Homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in Russian
Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - an indefinite form of a verb that names an action or a procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relation to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.
As the most abstract, most generalized verb form, infinitive opposed to a complex of personal forms. is the purest lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological features, which are constant for all verb forms: recurrence, transitivity, form, conjugation.
In relation to personal forms, it is characterized by a high degree of regularity: in Russian there are almost no personal forms of the verb from which it is impossible to form an infinitive and vice versa.
opposed to the personal forms of the verb, because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write - write), grammatical meanings recurrence ( build - build) and transitivity ( paint, lay) associated with the collateral category.
means of forming the infinitive, as a verb form are suffixes -т(do, sleep, live, saw) and -ti (carry, crawl, go).
Most infinitives with stems ending in a vowel have suffix -th. For some verbs, this suffix can also be placed after the consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ty(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant stem. This suffix is always stressed. Some forms from -ti have options with -t:carry - carry(were distributed in literary language in the nineteenth century). Suffixes -th and -ty shaping and therefore are not included in the stem of the infinitive.
The Russian language has verb infinitives ending in on -ch(keep, guard, bake). In these verbs, -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -g, -k, -x with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, pekti. As a result historical changes combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.
In addition to the formative suffixes -ty and -ty, the infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, relax, etc.
In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.
The girl began to write poetry at the age of 6 at the same time in Russian, German and French (predicate).
And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders (predicate).
Smoking is prohibited (subject).
Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).
I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).
We went to some kind of ditch to shoot and to swim in a small river (a circumstance).
As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is in front of the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.
, included in the predicate, denotes the action of the person named subject.
An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverb goal, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced by a noun.
The infinitive as a complement denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.
All verb forms are formed from two stems: stems of the infinitive and stems of the present tense.
From the stem of the infinitive the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle, are formed, from present tense basics- present tense, imperative mood, participle and participle of the present tense.
To find the stem of the infinitive, from the feminine singular form of the past tense, we subtract the final -la: to say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.
To find the basis of the present tense, from the form of the 3rd person plural of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: to say, they will say - the basis of the present tense is say-.
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Infinitive- an indefinite form of the verb without signs of person, number, tense, voice, mood and gender: lie, drive, read. O n expresses only the meanings of the form (write - write), transitivity and intransitivity (paint, lie).
Like the nominative form of a noun, the infinitive is the original form of a verb that is given in dictionaries. The infinitive consists of a stem and a suffix. Most verbs have the suffix in the infinitive-th, following after the final vowel stem: weaken, crush, prick, blow.
Some verbs have the suffix-ti: go, carry, crawl, save, grow, lead, bloom, weave, revenge, carry, gnaw, pronounce, walk, row, scrape, shake, prefixed verbs with the same roots, as well as the verb to get out (used in the literary language along with to get out). Suffix-tialways stands under stress; the exception is verbs with a prefixyou-having an accent on this prefix: grow, fade, etc.
Some verbs have a suffix in the infinitive -whose: burn, lie down, clothe, attract, entertain, bake, guard, whip, flow, neglect, shear, reach (along with achieve), crush, be able, etc., as well as in prefixed verbs with the same roots: ignite , roll over, bake, etc.
In the vast majority of verbs, the stem of the infinitive coincides with the stem of the past tense. The exception is:
1) -well-wellmay be missing:
die, die and die-well; fade, fade and fade-l;
2) verbs with suffix-whose, in which the infinitive stem ends in a vowel, and in the past tense stem this vowel is followed by a consonantto or G:
take care - take care, be able - could, attract - attracted, bake - baked;
3) verbs whose infinitive stem ends in-e or -and, and these vowels are absent in the basis of the past tense:
tere-t - ter, measure-t - measure, stretch-t - stretched, make a mistake - mistake, etc .;
4) verbs whose infinitive stem ends in-With, and based on the past tense-With alternates with -b:
scratch-ti - scraper, gre-ti - row, or cut off: me-ti - chalk, ples-ti - weaved, class - cla-l, swear - swear-l, es-t - e-l .
