Lyrical hero in the works of Tyutchev. How does the world of nature appear in the perception of the lyrical hero in Tyutchev's poetry? (Tyutchev F
The writing
The outstanding Russian lyric poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was in all respects the opposite of his contemporary and almost the same age as Pushkin. If Pushkin received a very deep and fair definition of the sun of Russian poetry, then Tyutchev is a night poet. Although Pushkin published in his Sovremennik in Last year life a large selection of poems then unknown to anyone, who was in the diplomatic service in Germany, the poet, it is unlikely that he liked them very much. Although there were such masterpieces as Vision, Insomnia, How the ocean surrounds the globe, The Last Cataclysm, Cicero, What are you howling about, the night wind, Pushkin was alien, first of all, to the tradition on which Tyutchev relied: German idealism, to which Pushkin remained indifferent , and poetic archaic XVIII beginning XIX century (primarily Derzhavin), with whom Pushkin waged an irreconcilable literary struggle.
We get acquainted with Tyutchev's poetry in primary school, these are poems about nature, landscape lyrics. But the main thing for Tyutchev is not the image, but the understanding of nature philosophical lyrics, and his second theme is life human soul, the intensity of love feelings. The unity of his lyrics is given an emotional tone by a constant, vague anxiety, behind which stands a vague, but unchanging feeling of the approach of the universal end.
Along with emotionally neutral landscape sketches, Tyutchev's nature is catastrophic and its perception is tragic. Such are the poems Insomnia, Vision, The last cataclysm, How the ocean embraces the globe, What are you howling about, the night wind ... At night, the waking poet opens his inner prophetic vision, and behind the peace of daytime nature he sees the element of chaos, fraught with catastrophes and cataclysms. He listens to the universal silence of an abandoned, orphaned life (in general, the life of a person on earth for Tyutchev is a ghost, a dream) and mourns the approach of the universal last hour:
And our life is before us
Like a ghost, on the edge of the earth.
Oh, do not sing these terrible songs
About the ancient chaos, about the native!
The poet conjures the night wind, but continues the poem like this:
How greedily the world of the night soul
Heeds the story of his beloved!
Such a duality is natural: after all, in the human soul there are the same storms, under them (i.e. under human feelings) chaos stirs, the same dear as in the world environment.
The life of the human soul repeats and reproduces the state of nature, the thought of the poems of the philosophical cycle: Cicero, As over hot ashes, My soul is the Elysium of shadows, Not what you think, nature! .., Human tears, Wave and thought, Two voices. In the life of a person and society, the same storms, night, sunset, rock dominates (this is a poem by Cicero with the famous formula: Blessed is he who visited this world in its fatal moments). From here thrill the end of life (As over hot ashes), the recognition of hopelessness (Two voices). It is impossible to express all this, and even more so to be understood and heard by people, in this Tyutchev follows the widespread romantic idea of the fundamental incomprehensibility of the poet's insights to the crowd.
Just as catastrophic and disastrous for a person is love (Oh, how deadly we love, Predestination, last love). Where does Tyutchev get all these fatal passions? They are determined by the era of great socio-historical cataclysms in which the poet lived and worked. Let us note that Tyutchev's creative activity falls at the turn of the 2030s, when revolutionary activity both in Europe and in Russia began to decline and the Nikolaev reaction took hold, and at the end of the 40s, when a wave of bourgeois revolutions swept through Europe again.
Let's analyze the poem I Lutherans love worship, dated September 16, 1834. What attracted the Orthodox Christian Tyutchev to the faith of German Protestants, followers of Martin Luther, the founder of the European Reformation. He saw in the atmosphere of their worship the situation of the universal end, so akin to his soul: Gathered on the road, for the last time you will have faith. Therefore, her house is so empty and bare (and in the first stanza of these bare walls, this temple is empty). At the same time, in this poem, Tyutchev expressed the meaning of any religion with amazing power: it prepares a person, his soul for the last departure. After all, death from a religious point of view is good: the soul returns to its divine womb, from which it left at birth. The Christian must be ready for this at any moment. He goes to God's temple in order to prepare the soul for this.
