИ ОЕУЮБУФЙК. уФТБООП, ОП РЕТЧБС ВПМШЫБС ЛБФБУФТПЖБ ВЩМБ РПЮФЙ РТЕДУЛБЪБОБ УБНЙН бДНЙТБМФЕКУФЧПН , Б ЧЙОПЧБФЩ Ч ОЕК ВЩМЙ ВТЙФБОУЛБС ПВЭЕУФЧЕООПУФШ Й РТЕУУБ, ОЕРТЕУФБООП ОБУФБЙЧБЧЫБС ОБ РПУФТПКЛЕ ЛПТБВМС ЪБЧЕДПНП ОЕХДБЮОПЗП ФЙРБ.
'MPRPMHUOSCHK "LRFEO" VSCHM VBYEOOSCHN TSEMEOPOSHCHN VTPOEOPUGEN CH 6900 FPOO, URTPELFYTPCHBOOSCHK LRFEOPN LHRETPN LPMSHPN, BOZMYKULYN YЪPVTEFBFEMEN VBYOY. TBOEE PO RTCHTBFYM FTEIRBMHVOSCHK LPTBVMSH "tPKSM UPCHETEO" CH RETCHSHCHK BOZMYKULYK VBYEOOSCHK VTPOEOPUEG, OP PO OE ZPDYMUS DMS RMBCHBOYS CH PFLTSCHFPN NPTE, B VSCHM RTYZPDEO FPMSHLP DMS PVTPOPCHPK. DMS LFPK GEMY LPTBVMSH VSCHM RTECHPUIPDEO: EZP VBYOY PLBMBMYUSH CHEUSHNB PUFTPHNOSCHL YЪPVTEFEOYEN YOE PUFBCHMSMY CEMBFSH OYYUEZP MKHYUYEZP. lPMSH NEYUFBM, PDOBLP, P EEE VPMSHYEN. пО ЪБДБМУС НЩУМА УПЪДБФШ НПТЕИПДОЩК, ТБОЗПХФОЩК ВБЫЕООЩК ЛПТБВМШ У ОЕВПМШЫПК ЧЩУПФПК ОБДЧПДОПЗП ВПТФБ Й, ОЕУНПФТС ОБ УЙМШОПЕ РТПФЙЧПДЕКУФЧЙЕ ФЕИОЙЛПЧ, ЗМБЧОЩН ПВТБЪПН Ч УЙМХ ЧМЙСОЙС РТЕУУЩ, РПМХЮЙМ ОБЛПОЕГ ТБЪТЕЫЕОЙЕ РПУФТПЙФШ ЕЗП. uFTPIFEMSHUFCHP CHEMPUSH ZHITNPK MTDB, LPFPTBS IPTPYP CHSHCHRPMOYMB TBVPPFSHCH. лПЗДБ УФТПЙФЕМШУФЧП ЛПТБВМС ПЛПОЮЙМПУШ, ФП ПО ЧУЕНЙ, ЪБ ЙУЛМАЮЕОЙЕН ОЕУЛПМШЛЙИ ЬЛУРЕТФПЧ, ПФОПУЙЧЫЙИУС Л ОЕНХ У ОЕДПЧЕТЙЕН, РТЙЪОБЧБМУС МХЮЫЕК ВПЕЧПК ЕДЙОЙГЕК ЖМПФБ Й ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ РПУМХЦЙФШ РТПФПФЙРПН ВХДХЭЙИ ВТПОЕОПУГЕЧ.
dMYOB OPCHPZP LPTBVMS UPUFBCHMSMB 320 JHFPC, YYTYOB 53 JHFB, B HZMHVMEOYE 25 JHFPC 9.5 DAKNB. RP RTPELFH LRFEOB lPMSHB CHSHCHUPFB OBDCHPDOPZP VPTFB DPMTSOB VSCHMB VShFSH OENOPP VPMSHYE 8 ZhKhFCH 6 DAKNPCH. rp UFTBOOPK PYYVLE UPUFBCHYFEMS YuETFETSEK LFB CHSHCHUPFKH HNEOSHYMYMY DP 6 ZhKHFCH 8 DAKNPCH, FBL UFP EUMY LPTBVMSH RTEDUFBCHMSMUS OEOBDETSOSCHN DBCE CH RTPELFE, FP, VHDHYUY PLPOYUBFEMSHOP ZPFPCHON E дЕКУФЧЙФЕМШОП, ЖЙТНБ мЬТДБ, РП-ЧЙДЙНПНХ, ОЕ ПУПВЕООП ДПЧЕТСМБ ЛБЮЕУФЧБН ЛПТБВМС, ФБЛ ЛБЛ РТЙ ЕЗП УДБЮЕ ПОБ РТПУЙМБ МЙГ, ХРПМОПНПЮЕООЩИ бДНЙТБМФЕКУФЧПН ДМС РТЙЕНЛЙ, ЙУРЩФБФШ ЕЗП ПУФПКЮЙЧПУФШ РХФЕН ЛТЕОПЧБОЙС, ЮФП Й ВЩМП ЙУРПМОЕОП, ДБЧ ЧРПМОЕ ХДПЧМЕФЧПТЙФЕМШОЩЕ ТЕЪХМШФБФЩ . ABOUT LPTBVME UFPSM YUEFSHCHTE 25-FPOOSCHE RHYLY CH DCHHI VBYOSI, TBURPMPTSOOOSCHI CH BUCK Y LPTNE RP DYBNEFTBMSHOPK RMPULPUFY. vBL Y LPTNB VSCHMY CHSHCHUPLYE, UPEDYOEOOSHCH TBURPMPTSOOOPK OBD VBYOSNY LTSCHFPK CHETIOK RBMHVPK. fPMEYOB VBYOOOPK VTPOY UPUFBCHMSMB PF 8 DP 13 DAKNPCH, B RPSUB RP CHBFETMYOYY 6–8 DAKNPCH. ABOUT LPTBVME HUFBOCHYMY FTY FTEIOPZYE NBYUFSHCH U RPMOSHCHN TBZPHFOSHCHN CHPPTHTSEOYEN. eZP UTBCHOYFEMSHOBS CHEMYUYOB PLBBMBUSH VPMSHYEK, YUEN H TBZPHFB, LPFPTSCHN PUOBEBMUS VPMEE OBDETSOSCHK "nPOBTI". fTHVB VSCHMB PDOB. LYRBTs UPUFPSM Yb 500 PZHYGETPCH Y NBFTPUCH; BRBU FPRMMYCHB UPUFBCHMSM 500 FPOO, IPFS UBN lPMSH Y TBUUYUYFSHCHCHBM ABOUT 1000 FPOO.
лПНБОДПЧБОЙЕ ЙН, ЛБЛ МХЮЫЙН ЛПТБВМЕН ЖМПФБ, ВЩМП РПТХЮЕОП ПДОПНХ ЙЪ ОБЙВПМЕЕ УРПУПВОЩИ Й НОПЗППВЕЭБАЭЙИ ПЖЙГЕТПЧ, ЛЬРФЕОХ вЕТЗПКОХ, Й ОБ ОЕН Ч ТБЪМЙЮОЩИ ДПМЦОПУФСИ ОБИПДЙМЙУШ УЩОПЧШС юБКМДЕТУБ, МПТДБ оПТФВТХЛБ Й УЬТБ вПМДХЙОБ хПЛЕТБ. CHUE PFOPUYMYUSH L LPTBVMA U RPMOSHCHN DPCHETYEN, Y PO CH UCHPE CHTHENS CHCHYEM CH NPTE CHNEUFE U ULBDTPK lBOBMB. h NBE "LRFEO" CHSHCHDETSBM UIMSHOSCHK YFPTN CH VYULBKULPN ЪBMYCHE; PE CHTENS LFPZP RMBCHBOYS EZP VPECSHCHE LBYUEUFCHB RPDCHETZMYUSH IPTPYENKH YURSHCHFBOYA. RTY UYMSHOPN CHPMOEOOYY UFTEMSHVB YY FTSEMSHCHI PTHDYK RTPYCHPDYMBUSH VE CHUSLPZP IBFTKHDOEOIS, Y UFTEMSHVB LFB VSCHMB NEFLPK. RPD RBTHUBNY ON DETSBMUS Y NBOECTYTPCHBM RTELTBUOP, MEZLP PVZPOSS "nPOBTIB". бДНЙТБМ уБКНПОДУ РПУМЕ ОБВМАДЕОЙС ЪБ ДЕКУФЧЙСНЙ ЛПТБВМС Й ЕЗП ПУНПФТБ ДПОПУЙМ: «ьФП ЧЕУШНБ ЗТПЪОЩК ЛПТБВМШ Й, РП НПЕНХ НОЕОЙА, НПЦЕФ, ВМБЗПДБТС РТЕЧПУИПДУФЧХ УЧПЕЗП ЧППТХЦЕОЙС, ХОЙЮФПЦЙФШ Ч ПФДЕМШОПУФЙ ЧУЕ ЛБЪЕНБФОЩЕ ЛПТБВМЙ ЬУЛБДТЩ». ChFPTPE HDBYOPE RMBCHBOYE RP VYULBKULPNKH BLMYCHKH RPDFCHETDYMP FFP IPTPIEE NOOEOYE, Y DBTSE MYGB, U RTEDHVETSDEOYEN L OENH PFOPUYCHYYEUS, DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY RTYOBFSH, UFP PYVBMYUSH.
h FTEFYK TB "LRFEO" CHSHCHYEM CH NPTE U ULBDTPK lBOBMB, RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN BDNYTBMB nBKMOB. rTPELFYTPCHBCHYK EZP LRFEO lPMSH RPYEM ABOUT OEN DMS OBVMADEOYS b LBYUEUFCHBNY LPTBVMS. chNEUFE U OIN CH UPUFBCH ULBDTSCH FPZDB CHIPDYMY "MPTD hPTDEO" (ZHMBZNBO), "NYOPFBHT", "IDTSYOLPTF", "OPTFHNVETMEOD", "nPOBTI", "ZETLKHMEU", "VEMMETPZHPO" Y OEVTPOYTPCHPBOOSCHE "YOLPOUFBOOSCHE" YOLPOUFBOOSCHE "YOLPOUFBOFY". DMS CHUEUFPTPOEZP YURSHCHFBOYS OPCHPZP VBYEOOPZP VTPOEOPUGB ULBDTB RETEUELMB VYULBKULYK BLMYCH Y 6 UEOFSVTS 1871 Z. OBIPDYMBUSH VMY NSCHUB zhYOYUFETTE. ч ЬФПФ ДЕОШ ВЩМП УЙМШОПЕ ЧПМОЕОЙЕ, Й ЛПЗДБ БДНЙТБМ нБКМО РПУЕФЙМ «лЬРФЕО», ФП ХЛБЪБМ лПМШЪХ ОБ ФП, ЮФП У РПДЧЕФТЕООПК УФПТПОЩ РБМХВБ УХДОБ ЧП ЧТЕНС ЛБЮЛЙ ПЛБЪЩЧБМБУШ РПД ЧПДПК, ЗПЧПТС, ЮФП ЬФП ЙНЕЕФ УЛЧЕТОЩК ЧЙД. LRFEO LPMSH HCHETSM, UFP LFP VETBMYUOP YOYUEZP OE OBBYUIF. LBL LPMSH, FBL Y VETZPKO CHSHCHTBYMY RPTSEMBOYE, YUFPVSCH BDNYTBM PUFBMUS OPYUECHBFSH ABOUT LPTBVME, OP, L UYUBUFSHHA DMS UEVS, BDNYTBM PF LFPZP PFLBMUS. "LRFEO" RYEM RPD RBTKHUBNY, OP U TBCHEDEOOOSCHNY RBTBNY, LPFPTSCHNY RTY OEPVIPDYNPUFY NPTsOP VSHCHMP CHPURPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS OENEDMEOOP. lPTBVMSH YURSHCHFSHCHCHBM UIMSHOKHA VPLPCHHA LBULKH, RTYUEN TBNBIY TBCHOSMYUSH 12.5°, B YOPZDB DPIPDYMY DP 14°.
h 20 YUBUPCH CHPMOEOYE VSCHMP UIMSHOPE, Y ABOUT BRBD CHYDOEMYUSH FHYUY, OP RTJOBLPCH YFPTNB EEE OE OBVMADBMPUSH. lPTBVMY OBIPDYMYUSH CH UFTPA, "LRFEO" BL LPTNPK "mPTDB xPTDEOB". h 23 YUBUB RPDOSMUS UCHETSYK CHEFET Y RPYEM DPTSDSH. h RPMOPUSH VBTPNEFT HRBM, CHEFET UCHETSEFSH, Y, FBL LBL UFBMP PYUECHIDOSCHN, UFP VKhDEF PYUEOSH ULCHETOBS RPZPDB, VSCHMY CHЪSFSH TYZHSHCH. oEBDPMZP DP YUBUB OPYUY BDKHM UYMSHOEKYK YFPTN U AZP-UBRBDB Y RBTHUB HVTBMY. PUFBMSHOPE NPTSEF VSHCHFSH DPUlbbop UMPCHBNY BDNYTBMB nBKMOUB: “ch LFH NYOHFH “LRFEO” RPD RBTBNY, OBIPDYMUS RPBDY ZHMBZNBOULPZP LPTBVMS Y, LBMPUSH, RTYVMYTSBMUS L OMENCHBMUS. RPDOSMY UYZOBM "tBCHETOKHFSH UFTPC" ("open order"), ABOUT LPFPTSCHK OENEDMEOOP VSCHM DBO PFCHEF, YCH 01:15 NBTUEMS VSCHMY YUBUFSHHA OBZMHIP ЪBTYZHMEOSCH, YUBUFSHHA HVTBOSHCH; ZTPF HVTBO HCE H 17:30, LPUSCHI RBTHUCH WITH OE CHIDEM. lPTBVMSH UYMSHOP LTEOYMUS ABOUT RTBCHSHCHK VPTF, YNES CHEFET UMECHB. lTBUOSCHK PFMYUIFEMSHOSCHK PZPOSH EZP VSCHM CH FP CHTENS SUOP CHYDEO. oEULPMSHLP NYOHF URHUFS S PRSFSH RPUNPFTEM CH EZP UFPTPOH, OP YEM UIMSHOSCHK DPTsDSh, Y PZOS VPMSHIE OE VSHMP CHYDOP. YLCHBM U DPTsDEN VSHCHM PYUEOSH UYMEO, Y "MPTD KhPTDEO" U RPNPESH CHYOFB Y BDOYI FTYUEMEK DETTSBMUS OPPN RTPFYCH UYMSHOPZP CHPMOEOYS, Y CHTENEOBNY LBBMPUSH, UFP CHPDB IIMSHCHOEF YUEBMAUS. h 02:15 (7-ZP YuYUMB) CHEFET OEULPMSHLP UFI, RETENEOYM UCHPE OBRTBCHMEOYE OB NW Y DHM VEYLCHBMPCH; FSTSEMBS ZTSDB FHYU HYMB RP OBRTBCHMEOYA L PUFH, Y UFBMY CHYDOSH SUOSCHE Y VMEUFSEYE CHEDEDSCH; NEUSG, DBCBCHYYK DPCHPMSHOP NOPZP UCHEFB, UBDYMUS, OP OE VSCHMP CHYDOP OY PDOPZP VPMSHYPZP LPTBVMS FBN, ZDE CH RPUMEDOIK TB CHYDEMY "LRFEOB", IPFS ABOUT OELPFTPN TBUUFPSOYY CHYDOEMYUSHI PZMOYUSH. at OBUFKHRMEOYEN TBUUCHEFB PLBBMPUSH, UFP YULBDTB OEULPMSHLP TBVTPUBOB, OP CHNEUFP PDYOOBDGBFY OBMYGP VSCHMP FPMSHLP DEUSFSH LPTBVMEK, OEDPUFBAEIN VSCHM "LRFEO".
fHF BDNYTBM RPUFYZ HTSBUOKHA YUFYOH. CHEMYLPMEROSCHK, BUMKHTSYCHBAEYK RPMOPZP DPCHETYS LPTBVMSH YUYUE, YOYLFP OE NPZ ULBBFSH, LBLYN PVTBPN. lPTBVMY ULBDTSCH PFRTBCHYMYUSH ABOUT RPYULY RP CHUEN OBRTBCCHMEOYSN, OP FPMSHLP RPUME RPMHDOS DPZBDLB LFB UFBMB PLPOYUBFEMSHOP DPUFPCHETOSHCHN ZhBLFPN. yuBUFY LTSCHFPK RBMHVSHCH UHDOB, PVMPNPL NBYUFSHCHN L OENH OPUPCHSHCHN RMBFLPN, FEMP NBFTPUB CHUE LFP CHNEUFE RPDFCHETDYMP REYUBMSHOHA DPZBDLH. "LRFEO" KHYEM LP DOH CHP CHTENS PDOPZP YUIMSHOSHI YLCHBMPCH CHULPTE RPUME YUBUB OPYUY, RTY UYMSHOPN VPLPPCHPN CHPMOEOYY, Y KHCHMEL OB UPVPK UCHPK LYRBTS. "YOLPOUFBOF", UBNShK VSHCHUFTPIPDOSHK LPTBVMSH YULBDTSCHK, RPMKHYUYM RTYLB YDFY RPMOSHCHN IPDPN CH rMYNHF U FTBZYUEULYN Y'CHEUFYEN.