In a sentence, the infinitive performs the syntactic functions of the subject (Smoking is harmful), simple verbal predicate(The main thing is not to worry), the main member of the infinitive sentence (Open to him? Line up!), Parts of the complex verb predicate (He wants to sleep. I started reading.), Additions (I ask you to speak loudly), inconsistent definition(“Impatience to get to Tiflis took possession of me” Pushkin), the circumstances of the goal (“The moon rose majestically in the sky to shine kind people and the whole world" Gogol).
The infinitive also appears as part of the future compound tense: I will write. Subordinate in a sentence to the personal form of the verb, the infinitive can be subjective or objective. The subject infinitive denotes an action whose subject is the same as the subject of the personal form of the verb (He began to write). The object infinitive denotes an action whose subject is the object of the personal form of the verb (He recommended me to write an article).
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What is the most important thing to know about the English infinitive?
Impersonal forms of verbs are forms of verbs that are characterized by the absence of the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense and mood.
After to be in the future tense, i.e. after shall(first person) and will(for all other persons):
- I shall read this novel next week. I will read this novel next week.
- You will watch the play day after tomorrow. - You will watch this performance the day after tomorrow.
- After modal verbs
- I can speak Russian. - I can speak Russian.
Remember! The exception is the modal verb ought- must:
- I ought to do this thing. - I have to do this.
- After to let- permit, to make- in the meaning of "force":
- Let him discuss the problems. Let him discuss the issues.
- They make me go. They make me leave
- After combination: had better(better), would rather(better be):
- I had better work today. — I'll work better today.
- You would rather leave this house. You'd better leave this house
- After verbs:
see see notice notice feel feel cause cause, force watch watch observe observe hear hear
Existing forms of the English infinitive
infinitive in English language has six forms, four of which are active and two are passive. After examining the table, you will notice that all four types of the active voice have the same translation “to draw”, and the two types of the passive voice are translated as “to be drawn”. Translation into Russian does not reflect semantic differences, however, in English they have different semantic shades, as well as certain cases of use. For example, the forms of the infinitive of the forms Perfect and Perfect Continuous express actions that precede any other actions.
View | Active voice(Active Voice) | Passive voice (Passive voice) |
Indefinite | To draw - draw (in general) | To be drawn - to be drawn (in general, without any conditions, temporary indications, etc.) |
Education rules | with particle to | To be + verb in 3rd function (-ed) |
Long (Continuous) | To be drawing - draw (at a specific, certain moment, period) | |
Education rules | To be + IV f. (with -ing) | |
Perfect (Perfect) | To have drawn - draw (before, still, already) | To have been drawn - to be drawn (already, before) |
Education rules | To have + III f. | To have been + III f. (-ed) |
Perfect Continuous (Perfect Continuous) | To have been drawing - draw (for a certain period of time) | |
Education rules | To have been + IV f. |
Study the sentences below to understand how each form is used in speech.
- Indefinite Active
- I want to read your story. - I want to read your story
- Indefinite Passive
- A culprit must be punished. - Guilty should be punished
- continuous active
- I believed him to be working. - I believed that it works
- Perfect Active
- I forgot to have seen Mike. I forgot I saw Mike
- Perfect Passive
- I didn't know that the tasks to have been done. — I didn't know that the tasks were already done
- Perfect Continuous Active
- She must have been waiting all day. She must have been waiting all day
Multifunctionality of the infinitive
In sentences, the infinitive in English can take on various functions:
- Subject
In the subject function, the infinitive is at the beginning of the sentence, followed by the predicate:- To run every morning is a very useful habit. - Running in the morning is a very good habit.
- Purpose circumstance
- To walk in this beautiful garden I wrote my homework very quickly. — To take a walk in this beautiful garden, I wrote homework very fast
- Addition
- The pupils were glad to have been given a holiday. The students were glad they were given the day off
- Part of a compound predicate
Performing this function in a sentence, the infinitive is associated with:- modal verbs: must, can, may etc. :
You may remain here. - You can stay here.