But the time has come, it has struck ...
Pray to God
AT last time you pray now.
The poet seeks, first of all, to show the world of the human soul, to realize whether there is any meaning in existence. In Tyutchev's lyrics, there is often an opposition between the eternal and the instantaneous, always resurgent nature and short human life. The poet perceives Infinity, Eternity not as a philosophical, speculative concept, but as a reality. In this Eternity, human life is only a short flash.
This is paradoxical, but at the same time as the insignificance of individual being, Tyutchev also feels its colossality: I, the king of the earth, have grown to the earth, I walked along the heights of creation, like God ... Such a duality is generally characteristic of a poet. For him, every poetic concept has a wrong side: harmony, chaos, love, death, faith, unbelief. Man is always between heaven and earth, between day and night, on the threshold of dual existence. The soul is always a dweller of two worlds.
Perhaps this perception of a person on the verge of two worlds explains Tyutchev's predilection for the image of sleep, a dream, where a person approaches the border of two different lives more than ever. The dream in the perception of the poet is also ambiguous. On the one hand, this is a certain form of existence, close to chaos (a frequent image of Tyutchev). In one of the poems, Dream is the twin of Death. On the other hand, a dream can be both fertile, and magical, and childishly beautiful.
The duality of Tyutchev was clearly manifested in the poem Dream on the Sea. He's writing:
... I, sleepy, was betrayed by all the whims of the waves.
Two infinities were in me,
And they arbitrarily played with me.
And in the same poem:
On the heights of creation, like God, I walked,
And the world under me motionless shone.
All these images-symbols not only speak of the existence of a person on the border of sleep and reality, peace and storm, but also show the huge role that a person plays in the universe. A strange combination, so characteristic of Tyutchev: he is subject to the whim of the waves and at the same time strides along the heights of creation.
Tyutchev never tired of saying that man is part of nature, its inseparable particle. At the same time, especially in his early work, he noticed that a person has a need to get away from the crowd, to retire in himself:
Only know how to live in yourself
There is a whole world in your soul...
This motif sounds again in the poem My Soul Elysium of Shadows... The soul is alienated from living life, the crowd, it lives on its own memories. Although this happens, it is not at all good for the poet. On the contrary, he aspires precisely to living life (especially in early lyrics):
No, my passion for you
I can not hide, mother earth!
If the early lyrics of Tyutchev are characterized by the opposition of the universe and individual person(a huge rock and a tiny grain of sand), then later the poet descends to the sinful earth, often not limited to speculative reasoning, but tracing human destiny. A peculiar life philosophy begins to become clear: the more difficult, more doomed a person lives, the more he loves the earth. Doom, torment, sometimes even death, coexist with an inescapable love for the world. The radiant world in all its splendor appears in him even in the most tragic love poem. All day she lay in oblivion ... A woman (beloved woman) lies on her deathbed, and life continues outside the window.
Tyutchev is characterized by thoughts about death, about sorrows, about the joylessness of the human lot, about tears:
Human tears, oh human tears,
You pour early and late sometimes ...
All Tyutchev's poetry is permeated with the tragedy of a lonely existence, a split soul, disbelief, and often despair. But at the same time, the late Tyutchev more and more often sounds the motive of rebelliousness to fate, a thirst for struggle, outside of which life loses its justification:
Take courage, O friends, fight diligently,
Though the battle is unequal, the struggle is hopeless!
Yes, the struggle is hopeless, but we must fight!
This may be the only meaning of existence.
The contrast of Tyutchev's lyrics lies, on the one hand, in his intoxication with life, a sense of joy, the uniqueness of being, on the other hand, in the awareness of the transience of life, in perceiving it as something ghostly, a shadow from smoke (not even smoke, only shadows!). These contradictions constitute the life philosophy of the poet, two views on life merge into a single perception of reality.