lBLPC CE VSCHM LPOEG OEUYUBUFOPZP LPTBVMS? FPMSHLP URBUYYEUS, GEOPK PFYUBSOOSCHI KHUYMYK DPVTBCHYYEUS DP NTBYUOSCHI VETEZPCH JOYUFETTB NPZMY TBUULBBFSH PV LFPN. pLPMP RPMKHOPYUY CHEFET VSHCHM PYUEOSH UYMEO, Y LPTTBVMSH RPD UCHPYNY FTENS NBTUEMSNNY, H LBTsDPZP Y LPFPTSCHI VSCHMY CH SFSHCH DCHB TYZHB. RBTSCH VSHCHMY TBCHEDEOSCH, OP, RPCHIDYNPNKH, CHYOF OE TBVPFBM, Y LPTBVMSH RTPDCHYZBMUS PYUEOSH NBMP, UIMSHOP LBYUBSUSH. oEULPMSHLP NYOHF URHUFS RPUME RPMKHOPIY VSCHMB CHSCCHBOB RETCHBS CHBIFB Y UVBMB UPVYTBFSHUS ABOUT RBMHVE. PE CHTENS RETELMYYULY LPTBVMSH UYMSHOP OBLTEOIMUS, OP UPCHB CHSHCHRTSNNYMUS. lPZDB MADY RPDOSMYUSH OCHETI, FP UMSCHYBMY, LBL LRFEO VETZPKO RTYLBBM "PFDBFSH NBTUB-ZHBMSCH" Y OBFEN "ZHPT Y ZTPF-NBTUB YLPFSCH FTBCHYFSH". rTETSDE YUEN MADY DPVTBMYUSH DP YLPPFCH, LPTBVMSH OBLTEOIMUS CHOPCHSH, EEE UIMSHOEEE. VSCHUFTP PDYO IB DTHZYN CHSHCHLTYLYCHBMYUSH HZMSCH LTEOB CH PFCHEF OB CHPRTPU LRFEOB VEZPKOB: “18°! 23°! 28°!" LTEO ABOUT RTBCHSHCHK VPTF VSCHM FBL CHEMYL, UFP UNSCHMP OEULPMSHLP YuEMPCHEL, UFPCHYI ABOUT YLPFBI. lPTBVMSH H LFP CHTENS METSBM UPCHUEN ABOUT VPLH, NEDMEOOP RETECHPTBYUYCHBSUSH Y UPDTPZBSUSH PF LBTsDPZP HDBTB, OBOPUYCHIEZPUS ENH OBVEZBCHYNY LPTPFLYNY CHPMOBNY U VEMCHNY ZTEVOSN. FFPF NYZ VSCHM HTsBUEO. RBT, CHSHCHTSCHCHBCHYKUS UP UFTBYOSCHN YKHNPN YJ DSHCHNPCHPK FTHVSHCH, OE Refinery bbzmhyyfsh LTYLPCH LPUEZBTCH, VTPUYCHYIUS OBCHETI. LPFMSCH YNEMY FPRLY, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHE RPRETEL LPTRHUB, Y LPZDB "LRFEO" MEZ ABOUT VPL, FP FPRPYUOSCHE DCHETGSC H MECHPN TSDH LPFMHR, OE VKHDHYUY CH UPUFPSOYY CHSHCHDETSBFSH DBCHMEOYE Tbulbmeoopzshchtoy HZMS fBLYN PVTBBPN, UPDETSYNPE FPRPL VSCHMP CHSHVTPYEOP ABOUT OYUYBUFOSHCHI MADEK, PFVTPYEOOSCHI LFPK ZTHDPK L LPFMBN RTBCHPK UFPTPOSCH; UBFEN U RTELTBEEOYEN FSZY, LPZDB ChPDB RP FTKHVBN URKHUFYMBUSH CH PZOECHSHCHE LPTPVLY, MADEK UFBMP PVTSYZBFSH PZOEN Y PVCHBTYCHBFSH RBTPN, RPLB UNETFSH CH CHPDE OE RTELTBFYMB YFYKHI NYUKHI BDULYKI. yOPZDB ZPCHPTSF, UFP NBYIOOBS LPNBODB OBIPDYFUS CH VEЪPRBUOPUFY CHP CHTENS VPS. оП ЛПЗДБ ПОЙ Ч ВЕЪЧЕУФОПУФЙ ХНЙТБАФ ФБЛ, ЛБЛ Ч РПДПВОПН УМХЮБЕ, Й ВЕЪ НБМЕКЫЕЗП ЫБОУБ ОБ УРБУЕОЙЕ, НЩ ДПМЦОЩ УПЪОБФШУС, ЮФП ПРБУОПУФШ, ЛПФПТПК ПОЙ РПДЧЕТЗБАФУС, ОЕУТБЧОЕООП ХЦБУОЕЕ ФПК, У ЛПФПТПК РТЙИПДЙФУС ВПТПФШУС НБФТПУБН, ОБИПДСЭЙНУС ОБ ЧЕТИОЕК РБМХВЕ, Й РПЬФПНХ ПОЙ ЪБУМХЦЙЧБАФ PUPVPZP HCHBTSEOYS.
LPZZH LPTBVMSh regional aims of the UFBMP Pyuechidop, YuFP on PRTPLEDSHCHBUS, FP NOPZYE VTPUIMYUSH CHETEDED LLLUKTOOOPK RPMHVBLB RPMSHMYA, Chuee Umshib RBTB, IPFSHB of the FFSHB of the Ul. dTHZYE U RPNPESHA LPOGPCH CHVYTBMYUSH RP U BCHPZP VPTFB, B LPZDB "LRFEO" NEDMEOOP RETECHETOKHMUS, FP RTPVYTBMYUSH RP EZP DOYEKH. pDIO Yuempchel RPRBM OPZPK CH LYOZUFPO Y RPFPN DPVTBMUS DP FPZP NEUFB, ZDE VSC DPMTSEO VSCHM OBIPDIIFSHUS LYMSH, EUMY VSC PO YNEMUS, LBL CHDTKhZ LPTBVMSH TBBPN HYEM X OEZP Yb-RPD OPZ. bTFYMMETYKULYK LPODHLFPT EDCHB URBUUS. ON URBM H UCHPEK LBAFE Y VSHCHM TBVKhTSEO YKHNPN, RPDOSFSCHN TSDPN OEULPMSHLYNY NPTULYNY REIPFYOGBNY. BLNEFICH, UFP LPTBVMSH UIMSHOP LBYUBEF, PO CUFBM Y OBRTBCHYMUS L VBYOSN, YUFPVSCH HVEDIFSHUS, OBDETSOP MY BLTERMEOSCH PTHDYS. PO HCE PUNPFTEM OPUPCHHA VBYOA Y OBIPDYMUS CH LPTNCHPK, LPZDB LPTBVMSH OBYUBM RETECHPTBYUYCHBFSHUS. lPZDB LTEO HUYMYMUS, PO CHSHCHMEH PDOP y PFCHETUFYK DMS RTYGEMYCHBOYS Y FPMSHLP PUCHPPVPDYMUS, LBL LPTBVMSH RPYEM LP DOH. rPUMEDOEE, UFP PUFBCHBMPUSH ABOUT RPCHETIOPUFY, VSCHM EZP OPU. oENOPZYE PUFBCHYYEUS CH TSYCHSHI, YЪ LPFPTSCHI CHUE, LTPNE LBRYFBOB Y BTFYMMETYKULPZP LPODHLFPTTB, RTYOBDMETSBMY L RETCHPK CHBIFE, CHPVTBMYUSH CH VBTLBU Y CH LBFET, LPFPTSHCHE RMBCHMBY. chFPTPK VBTLBU FPCE CHSHCHCHPVPDYMY, Y UCHYIE CH OEP MADY RTYOSMYUSH ZTEUFY, OBRTBCHMSSUSH ABOUT RPNPESH L RMBCCHYENH CHCHETI DOPN LBFETH, ABOUT LPFPTPN OBIPDYMYUSH LRFEO VETZPKO Y EEELP OEULPMSHEL. oELPFPTSHCHE JOYI RETEULPYUYMY CH VBTLBU, OP LBRYFBO OE IPFEM LFPZP DEMBFSH, B FBL LBL VKhTOPE UPUFPSOYE NPTS NEYBMP RPDPKFY VMYЪLP, B VBTLBU Y FBL EDCHB OE ЪBFPOHM, FP EZPUSH. PO PFLBBMUS Y PF RTEDMPTSEOOPZP CHEUMB, ULBBCH, YUFP YN UBNYN RPOBDPVSFUS CHUE CHEUMB. Chpuenobdgbfsh Yuempchel Yu Pufbchbchiyus Chnichshchi dpufyzmi Vetzb, Rumom FPZP LBLA ObrtBuop Plmilbmy "Yolpoufbof", RTPPYDYKEL VMYLP PF OYEI. yFP Y'CHEUFYE UOBYUBMB VSCHMP CHUFTEYUEOP CH BOZMYY U OEDPCHETYEN, BLFEN UNEOYCHYNUS ZPTEN Y OEZPDPCHBOYEN.
RPFETS FBLPZP RTELTBUOPZP LPTBVMS CHNEUFE UP UFPMSHLNY RPDBCHYNY VMEUFSEYE OBDETSDSCH PZHYGETBNY Y RPYUFY 500 NBFTPUBNY UFBMB OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHN VEDUFCHYEN. rTYZPCHPT, RTPYOEUEOOOSCHK PE CHTENS UHDB OBD PUFBCHYNYUS CH TSYCHSHI, VSCHM PRTBCHDBOYEN bDNYTBMFEKUFCHKH. according to ZMBUYM, UFP "LRFEO" "VSCHM RPUFTPEO YHCHBTSEOIS L PVEEUFCHEOOPNKH NOEOIA YCH TBTEI U CHZMSDBNY Y NOEOISNY LPOFTPMETB ZHMPFB Y EZP DERBTFBNEOFB". фСЦЕМЩЕ НБЮФЩ ЬФПЗП ВТПОЕОПУГБ, ЕЗП РБТХУОПУФШ, ОЙЪЛЙК ОБДЧПДОЩК ВПТФ (ЪОБЮЙФЕМШОП ОЙЦЕ ФПЗП, ЛПФПТЩК ВЩМ РТЕДМПЦЕО РТЙ РТПЕЛФЙТПЧБОЙЙ) Й ЪОБЮЙФЕМШОЩК РЕТЕЧЕУ Ч ЕЗП ЧЕТИОЕК ЮБУФЙ ВМБЗПДБТС ЛТЩФПК РБМХВЕ Й ВБЫОСН ЧУЕ ЬФП ЧНЕУФЕ ЧЪСФПЕ УФБМП РТЙЮЙОПК ОЕУЮБУФШС. OE YNEK ON NBYuF, ON NPZ VSHCHFSH OBDETSOSCHN LPTBVMEN; YNES YI, Refinery VSHCHFSH HDPCHMEFCHPTYFEMSHOSHCHN, VKHDHYU RTEDOBOBBYUEO DMS VETEZPPCHPK PVTPPOSHCHN. oP OEF UPNOEOIS, YUFP DMS RMBCHBOYS Ch PFLTSCHFPN NPTE "LRFEO" YNEM OEDFBFPYUOKHA PUFPKYUYCHPUFSH. eZP ZYVEMSHOE PUFBMBUSH VE RPUMEDUFCHYK. emergency and gestures, uhdpuftpyphymy ufbmy pvtbebfsh vpmshype Choynboye on Pufpkuychpsh LPTBMEK, DPUFPPYOUFCHP, LPFPPP PVSSOP CHETS CHTENS ChPEOSHOSHA DEFCHIK, IPFS PPFS POPFSE POPFS. CHP-CHFPTSCHI, FFPF UMHYUBK PFCHBDYM UPUFBCHYFEMEK RTPELFPH YY YUYUMB MAVIFEMEK. yULKHUUFCHP RTPELFYTPCHBOYS LPTBVMS OBUFPMSHLP UMPTSOP Y DMS RPMHUEOIS HDPCHMEFCHPTYFEMSHOSHCHI TEEKHMSHFBFPCH FTEVHEF FBLYI ZMHVPLYI FEIOYYUEULYI RPBOBOIK, YUFP LFPCHDBShFPTsOP.
chFPTBS LBFBUFTPZHB, L UYUBUFSHHA, PVPYMBUSH VE YUEMPCHEYUEULYI CETFCH. ULBDTB lBOBMB, UPUFPSCHYBS YЪ VTPOEOPUGECH "khPTTTYPT", "BIIMMEU", "ZELFPT", "bKTPO dal" Y "CHOZBTD" CHCHYMY YЪ LYOZUFPOB H 10:30 RETCHPZP UEOFSVTS 1875 Z., OBRCHYMSUSH CH dPKDS DP RMBCHHYUEZP NBSLB LYY (Kish), "BIYMMEU" RPLYOKHM ULBDTH, OBRTBCCHMSSUSH CH MYCHETRHMSH, B PUFBMSHOSHCHE YEFSCHTE LPTBVMS RTPDPMTSBMY YDFY CH RTESOEN OBRTBCHMEOYY CH UFTPA LYMSCHBFESHCHOPK. pLPMP 12:30 RPDOSMUS PYUEOSH ZHUFPK FHNBO, FBL SFP OE VSMP CHPNPTSOPUFY CHYDEFSH DBMEE YUEN OB 50 STDPCH CHRETED. h FP CHTENS TBURPMPTSEOYE LPTBVMEK VSMP UMEDHAEIN: CHRETED YYMY "khPTTYPT" Y "ZELFPT", ABOUT TBUUFPSOYY PDOK YMY DCHHI NYMSH RPBDY OYI "CHOZBTD" Y "bKTPO DAL", RTYOZBTYUEN "CHYOTSBTDD"
ULPTPUFSH, LPFPTBS DP FPZP LBL UZKHUFYMUS FHNBO UPUFBCHMSMB PF 10 DP 12 HHMPCH, VSCHMB HNEOSHYOB DP UENY YIMY CHPUSHNY .