- to be and to have- in the meaning of "should", while after them the particle is obligatory - to:
I have to write the exercises. — I have to write exercises
- Definition Sentences where the definition is an infinitive have the following syntactic rule regarding word order in them: the definition comes after the word it defines:
- I bought them the coffee to drink. I brought them coffee to drink.
- I have a great dream to travel. — I have a huge dream to travel
When do we need the infinitive
infinitive forms exist great amount cases in English when it is precisely its simple forms of the infinitive that are needed in speech. Therefore, all the following examples of use refer specifically to the use of simple forms of the infinitive in speech. The rest of its forms in English are used extremely rarely. One of the problems with using the infinitive in English is its similarity to the gerund. Which one should be used and when? Here is the question. Sometimes there is no single correct option.
1. For example, the role of the subject infinitive is extremely rare, the gerund is preferred, especially in modern English.
- Reading is interesting and useful. Reading is interesting and useful. (more commonly used)
- To read is interesting and useful. - Reading is interesting and useful.
However, both options are grammatically correct and possible.
2. When it comes to the function of the subject, sometimes you also need to make a choice between the infinitive and the gerund. In this case it all depends on the semantic verb, which plays a decisive role in the choice.
- I enjoy running. - I like to run (after to enjoy always followed by a gerund)
- I want to run. - I want to run to want needs an infinitive)
3. These verbs are followed by the infinitive:
- learn - to teach
- dare - dare
- tend - to look after
- need - need
- mean - keep in mind
- agree - agree
- refuse - refuse
- afford - to deliver
- forget - forget
- promise - to promise
- threaten - to threaten
- offer - provide
- attempt - try
- manage - manage
- fail - fail
- decide - decide
- plan - to plan
- arrange - arrange
- hope - hope
- appear - appear
- seem - seem
- pretend - pretend
- ask - ask
- know - to know
- remember - remember
- explain - to explain
- understand - remember
4. The following verbs are used with the infinitive, but only on the condition that it is preceded by a noun:
Verb | Translation |
advise | advise |
allow | permit |
cause | cause |
enable | let |
force | force |
hire | hire |
order | order |
remind | remind |
tell | to tell |
convince | convince |
encourage | encourage |
get | persuade |
invite | invite |
permit | permit |
require | demand |
warn | warn |
- The mother advised her daughter to be more confident in her forces. The mother advised her daughter to be more self-confident
5. In English there is such a construction using the infinitive:
to be + adjective + infinitive
- She is happy to have such a good husband. She is happy that she has such a good husband.
- Mary was miserable to find out the bad news. Mary was unhappy when she heard the bad news.
6. Nouns that are used with an infinitive after them:
Noun | Translation |
Advice | Advice |
Appeal | call |
Attempt | Attempt |
Chance | Chance |
decision | Solution |
Desire | A wish |
dream | Dream |
Goal | Target |
motivation | Motivation |
need | Need |
Opportunity | Possibility |
order | Order |
Permission | Permission |
plan | Plan |
preparation | Training |
Proposal | Sentence |
Recommendation | Recommendation |
Refusal | Refusal |
Reminder | Reminder |
Request | Request |
Requirement | Requirement |
suggestion | Sentence |
Tendency | inclination |
Wish | A wish |
way | way, way |
- My advice to study French was good. — My advice to learn French was good.
- His plan to continue studying is measured. — His plan to continue his studies is deliberate.
- Your refusal to visit grandparents is very strange. — Your refusal to visit your grandparents is very strange.
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Which names the action without indicating either the person, or the number, or the mood. The infinitive has both properties noun, as well as the properties verb. The sign of the infinitive is a particle to.
Examples: I like to swim. - I like swimming.
Particle to is not used in the following cases:
- after modal verbs ( can/could, may/might, must, should, would, need);
- after the auxiliary verb will;
- after verbs to see- see, to hear- hear, to let- permit, to make- force, to notice- notice to watch- watch, to feel- feel and sometimes after to help- to help;
- after combinations had better- better be, would rather- would prefer etc.