Tyutchev always tried to determine the meaning of being. The older he became (in a poetic and human sense), the more often he associated with a person the image of a struggle, a desperate battle. At first, for Tyutchev, a person is only a part of a huge universe, a tiny chip on the waves of the ocean, a wanderer driven by unquenched longing. Later, the poet begins to be disturbed by the consciousness of the futility of life. Then, already in the late Tyutchev, there is confidence in the need for a man to fight fate. This battle is unequal, fatal, but it is inevitable, because, perhaps, only it justifies the life of a person, a tiny grain of the universe.
Tyutchev F.I. Biography and personality of the poet. Image lyrical hero. The main themes and motifs of the lyrics
Target:
To expand and deepen students' knowledge about the life and work of F.I. Tyutchev, to give an idea of him as a person and a poet, to introduce the main themes and motives of his lyrics; improve the skills of writing a thesis plan, chronological table, expressive reading, analysis lyrical work;
Develop aesthetic sense, thinking, memory and speech;
To form respect for the life and work of F.I. Tyutchev, to educate patriotism, honesty, active life position; to attach to the art of the word.
During the classes
I . Organizational stage
II . Update
O my prophetic soul!
O heart full of anxiety!
Oh how you beat on the threshold
Like a double existence.
F.I. Tyutchev
Tyutchev ... created speeches that
not destined to die.
I.S. Turgenev
Conversation based on the materials of the previous lesson
What works are called classics?
What period of literature will be studied in grade 10?
Name the most prominent Russian classic writers of this period.
What events determined public life Russia during this period?
Tell us about the education and culture of Russia in the second halfXIXin.
Tell aboutoriginality of the development of Russian literature of the second halfXIX century.
III . Formation of new concepts and methods of action
The song "I met you" sounds.
1. Life and work of F.I. Tyutchev.
(Message from prepared students.)
Drawing up a thesis plan by all students.
Main:
Extraordinary talent and early career as an official and poet.
Late beginning of poetry publication and late fame.
Unusually long stay away from home (22). Most spent his life abroad, mainly in Germany, was twice married to foreigners. The language of communication is French (predominantly), German. Russian language - for poetry.
A long-term diplomatic mission formed a true patriot who defended the interests of the motherland, “serving the cause, not individuals” (for example, the epitaph “You did not serve God and not Russia” is a bold act of a person close to the court).
"I saw three emperors."
Acquaintance and communication with outstanding representatives of Russian and European culture.
A careless attitude to his own work, the first selection of poems in the Sovremennik magazine was published by Pushkin in 1836 - "poems sent to us from Germany."
Truly for the Russian reading public, Tyutchev was discovered by Nekrasov.
The tragic fates of the poet's relatives.
With the light hand of Tyutchev, his poems “These poor villages ...”, “Russia cannot be understood with the mind ...” became sacramental (generally accepted and at the same time sacred) lines about Russia.
Main thesis (write on the board): “Tyutchev was not only an original, deep thinker, not only a peculiar, true artist-poet, but also one of a small number of carriers, even engines of our Russian self-consciousness” (I.S. Aksakov, K.S. Aksakov).
2. Conversation
At what age did Tyutchev begin to publish and was officially recognized as a writer?
At what age did Tyutchev become a student? Graduated from university? Became a diplomat?
How did Tyutchev feel about the publication of his works?
What events of personal life left a deep mark on the life of the poet?
3. Checking the thesis plan, its adjustment
thesis plan
Dates
Cities
Developments
In the estate of the Tyutchevs - the village of Ovstug, Oryol province - Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born.
Before 1819
Ovstug Bryansk district Oryol province
Childhood, first poetic experiences.
Receives home education; under the direction of S.E. Raich (1792-1865) - poet, translator. "... Three years later, he was no longer a student, but my comrade" (Raich about Tyutchev).