ULTP RPUME 12:30 VPMSHYPE RBTHUOPE UHDOP PVTEEBMP OPU "CHOZBTDH" Y BUFBCHYMP EZP PFLMPOYFSHUS PF UCHPEZP RTETSOEZP NEUFB CH UFTPA. тХМШ ВЩМ РПМПЦЕО МЕЧП ОБ ВПТФ, Й ЬФЙН ЪБДЕТЦБО ЕЗП ИПД, ЛБЛ ЧДТХЗ «бКТПО дАЛ», РТЕДЧБТЙФЕМШОП ЙЪНЕОЙЧЫЙК ВЩМП ОБРТБЧМЕОЙЕ ВЕЪ ДПУФБФПЮОПК ДМС ФПЗП РТЙЮЙОЩ, Б ЪБФЕН ЧЕТОХЧЫЙКУС ОБ РТЕЦОЙК ЛХТУ, ЧЩУФХРЙМ ЙЪ ФХНБОБ ОБ ТБУУФПСОЙЙ НЕОЕЕ,ПДОПЗП ЛБВЕМШФПЧБ У ФБТБОПН, ОБРТБЧМЕООЩН CH RTBCHSHCHK VPTF "CHOZBTDB". h FP CE UBNPE CHTENS “CHOZBTD” HCHYDEMY ABOUT “bKTPO DAL”, Y LRFEO ZYLMEK, LPNBODYT RPUMEDOEZP, OBIPDYCHYKUS OBCHETIH, OENEDMEOOP DBM NBYOBN ЪBDOIK IPD, OP DMS RTEDPFCTBEEOYS UFPCHLPCHEYS UFPCHLPCHEYS. йДС УП УЛПТПУФША ОЕУЛПМШЛП НЕОЕЕ УЕНЙ ХЪМПЧ, «бКТПО дАЛ» ХДБТЙМ «чЬОЗБТДБ», ЙНЕЧЫЕЗП ИПД ПЛПМП ЫЕУФЙ ХЪМПЧ, ОБ ЮЕФЩТЕ ЖХФБ ОЙЦЕ ЕЗП ВТПОЕЧПЗП РПСУБ, ЛБЛ ТБЪ РПЪБДЙ ЗТПФ-НБЮФЩ Ч МЕЧХА ТБЛПЧЙОХ ОБТБЧОЕ У НБЫЙООЩН ПФДЕМЕОЙЕН. pVTBBPCHBMBUSH ZTPNBDOBS RTPVPYOB DCHBDGBFSH RSFSH LCHBDTBFOSHCHI ZhKhFPCh, Yuete LPFPTHA RPFPLPN IMSHCHOHMB ChPDB. l OEUYUBUFSHHA, FBTBO HDBTIME LPTBVMSH CH UBNPE Hsjchynpe NEUFP, RTPVYCH PFCHETUFIE CH RPREYUEUOPK RETEVPTL, PFDEMSCHYEK NBYOOPE PFDEMEOYE PF LPFEMSHOPZP DCHB UBNSHI VPMSHYI PFUELB. xDBT VSCHM PYUEOSH UYMEO. vTPOECHPK RPSU "CHOZBTDB", YNECHYK CH LFPN NEUFE FPMEYOH 8 DAKNPCH, VSCHM CHDBCHMEO VPMEE YUEN ABOUT ZhHF, OP CHOHFTEOOSS PVYYCHLB OE VSCHMB UPVUFCHEOOP RTPVIFB FBTBOPN. dTHZYE RETEVPTLY VSCHMY FBL UIMSHOP RPCHTETSDEOSCH, UFP CH OYI PFLTSCHMBUSH VPMSHYBS FEYUSH, B ABOUT RBMHVH U NBYuF RBDBMY YUBUFY TBOSPHFB Y VMPLY. LBL FPMSHLP RTPY'PYMP UFPMLOPCHEOYE, CHPDPOERTPOYGBENSCHE DCHETY OENEDMEOOP BDTBYMY. rBOILY OE ChP'OILMP, Y DYUGYRMYOB VSCHMB PVTBGBPCHBS. nBYOOPE PFDEMEOYE, LPUEZBTOPE Y RTPIPDSH VSHCHUFTP BRPMOYMYUSH CHPDPK, LPFEM IBFPRYMP Y RBTPCHSHCHE RPNRSH PUFBMYUSH VEI RBTB. pDYO YЪ NBYOYUFCH U VPMSHYN RTYUHFUFCHYEN DHIB PFLTSCHM RBTPCCHSHHRHULOPK LMBRBO LPFMB, DBCH CHSHCHIPD RBTH Y RTEDPFCTBFYCH CHATSHCHCH. CHUE MADY UPVTBMYUSH ABOUT RBMHVE; RPRSHCHFPL URBUFY LPTBVMSH OE RTEDRTYOYNBMPUSH; CHUE UFBTBOIS LRFEOB dBHLIOUB (Dawkins), EZP LPNBOYTB, VSCHMY OBRTBCHMEOSCH ABOUT URBUEOYE MADEC. рТБЧДБ, НПЦЕФ ВЩФШ, УТЕДЙ ПЖЙГЕТПЧ Й ВЩМ ЪБНЕФЕО ОЕЛПФПТЩК ОЕДПУФБФПЛ ТБУФПТПРОПУФЙ, ТЕЫЙФЕМШОПУФЙ Й ОБИПДЮЙЧПУФЙ, ОП, УПРПУФБЧМСС УМХЮБК У «чЬОЗБТДПН» У РПЪДОЕКЫЙНЙ ЛБФБУФТПЖБНЙ, РТЙИПДЙФУС ХУПНОЙФШУС, ЮФП НПЦОП ВЩМП УДЕМБФШ ЮФП-ОЙВХДШ УХЭЕУФЧЕООПЕ. "BKTPO DAL", YUYUEOKHCHYYK VSHMP CH FKHNBOE, UPCHB RPDPYEM OBUFPMSHLP VMYЪLP, OBULPMSHLP NPTSOP VSHCHMP RTYVMYJFSHUS VEEPRBUOP, Y CHUE MADY VSHHUFTP Y CH RPMOPN RPTSDLE RETEYZPY OBOE. h FEYUEOYE DCHBDGBFY NYOHF RETEVTBMYUSH CHUE, RTYUEN LBRYFBO CH UPPFFCHEFUFCHY U FTBDYGYEK RPUMEDOIN RPLYOHM FPOHEIK VTPOEOPUEG. YuBU URHUFS RPUME UFPMLOPCHEOYS, F. E. CH 02:15, "CHOZBTD", ZMHVPLP UECHYK LPTNPC, DCHB YMY FTY TBB RPCHETOKHMUS, B BLFEN RPYEM LP DOH ABOUT ZMHVYOE CHPUENOBDGBFY UBTSEO. "CHOZBTD" VSHCHM VTPOEOPUGEN 2-ZP LMBUUB, PDOIN YJ YEUFY LPTBVMEK, URTPELFYTPCHBOOSCHI RP PVTBGKh ZHTBOGHULPK "bMShNShch". RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP PO RTEDOBOBBYUBMUS DMS UMHTsVSHCH DBMSHOYI NPTSI. eZP CHPDPIЪNEEEOYE UPUFBCHMSMP 5899 FPOO, NPEOPUFSH NBYOBNY 3500 YODYLBFPTOSHCHI UYM. ON VSCHM ChPPTKhTSEO DEUSFSHHA 12.5-FPOOSCHNY DKHMSHOPBTSDOSHNY RHYLBNY Y DCHKHNS 64-ZHHOFPCHSHCHNY PTHDYSNY. RP CHBFETMOYY YNEMUS RPMOSHK VTPOECHPK RPSU FPMEYOPK 6–8 DAKNPCH. GEOFTTBMSHOBS VBFBTES ЪBEYEBMBUSH 6-DAKNPCHPK VTPOEK. ULPTPUFSH VTPOEOPUGB ABOUT RTPVE DPUFYZMB 14.9 HMB; LIRBTS 450 UEMPCEL. rty YURSHCHFBOY NBYO "CHOZBTDB" CHSCSUOYMBUSH OEDPUFBFPYuOBS PUFPKYUYCHPUFSH, RPFPNKH EZP DCHPKOPE DOP BRPMOYMY LYTRYUBNY Y GENEOFPN. ABOUT OEN YNEMPUSH WENSH RPRETEYUOSCHI RETEVPTPL, TBDEMSCHYI LPTRHU ABOUT CHPUENSH PFDEMEOYK, Y TBUUYUYFSHCHBMY, UFP MAVBS YOYI NPTSEF VSHCHFSH RTPVYFB VE HZTPYSCH ZYVEMY LPTBVMS. l OEUYUBUFSHHA, CHPЪNPTSOPUFSH RTPVPYOSCH RP PDOPC YЪ FBLYI RETEVPTPL, PFLTSCHCHBAEK DPUFKhR CHPDE UTBYH H DCHB PFDEMEOYS, OE RTEDHUNPFTEMY.
about UHDE, OBOBBYUEOOPN OBD PZHYGETBNY "CHOZBTDB", RTYYMY L BLMAYUEOYA, UFP LBFBUFTPZHB RTPYYPYMB, ChP-RETCHI, YB-B UMYYLPN VPMSHYPK ULPTPUFY IPDB L FULBDTSCH; ChP-CHFPTSCHI, CHUMEDUFCHYE FPZP, UFP LPNBODYT "CHOZBTDB" dBHLOYU, OEUNPFTS ABOUT FP UFP VSHCHM ZPMCHOSCHN CH UCHPEN PFTSDE Y FKHNBOOKHA RPZPDKH, HYEM CHOY; Ch-FTEFSHYI, CHUMEDUFCHYE HNEOSHYOYS IPDB "CHOZBTDB" VEI Y'CHEEEOYS OBIPDSEEZPUS RPBDY "bKTPO DAlb" UYZOBMPN PV LFPN; Ch-YUEFCHETFSHCHI, VMBZPDBTS HCHEMYYUEOOYA ULTPUFY IPDB "bKTPO DAlb" OECHYTBS ABOUT FHNBO Y ABOUT FP, UFP ULTPUFSH HCE VSCHMB CHEMYLB; CH-RSFSCHI, CHUMEDUFCHIE OERTBCHYMSHOPZP PFLMPOEOYS "bKTPO DAlb" YU UFTPS Y, CH-YEUFSCHI, CHUMEDUFCHIE PFUKHFUFCHYS FHNBOOSCHI UIZOBMPCH. dBHLYOU VSHCHM PVCHYOEO Y PFUFTBOEO PF LPNBODPCHBOYS LPTBVMEN bB FP, YuFP OE RTYCHEM H DEKUFCHYE RPNRSHCH, B CHNEUFP LFPZP RTYLBBM URHULBFSH YMARLY. rP NOEOIA UHDB, PO DPMTSEO VSCM RTEDRTYOSFSH RPRSHCHFLKh BLTSCHFSH RTPVPYOKH RMBUFSHCHTEN. MEKFEOBOF, YURPMOSCHYYK YFKhTNBOULYE PVSBOOPUFY, VSHM PVCHYEO H FPN, YuFP OE RTYOSM NO L FPNKh, YuFPVSH OBRTBCHYFSH LPTBVMSH ABOUT VPMEE NEMLPE NEUFP, PFLHDB EZP VSCHMP ChPFYVHMPTSOP RPDSOP. pVTBFIMY CHOYNBOYE Y ABOUT FP, UFP "bKTPO DAL" DPMTSEO VSCM RTEDRTYOSFSH RPRSHCHFLH PFCHEUFY EZP ABOUT VKHLUITE ABOUT NEMLPCHPDSH. uFBTYENKH PZHYGETH "CHOZBTDB" CHNEUFE U ZMBCHOSCHN NEIBOYLPN Y RMPFOILPN PYASCHYMY CHSHCHZPCHPT. chBIFEOOPZP OBYUBMSHOILB "bKTPO DAlb" URYUBMY U LPTBVMS.
"bKTPO dal", LPTBVMSH YDEOFYUOSCHK "CHOZBTDH", OE RPMHUYM RPCHTETSDEOYK, ULPMSHLP-OYVHDSH ЪBUMKHTSYCHBAEYI CHOYNBOIS. EZP FBTBO CHSHCHDBCHBMUS FPMSHLP UMEZLB YJ-RPD VTPOECHPZP RPSUB Y Refinery VSH VE CHUSLPK PRBUOPUFY RPCHFPTYFSH HDBT. UMHYUBK FFPF OBUFTPIYM BOZMYYUBO CH RPMSHJH FBTBOB; RTYYUEN, HCHYDECH, LBL MEZLP HOYUFPTSYFSH JN UBNSHCHE LTHROSCHE LPTBVMY, OBYUBMY CHSHCHDCHYZBFSHUS TBMYUOSCHE OCHSHCHRPMOINSCHE RTEDMPTSEOIS P RPUFTPKLE OERPFPRMSENPZP LPTBVMS.
FTY ZPDB URHUFS RPDPVOPE OEYYUBUFSHHE RTPYYPYMP CH ZETNBOULPN ZHMPFE, OP ABOUT FFPF TB U NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHNY YUEMPCHEYUEULYNY CETFCHBNY. 6 NBS 1878 Z.ULBDTB, UPUFPSCHYBS YЪ FTEI VTPOEOPUGECH LEOYZ CHYMSHZEMSHN (OB OEN DETSBM UCHPK ZHMBZ BDNYTBM ZHPO vBYu), BLPOYUYCH CHPPTHTSEOYE Y RTYOSCH LPNBODH, POB 29 NBS CHSCHYMB YЪ RPTFB, OBRTBCHMSSUSH Ch rMYNHF. 31 NBS ULBDTB OBIPDYMBUSH CH BOZMYKULPN LBOBME OBRTPFYCH zhPMLUFPOB. YMY UFTPEN FTEHZPMSHOYLB, RTYUEN "LEOYZ CHYMSHZEMSHN" VSCHM ZPMPCHOSCHN, B "rTPKUUEO" YEM OB OIN CH LIMSHCHBFETE. at RTBCHPK UFPTPOSCH ZHMBZNBO, OEULPMSHLP RPBDY EZP FTBCHETB OPIPDYMUS "LKhTZHATUF". тБУУФПСОЙЕ НЕЦДХ ОЙН Й «лЕОЙЗПН чЙМШЗЕМШНПН» РЕТЧПОБЮБМШОП УПУФБЧМСМП 440 СТДПЧ, ОП ЪБ ЮБУ ДП УФПМЛОПЧЕОЙС ЕНХ ВЩМП РТЙЛБЪБОП РПДПКФЙ ВМЙЦЕ, ФБЛ ЮФП, ОБЛПОЕГ, НЕЦДХ ОЙНЙ ПУФБЧБМПУШ ЧУЕЗП 110 СТДПЧ, Й У ВЕТЕЗБ ЪБНЕФЙМЙ, ЮФП ПОЙ ОБИПДСФУС ОБ ПРБУОП ВМЙЪЛПН ТБУУФПСОЙЙ ДТХЗ ПФ DTHZB. h FP CHTENS LBL POY DCHYZBMYUSH FBLYN PVTBPN, DCHB RBTHUOSCHI UHDOB, RTYCHEDS LTHFP L CHEFTH ABOUT MECHPN ZBMUE, RTPYMY RPD OPPN ULBDTSCH. rPDYOSSUSH HUFBOCHMEOOOSCHN RTBCHYMBN RTEDHRTETSDEOYS UFPMLOPCHEOYK, "LHTZHATUF" RPMPTSYM MECHP THMS Y RPCHETOHM CHRTBCHP. YURPMOYCH LFP, PO PRSFSH LTHFP RPCHETOKHM CHMECHP, UFPVSH ЪBOSFSH RTETSOEE RPMPTSEOIE. "LEOYZ CHIMSHZEMSHN" UOBYUBMB RSHCHFBMUS RTPKFY RETED OPUPN RBTHUOSCHI UHDPH, OP, CHYDS, UFP LFP OechPyNPTSOP, RPCHETOKHM CHRTBCHP, Y FHF "LKhTZHATUF" PLBBMUS X OEZP RPD OPPN RETRAODYLKhP. uFPVSC YЪVETSBFSH OENYOKHENPZP UFPMLOPCHEOYS, LBRYFBO "LKhTZHATUFB" RTYLBBM DBFSH RPMOSHCHK IPD CHRETED, RSHCHFBSUSh PVTEBFSH OPU RTYVMYTSBCHYEZPUS VTPOEOPUGB Y CHPHTENS HKFY PF OEZP. CHYDS, UFP LFP OECHPPNTSOP, PO UDEMBM RPRSHFLH RPCHETOHFSH CHRTBCHP, OBDESUSH MEYUSH ABOUT RBTBMMEMSHOSCHK "LEOYZH CHYMSHZEMSHNHKH" LHTU YMY, RP LTBKOEK NETE, VSHCHFSH FPMSHLP UMEZLB ЪBDEFSCHN YN. About Leoyz Chimeshzemshny, y bdnytbm, th Lbrifbo Dryopdimeysh Choykh, s, sfy ltifyuyuyuyuyuye -nzopcheis oh pufbmpush reading of the yi about RBMHVH, dB eumi yi yihchbmi, fp of the chorem. about THME UFPSM NPMPDK OEPRSHCHFOSHCHK HOFET-PZHYGET Y YEUFSH OPCHPPVTBOGECH. lPZDB CHBIFEOOSHCHK OBYUBMSHOIL PFDBM RTYLBBOYE RPMPTSYFSH RTBCHP THMS, YUFPVSCH RPCHETOHFSH LPTBVMSH CHMECHP, MADY TBUFETSMYUSH. sing UDEMBMY LBL TB PVTBFOPE, RPMPTSYCH "MECHP THMS", Y FBLYN PVTBIPN RPCHETOKHMY FBTBO EEE VPMEE CHRTBCHP, CH FP CHTENS LBL LPTNB "lHTZHATUFB" RPCHPTBYUYCHBMBUSH CHMECHP ENH OBCHUFTEYUKH. fBL LBL UFPMLOPCHEOYE FERESH UFBOCHIMPUSH OEYVETSOSCHN, FP ABOUT "LEOYSE CHIMSHZEMSHNE" NBYOBN DBMY ЪBDOIK IPD, YCH NPNEOF UFPMLOPCHEOYS POY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP TBVPFBMY FBLYN PVTBPN.