Examples: She can speak English. – She can speak English.
They will leave tomorrow. - They're leaving tomorrow.
I heard her talk with my father. “I heard her talking to my father.
You had better go to see the doctor at once. “You'd better go to the doctor immediately.
To avoid repeating the previously mentioned verb, the particle to can be used without the infinitive if it does not make understanding difficult.
Examples: I did what you had asked me to(do). - I did what you asked me (to do).
Negative form of the infinitive formed by a particle not that is placed in front of it.
Examples: I'm sorry not to have met you at the station. “I'm sorry I didn't meet you at the station.
Functions of the infinitive in a sentence
Infinitive has the properties of a noun and can serve in a sentence:
1. Subject.
Examples: It's time to go home. - Time to go home.
2. Nominal part of compound predicate.
Examples: His task is to put up the tent. - His task is to put up a tent.
3. Supplement.
Examples: I want to show you the house where I was born. “I want to show you the house where I was born.
4. Definition.
Examples: I need some paper to write on. I need paper to write on.
5. circumstance.
Examples: I have come here to talk to you. “I came here to talk to you.
Examples: I like to read books about animals. I like to read books about animals.
Infinitive forms
As mentioned above, the infinitive in English has the form of tense and voice. The time expressed by the infinitive has a relative meaning, it usually expresses a simultaneous or preceding action in relation to the action expressed by the verb in the personal form.
They have 4 forms of the infinitive of the active voice and 2 forms of the passive voice. Simple (Indefinite) Active/Passive forms are the most common in English, other forms of the infinitive are much less common.
- Continuous Infinitive Active
- Perfect Infinitive Active(does not have a corresponding form in Russian, usually translated into Russian by a verb in a personal form);
- (does not have a corresponding form in Russian, usually translated into Russian by a verb in a personal form);
- (passive infinitive);
- Perfect Infinitive Passive(does not have a corresponding form in Russian, usually translated into Russian by a verb in a personal form);
They have 4 forms of the infinitive of the active voice. However, many English intransitive verbs that require a prepositional object have passive forms.
- Simple (Indefinite) Infinitive Active(infinitive in active voice);
- Continuous Infinitive Active(does not have a corresponding form in Russian, usually translated into Russian by a verb in a personal form);
- Perfect Infinitive Active(does not have a corresponding form in Russian, usually translated into Russian by a verb in a personal form);
- Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active(does not have a corresponding form in Russian, usually translated into Russian by a verb in a personal form);
Rules for the formation of the infinitive
1. Simple (Indefinite) Infinitive Active represents the first basic form of the verb, i.e. the form of the verb that can be found in the dictionary - to be, to go, to do.
Examples: Simple (Indefinite) Infinitive Active = to go
2. Simple (Indefinite) Infinitive Passive is formed using the infinitive of the verb to be and the third form of the semantic verb - to be written, to be gone, to be done.
Examples: Simple (Indefinite) Infinitive Passive = to be + 3 semantic verb form = to be gone
3. Continuous Infinitive Active is formed using the infinitive of the verb to be and the form of the semantic verb - to be going, to be doing.
Examples: Continuous Infinitive Active \u003d to be + Present Participle of the semantic verb \u003d to be going
4. Perfect Infinitive Active is formed using the infinitive of the verb to have and the third form of the semantic verb - to have written, to have gone.
Examples: Perfect Infinitive Active = to have + 3rd verb form = to have gone
5. Perfect Infinitive Passive is formed using the Perfect Infinitive verb to be and the Past Participle form of the semantic verb - to have been written, to have been gone.
Examples: Perfect Infinitive Passive = Perfect Infinitive to be + Past Participle of the semantic verb = to have been gone
6. Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active formed with the Perfect Infinitive verb to be and Present forms Participle of the semantic verb - to have been written, to have been gone.
Examples: Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active \u003d Perfect Infinitive to be + Present Participle of the semantic verb \u003d to have been gone