Accepted as a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
12-year-old Tyutchev for an ode - an imitation of Horace "For the New Year 1816" was awarded the title of "employee" by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
1819-1821
The first appearance in print is a free version of the "Message of Horace to the Maecenas".
Studying at Moscow University.
He graduated from the university with a Ph.D. (highest possible) degree.
Appointed to serve in the College of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg.
Soon he gets a place in the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria and goes to Munich.
Tyutchev will have to spend 22 years abroad (he came to Russia four times for a short time), of which 17 are in the diplomatic service .
1822-1837
Supernumerary official and second secretary of the Russian mission in Munich.
1837-1839
First secretary and chargé d'affaires in Turin.
Marriage to Eleanor Peterson.
1836
Petersburg
Publication of the first selection of poems in Sovremennik by A.S. Pushkin
Transfer to Italy by the senior secretary of the Russian mission.
Petersburg
The death of his wife leaves three daughters in the hands of the poet.
Marriage to Ernestine Dernberg.
Resignation. Return to Munich.
Petersburg
Homecoming.
Enrolled as a senior censor at the Special Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Petersburg
Meets Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva (1826-1864). Nekrasov's article "Russian Minor Poets". Nekrasov reminded the reading public about Tyutchev's poetry and put him on a par with Pushkin and Lermontov: “Despite the title ... we strongly attribute the talent of Mr. F.T. to Russian paramount poetic talents.
Petersburg
The first collection of poems (under the editorship of I.S. Turgenev).
Petersburg
Appointment to the post of Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee.
Petersburg
Death of E.A. Denisyeva, which was extremely hard for the poet and opened a streak of losses in his life: the death of his son and daughter Denisyeva; mother, son Dmitry, daughter Maria, brother Nikolai, many acquaintances.
“The days are numbered, the losses cannot be counted,
Living life is long gone."
Petersburg
Tyutchev's second collection is published, which, in comparison with the first, did not evoke such a lively response from readers.
Petersburg
Death of a brother and son.
Petersburg
Death of a daughter.
Tsarskoye Selo
F.I. Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo.
He was buried in St. Petersburg at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
4. Teacher's word
Poetry F.I. Tyutchev refers to the enduring values of the literature of the past, which today enrich the spiritual culture of every person. Tyutchev's work attracted the attention of many prominent writers, thinkers, scientists, but so far it has remained insufficiently studied and understood.
The main themes and motives of the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev
Philosophical lyrics
love lyrics
landscape lyrics
Poems about Russia
5. Landscape lyrics by F.I. Tyutchev
The poet entered the minds of readers primarily as a singer of nature, for none of the Russian poets, except perhaps his younger contemporary Fet, nature was such a constant source of impressions and thoughts as for Tyutchev.
The predominance of landscapes is one of the hallmarks of his lyrics. It's better to call her landscape and philosophical: pictures of nature embody deep, intense tragic the poet's thoughts about life and death, about man, humanity and the universe: what place does Man occupy in the world and what is his Fate.
Tyutchev's nature is changeable, dynamic. Knowing no rest, it is all in the struggle of opposing forces, the continuous change of day and night, the cycle of the seasons, it is many-sided, saturated with sounds, colors, smells.
The poet is especially attracted by the transitional intermediate moments of the life of nature. It depicts an autumn day, reminiscent of a recent summer. (“There is in the original autumn ...”) or autumn evening - a harbinger of winter (« Autumn evening» ). He sings not of a thunderstorm at the height of summer, but of the first spring thunder "at the beginning of May." He draws the first awakening of nature, the turn of winter to spring (“The earth still looks sad, / And the air is already breathing in spring ...”).