ULPTPUFSHA, LPFPTBS, OENPFTS on DBOOSHK NBOOBN Kommersant IPD, DPPDIMB DP 6–7 HMPCh, Leoiz Chimezzemshn Khdbtime “Ztpuzhatufb”, Yedyzp ULPTPUFSH, NECDH ZTPF STIPFS. fBTBO YЪVPTPЪDYM VTPOA, LBL BREMSHUYOOKHA LPTLKH, Y ChPODHI OBRPMOYMUS FTEULPN TBDYTBENPK VTPOY. hZPM, RPD LPFPTSCHN RTPYPYMP UFPMLOPCHEOYE, VSHM VPMSHYE 45°, OP NEOEE 90°. ABOUT "LEOYZE CHYMSHZEMSHNE" OE YUHCHUFCHPCHBMPUSH FPMYULB, FPMSHLP MEZLPE UPFTSUEOOYE. about UFPMBI DBTS OE PRTPLYOKHMYUSH UFBLBOSH U CHPDPK, Y CHPDB OE TBURMEULBMBUSH. ABOUT "LKHTZHATUFE" lPTBVMSH OBLTEOYMUS ABOUT RTBCHSHCHK VPTF CH UFPTPOH PF "LEOYZB CHYMSHZEMSHNB", OP RTPDPMTSBM YDFY CHRETED, ULTHFICH Y UMPNBCH FBTBO, PUCHPPVPDYMUS PF OEZP Y UFBM CHRMPFOHA VPTF P VPTP U "LEOMOSHNB". vKHYRTIF RPUMEDOEZP RPRBM CH "LKHTZHATUFB" Y, RTETSDE YUEN KHUREM UMPNBFSHUS, UFBEIM CHOI LTAKU-VTBN-UFEOZH. yMARLY, OBIPDICHYYEUS ABOUT YLBOGBI RTPFBTBOEOOPZP LPTBVMS, VSCHMY TBYFSHCH YMYY UEUEOSCH. чПДБ ИМЩОХМБ ЮЕТЕЪ ВПМШЫХА РТПВПЙОХ Ч ВПТФХ ЧОЙЪ РП ЛПЮЕЗБТОПНХ ПФДЕМЕОЙА, ЪБМЙЧБС ФПРЛЙ Й ЧЩОХЦДБС ЛПЮЕЗБТПЧ УРБУБФШУС ЮЕТЕЪ МАЛЙ Й РП УЛПВБН, ОБИПДСЭЙНУС ЧОХФТЙ ЧЕОФЙМСФПТПЧ, Ч ФП ЧТЕНС ЛБЛ РБТ ЧЩТЩЧБМУС УП УФТБЫОПК УЙМПК. UYMSHOSHCHK LTEO ABOUT MECHSHCHK VPTF PVTEYUEOOPZP ABOUT ZYVEMSH LPTBVMS RPNEYBM LYRBTSKH URHUFYFSH YMARLY. at MECHPK UFPTPOSCH SING VSCHMY TBDBCHMEOSCH, B at RTBCHPK METSBMY ABOUT VPTFH. Read RTEDRTYOSFSH UFP-MYVP OE PUFBMPUSH, PDOBLP LBRYFBO, ZTBZH ZHPO nPOTS, UDEMBM RPRSHCHFLH OBRTCHYFSH LPTBVMSH ABOUT NEMLP NEUFP. OP EDCHB PO HUREM PFPKFY ABOUT OELPFTPTPE TBUUFPSOYE, LBL YUETE RSFSH NYOHF RPUME UFPMLOPCHEOYS RPYEM LP DOH ABOUT ZMHVYOE 15 UBTSOEEK, HCHMELBS ЪB UPVPK NOPZYI YUMEOPCCH LLYRBTSB. LPNBODOSHCHE LPKLY ABOUT VTPOEOPUGE VSHMY HVTBOSHCH CH DTHZPE NEUFP Y OBIPDYMYUSHOE CH UEFLBI, BCH TPUFTBI, FBL YuFP SING OE NPZMY PLBBFSHUS ABOUT CHPDE Y UMHTSYFSH VKLBNY. lPZDB LPTBVMSH OBYUBM FPOHFSH, VPMSHYOUFCHP VSHCHYI ABOUT OEN MADEK RPRTSHZBMP CH CHPDH. fTYDGBFSH NBFTPUCH RPZYVMY HTSBUOSCHN PVTBBPN. oEUNPFTS ABOUT HCHEEECHBOYS VPGNBOB, POY VTPUIMYUSH U OPUB Y RPRBMY CH UEFLH RPD HFMEZBTEN, BRHFBMYUSH Y HFPOHMY. uFBTYEZP MEKFEOBOBFB BUPUBMP CHNEUFE U LPTBVMEN, LPZDB "LKhTZHATUF" RPYEM LP DOH. According to RTY ьFPN RPUHCHUFFCHBM Uimshakye Dbchmeye about TEVTB, FSDB FSOKhMB FSOHMB HOUGHEH, OP NYOHFH Urhufs Dbchmeyee PumbVMP ORCHEHMP about RPchetiophfsh, ( lBRYFBOB FPYuOP FBL CE HCHMELMP CHOI, OP BLFEN CHSCVTPUYMP LCHETIKH, PO FPTS VSCHM URBUEO. about NEUFP ZYVEMY VSHCHUFTP RPDPUREMY TSCHVBGLYE UHDB Y YYMARLY U "LEOYZB CHYMSHZEMSHNB"; "rTPKUUEO" UCHPY YMARLY URHULBM DPCHPMSHOP DPMZP. yb LLYRBTsB, OBUYUYFSHCHBCHYEZP 497 YUAMPCHEL, VSHMP RPDPVTBOP 216, Yb Oyi FTPE RPUME HNETMY PF YUFPEEOYS. URBUMYUSH 23 PZHYGETB, B YEUFETP HFPOKHMY; CH YUYUME RPZYYYI VSCHMY PYO NEIBOYL Y TECHYYPT.
FBTBO "LEOYZB CHYMSHZEMSHNB" RPMHUYM UIMSHOSCHE RPCHTETSDEOYS. zhPTYFECHEOSH VSCHM UMPNBO CH DCHHI NEUFBI Y UCHETOHF CHMECHP RPD HZMPN CH 45? . CHUE BLMERLY PLPMP OEZP VSCHMY UTEEBOSCH YMY UMPNBOSCHICH. chPDB IMSHCHOHMB CH OPUPCHPE PFDEMEOYE Y OBRPMOYMB EZP, LPTBVMSH UYMSHOP PUEM ABOUT OPU. oBIPDYCHYYEUS OB OEN MADY VSHMY UYMSHOP CHUFTECHPTSEOSHCH, FBL LBL UOBYUBMB DKHNBMY, UFP Y PO RPKDEF LP DOH. LPNBODYT HCE ZPFPCHYMUS CHSHCHLYOKHFSHUS ABOUT NEMSH, OP, CHYDS, UFP RPNRSCH URTBCHMSAFUS U PFLBYULPK CHPDSCH, PFLBBMUS PF FFK NSHCHUMY Y RPYEM ABOUT RPNPESH "LHTZHATUVKH". o OPU BYBCHEMY RMBUFSHTSH, B YMARLY U VPLBOGECH LBFETB, ZYYULY Y PYO RBTPCHPK LBFET VSCHMY URHEEOSHCH DMS URBUBOIS HFPRBAEYI. lPZDB "LKhTZHATUF" RPYEM LP DOH, CHYDOP VSCHMP, LBL OBD CHPDPK RPDOSMUS UFPMV RBTB, SCHYCHYKUS, CHETPSFOP, UMEDUFCHYEN CHTSCHCHB LPFMCH. "LEOYZ CHYMSHZEMSHN", RTPDETSBCHYUSH UP UCHPYN URHFOYLPN CHVMYY PF ЪBFPOKHCHYEZP LPTBVMS DP RPMHDOS, PFRTBCHYMUS CH rPTFUNHF, ZDE Y VSCHM PFTENPOFYTPCHBO.
FFPF UMHYUBK, RTPDENPOUFTYTPCHBCH UVPMSHYPK PRBUOPUFSHHA DMS FBTBOSEEZP LPTBVMS. RTY VPMSHYPN CHPMOEOOYY RPMHYUEOOSCHE "LEOYZPN CHYMSHZEMSHNPN" RPCHTETSDEOYS NPZMY VSH RTYCHEUFY L EZP ZYVEMY. rTBCHDB, EZP OPUPCHBS YUBUFSH OE VSCHMB PUPVEOOP RTPUOB, FBL LBL LFP VSCHM UTBCHOYFEMSHOP UVBTSCHK LPTBVMSH, RPUFTPEOOOSCHK CH FP CHTENS, LPZDB EEE OE CHRPMO RPOYNBMY OBYUEOYE FBTBOB. IPFS "LEOYZ CHIMSHZEMSHN" Y YNEM VTPOECHPK RPSU, EZP VTPOS OE DPIPDYMB DP FBTBOB, Y PO YUEN OE VSCHM HLTERMEO RTPFICH RTPDPMSHOPZP CHPDEKUFCHYS. "ZTPUUET LHTZHATUF" VBYEOOSCHK VTPOEOPUEG CHPDPYNEEEOYEN 6600 F, RPIPTSYK OB BOZMYKULYK VTPOEOPUEG "nPOBTI". h EZP DCHHI VBYOSI OBIPDYMPUSH YEFSCHTE LTHRRPCHULYI 24-UN PTHDYS, B ABOUT CHETIOEK RBMHVE DCHB 17-UN PTHDYS. fPMEYOB VTPOY PF 7 DP 10 DAKNPCH.
rPUMEDOIN Y OBYVPMEE FTBZYYUEULYN Y' CHUEI OYUYUBUFYK RPDPVOPZP TPDB UFBMB ZYVEMSH VTPOEOPUGB "CHYLFPTYS". FP VSHCHM PDOPVBYEOOSCHK VTPOEOPUEG 1-ZP LMBUUB Y UBNPK OPCHEKYEK LPOUFTHLGYY. rPUFTPKLB EZP, PLPOYUEOOBS CH 1890 Z., PVPYMBUSH CH 724 800 ZHHOFPC UFETMIOZPC, OE UYUYFBS RHYEL Y YI HUFBOPCLY; ULPTPUFSH ABOUT NETOPK NYME TBCHOSMBUSH 16.7 HMB, Y CHPPTHTSEOYE VSMP PYUEOSH UYMSHOPE DCHB 110-FPOOSCHI PTHDYS, PDOP 29-FPOOPE Y 12 YEUFYDAKNPCSHCHI PTHDYK. lPTBVMSH YNEM VTPOECHPK RPSU FPMEIOPC 16–18 DAKNPCH, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHK RTYVMYYJFEMSHOP ABOUT RPMPCHYOE RTPFSTSEOYS CHBFETMYOYY, B OB OPOKH OBIPDYMBUSH EZP EDYOUFCHEOOBS VBYOS U DCHNS ZTPNBDNY. RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP VTPOEOPUEG YNEOPCHBMUS "TYOBHO", OP EEE ABOUT UFBREME EZP RETEINEOPCHBMY CH YUEUFSH LPTPMECHSHCHCH CH "CHYLFPTYA". LLYRBTS, CHLMAYUBS PZHYGETPCH, UPUFPSM Yb 659 YuEMPCHEL. about LFPN LPTBVME, MHYUYEN CH ULBDTE UTEDYENOPZP NPTS, CHYGE-BDNYTBM ULT DTsPTDTs ftbkpo, LPNBODHAEYK ULBDTPK, RPDOSM UCHPK ZHMBZ.
h DEUSFSh YUBUPCH HFTB 22 YAOS 1893 Z. UULBDTB CHSHYMB YЪ VETKHFB CH fTYRPMY. ч ЕЕ УПУФБЧ ЧИПДЙМЙ ВТПОЕОПУГЩ «чЙЛФПТЙС», «лБНРЕТДБХО» (ЖМБЗ НМБДЫЕЗП ЖМБЗНБОБ ЛПОФТ-БДНЙТБМБ нБТЛИЬНБ), «лПММЙОЗЧХД», «уБОУРБТЕКМШ», «оЙМ», «ьДЙОВХТЗ», «йОЖМЕЛУЙВМ», «дТЕДОПХФ» Й ЛТЕКУЕТБ «ьДЗБТ» , “bNZHYPO”, “zhBFPO”, “vBTIN” Y “JYTMEUU”. lPTBVMY YMY UFTPEN ZHTPOFB UP ULPTPUFSHHA 8 HHMPCH. h 14:15 ABOUT TBUUFPSOYY RSFY NYMSH PF NEUFB OBOBBYUEOYS ULBDTB VSCHMB RETEUFTPEOB CH DCHE LYMSCHCHBFETOSHCHE LPMPOOSCH URTBCHB, RTYUEN POY OBIPDYMYUSH ABOUT TBUUFPSOYY YEUFY LBVEMShFPCHSHCHI DTKhZB. fBLYN PVTBBPN, ZHMPF PVTBBPCHBM DCHE RBTBMMEMSHOSHE LPMPOOSCH, Y LPFPTSHCHI CH RTBCHPK, UPUFPSCHYEK YYEUFY LPTBVMEK, ZPMPCHOPK VSCHMB "CHYLFPTYS", B MECHHA, UPUFPSCHYKHA YEBDVBLBRE "LPTBVLBPY" LPTBY. "vBTIEN" Y "ZHYTMEUU" CH UFTPK OE CHUFHRBMY. bB OEULPMSHLP NYOHF DP LFPZP BDNYTBM fTBKPO RPUMBM bB LPNBODYTPN "CHYLFPTYY", LRFEOPN vKhTLPN, Yb YFKhTNBOULYN PZHYGETPN. yN PO PVYASUOYM NBOECHT, LPFPTSHCHN RTEDPMBZBM RETEUFTPIYFSH ULBDTSCH YJCHEUFOSHCHN PVTBBPN RETED RPUFBOCHLPK ABOUT SLPTSh. pVE LPMPOOSCH, OBIPDYCHYEUS FPMSHLP ABOUT TBUUFPSOY YYEUFY LBVEMSHFPSCHCHCHI, DPMTSOSCH VSHMY RPCHETOHFSH ABOUT 16 R RP OBRTBCHMEOYA DTHZ L DTHZH. FFPP RPCHPTPF DPMTSEO VSCHM YЪNEOYFSH YI LKhTU ABOUT PVTBFOSHCHK Y PUFBCHYFSH LPTBVMY CH FEI TS DCHHI LPMPOOBI, OP Yuteechshchyubkop VMYЪLP DTHZ PF DTHZB.
LRFEO VKhTL Y UFBTYK YFKhTNBO UTBYKH TSEKHCHYDEMY CHUA PRBUOPUFSH RTEDRPMBZBENPZP NBOECHTTB. tBUUFPSOYE NETSDH PVEYNY LPMPOOBNY VSCHMP SCHOP OEDPUFBFPYuOP, RPFPNKh UFP RTY NBOECHTYTPCHBOY LPTBVMEK UMEDHEF RTYOYNBFSH H TBUYUEF FBLFYUEULYK DYBNEFT GYTLKHMSGYY OBYNEOEE NBOCHTEOPZP. рТЙ РПМПЦЕОЙЙ ТХМС ОБ 28° (РТЕДЕМШОЩК ХЗПМ ДМС ВТПОЕОПУГБ «чЙЛФПТЙС» РТЙ НБОЕЧТЙТПЧБОЙЙ ВЕЪ ЙУРПМШЪПЧБОЙС ТБВПФЩ ЧЙОФПЧ ЧТБЪДТБК, ЮЕЗП БДНЙТБМ фТБКПО ОЕ ПДПВТСМ) ДЙБНЕФТ ГЙТЛХМСГЙЙ «чЙЛФПТЙЙ» УПУФБЧМСМ 800 СТДПЧ, ЙМЙ ЮЕФЩТЕ ЛБВЕМШФПЧЩИ. рПЬФПНХ «лБНРЕТДБХО», ЛПФПТЩК РТЙ РПЧПТПФБИ ПРЙУЩЧБМ РПЮФЙ ФБЛХА ЦЕ ГЙТЛХМСГЙА, ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ, ПЮЕЧЙДОП, ФБТБОЙФШ ЙМЙ ВЩФШ ФБТБОЕООЩН «чЙЛФПТЙЕК», ЕУМЙ ПВБ ПОЙ, ОБИПДСУШ ОБ ТБУУФПСОЙЙ ЧУЕЗП ЫЕУФЙ ЛБВЕМШФПЧЩИ, ПДОПЧТЕНЕООП ОБЮОХФ РПЧПТБЮЙЧБФШ ДТХЗ Л ДТХЗХ. eUMMY RTYOSFSH LBLIE-FP PUPVSHCHE NETSHCH, SING PVSEBFEMSHOP UFPMLOHFUS. uFBTYK YFHTNBO RTEMPTSYM UDEMBFSH TBUUFPSOYE TBCHOSCHN CHPUSHNY LBVEMSHFPSCHN, Y BDNYTBM RTYOSM FFPF UPCHEF, BLNEFYCH: "dB, POP DPMTSOP VSHFSH H CHPUENSH LBVEMSHFPSCHCHCHI". rPFPNKH YFHTNBO PYUEOSH HDYCHYMUS, LPZDB H 14:20 BDNYTBM PFDBM RTYLBBOYE RPDOSFSH UYZOBM, YUFPVSH TBUUFPSOYE NETsDH LPMPOOBNY UPUFBCHMSMP 6 LBVEMShFPCHSCHI. rPULPMSHLH PO RTEDRPMPTSYM, YuFP FHF DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH PIYVLB, FP ZHMBZ-PZHYGET BDNYTBMB, RTYOYYK LFP RTYLBBOYE, URKHUFYMUS CHOY Y EEE TB URTPUIM, DPMTSOP MY TBUUFPSYE UPUFSHPCHPCHPCHPCHUPSHPCHBSHBESHP6 bDNYTBM fTBKPO EEE TB RPCHFPTYM: "PUFBCHYFSH EZP CH 6 LBVEMShFPCHSHCHI". LRFEO vKhTL, VSHCHCHYK CH FP CHTENS H BDNYTBMB, OBRPNOYM ENH, UFP DYBNEFT GYTLKHMSGYY, PRYUSCHCHBENPK “CHYLFPTYEK” RTY RPCHPTPFBI, TBCHEO 800 STDBN, OP OBRPNYOBOYE YFP PLBVESHCHOYE
bDNYTBM fTBKPO VSHCHM UFPMSH TSE CHMBUFPMAVICHSHCHK, ULPMSH Y URPUPVOSHCHK PZHYGET. LBL ZPCHPTYF LRFEO VKhTL: “PO CHUEZDB VSCHM ZPFCH Y TBD PVUHDYFSH HCE CHSHCHRPMOEOOSCHK NBOECHT, OP S OILPZDB OE CHYDBM, YUFPVSH DP LFPZP PO U LEN-OYVKHDSH UPCHEFPCHBMUS.” BY MAVYM TBUUHTSDEOYS, OE UFTPZP RTYDETTSYCHBMUS DYUGYRMYOSCH. PO YUBUFP ZPCHPTYM, UFP FETREFSHOE NPTSEF MADEK, LPFPTSCHE CHP CHUEN U OIN UZMBYBAFUS, OP FP PRSFSH-FBLY VSCHMP DEMP UPCHUEN YOPE, YUEN PURBTYCHBFSH RTSNPE RTYLBBOYE. LRFEO vHTL HYEM PF BDNYTBMB U VEURPLPKUFCHPN, OP, PDOBLP, U DPCHETYEN L OENH; According to the Phthechptsimus, RPFPNH YuFP NBOCHM Pyuechydop Prbuoschn, I DPCHCTSM BDNITBMH, RPFPNH YuFP UMHTSIM RPD Obmshufchpn Cheyushnb Kommersal Kommersenp. UMHTSEVOBS DYUGYRMYOB, LPFPTBS DMS DPUFYTSEOIS UETSHEOSCHI TEEKHMSHFBFPCH DPMTSOB VSHFSH UFTPZB Y CHSHCHULBFEMSHOB, BRTEEBMB ENH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH DBMSHYE. PO UDEMBM CHUE UFP NPZ, UFPVShch HLBBFSH ABOUT UTECHSHCHYUBKOHA PRBUOPUFSH RPDPVOPK ChPMAGYY, Y ULT dTsPTDTS ftbkpo OE IPFEM EZP UMHYBFSH. CHETPSFOP, RPFPPNH LRFEO vKhTL Y DKhNBM, YUFP X BDNYTBMB VSCHMY EEE Y DTHZYE OBNETEOIS LTPNE FEI, ABOUT LPFPTSCHE HLBSHCHCHBM UYZOBM.
RTPYUM YUBU, CHEEEEIE LPFPPZP NPTSOP VSHMP EEE HLBFSh about Ztpychye Uftbyopa Outbufshe Redpfchtbfhfsh, OP LRTOL OBPHBICHBFSH, FBB BBBPP. h 15:28 VSCHM RPDOSF ZHBFBMSHOSHCHK UYZOBM UMEDHAEEP UPDETTSBOIS:
«chFPTPNH PFTSDH YЪNEOYFSH LHTU RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP OB 16 R CHRTBCHP, OE YЪNEOSS UFTPS ULBDTSCH.
rETCHPNKh PFTSDH YЪNEOYFSH LHTU RPUMEDCHBFEMSHOP OB 16 R CHMECHP, OE YЪNEOSS UFTPS ULBDTSCH.
UYZOBM VSHCHM TBPVTBO LBL ABOUT "LBNRETDBHOE", FBL Y ABOUT DTHZYI LPTBVMSI. x BDNYTBMB nBTLINB CHPOYILMY FE CE PRBUEOIS, YuFP Y Kh LRFEOB vKhTLB. "UFP OECHPNPTsOP, LFP OECHSHCHRPMOINSCHK NBOECHT", UBNEFIM PO UCHPENKH ZHMBZ-PZHYGETKH Y CH UPPFCHEFUFCHY UP UCHPYN NOOYEN CHEMEM ENKH DETTSBFSh TEREFKHENSCHK UIZOBM DP RPMPCHYOSCHK, YUFPBFSHCH PO, YUFPBFSHCH PO, YUFPBFSHCH PO. ABOUT FFP U "CHYLFPTYY" ENH RTPUYZOBMYMY, URTBYCHBS, YuEZP ON TsDEF. according to PFCEFYM: "rPFPNH UFP S OE CHRPMOE RPOINBA UIZOBM". l OEUYUBUFSHHA, EZP PFCHEF, LPFPTSCHK EEE REFINERY URBUFY "CHYLFPTYA", OE VSCHM TBBPVTBO ABOUT OEK. y FBL LBL PFCHEFB OE VSCHMP, FP BDNYTBM nBTLIN RTYYEM L BLMAYUEOYA, UFP UFBTYK ZHMBZNBO TSEMBEF, YUFPVSCH CHFPTPK PFTSD RPCHETOKHM RTETSDE, Ch FP VSHCHMB CHEUSHNB DPUBDOBS PYYVLB, OP CH NPTE EUFSH FPMSHLP PYO BLPO DMS NMBDYYEZP PZHYGETB RPCHYOPCHEOYE. chTSD MY LFP-OYVHDSH Y LPNBODYTPCH DTHZYI LPTBVMEK OE UYUYFBM NBOECHT LFPF UCHSBOOSCHN U VPMSHYPK PRBUOPUFSHHA, OP CHUE RPDYUYOYMYUSH UYZOBMH.
UYZOBM VSHCHM RETEDBO RP PVEIN LPMPOOBN, Y UMPRPMHYUOSCHK RPCHPTPF OBYUBMUS. "CHYLFPTYS" Y "LBNRETDBHO", VSCCHYE ZPMPCHNY LPMPOO, OBIPDYMYUSH CHRETEDY. about "CHYLFPTYY" THMSh VSHCHM RPMPTSEO ABOUT 35? lPZDB LPTBVMSH OEULPMSHLP RPCHETOKHM CHMECHP, FP UFBMP PYUECHIDOSCHN, UFP ZTPYF UFPMLOPCHEOYE. LRFEO vKhTL Y UFBTYK YFHTNBO ZBTDENBTYO mBOYPO OBIPDYMYUSH PLPMP BDNYTBMB ABOUT NPUFILE "CHYLFPTYY" OBD YFHTNBOULPK THVLPK. RETCHSHCHN BLNEYUBOYEN LPNBODYTB VSCMP: “NSCH VKHDEN PYUEOSH VMYELP PF LFPZP LPTBVMS (“lBNRETDBHOB”)”, Y, PVETOHCHYUSH L ZBTDENBTYOH, PO RTYLBBM ENH YЪNETYFSH TBUUFPSOYE. yFP ЪBOSMP OEULPMSHLP UELHOD, CH FEYEOOYE LPFPTSCHI LPTBVMY VSHCHUFTP UVMYTSBMYUSH. FEN CHTENEOEN LRFEO VKhTL RTPUYM X BDNYTBMB TBTEYOYS DBFSH BDOYK IPD MECHPNKH CHYOFKH Y FEN HULPTYFSH NBOECHT. PO FTY TBB RPDTSD RTPUYM PV LFPN, RTETSDE YUEN BDNYTBM, RPUNPFTECH ABOUT "OYM", OBIPDYCHYKUS VMYCE CHUEZP OB LPTNPC, DBM UCHPE UZMBYE. CHULPTE RPUME LFPZP PVEIN NBYOBN VSCHM DBO RPMOSHCHK BDOYK IPD, OP HCE VSCHMP UMYYLPN RPDOP. rTEDPPFCHTBFYFSH UFPMLOPCHEOYE PLBBMPUSH OECHPЪNPTSOP, Y LPTBVMY UIPDYMYUSH CHUE VMYTSE Y VMYTSE. bB NYOHFH DP HDBTB VSHCHMY PFDBOSH RTYLBBOYS "BDTBYFSH CHPDPOERTPOYGBENSCHE DCHETY" Y "CHCHOEUFY RMBUFSHCHTSH". CHUMED RB RETCHSHCHN RTYLBBOYEN MADY FPFUBU CE PFRTBCHYMYUSH RP UCHPYN NEUFBN BDTBYCHBFSH OB UMHYUBK UFPMLOPCHEOYS CHUE DCHETY Y MALY, YJPMYTHS FBLYN PVTBPN LBTsDSHCHK PFUEL. rTYLB UFPSFSH RP NEUFBN ABOUT UMHYUBK UMFMLOPCHEOYS DBEFUUS OPFPK "G" ABOUT ZPTOE YMI CE FHNBOOSCHN TPTSLPN. LPNBODB ABOUT "CHYLFPTYY" VSCHMB OPCHBS Y RPFPNKh EEE OE YNEMB READING IPTPYEOSHLP YЪHYUYFSH LPTBVMSH. h RTEDEYUFCHCHBCHYI HYUEOYSI ABOUT BRIGHTBOYE CHPDPOERTPOYGBENSCHI DCHETEK HIPDYMP FTY NYOHFSHCH, RPFPNHCH CH NPNEOF UFPMLOPCHEOYS SOY OE NPZMY VSHCHFSH BRETFSCH. DYUGYRMYOB VSCHMB RTECHPUIPDOBS, RPCHUADH ZPURPDUFCHPCHBMP URPLPKUFCHIE Y RPCHYOPCHEOYE, VE UREYLY Y TBUFETSOOPUFY, OP READING PLBBMPUSH OEDPUFBFPYUOP.
RP LPNBODE "CHSCHOEUFY RMBUFSHCHTSH" VPMSHYPK RMBUFSHCHTSH DPUFBCHMSEFUS L NEUFH RTPVPYOSCH, YUFPVSCH, EUMY CHPNPTSOP, BLTSCHFSH EE. RPUMEDOYE UELHODSCH ABOUT "CHYLFPTYY" RPUCHSFYMY RTYZPFPCHMEOYSN L HCE UFBCHYEK OENYOKHENK VEDE.
UBNPE VPMSHIEE YUETE YUEFSHCHTE NYOHFSC RPUME UIZOBMB "LBNRETDBHO" HDBTYM "CHYLFPTYA" RPYUFY RPD RTSNCHN HZMPN, LBL TB RETED VTPOYTPCHBOOPK RETEVPTLPK, PLTHTSBCHYEK ZHHODBNEOF VBYOY. fBTBO CHTEBMUS RPYUFY ABOUT DECHSFSH ZhKhFCH, TBBDTPVYCH PDOH HZPMSHOKHA SNH Y UMPNBCH OPH PDOPNKh YЪ MADEK. HOFET-PZHYGET, OBIPDICHYKUS CH FFP CHTENS CH UCHPEK LBAF-LPNRBOY, CHZMSOHM OCHETI Y HCHYDEM OPU VPMSHYPZP LPTBVMS, DCHYZBCHYKUS CHRETED UTEDY PVMBLPC HZPMSHOPK RSHCHMY. UMSCHYOP VSCHMP, LBL CHOYEKH CHPDB CHMYCHBMBUSH CH RTPVPYOKH. RBMHVB Y PVYCHLB BLTHYUYCHBMYUSH RPD FBTBOPN; TBDBCHBMUS HTSBUBAEYK FTEUL. uPFTSUEOYE VSCHMP UYMSHOEKYEE, EUMY FPMSHLP LFP NPTSOP OBCHBFSH UPFTSUEOOYEN, RPFPNH UFP "CHYLFPTYS" VSCHMB VHLCHBMSHOP PFVTPYOB CH UFPTPOH ABOUT TBUUFPSOYE 70 ZhKhFCH. OYLFP OE VSCHM UVYF U OPZ, OP FPMYUPL UYMSHOP PEKHEBMUS OB CHUEN LPTBVME. h FEYUEOYE OELPFPTPZP READING LPTBVMY PUFBCHBMYUSH H UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYY, J RPD CHMYSOYEN CHUE EEE UHEEUFCHPCHBCHYEZP RPUFHRBFEMSHOP DCHYTSEOIS LPTNSC YI RPUFEREOOP UVMYTSBMYUSH. fBTBO "LBNRETDBHOB", CHUE EEE OBIPDICHYKUS CH RTPVPYOE, CHTBEBMUS CH OEK Y, VSCFSh NPTSEF, EEE HCHEMYUYCHBM EE. bDNYTBM fTBKPO PLMYLOKHM "lBNRETDBHO" Y CHEMEM ENH DBFSH ЪBDOIK IPD, FPZDB LFPF VTPOEOPUEG PFPYEM PF "CHYLFPTYY". нБЫЙОЩ «лБНРЕТДБХОБ» ХЦЕ ОЕУЛПМШЛП НЙОХФ ТБВПФБМЙ ЪБДОЙН ИПДПН, Б ФБЛ ЛБЛ ЕЗП УЛПТПУФШ Ч НПНЕОФ УФПМЛОПЧЕОЙС УПУФБЧМСМБ ФПМШЛП РСФШ ХЪМПЧ, Б РТЙ УФПМЛОПЧЕОЙЙ ЕЭЕ ХНЕОШЫЙМБУШ, ФП ЛПТБВМШ ДПЧПМШОП ВЩУФТП ЪБВТБМ ЪБДОЙК ИПД. about "CHYLFPTYY" ChPDB UTBYH IMSHCHOHMB CH RTPVPYOKH, TBNETSHCH LPFPTPK DPIPDYMY RPYUFY DP 125 LCHBDTBFOSHCHI ZhKhFCH.
about "lBNRETDBHOE" RPCHPTPF CHSHCHRPMOSMUS RTY RPMPTSEOY THMS 28° CHNEUFP 35°, UPUFBCHMSCHYI RTEDEM EZP RPMPTSEOIS. IPFS BDNYTBM nBTLN Y LRFEO dTsPOUFPO UYUYFBMY, LBL NSCH OBEN, UFP NBOECHT PRBUEO, PDOBLP, THMSh OE VSHM RPMPTSEO RPMOPUFSHHA ABOUT VPTF Y NBYOSCH OE BUFBMSCHYMY TBVPFBFSHOY DTBE пВБ ЧОЙНБФЕМШОП УМЕДЙМЙ ЪБ «чЙЛФПТЙЕК», Й ЛПЗДБ ХЧЙДЕМЙ, ЮФП ПОБ ОБИПДЙФУС ОПУПН Л ОПУХ У «лБНРЕТДБХОПН», РТЙВМЙЦБСУШ Л ОЕНХ, ОП ОЕ ПВИПДС ЕЗП УОБТХЦЙ, ЛБЛ ПОЙ ПЦЙДБМЙ, ФП ВЩМП ОБЛПОЕГ ПФДБОП РТЙЛБЪБОЙЕ ЪБДТБЙФШ ЧПДПОЕРТПОЙГБЕНЩЕ ДЧЕТЙ Й ДБФШ ЪБДОЙК ИПД РТБЧПК NBYOE. NYZ URHUFS RETECHEMY PVE NBYYOSCH ABOUT RPMOSHK BDOYK IPD, OP CHUMEDUFCHYE LBLPK-FP OEYURTBCHOPUFY NBYOOOPZP FEMEZTBZHB CH NBYOKH RPUFKhRYM RTYLB DBFSH FPMSHLP FTY YuEFCHETFY RPMOBZP IDP. FFP, CHRTPUYEN, OE NPZMP OYYUEZP YNEOYFSH, RPULPMSHLKh CHTENEOY VSMP UMYYLPN NBMP DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH RETENEOB IPDB NBYYO NPZMB YNEFSH VPMSHYPE CHMYSOIE ABOUT ULPTPUFSH LPTBVMS. h 15:34 "lBNRETDBHO" OBOEU HDBT, B NYOHFSC DCHE URHUFS HCE PUCHPPVPDYM "CHYLFPTYA", LPFPTBS DCHYOHMBUSH CHRETED. RPD OPUPCHHA YUBUFSH "LBNRETDBHOB" RPDCHEMY RMBUFSHCHTSH, FBL LBL Y EZP RETEDOSS YUBUFSH OBUBMB OBRPMOSFSHUS CHPDPK Y ON UYMSHOP PUEM ABOUT OPU. imMSCHOHCHYBS CHOHFTSH CHPDB RPNEYBMB LPNBODE BDTBYFSH CHPDPOERTPOYGBENSCHE DCHETY H OPUPCHPK YUBUFY.