Like a living, thinking being, she feels, breathes, rejoices and is sad. Spring thunder rumbles in the sky, "as if frolicking and playing." Spring waters "run and wake up the sleepy shore." Giving way to spring, winter gets angry, “busy”, “grumbles”, “rages”. “The azure of heaven laughs”, “the translucent forest is sad”, etc. In itself, the animation of nature is quite common in poetry. But for Tyutchev, these are not just metaphors and personifications: “he accepted and understood the living color of nature not as his fantasy, but as truth,” wrote B.C. Solovyov.
Nature and man form a unity in the poet's lyrics, therefore, many of his poems are characterized by a two-part composition built on the parallelism between the life of nature and the life of man. (“Autumn evening”, “The earth still looks sad ...”, “When in the circle of murderous worries ...”, “What are you howling about, night wind”).
IV . Application. Formation of skills and abilities
1. Hshading and analysis of the poem"Spring Thunderstorm" (1828)
Is the picture painted by the poet static?
How does the poet convey the dynamics of life, expression?
2. Hshading and analysis of the poem"Autumn Evening" (1830)
Expressive reading poems by a teacher or a specially trained student. Conversation.
Would it be fair to classify this poem as a philosophical lyric? Why?
What is the main idea poems?
The image of nature and thoughts about human life are merged, the landscapes get a symbolic meaning. The poem depicts not only the “evening of the year”, but also the “bright” withering of human life.
3. Hshading and analysis of the poem"Not what you think, nature ..." (1836)
Expressive reading of a poem by a teacher or a specially trained student. Conversation.
Nature in Tyutchev's poems is humanized, spiritualized. It is internally close and understandable to man, related to him.
Find in the poem parallels that can be drawn between man and nature.
“It has a soul, it has freedom, it has love, it has a language...” - the poet is convinced.
4. Hshading and analysis of the poem"Day and Night" (1839)
Expressive reading of a poem by a teacher or a specially trained student. Conversation.
On what basis is this poem based?
The poem is built on antithesis.
What visual means does the author use to describe day and night?
Conclusion
So, what is the peculiarity of the image of nature by Tyutchev, how does his view differ from ours?
Tyutchev depicts nature not from the outside, not as an observer and photographer. He tries to understand the soul of nature, to hear her voice. Tyutchev's nature is a living, intelligent being.
V . Information stage homework
1. Learn by heart a poem by F.I. Tyutchev "There is in the autumn of the original ..."
2. Prepare an oral answer on the topic “Philosophical lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev" (textbook, pp. 13-16).
3. Individual tasks for students:
prepare messages about Amalia Lerchenfeld, Eleanor Peterson (née Countess Bothmer), Ernestine Dernberg (née Baroness Pfeffel), Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva (1826-1864),
as well as the messagesPoetic innovation F.I. Tyutchev" and“Structural features of F.I. Tyutchev.
VI . Reflection stage
The outstanding Russian lyric poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was in all respects the opposite of his contemporary and almost the same age as Pushkin. If Pushkin received a very deep and fair definition of the sun of Russian poetry, then Tyutchev is a night poet. Although Pushkin published in his Sovremennik in the last year of his life a large selection of poems by the then unknown poet, who was in the diplomatic service in Germany, he was unlikely to like them very much. Although there were such masterpieces as Vision, Insomnia, How the ocean surrounds the globe, The Last Cataclysm, Cicero, What are you howling about, the night wind, Pushkin was alien, first of all, to the tradition on which Tyutchev relied: German idealism, to which Pushkin remained indifferent , and poetic archaism of the XVIII early XIX century (primarily Derzhavin), with which Pushkin waged an irreconcilable literary struggle.
We get acquainted with Tyutchev's poetry in elementary school, these are poems about nature, landscape lyrics. But the main thing for Tyutchev is not the image, but the comprehension of nature, philosophical lyrics, and his second theme is the life of the human soul, the intensity of love feelings. The unity of his lyrics is given an emotional tone by a constant, vague anxiety, behind which stands a vague, but unchanging feeling of the approach of the universal end.