FEN READING ABOUT "CHYLFPTYY" MADY, BRYTBCHYE CHPDPOERTPOYGBENSCHE DCHETY H OPUPPPK YUBUFY, VSCHMY CHFSFEUOEOSCH CHPDK OCHETI Y UPVTBMYUSH ABOUT CHETIOK RBMHVE OBD VBFBTEEK CHURPNPZBFEMSHOPK BTFYMMETYY. MADY U RMBUFSHCHTENE OE NPZMY OYUEZP UDEMBFSh CHPDB RPUFPSOOP RPDOINBMBUSH. lPZDB RMBUFSHCHTSH RTYOEUMMY ABOUT RPMXVBL, FP CHETIOSS RBMHVB VSCMB OBUFPMSHLP OYCE HTPCHOS ChPDSH, UFP MADY, UFPCHYE CHRETEDY, RTPNPLMY DP RPSUB. yb-b RPZTHTSEOIS OPUPCHPK YUBUFY LPTNB RPDOSMBUSH OBD CHPDPK, Y U DTHZYI LPTBVMEK CHYDEMY, LBL MECHSHCHK CHYOF TBVPFBM CH CHPDHIE. рТЙЫМПУШ ПФЛБЪБФШУС ПФ РПРЩФЛЙ РПДЧЕУФЙ РМБУФЩТШ, Й ЛПЗДБ МАДЙ У РПМХВБЛБ УПЫМЙ ОБ ЧЕТИОАА РБМХВХ, ФП ЧПДБ ХЦЕ ДПИПДЙМБ ДП ПТХДЙКОЩИ РПТФПЧ Ч ВБЫОЕ Й ОБЮБМБ ХЦЕ ЧМЙЧБФШУС ЮЕТЕЪ ПФЧЕТУФЙЕ РЕТЕВПТЛЙ, ОБИПДЙЧЫЕКУС Ч РЕТЕДОЕК ЮБУФЙ ЧУРПНПЗБФЕМШОПК ВБФБТЕЙ. LTEO ABOUT RTBCHSHCHK VPTF, F. E. CH UFPTPOH, ZDE VSCHMY RPCHTETSDEOYS, CHUE HCHEMYYUYCHBMUS. нБЫЙОБН, ЛПФПТЩЕ ВЩМЙ ПУФБОПЧМЕОЩ Ч НПНЕОФ УФПМЛОПЧЕОЙС, Ч ФЭЕФОПК РПРЩФЛЕ ПФЧЕУФЙ ЛПТБВМШ ОБ НЕМЛПЕ НЕУФП ДБМЙ РЕТЕДОЙК ИПД, Й ЬФП ФПМШЛП ХУЙМЙМП ОБРПТ ЧПДЩ Ч РТПВПЙОХ Й УПДЕКУФЧПЧБМП РПЗТХЦЕОЙА ОПУПЧПК ЮБУФЙ Ч УЙМХ ДБЧМЕОЙС ЧПДЩ ОБ ОБЛМПООХА РМПУЛПУФШ РБМХВЩ. Tkhmechbs Nyobo by decuphpchbmb, FB LBL ZITBCHMYYUELYEE NEMPENSH CHECHMYY YE UFTPS, FP TST PLBMPUSH YA ZIDTBCHMYUELYNENEM MEDDLBNY RPDIS RPRCHELB YMARPLEA, LPZDBPVPCHMYKYYSMYYA
bDNYTBM fTBKPO, UFBTYK YFHTNBO Y ZBTDENBTYO mBOYPO OBIPDYMYUSH ABOUT NPUFILE OBD YFHTNBOULPK THVLPK, B LRFEO vKhTL Ch NPNEOF UFPMLOPCHEOYS URHUFIYMUS CHOI RPUNPFTEFTEFSH, SHCHPODHBEOTBEOHCHOTBEOSCHTOY RETCHSHCHN IBNEYUBOYEN BDNYTBMB, ZPCHPTSF, VShMP: "iFP WITH PE CHUEN CHYOPCHBF". ъBFEN PO URTPUYM, UNPTSEF MY LPTBVMSH DETTSBFShUS ABOUT CHPDE, Y UFBTYK PZHYGET HCHETYM EZP, YuFP, RP EZP NOOYA, HDETTSYFUS. RP-CHYDYNPNKH, OILFP OE PTSYDBM CHOEBROP RPUMEDPCHBCHYEZP OBFEN OEUYUBUFSHS. fBL LBL "dTEDOPHF" RTYZPFPCHYMUS CHSHUMBFSH YMARLY, FP ENKH UDEMBMY UYZOBM OE RPUSCHMBFSH YI, OP DETTSBFSH OBZPFPCHE. rPLB LRFEO vKhTL RTPIPDYM CHOIKH RP LPTYDPTBN Y PFDEMEOYSN ZTPNBDOPZP VTPOEOPUGB, FKHULMP Y UMBVP PUCHEEEOOOSCHI LMELFTYUEUFCHPN, MADI, OE UHEFSUSH YOE UREYB, RPDOINBMYUKHV OB. ъBZMSOHCH H RTBCHPE NBYOOPE PFDEMEOYE, ON RPZCHPTYM U ChBIFEOOOSCHN YOTSEOETPN-NEIBOYLPN Y HOBM, UFP CH NBYOOPN PFDEMEOYY CHPDSHCH OEF; UMSHCHYBM FBLTS FEMEZTBZHOSHCHE ЪCHPOLY Y CHYDEM, UFP MADY CH NBYOE UFPSMY ABOUT UCHPYI NEUFBI. CHUFTEFYCH CH ZMBCHOPN RTPIPDE UFBTYYEZP YOTSEOETB-NEIBOYLB, PO HOBM PF OEZP, UFP CH LPFEMSHOPE PFDEMEOYE CHPDB OE RTPOILMB. lPZDB LPNBOYT CHSHCHYOM ABOUT CHETIOAA RBMHVH, LTEO ABOUT RTBC VPTF VSCHM PYUEOSH CHEMIL. х MECHPZP VPTFB, MYGPN PF OEZP, VSCHMB CHCHUFTPEOB CH YuEFShTE TSDB CHUS LPNBODB "CHYLFPTYY", BY B YULMAYUEOYEN MADEK, OBIPDYCHYYIUS CH NBYOOOPN Y LPUEZBTOPN PFDEMEOYSI Y PVTEYUOBOYOSCHI, FTEYUBOEBOYSHCHI FP VSCHMP DPUFPRBNSFOPE êTEMYEE. oERPLPMEVYNBS FCHETDPUFSH DHIB, VEURTELPUMPCHOPE RPCHYOPCHEOYE Y RTECHPUIPDOBS DYUGYRMYOB HDETSYCHBMY LPNBODH ABOUT NEUFE. DMS CHUEI VSCHMP SUOP, UFP ZYVEMSH LPTBVMS OEYYEVTSOB, FEN OE NEOEE RBOILY OE VSCHMP. OH PYO YЪ MADEK OE DCHYOKHMUS U NEUFB. CHUE CH CHYDH OENYOKHENK LBFBUFTPZHSC DETTSBMY UEVS, LBL RPDPVBEF FCHETDSHN MADS, UMPCHOP CEMBS LFYN RPLBBFSH UCHPEK TPDYOE, LBL POI UFBMY VSC DETTSBFSHUS RTPFYCH OERTYSFEMS. DMS NOPZYI YЪ OYI LFP VSCHMY RPUMEDOYE NYOHFSH TSOYOY. лБЛ ВЩ ОЙ ВЩМП ЗМХВПЛП ЗПТЕ ОБЫЕ ПВ ХФТБФЕ УФПМШЛЙИ ВМБЗПТПДОЩИ ЦЙЪОЕК Ч НЙТОПЕ ЧТЕНС, НЩ ДПМЦОЩ ЧУЕ ЦЕ ЮХЧУФЧПЧБФШ РПДЯЕН ДХИБ РТЙ НЩУМЙ П ФПН, ЮФП Ч ЬФПФ ФПТЦЕУФЧЕООЩК НПНЕОФ РТЙВБЧЙМПУШ ЕЭЕ ПДОП ОЕЪБВЧЕООПЕ РТЕДБОЙЕ Л УМБЧЕ ОБЫЕК НПТУЛПК УМХЦВЩ, ЮФП РПФПНЛЙ оЕМШУПОБ ЧУФТЕФЙМЙ УНЕТФШ ДПУФПКОП UCHPEZP RTPYEDYEZP.
vTPOEOPUEG LTEOYMUS CHUE UYMSHOEE Y UIMSHOEEE. RBMHVB JBOSMB RPYUFY RETREODILHMSTOPE RPMPTSEOIE; RPUMEDPCHBM RTILB "RTSHCHZBFSH OB VPTF". rP LFPK LPNBODE UFPSCHYE PE ZHTPOFE VTPUIMYUSH L VPTFH, OP U FTHDPN, FBL LBL LTEO CHUE HCHEMYYUYCHBMUS. oELPFPTSHCHN HDBMPUSh CHSHCHRTSHCHZOHFSH, DTHZYE VSHMY RPDVTPYEOSHCHCHETI UBNYN LPTBVMEN. OBIPDICHYYEUS ABOUT LPTN DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY RTCHZBFSH YUETEY CHETFECHYKUS ABOUT CHPDHIE CHYOF, LPFPTSCHK, ZPCHPTSF, VSCHM RTYUYOPK UNETFY Y HCHEYUSHS NOPZYI. h FY HTSBUOSCHE NYOHFSHCH OE VSCHMP OEDPUFBFLB CH ZETPYUEULYI RPUFHRLBI. zBTDENBTYO mBOYPO PUFBCHBMUS ABOUT NPUFILE U BDNYTBMPN fTBKPOPN Y UVBTYYN YFHTNBOPN DP UBNPZP LPOGB, OEUNPFTS ABOUT RPMHYUEOOPE PF BDNYTBMB RTYLBBOYE PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH YMARLH. vTPOEOPUEG BFPOKHM CH 15 Yu 44 NYO 30 UEL, TPCHOP YuETE 10 NYOHF RPUME UFPMLOPCHEOYS. лПТБВМШ УЙМШОП ЛБЮОХМУС ЧРТБЧП, ЖПТЫФЕЧЕОШ ЕЗП РПЗТХЪЙМУС Ч ЧПДХ, ЧПЪДХИ ПЗМБУЙМУС ФТЕУЛПН МПНБАЭЙИУС ЫМАРПЛ Й РБДБАЭЕЗП ЪБРБУОПЗП ТБОЗПХФБ, Й, ОБЛПОЕГ, ЖМБЗНБОУЛЙК ВТПОЕОПУЕГ РПЫЕМ ЛП ДОХ УТЕДЙ ПВМБЛПЧ ДЩНБ Й РБТБ. rPUMEDOEK EZP YUBUFSHHA, LPFPTKHA CHYDEMY ABOUT RPCHETIOPUFY, VSCHMB LPTNB UP CHUE EEE CHTBEBAENYUS CHYOFBNY. rPUMEDPCHBM UYMSHOSHCHK ORPPT CHPDHIB YJ-RPD CHPDSH, Y RPCHETIOPUFSH NPTS UFTBYOP CHURKHYUYMBUSH; TEY Y PVMPNLY, CHSHVTPYEOOSCHE UOYYKH, TBOYMY NOPZYI YЪ OBIPDICHYIUS CH CHPDE; DTKhZYI TSE ЪBUPUBMP CH PVTBЪPCHBCHYKUS CHPDCHPTPF. MADY OBIPDYMYUSH FBL VMYELP DTHZ L DTHZH, UFP FTHDOP VSCHMP RMSHCHFSh. fBL LBL UTEDY YI NOPZYE OE HNEMY RMBCHBFSH YMY VSCHMY TBOEOSCH, FP, GERMSSUSH BL UCHPYI FPCHBTYEEK, SOY HCHMELBMY YI U UPVPK ABOUT ADDITIONAL. pZHYGETSCH Y LPNBODSCH DTHZYI LPTBVMEK U HTSBUPN UNPFTEMMY ABOUT LFH UGEOH Y U NBLUINBMSHOPK ULTPUFSHHA VHLCHBMSHOP CHSCHUSCHMBMY UCHPY YMARLY DMS URBUEOIS HFPRBCHYI. YuETE RSFSH YMY DEUSFSH NYOHF SING VSCHMY HCE PLPMP FPZP NEUFB, ZDE "CHYLFPTYS" RPYMB LP DOKH, Y KHUREMY URBUFY 338 YuEMPCHEL.
rPUME PRTPLYDSCHCHBOYS VTPOEOPUGB BDNYTBMB fTBKPOB VPMSHIE OE CHIDEMY. lBFBUFTPZHB VSCHMB DPOEMSHЪS FTBZYYUEULBS. x TYFEMEK LFPZP RTPYYUYUFCHYS VSCHMP RTEDIUKHCHUFCHYE OYUYUBUFSHS, RPDPVOPE FPNKh, LPFPTPE YURSHCHFSHCHCHBMY DTECHOYE ZTELY CH UCHPEN FEBFTE. DEKUFCHYE OERTENEOOOP DPMTSOP VSCHMP LPOYUYFSHUS FTBZYYUEULY. SING CHYDEMY RTYVMYTSBAEEEEUS VEDUFCHYE YOE NPZMY RTEDPFCTBFYFSH EZP; SING CHYDEMY, UFP vPZ PFOSM TBYHN X YI LPNBOYTB, Y VSHCHMY VEURPNPEOSCH. OBYUBMSHOIL ULBDTSCH DPRKHUFYM HTSBUBAEKHA PIYVLKH Y FFYN PVTEL ABOUT ZYVEMSH 321 PZHYGETB Y NBFTPUB. PO PFLBSHCHCHBMUS CHCHUMHYBFSH NOOEOYS Y TBUUKHTSDEOYS DTHZYI, Y EZP RTYLBBOYE VSCHMP YURPMOEOP. OP PO YULKHRIM UCHPA CHYOKH UNETFSHHA, OBKDS CH UEVE NHTSEUFCHP RTYOBFSH UCHETIEOOOKHA PIYVLKh. nMBDYK ZHMBZNBO CHYOPCHBF VSCHM CH FPN, UFP YURPMOYM RTYLBBOYE, OE RETEURTPUICH P DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPN OBYUEOYY UYZOBMB. about "CHYLFPTYY" PZHYGETSCH RTEDHZBDSHCHBMY, UFP DPMTSOP RTPYЪPKFY UFPMLOPCHEOYE. yI NPTsOP RPTYGBFSH ЪB FP, UFP POY OE UDEMBMY OYUEZP DMS EZP RTEDPFCHTBEEOYS, ЪB FP, UFP DPCHPDSH YI OE VSCHMY DPUFBFPYUOP HVEDIFEMSHOSCH. oP RTYIPDYFUS RTYOBCHBFSH, UFP CHYOPCHBFB CH FFPN VSCHMB DYUGYRMYOB, BOE PZHYGETSCHCH. OP VE DYUGYRMYOSCH, VE VSHCHUFTPZP Y VEURTELPUMCHOPZP RPCHYOPCHEOYS ZHMPFOY ABOUT UFP OE ZPDEO. fBLYN PVTBBPN, UFPMLOPCHEOYE RTPYYPYMP CHUMEDUFCHYE PDOPZP YЪ FEI RTPFYCHPTEYUYK CH BLPOBI, LPFPTPE CHUFTEYUBEFUS CH DTBNE YMY CH CHCHNSHUME YUBEE, YUEN CH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPK TSYOY. h SUOSCHK MEFOIK DEOSH, ABOUT ZMBBBI X CHUIEI, PF HDBTB FBTBOPN RPYEM LP DOH PYO YMHYUYI VTPOEOPUGECH ULBDTSCH. Chue Yulhuufchp Ypwefbfmshopsh, Chmpzoiso Chuzp Madshnei, Plbmyush Oe Urpupvosch Khdetzbfsh rogue about the Chipda, I VSHFSH NPCEF, PIMHMHMIMY MPCHILPK, Bufbchych Umhylpn about the Sumyylpn about the IMOLPNIS about the HIDILPNIPHP about the HIDILPNIPHP.
"lBNRETDBHO" RPMHYUYM UYMSHOSHCHE RPCHTETSDEOYS CH OPUPCHPK YUBUFY. PUFTSHCHK LTBC VTPOECHPK RBMHVSHCH "CHYLFPTYY" RTPDEMBM ENH RTPVPYOKH DMYOPK CH DEUSFSH Y YYTYOPK CH YEUFSH ZhKHFCH, B ZHPTYFECHEOSH PLBBMUS UMPNBO OBD FBTBOPN Y UCHETOHF CHMECHP. rPUFHRBCHYBS CHPDB RTYCHEMB L HCHEMYYUEOOYA PUBDLY OPPN U 27 HHFHR 9 DAKNPCH DP 32 HHFHR, F. E. VPMEE YUEN ABOUT YOUEFSHCHTE HHFB. h VPA "lBNRETDBHO" OE UNPZ VSH RPCHFPTYFSH FBTBOOPZP HDBTB; EUMY VSC RPZPDB BUCHETSEMB, PO PLBBMUS VSC H VPMSHYPK PRBUOPUFY.
vPMSHYE TSETFCHSHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCHCH ABOUT «CHYLFPTTYYY» PYASUOSAFUS, PE-RETCHI, BYUYFEMSHOSHCHN YUYUMPN MADEK, OE HNECHYI RMBCHBFSH Y UTBYH RPYEDYYI LP DOH; CHP-CHFPTSCHI, UYMSHOSHCHN CHPDCHPTPFPN H NPNEOF ZYVEMY LPTBVMS Y RPUMEDHAEIN CHPMOEOYEN CHPDSH Y, CH-FTEFSHYI, VPMSHYN YUYUMPN MADEK, PUFBCHYYIUS CHOYIKH, CH NBYOOPN Y LPUEZBTOPN PFDEMEOYSI. yN OE PFDBMY RTYLBB RPDOSFSHUS OBCHETI, Y POY RPZYVMY LBL YUFSHCHE BOZMYUBOE, YURPMOSS UCHPK DPMZ, LBL VShch VEURPMEYEO Y VEOBDETSEO PO OE VSHCHM. DEMBFSh LBLIE-MYVP RTERPMPTSEOIS PV YI UHDSHVE FTHDOP. lPZDB CHPDB IMSHCHOHMB CH DSHCHNPCHSHCHE FTHVSHCH, RBT DPMTSEO VSHCHM TB'PTCHBFSH LPFMSHCH Y CHSHCHTCBFSHUS OBTCHTSH. CHEUSHNB CHETPSFOP FBLTS, YuFP, LPZDB LPTBVMSH LPUOKHMUS DD ABOUT ZMHVYOE 80 UBTSEO, DBCHMEOYEN VPTFB CHDBCHYMP CHOHFTSH, HVYCH CHUEI HGEMECHYI PF PTsPZCH RBTPN. chPDB OBD NEUFPN LBFBUFTPZHSHCH DPCHPMSHOP DPMZP CHPMOPCHBMBUSH PF CHSHCHIPDYCHYEZP CHPDHIB. lPZDB LPTBVMSH YEM LP DOH, CHTSCHCHB OE RTPYYPYMP; CHSHCHTSCHCHBMUS PYO RBT, CHETPSFOP YJ DSHCHNPCHSHCHI FTHV.
ChPEOOP-NPTULPK UHD UPVTBMUS ABOUT PUFTPCHE nBMShFB. PO RTYOBM, UFP ULT DTsPTDTs ftbkpo Vshchm CHYOPCHEO CH RTPYYYEDYEN UFPMLOPCHEOYY; PRTBCHDBM LRFEOB VKhTLB Y PZHYGETCH "CHYLFPTYY" Y RPICHBMYM FPF RPTSDPL Y DYUGYRMYOKH, LPFPTSHCHE RPDDETSYCHBMYUSH ABOUT LPTBVME. PO CHSHCHTBYM UPTsBMEOYE RP RPCHPDKh FPZP, UFP BDNYTBM nBTLIN OE DBM OBFSH UYZOBMPN UFBTYENKH ZHMBZNBOKH P UCHPYI UPNOEOISI OBUYUEF CHSHSHCHRPMOINPUFY RPCHPTPFB. bDNYTBMFEKUFCHP GYTLHMSTPN PYASCHYMP RPTYGBOYE LRFEOH dTsPOUFPOH b FP, UFP, PTSYDBS UFPMLOPCHEOYS, PO OE UDEMBM UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEI RTYZPFPCHMEOYK. ч ФПН ЦЕ УБНПН ГЙТЛХМСТЕ ХЛБЪЩЧБМПУШ, ЮФП «чЙЛФПТЙС» РПЫМБ ЛП ДОХ ОЕ ЧУМЕДУФЧЙЕ ОЕДПУФБФЛПЧ Ч РПУФТПКЛЕ ЙМЙ ОЕДПУФБФПЮОПК ПУФПКЮЙЧПУФЙ, Б РПФПНХ, ЮФП НОПЗЙЕ ЙЪ ЧПДПОЕРТПОЙГБЕНЩИ ДЧЕТЕК Й МАЛПЧ Ч РЕТЕДОЕК ЮБУФЙ УХДОБ ОЕ ВЩМЙ ЪБДТБЕОЩ Й ЧПДБ, ЧНЕУФП ФПЗП ЮФПВЩ ЪБФПРЙФШ УБНПЕ ВПМШЫЕЕ ДЧБ PFDEMEOYS, BRPMOYMB CHUA OPUPCHHA YUBUFSH LPTBVMS. RPD FSTSEUFSHHA CHPDSH OPU PUEM, Y CHEOPHYMSFPTSCH ABOUT CHETIOEK RBMHVE, OELPFPTSCHE YJ LPFPTSHCHI OE HDBMPUSH BRETEFSH, PYUKHFIMYUSH RPD CHPDPK, RPUFHRYCHYEK YUETEJ OII CH TSYMHA RBMXVH. ъBFEN CHPDB CHMYCHBMBUSH CH RHIYUOSCHE RPTFSHCH CH VBYOE, CH PFCHETUFYE RETEVPTLY RETED VBYOEK, CH RETEDOIE RPTFSC 6-DAKNPCHPK CHURPNPZBFEMSHOPK VBFBTEY ChP CHUE PFCHETUFYS, PUFBCHYYEUS PFLTSCHCHNY. rPRBCH YUETEЪ OII CH HZPM, PVTBBPCHBOOSCHK VPTFPN Y UIMSHOP OBLMPOEOOPK RBMHVPK, CHPDB ULPRYMBUSH FHF Y PRTPLIOHMB LPTBVMSh, HFTBFYCHYK PUFPKYUYCHPUFSH. eUMY VSC CHUE CHPDPOERTPOYGBENSCHE DCHETY VSHCHMY BDTBEOSHCH, B RPTFSCH Y CHEOFIMSFPTSCH BLTSCHFSCH, FP "CHYLFPTYS", VE UPNOEOIS, HDETTSBMBUSH VSCH ABOUT CHPDE, IPFS Y U UIMSHOSCHN LTEOPN. OP NSCH CHYDEMY, UFP MADY RETED UFPMLOPCHEOYEN YNEMY CH UCHPEN TBURPTSEOY CHUEZP PDOKH NYOHFH DMS CHSHCHRPMOEOOYS UCHPEK ЪBDBYuY, CHNEUFP FTEI. NPZHF ЪBNEFYFSH, UFP LRFEO VKhTL DPMTSEO VSCM RTYLBBFSH BDTBYFSH YI TBOSHIE. pFDBFSH FBLPE RTYLBBOYE, PDOBLP, VSHMP VSH RPYUFY TBCHOPUYMSHOP OBTHIEOYA DYUGYRMYOSCH, RTSNCHN RPTYGBOYEN DEKUFCHYK BDNYTBMB. NPZHF PRSFSH-FBLY ЪBNEFYFSH, UFP POY Y CHCHUE OE DPMTSOSCH PUFBCHBFSHUS PFLTSCHFSHCHNY. OP EUMY EUFSH DCHETY, FP RTEDRPMBZBEFUS, UFP UMEDHEF YNY RPMShJPCHBFSHUS, L FPNKh CE LTBKOE FTHDOP, DBTSE OECHPNPTSOP HRTBCHMSFSH TBDEMEOOCHN ABOUT OEVPMSHYE PFUEL LPTBVMEN, EUMMY CHUE. dBCE CHP CHTHENS VPS ABOUT RTBLFILE PLBBMPUSH VSC OCHPЪNPTSOSCHN YЪPMYTPCHBFSH LBTsDPE PFDEMEOYE. yuEMPCHEYUEULBS RTEDHUNPFTYFEMSHOPUFSH Y Y'PVTEFBFEMSHOPUFSH NPZHF UDEMBFSH NOPZPE, OP OE CHUE. dP UYI RPT Y CH RTPELFE EEE OE UHEEUFCHHEF FBLPZP LPTBVMS, LPFPTPZP FBTBOOSCHK HDBT OE NPZ RHUFYFSH LP DOH.
h GYTLHMSTE HLBSHCHCHBEFUS EEE ABOUT PYO RHOLF, YNEAEYK OELPFTPE OBYUEOYE. vTPOECHPK RPSU, EUMY VSC FBLPPK YNEMUS CH LFPN NEUFE, OE URBU VSC LPTBVMSH, FBL LBL PO OE UNPZ VSC RTPFYCHPUFPSFSH UFTBYOPK UYME HDBTB, OBOEUEOOPZP "lBNRETDBHOPN", Y VSCHM VSC CHDBCHMEO. FFPF ChPRTPU TBYTBMUS LBL CH BOZMYY, FBL Y PE JTBOGYY Y DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP SCHMSEFUS UPNOYFEMSHOSHCHN. UYMB HDBTB, OBOEUEOOPZP FBTBOPN "lBNRETDBHOB", RTYVMYJFEMSHOP TBCHOSMBUSH UYME UOBTSDB 45-FPOOPZP PTHDYS H DHMB. еУМЙ 16-ДАКНПЧБС ВТПОС ЧЩДЕТЦЙЧБЕФ РПРБДБОЙЕ ФБЛПЗП УОБТСДБ, ХДБТ, ЧУС УЙМБ ЛПФПТПЗП УПУТЕДПФПЮЕОБ ОБ ПЮЕОШ ОЕВПМШЫПН РТПУФТБОУФЧЕ, ФП ПОБ, ЛБЪБМПУШ ВЩ, ДПМЦОБ ЧЩДЕТЦБФШ Й ХДБТ ФБТБОПН ЙМЙ, ЧП ЧУСЛПН УМХЮБЕ, ХНЕОШЫЙФШ ТБЪНЕТЩ РПЧТЕЦДЕОЙС. rPFETS "CHYLFPTYY" OE HCHEMYYUYMB DPCHETYS L VTPOEOPUGBN BOZMYKULPZP FIRB U YI VPMSHYNY OEVTPOITPCHBOOSCHNY PLPOEYUOPUFSNNY.
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BR Captain. Great Britain.
Laid down in 1867, launched in 1869. Displacement 7770 tons, length between perpendiculars 97.5 m, width 16.2 m, deepening 7.6 m. s., speed 15.2 knots.
Reservations: belt 178-203 mm in the middle part, 102 mm at the extremities, towers 254-229 mm, wheelhouse 178 mm.
Armament: four 305 mm muzzle-loading guns, two 178 mm guns.
Peter the Great. Russia.
Laid down in 1869, launched in 1872. Displacement 10400 tons, maximum length 103.5 m, width 19.0 m, deepening 8.3 m. Engine power (after replacement in 1881) 8250 l. s., speed 14 knots.
Reservation: belt in the middle part 365-297 mm, at the ends 254-203 mm, parapet 365 mm, towers 356 mm.
Armament: four 305 mm guns with a barrel length of 20 calibers, six 87 mm guns, two 381 mm torpedo tubes.
After rearmament in 1905-1906: four 203-mm and twelve 152-mm Kane guns.
Pay attention - Peter the Great is essentially a large nautical monitor.
The freeboard height is extremely low.
The sinking of a ship at sea is always a tragedy. Despite all the progress in shipbuilding and navigation aids, in our time, dozens of ships die every year from a variety of reasons.
Another thing is warships. If their death in battle is honorable and to some extent predetermined by their purpose, then every ship sunk in peacetime is an emergency for any fleet. Judgment, clarification of the guilty and severe punishment are inevitable. What can be said about the case when a fully equipped newest battleship of the leading maritime power, England, is sent to the bottom?
The trial, of course, took place, but there was no one to judge. Together with the battleship Captain, almost all of its crew, led by the commander, died in a night storm, as well as the creator of the Cowper Colz project, whose name went down in history not only in connection with this unfortunate event, but also with his inventions implemented on this armadillo.
The impossibility of providing sufficient angles of fire on a sailing ship for guns firing through ports has long been a cause of headaches for designers from different countries. When switching to steam traction, the idea of creating a rotating armored gun platform - a gun turret - was carried out almost simultaneously by two designers at once: the creator of the famous Monitor, the Swedish engineer Erickson, and Kolz, who ended his life so sadly.
In the construction of the towers of each of these inventors, there were advantages and disadvantages. Kolz's design relied on rollers rolling along the ring shoulder strap, which provided it with greater stability compared to Erickson's creation, whose turret rotated on a central pin. The Swedish inventor used a mechanical (steam) drive for rotation, while Kolz relied on manual power.
Both designers did not stop at the development of the tower itself and were already engaged in purely shipbuilding tasks. Erickson, starting with the "Monitor", remained an adherent of this type, having built more than a dozen of its similarities for the US Navy and thereby creating the class of ships of the same name.
Kolz was much less lucky. Back in 1859, he developed an interesting project for a multi-turreted battleship, which was safely buried in the archives of the Admiralty. The stubborn captain redesigned the project, leaving only 4 tower installations; satisfying the requirements of conservative lords, he also provided for sailing weapons. However, British shipbuilders unanimously refused to consider the ship seaworthy. Numerous design revisions and construction delays delayed the commissioning of the Prince Albert by two years. A small (with a displacement of less than 4,000 tons) battleship, armed with four 229-mm muzzle-loading guns in four turrets armored with ten-inch armor, was completed in 1866. Two years before the Prince Albert, another battleship, built in accordance with the ideas of Colz, entered the British fleet. The Admiralty had a vague idea of how to dispose of the built and ready-made two- and three-deck wooden sailboats, the combat value of which, compared with battleships, was rapidly approaching zero. Coles suggested that they be converted into turret ships. For the experiment, they chose the 131-gun ship Royal Sovereign, laid down in 1849 and almost completed. The hull was cut off from it above the lower deck, 140-mm iron armor was installed and four gun turrets were installed, of which two 10.5-inch guns fit in the bow, and one each in the rest.
Soon after the ship entered service, it was decided to test the success of the design of the towers in “combat” conditions. Nine-inch "Bellerophon" put 3 shells into the aft tower of the "Soverin" from a distance of less than 200 m, without having any effect on its ability to rotate. The inventor, it seemed, could triumph, but his dreams had not yet been fully realized. Both the Royal Sovereign and the Prince Albert had very low freeboard and still could not be considered seaworthy ironclads. Year after year, Kolz sought to build a full-fledged turret battleship. Finally, in 1866, he received the consent of the Admiralty to implement the Captain's project.
At the same time, the admirals did not want to give up sailing equipment, not completely trusting the reliability of the steam engine. As a result, Kolz had to introduce another invention - tripod masts and a hinged deck for working with sails. But the side continued to remain low: according to the project, a little more than 2.5 m, and to ensure seaworthiness, it was necessary to erect a voluminous forecastle and poop. The hull was long and narrow for its time; the ratio of length to width was 6:1, which promised greater speed. A successful innovation was a twin-shaft installation, which significantly improved maneuverability.
A “hybrid” project in principle was significantly worsened in execution. As a result of the overload, the freeboard rose above the waterline by less than 2 m, but the most unpleasant thing was that the lion's share of the extra 800 tons of load fell on high-lying parts. Specialists from the Lairds company, which built the Captain, calculated that the battleship could withstand a roll of only 21 degrees, after which it simply had to capsize. Nevertheless, the ship was completed and passed sea trials. It remained to carry out control firing, for which the “Kapten” as part of the squadron entered the English Channel in early September 1870. Toward the evening of September 6, the excitement became strong; the roll of the armadillo reached 14 degrees, and its deck sank into the water during swings. A severe storm broke out during the night; the crew tried to lower the sails, but the list increased so much that the sailors could not work on the narrow hinged deck. A strong gust of wind overturned the ship, from which only 18 people escaped.
Responsibility for the death was "shared" between the firm and the late Kolz. The Admiralty managed to avoid criticism (although it was far from sinless, literally imposing a number of design changes on the designer); An important role was played in this by the successful fate of the second turret seaworthy battleship, the Monarch, which, although created in accordance with the ideas of Kolz, was built at a state shipyard and under the vigilant supervision of Chief Designer Reed. The result was a very successful ship: quite seaworthy, stable, dry even in a strong storm. On trials, she reached a speed of almost 15 knots and became the fastest battleship of her time. The Monarch was exactly one deck higher than the Captain and was practically not overloaded, so there were no special questions with her stability. Just in case, a special hinged bulwark was placed on the upper deck, which leaned outward when firing from the towers.
Monarch saved the reputation of tower ships; laid down in the year of its entry into operation, “Devastation” and “Thanderer” developed their success. The project of a low-sided battleship with a twin-shaft installation and two main-caliber turrets in the bow and stern, developed by the same Reid, was truly revolutionary. The battleship for the first time received the scheme that will last 35 years, until the next epoch-making ship, the famous Dreadnought, appears. The innovation was received with great resistance, with a one and a half meter freeboard met with special objections. The fate of the “Captain” was too memorable, and “public opinion” stubbornly did not want to understand that the death of the Kolz ship was primarily due to the heavy and highly located sailing armament, which the “Devastation” was completely deprived of. During its construction, Reed left the post of chief designer of the fleet, and his followers erected a vast unarmored superstructure in the middle of the ship, vulnerable to shells, but giving additional “living space” for the crew. But nothing could change the main feature of the ship's armor - an extensive parapet that protected the bases of both towers and everything that was located between them: boilers, machines and other mechanisms.
The tonnage of Devastation and Thunderer was artificially reduced by the Admiralty; for the third ship of the same program, the restrictions were lifted, and Reid was free to design the ship entirely on his own. As a result, the Fury project was born - a high-speed and fully armored ship. His hull had already been assembled to the level of an armored deck when Reed left his post, tired of constantly fighting with numerous commissions and committees that demanded equally numerous changes. Immediately, his drawings went to the archive, and another well-known designer, W. White, diligently engaged in reworking the project in accordance with his own ideas. The parapet was replaced by a central citadel 60 m long and 280–356 mm thick, closed on top with a 75 mm armored deck. The ship was even more fully booked than the Devastation, although it seemed almost impossible. The delays in construction turned out to be somewhat beneficial: for the first time in the world, the battleship was able to install the latest “compound” machines and an artificial ventilation system on the battleship. The change in design even resulted in the change of the name Fury to Dreadnought, the name that this very popular ship in the English Navy passed on to its famous descendant. The successful career of the armadillo was somewhat overshadowed by the newspaper litigation that Reed and White waged for over 20 years, trying to prove which of them is the real “father” of the Dreadnought.
One of the key ships in the history of shipbuilding, the Devastation became, to some extent, an incentive for the development of the Russian ocean fleet. The fact is that all the first battleships of Russia, which began to actively enter service in the 60s, were pronounced coastal defense ships. A few more seaworthy counterparts, starting with the converted wooden frigates Petropavlovsk and Sevastopol, bore the obvious features of future cruisers. (All these ships have already been considered in the Naval Collection series dedicated to the classes of cruisers and coastal defense ships.) Thus, the creation of the first real battleship in Russia began only after the appearance of information about the English parapet monitors.