Along with emotionally neutral landscape sketches, Tyutchev's nature is catastrophic and its perception is tragic. Such are the poems Insomnia, Vision, The last cataclysm, As the ocean embraces the globe, What are you howling about, the night wind ... At night, the waking poet opens his inner prophetic vision, and behind the peace of daytime nature he sees the element of chaos, fraught with catastrophes and cataclysms. He listens to the universal silence of an abandoned, orphaned life (in general, the life of a person on earth for Tyutchev is a ghost, a dream) and mourns the approach of the universal last hour:
And our life is before us
Like a ghost, on the edge of the earth.
Oh, do not sing these terrible songs
About the ancient chaos, about the native!
The poet conjures the night wind, but continues like this:
How greedily the world of the night soul
Heeds the story of his beloved!
Such a duality is natural: after all, there are the same storms in the human soul, under them (that is, under human feelings) chaos stirs, the same native as in the world of the environment.
The life of the human soul repeats and reproduces the state of nature, the thought of the poems of the philosophical cycle: Cicero, As over hot ashes, My soul is the Elysium of shadows, Not what you think, nature! .., Human tears, Wave and thought, Two voices. In the life of a person and society, the same storms, night, sunset, rock dominates (this is a poem by Cicero with the famous formula: Blessed is he who visited this world in its fatal moments). Hence the acute feeling of the end of being (As over hot ashes), the recognition of hopelessness (Two voices). It is impossible to express all this, and even more so to be understood and heard by people, in this Tyutchev follows the widespread romantic idea of the fundamental incomprehensibility of the poet's insights to the crowd.
Just as catastrophic and disastrous for a person is love (Oh, how deadly we love, Predestination, Last love). Where does Tyutchev get all these fatal passions? They are determined by the era of great socio-historical cataclysms in which the poet lived and worked. Let us note that Tyutchev's creative activity falls at the turn of the 2030s, when revolutionary activity both in Europe and in Russia began to decline and the Nikolaev reaction took hold, and at the end of the 40s, when a wave of bourgeois revolutions swept through Europe again.
Let's analyze the poem I Lutherans love worship, dated September 16, 1834. What attracted the Orthodox Christian Tyutchev to the faith of German Protestants, followers of Martin Luther, the founder of the European Reformation. He saw in the atmosphere of their worship the situation of the universal end, so akin to his soul: Gathered on the road, for the last time you will have faith. Therefore, her house is so empty and bare (and in the first stanza of these bare walls, this temple is empty). At the same time, in this poem, Tyutchev expressed the meaning of any religion with amazing power: it prepares a person, his soul for the last departure. After all, death from a religious point of view is good: the soul returns to its divine womb, from which it left at birth. The Christian must be ready for this at any moment. He goes to God's temple in order to prepare the soul for this.
But the hour has come, it has struck...
Pray to God
The last time you pray is now.
The poet seeks, first of all, to show the world of the human soul, to realize whether there is any meaning in existence. In Tyutchev's lyrics, there is often a contrast between the eternal and the instantaneous, the always resurgent nature and the short human life. The poet perceives Infinity, Eternity not as a philosophical, speculative concept, but as a reality. In this Eternity, human life is only a short flash.
This is paradoxical, but at the same time as the insignificance of individual being, Tyutchev also feels its colossality: I, the king of the earth, rooted to the earth, I walked along the heights of creation, like God ... Such a duality is generally characteristic of the poet. For him, every poetic concept has a wrong side: harmony, chaos, love, death, faith, unbelief. Man is always between heaven and earth, between day and night, on the threshold of dual existence. The soul is always a dweller of two worlds.
Perhaps this perception of a person on the verge of two worlds explains Tyutchev's predilection for the image of sleep, a dream, where a person approaches the border of two different lives more than ever. The dream in the perception of the poet is also ambiguous. On the one hand, this is a certain form of existence, close to chaos (a frequent image of Tyutchev). In one of the poems, Dream is the twin of Death. On the other hand, a dream can be both fertile, and magical, and childishly beautiful.