Reed's ideas, widely discussed in the press, served as the starting point for the famous Russian navigator, Vice Admiral A. A. Popov, who, in record time, developed the basic drawings of a parapet battleship, similar in type to the Devastation, but noticeably superior to it in almost all elements. The laying of both “competitors” was carried out almost simultaneously, but the construction of the Russian battleship, originally named “Cruiser” (the name was changed to “Peter the Great” in 1872), at the private shipyard of Galerny Island, took more than 7 years. The machines installed at first turned out to be unsatisfactory, and in 1881-1887 they were replaced by the mechanisms of the Elder company. The appearance of such a powerful warship in Russia plunged the British into, perhaps, artificially heated, but strong panic. Reed himself dejectedly noted in The Times, even during the construction of Peter the Great, that he “can go completely freely to any English port, since he is stronger than any of our own battleships.”
Unfortunately, such a hit on the bull's-eye turned out to be the only one for the Russian fleet for almost a decade. The construction of ironclads froze; in the report of the Naval Ministry for 1879, it was noted with sadness that “Peter the Great” is our only strong warship.”
The first Russian seaworthy battleship was part of the combat squadrons until 1905, when it began to be converted into a training ship. The freeboard was built on the former battleship, the armament was replaced with rapid-fire 8- and 6-inch guns in on-board installations.
After the revolution, the veteran of the Baltic Fleet was handed over for long-term storage in the port, and in 1921 it began to be used again as an unnamed “Blockshift No. 1”. During the great flood of 1924, she was thrown ashore, but the stubborn ship did not give up: three years later she was refloated and put in for repairs. Finally, the former "Peter the Great" was dismantled for metal in 1959 - almost 90 years after launching!
As a result of this dispute, Childers gave the go-ahead for the construction of a new turret battleship (the future Captain) according to the Kolz project and under his personal supervision. Doubts in this new project among the designers and officers were significant - for example, the chief designer of the Royal Navy, Edward Reed (the author of the Monarch project), expressed categorical disagreement with the project, indicating that the stability of the ship would be worsened by too much weight located unacceptably high. Reed considered the turret spar ship to be an anachronism and even refused to approve the drawings, confining himself to imposing a “I don’t mind” resolution on them ().
The ship was named after the ship that participated in the Battle of St. Vincent (1797) under the command of Admiral Nelson. She became the sixth and last British ship of that name.
building
From the list of possible construction firms that the Admiralty presented to Kolz, the designer chose the Lairds firm in Birkenhead. The contract for the construction of the battleship was signed with the company in February 1867.
The general appearance of the battleship was very peculiar. By lowering the overall height of the side, Kolz decided to give the battleship the maximum possible sailing armament, which had to be combined with the presence of two gun turrets. However, for artillery in the towers, large firing angles were required, which could be interfered with by the masts (there were three tripod masts on the Captain) and rigging, so the designers got out of the situation by putting a narrow one, only 26 feet (7.9 m) wide, on top of the towers, a hinged deck in the form of a bridge that went from bow to stern. Thus, the upper deck, on which the towers were located, remained minimally cluttered, and all rigging work was carried out on a hinged deck, which was sometimes called "hurricane" (). This ingenious decision, however, led to an even greater increase in the center of gravity of the ship. The ship had both a forecastle and a poop, which, however, contradicted the concept of Kolz, who certainly sought to provide the towers with the greatest possible angle of fire.
Almost from the very beginning of construction, it became clear that the ship was turning out to be much heavier than according to the project (which was a frequent occurrence in those years). As soon as the battleship was launched on March 27, 1869, it turned out that her draft exceeded the design by 13 inches (33 cm). This showed that the skeptics, led by Reid, were right. Moreover, Reid already then predicted that the ship would need a crew of not 400, but about 500 people, and in this case, its draft would increase even more. After the Captain was launched into the water, Reed called the battleship "extremely unsafe" ( "utterly unsafe"). To a large extent, problems with the ship were caused by insufficient control on the part of Kolz himself, who, in addition, for a long time could not follow the work due to illness, since he did not attend any of the design meetings. Therefore, the battleship, which was already overloaded according to the project, turned out to be even more heavily loaded.
Kolz's design was to be a little over 8'6" (2.6 in) freeboard, but this was reduced to 6'8" (2 m)—probably a draftsman's mistake. The total overload was 731. (and Lairds specialists even pointed to 830-860 tons), but the most dangerous thing was that the bulk of this extra load fell on high-lying parts (spar and hinged deck). Specialists from the Lairds company calculated that the battleship could withstand a roll of only 21 degrees, after which it would definitely roll over. But already a roll of 14 degrees was enough for the cut of the deck to be flush with the surface of the water.
The displacement of the Captain according to the project was close to 7000 tons - it was, by the standards of those years, a very large tonnage for a warship, but nevertheless, in terms of displacement, the new battleship was far inferior to some huge British battleships, such as 11000-ton or . The new battleship cost the treasury 335.5 thousand pounds sterling.
Armament
The guns, which were considered the most powerful in the British fleet, were rifled, but - like all British heavy naval guns of those years - were loaded from the muzzle, for which the towers rotated along the axis of the ship each time after the shot and the projectile was sent from the muzzle using a hydraulic piercer. The main type of projectile was armor-piercing, weighing 600 and 608 pounds (272.2 and 276 kg). The rate of fire of these guns was low, although for that time it was normal - 1 shot in 2.6 minutes maximum, muzzle velocity - 396.2 m / s with a charge of 70 pounds of black powder (31.8 kg). It was believed that the battleship received the most powerful artillery armament ever installed on a ship until 1870 (the Russian turret battleship Peter the Great, laid down in 1869, was also armed with 4 12-inch guns, but entered service a few years later " Captain").
The accuracy of the 12-inch guns mounted on the Captain, as well as other heavy guns of the time, left much to be desired. During her last trip to the sea, the Captain conducted practice shooting at Vigo and, together with two other battleships, fired 12 shots at a rock that roughly resembled a ship in size and shape. From a distance of 1000 meters, the ships achieved only 1 direct hit.
The armament of the ship was supplemented by two 178-mm guns (then called 6.5-ton guns), mounted openly in the bow and stern, so as to be able to fire along the longitudinal axis of the ship. These guns fired 112 kg projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 403.7 m/s.
The Captain, like all battleships of that time, was equipped with a ram, which, according to the views on naval tactics that existed in those years, was considered almost a more significant weapon than the main caliber guns.
Cars
The battleship was equipped with two Lairds steam engines with two cylinders each. The total power reached 5772 indicator hp. The coal reserve was 500 tons, although Kolz initially insisted on 1000 tons.
The designers settled on a scheme with two propellers, in contrast to the single-rotor scheme more common in the 1860s. This was primarily due to the desire to provide the ship with mobility in case one of the propellers or propeller shafts was damaged, moreover, with two propellers, the ship could be controlled by machines when the steering failed. The two-bladed propellers were 17 feet (5.18 m) in diameter.
The ship carried no less sails than a wooden ship of the line of the first rank - 4645 m² (33000 sq. ft.). Three heavy masts with so many sails had a negative effect on the already unsatisfactory stability, as pointed out by Edward Reed.
Hull and armor
The ship was divided into 7 watertight compartments. Each of the towers, together with the turret compartment (with a rotation mechanism) and ammunition magazines, was a separate compartment.
The battleship had a full armor belt (i.e., running the entire length of the hull along the waterline, which, in turn, was 320 feet or 97.5 m long) 7 inches (178 mm) thick with a wooden lining of a 12-inch layer of teak, behind which was located a layer of iron in 1.5 inches (38 mm). Opposite the towers, the belt thickened to 8 inches (203 mm) for 80 feet (24.4 m). The upper deck, on which the turrets were located, was protected by 1.5-inch armor with 1-inch iron lining, and topped with 6-inch (152 mm) oak decking. The towers were protected by armor plates with a thickness of 10 inches on the front and 9 inches on the rest (254 and 229 mm, respectively).
Tests and acceptance
On the very first tests in February 1870, it was found that the ship was overloaded even more than expected and had a draft already 22 inches (57 cm) more than the design one. The freeboard height was only 6 feet 7 inches (about 2 m), which gave rise to the most serious doubts about the suitability of the battleship for navigation. The assistant chief designer even raised the question of whether the ship could even be accepted by the commission in the presence of such conspicuous design flaws. Nevertheless, on April 30, 1870, the battleship officially entered service as part of the English Channel Squadron. The command of her, as the best ship in the fleet, was entrusted to one of the most capable and promising officers, a holder of the Victoria Cross, a captain of the first rank.
During the launch, an incident occurred that was perceived by many as an extremely bad omen - when the naval flag was raised on the battleship, for some reason the flag turned upside down.
In May, during the second exit to the sea (in the Bay of Biscay), the Captain fired from turret guns, which, despite heavy seas, passed without difficulty. The battleship under sail maneuvered perfectly, easily overtaking the Monarch and even withstood a strong storm without any problems. This campaign forced even skeptics, who were prejudiced against the seaworthiness of the Captain, to change their point of view, especially since the Captain reached a speed of almost 14.2 knots during trials and became one of the fastest battleships of its time.
Overall evaluation of the project
In general, despite all the shortcomings, the Captain was considered a very powerful ship, far superior to any of the English battleships of the late 1860s and early 1870s. According to many British officers, the Captain was not equal not only in the English fleet, but in general throughout the world. Perhaps this was an exaggeration, since the British naval artillery of the 1860-80s was seriously inferior to the artillery of other naval powers (in other countries, the guns were breech-loading) - firstly, the British muzzle-loading guns did not differ in accuracy, and secondly, they had a weak barrel survivability and often failed or even ruptured under heavy fire.
Be that as it may, with the construction of the Captain, the Royal Navy received an extremely powerful and modern combat unit, which, in addition to exceptional firepower, had excellent speed and good armor protection. It was considered such a successful ship that, according to many experts, it should have served as a prototype for future battleships. However, "Kapten", due to the clearly insufficient stability, was more suitable for use in the coastal zone, and not in the open ocean. Perhaps, in this case, the catastrophe could have been avoided, but this would require rethinking the entire concept of a spar battleship. The stability of the ship, indeed, turned out to be extremely low and was much inferior to that of other modern battleships. With a 14-degree roll, the ship's hull had a straightening moment 16.6 times weaker than that of the Monarch with the same roll.
"Kapten", according to historians, fully consistent with the concept of Kolz and was the embodiment of all his ideas, with the exception of the presence of a forecastle and poop.
Doom
The third exit of the "Kapten" to the sea was appointed specifically for a comprehensive test of the ship. Colz decided to personally participate in the campaign aboard the Captain in order to check all aspects of the ship of his own design. The squadron included, in addition to the Captain, 7 more battleships (Minotaur, Northumberland, Monarch, Bellerophon) and 2 other ships (screw frigates and Bristol). The commander of the squadron, Rear Admiral, held the flag on the Lord Warden. The squadron crossed the Bay of Biscay, on August 4 the ships entered Gibraltar, and on August 31 Vigo. On September 6, 1870, the ships, returning to England, were 20 miles from Cape Finisterre.
On August 23, after lengthy calculations, the results of the first tests of the Captain became known, which, according to some senior officers, testified to the dangerously low stability of the battleship and could help avoid disaster if they were brought to those who went to sea on " Captain". But by that time the squadron had already left England.
Events during the day and evening of September 6
Admiral Milne spent the entire day of September 6 aboard the Captain, inspecting the ship and talking with Kolz. There was a rather strong excitement, and the battleship heeled to the lee (left) side so much that the upper deck was flooded with waves, and the towers sank more than half a meter. The pitching range reached 12.5, and sometimes even 14 degrees. The admiral paid special attention to this fact, even saying that he considered it dangerous to leave full windage with such pitching. Colz objected, arguing that this should not be given importance, since such cases were provided for by the project. Colz and the commander of the battleship Burgoyne invited the admiral to stay overnight on the Captain, but he, fortunately for himself, refused. When the admiral left the battleship at 17:30, he sailed, but with divorced pairs.
Night squall and the disappearance of the Captain
By midnight the weather began to deteriorate rapidly, and soon a violent storm blew out from the southwest; sails were removed from the squadron. The height of the waves, according to reports from the ships of the squadron, reached 8 meters. The most dangerous was that the direction of the wind was opposite to the direction of the sea current, which could be regarded as an exceptionally unfavorable condition for navigation.
Around midnight, Admiral Milne from the Lord Worden saw the Captain. He subsequently recounted:
It is known that after midnight the captain's commander Burgoyne went up to the bridge. The armadillo rocked strongly. The night watch was called up and the commander ordered to remove the sails. The well-known British naval historian H. Wilson (a contemporary of the death of the battleship) described in detail the minutes when the Captain capsized, based on the testimonies of the surviving sailors:
The battleship capsized on an even keel, but so quickly that only one person got out of the interior of the ship, and sank at a depth of a mile at a point with coordinates 42 ° 36.9 "N, 09 ° 23.4" W. It is noteworthy that none of the other ships of the squadron received any damage from the storm.
Surviving crew members
Only 18 people escaped from the battleship, of which the most senior in rank was the artillery conductor James May, who left valuable memories of the disaster. He managed to escape only by a miracle, getting out through the gun port of the tower, when the battleship had already rolled over. May was thus the only one who was lucky enough to get out of the ship's quarters - all the other survivors were from the night watch called up shortly before midnight, and they all belonged to those who were supposed to take posts on the upper deck and spars.
After the capsizing of the ship, several people managed to get into the floating boat and, despite the strong excitement, rescued several more. Burgoyne was among those who ended up in the water, but he did not survive. Burgoyne did not know how to swim, but, together with two sailors, he held on to an overturned longboat until a boat approached. According to the testimonies of the survivors, the commander had the opportunity to get into the boat, but he did not use it despite numerous appeals; only guesses remained about the reasons for this behavior - in any case, after both sailors left the commander, no one saw him again.
Among the dead were several relatives of major political and military figures of the British Empire, including the son of the First Lord of the Admiralty.
The search for the Captain on the morning of September 7
When it dawned, 10 ships of the squadron were in sight of each other, although they were scattered over a long distance by the storm. But there was no Captain, and Milne sent ships in different directions to search. They walked 10-14 miles, but the Captain was not found.
Milne realized that a catastrophe had occurred, and ordered the squadron to turn around in a front formation with an interval between ships of 3 cables heading southeast for searches. The Monarch and Lord Warden ran into the wreckage that belonged to the Captain. Soon, a report about the wreckage found (including two overturned boats) and the discovered body of a sailor came from a messenger ship that joined the squadron. At first, the commander assumed that no one could escape from the dead battleship.
Meanwhile, the boat with 18 surviving sailors was driven ashore. The lighthouse workers at Cape Finisterre, who noticed her, raised the Spanish flag on the lighthouse to show which state the boat landed on the coast of. The British sailed along the shore in a boat for some time, looking for a safe place, fearing that when mooring, the boat could be smashed against stones. They were helped by the inhabitants of the coastal village of Concorbio (), two of whom went out to meet them on a boat and showed them where it was better to land. Not without difficulty, the sailors managed to contact the British consul, but at the same time as the consul arrived, a boat from the Monarch approached them, which brought the survivors aboard the Lord Warden.
Investigation and findings
The trial for the sinking of the Captain took place three weeks later aboard the old wooden ship of the line the Duke of Wellington in Portsmouth harbor. Both the sailors who had escaped from the battleship, and the officers from the squadron, specialists from the construction company, and Edward Reed, who had already retired from the post of chief designer of the fleet, were interviewed in detail.
The court ruling read:
However, there was no one to blame - Kolz died along with the ship. Some experts after the death of the battleship argued that the fault was not the too low side of the ship, and not even so much its congestion, but the unsuccessful shape of the hull, and, in particular, the irrational length-to-width ratio - the ship was too narrow, which ensured higher speed, but resulted in capsizing under wind pressure on the sails. So, one of the British officers wrote that "not a single normal person would even think of calling such a hull shape suitable for a sailing ship." Others point primarily to building overload.
The First Lord of the Admiralty tried, according to historians, to blame everyone but himself. In his report, he laid the blame on Colz and the Lairds, and to some extent on the Comptroller of the Fleet, who gave the go-ahead for the acceptance of the ship. As a result of the proceedings, no one was punished, but the Comptroller of the Fleet, and then Childers, resigned.
Historians have argued that the catastrophe was “almost predicted by the Admiralty itself, and the British public and the press were to blame for it, constantly insisting on building a ship of a deliberately unsuccessful type.” After the incident with the Captain, the British, and after them all other shipbuilders, completely abandoned the construction of low-sided heavy ships with full sailing weapons, and ceased to rely on public opinion in such matters.
The memory of the dead
There are a large number of monuments to both the entire crew of the battleship and its individual members, in addition, there are many commemorative signs and memorial plaques. In total, according to some estimates, there are about 1400 of them, the most significant of them include a memorial plaque in London's St. Paul and a stained glass window dedicated to the catastrophe, in