The duality of Tyutchev was clearly manifested in the poem Dream on the Sea. He's writing:
I, sleepy, was betrayed by every whim of the waves.
Two infinities were in me,
And they arbitrarily played with me.
And in the same poem:
On the heights of creation, like God, I walked,
And the world under me motionless shone.
All these images-symbols not only speak of the existence of a person on the border of sleep and reality, peace and storm, but also show the huge role that a person plays in the universe. A strange combination, so characteristic of Tyutchev: he is subject to the whim of the waves and at the same time strides along the heights of creation.
Tyutchev never tired of saying that man is part of nature, its inseparable particle. At the same time, especially in his early work, he noticed that a person has a need to get away from the crowd, to retire in himself:
Only know how to live in yourself
There is a whole world in your soul...
This motif sounds again in the poem My Soul Elysium of Shadows... The soul is alienated from living life, the crowd, it lives on its own memories. Although this happens, it is not at all good for the poet. On the contrary, he strives precisely for living life (especially in the early lyrics):
No, my passion for you
I can not hide, mother earth!
If the early lyrics of Tyutchev are characterized by the opposition of the universe and the individual (a huge rock and a tiny grain of sand), then later the poet descends to the sinful earth, often not limited to speculative reasoning, but tracing human fate. A peculiar life philosophy begins to become clear: the more difficult, more doomed a person lives, the more he loves the earth. Doom, torment, sometimes even death, coexist with an inescapable love for the world. The radiant world in all its splendor appears in him even in the most tragic love poem. All day she lay in oblivion ... A woman (beloved woman) lies on her deathbed, and life goes on outside the window.
Tyutchev is characterized by thoughts about death, about sorrows, about the joylessness of the human lot, about tears:
Human tears, oh human tears,
You pour early and late sometimes ...
All Tyutchev's poetry is permeated with the tragedy of a lonely existence, a split soul, disbelief, and often despair. But at the same time, the late Tyutchev more and more often sounds the motive of rebelliousness to fate, a thirst for struggle, outside of which life loses its justification:
Take courage, O friends, fight diligently,
Though the battle is unequal, the struggle is hopeless!
Yes, the struggle is hopeless, but we must fight!
This may be the only meaning of existence.
The contrast of Tyutchev's lyrics lies, on the one hand, in his intoxication with life, a sense of joy, the uniqueness of being, on the other hand, in the awareness of the transience of life, in perceiving it as something ghostly, a shadow from smoke (not even smoke, only shadows!). These contradictions constitute the life philosophy of the poet, two views on life merge into a single perception of reality.
Tyutchev always tried to determine the meaning of being. The older he became (in a poetic and human sense), the more often he associated with a person the image of a struggle, a desperate battle. At first, for Tyutchev, a person is only a part of a huge universe, a tiny chip on the waves of the ocean, a wanderer driven by unquenched longing. Later, the poet begins to be disturbed by the consciousness of the futility of life. Then, already in the late Tyutchev, there is confidence in the need for a man to fight fate. This battle is unequal, fatal, but it is inevitable, because, perhaps, only it justifies the life of a person, a tiny grain of the universe.
The work of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is a brilliant page of Russian 19th poetry century. wrote about human feelings, about nature, about Russia. In his poems, the lyrical hero appears as a person capable of strong feelings, gentle, sincere. The lyrical hero in Tyutchev's poetry is a double of the poet himself, he often reflects his thoughts and feelings. This is especially evident in love lyrics.
Tyutchev's love is huge and all-encompassing, it captures the whole person. But it is tragic, because such love cannot exist in this world. Therefore, the lyrical hero is unhappy. In his life there is a lot of suffering, loss, grief and separation. Separations are inevitable, because love blinds a person, and when time passes, he realizes that the object of love is far from ideal.
In separation there is a high meaning:
No matter how you love, at least one day, at least a century,
Love is a dream, and a dream is a moment
And early or late, or awakening,
And the man must finally wake up...
The contradictions of the lyrical hero prevent him from being happy. But even more often he himself invents suffering.
Like an unsolved mystery
Living charm breathes in it -
We watch with anxious trepidation
Into the quiet light of her eyes.
Is there an earthly charm in it,
Or heavenly grace?
The soul would like to pray to her,
And the heart is torn to adore ...
Lyrica F.I. Tyutcheva is mysterious and incomprehensible. His poems are melodic, their form is perfected. Poems about nature are especially striking: they are harmonious, perfect, time has no power over them.
There is melodiousness in the waves of the sea,
Harmony in natural disputes,
And a slender Musiki rustle
It flows in unsteady reeds.
An imperturbable system in everything,
Consonance is complete in nature, -
Only in our ghostly freedom
We are aware of our discord.
When it strikes last hour nature,
The composition of the parts will be broken earthly:
Everything visible will again be covered by water,
And God's face will be depicted in them!
In poems about nature, we see a subtle perception of the beauty of the world, we feel smells, colors, we hear sounds. Tyutchev masterfully draws pictures of nature: he draws our attention to something special, bright, he knows how to bring natural phenomena closer to us, to convey heavenly harmony. In nature, he sees the struggle of opposites and shows us that harmony arises from this. The lyrical hero is responsive to everything that happens in the world around him. For him and for the author, nature is part of the Motherland.
Tyutchev loves Russia very much. He is ready to be with her in happiness and in sorrow. He has his own civil position- He is a patriot. Tyutchev wrote many poems about Russia. His poems bring up patriotic feelings, they make readers realize their responsibility for the fate of the Motherland. He is not afraid of trials and encourages his readers to do so:
Happy is he who visited this world
In his fatal moments!
He was called by all the good
Like an interlocutor at a feast.
He is a spectator of their high spectacles,
He was admitted to their council -
And alive, like a celestial,
I drank immortality from their cup!
The poet admires Russia, he freezes in silence before her secret and incomprehensibility.
Russia cannot be understood with the mind.
Do not measure with a common yardstick:
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.
It seems to me that Tyutchev's poems are very important now. I like to read his poems, because they introduce us to the beautiful and eternal.
Fyodor Tyutchev is a poet and philosopher, therefore the basis of his poems is a reflection on the world, on the place of man in this world, on life and death. He represents nature in constant motion, majestically beautiful and solemnly tragic. A person against its background appears as a small, insignificant particle.
So, in the poem “Spring Thunderstorm”, the poet, it would seem, describes a picture familiar to any eye: thunder, thunderstorm, rain ... But in the last quatrain Tyutchev offers to look at this a natural phenomenon from a different angle:
You say: windy Hebe,
Feeding Zeus' eagle
A thundering cup from the sky
Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.
These lines make you think about the meaning spring thunderstorm on the scale of the universe.
Perhaps this is just a joke of the gods? But if the whole element is only a small part of something more majestic, then what place does a person occupy in this world?
Another example is the poem "Noon". It describes a hot summer afternoon. The serene, "lazy" state of "drowsiness" evokes sleep. But again, at the end of the poem, there is an indication of the place of man in this world:
And now the great Pan himself
In the cave the nymphs doze peacefully.
No one, not even the "great Pan", is able to resist the forces of nature.
Another poem - "The kite rose from the clearing ...". Here the lyrical hero admires the bird's natural ability to fly: "Mother nature gave him / Two powerful, two living wings." As a result, the lyrical hero opposes himself to the kite: “And here I am in sweat and dust. / I, the king of the earth, have grown to the earth!..” Despite the fact that the kite feeds on carrion, it can fly, and a person, having proclaimed himself “king of the earth”, cannot have such an ability.
Thus, we see that the world of nature in the perception of the lyrical hero of Tyutchev's poems appears majestic and incomprehensible. A person in this world is a grain of sand.