Theoretical generalization and development of this. Malanov S
abstraction and formalization. Classification, territorial grouping and periodization are both "shelves" on which it is convenient to arrange the material, and the establishment of key points in the structure, properties and development of the phenomena under study. This is where the important generalizing significance of these methods comes from. However, with all this, at the stage of systematization, only sensory-concrete knowledge is completed. The beginning of theoretical knowledge is the formation of concepts and laws.
Laws can be derived given a sufficiently high abstraction. Soil zones V.V. Dokuchaev on his map is a highly abstract image, summarizing the distribution of soils of the northern hemisphere to the utmost. But if he followed the path of depicting all microareas of soils, which are studied in field studies, he would hardly have formulated the law of nature.
Abstraction, as a method of cognition, is used at all stages of the study. This is because there are two kinds of abstraction: abstraction-distraction and abstraction-
generalization. Abstraction-distraction is used due to the fact that cognition cannot immediately cover the subject as a whole, and research is always forced to go by examining individual aspects and gradually synthesizing these aspects.
It is especially important to use abstraction-distraction at the staging stage of the study. It comes from the idea of the diversity of the object under study and the need to focus on one of the many relationships and properties.
With theoretical generalizations, they no longer operate with an object that can be measured, weighed, moved. On the this stage use only abstraction-generalization. Abstraction-generalization forms concepts, laws and theories by eliminating random, insignificant and establishing only common properties from numerous definitions. In this sense, abstraction-generalization is a synthesis, and it opposes abstraction-distraction (analysis) not as a summation of the considered elements, but as mental operation mediation of common properties.
For example, when describing the deserts of the Caspian Lowland, we point to a flat surface below the level of the World Ocean, Baer hillocks, blinders, etc. Speaking of the desert zone of the world, we will have to indicate only some of the properties of landscapes: arid climate, the distribution of gray soils, salt marshes, xerophytes, halophytes. When the concept of landscape is formed, all specific characteristics are replaced by the concept of components and their relationships. But such an external "impoverishment" of the content of the concept makes it possible to single out the necessary, general, natural in a large number of objects and use this generalization to develop general concepts, laws, theories and concepts. In the considered case, the concept of landscape reflects all the diversity of nature. earth's surface at all taxonomic levels and underlies all physical geography as a science, being its main concept.
The result of abstraction is formalization. At the stage of abstraction-distraction, as its immediate result, a simplified model of a formal nature arises. This can be said about any form of description of a point, which, cutting off the diverse content of the phenomenon, orients the researcher to the physiognomically clear, easily measurable sides of the object, i.e., orients him mainly to the form of the phenomenon. Also, block diagrams, which are widely introduced into our science as models of objects, are only a representation of the researcher about their functional structure.
But here we are more interested in formalization as a generalization, i.e. the result of abstraction-generalization. The essence of formalization as a generalization is abstraction from the content of objects and phenomena. In the limiting case, formalization leads to operating with only symbols. The unity of content and form, quality and quantity is the objective basis for such a substitution of the meaningful for the formal.
In geography, a fairly large number of symbols are used: schematic - graphs, diagrams, profiles; cartographic; chemical and mathematical. But to what extent can they be called a formalization-generalization?
On dependence graphs and profiles, a generalization of mass data obtained during observations and calculations occurs, since in them quantitative data are transferred from discreteness to general. For example, the air temperature at some point refers only to this period, but not to any other. The same applies to any other empirical material - the height of the terrace in the measured place, the depth of thawing of frozen rocks, etc. These single data, given the modern knowledge of nature, are not of great scientific value. Only graphical processing of many individual measurements can make it possible to find connections between them and build from the individual to the special and the general. According to four or more observations, the daily course of temperature is found, the daily averages give an annual course; all heights and depths are found on the topographic profile, although it is impossible and unnecessary to continuously measure the entire route course, etc. Many graphic methods allow you to find hidden connections between phenomena. This applies, for example, to complex landscape profiles, where links between different components can be found. Calculated graphs are also used to quickly find the values of functions by the values of the arguments. For example, it is enough to set the water level in the river in order to find the values of the water flow and the flow rate from the flow nomogram.
Exactly the same is the case with cartographic image, where the spatial arrangement of objects and phenomena is built from the singular to the general. Story geographical discoveries gives us material about the exploits committed in the name of closing the "blank spots". It is not in vain that it is believed that the measure of mapability, in essence, the continuous filling of space, reflects the degree of knowledge of the phenomenon.
The formalization of material in schematic symbols is one of the most common methods of empirical generalization of material and is widely used in geography.
As for the remaining symbols, they are used in settlement transactions. Moreover, all equations are solved unambiguously according to the rules of calculus, regardless of what in question: livestock, population, water balance. In these equations, it is enough to know some of the parameters in order to calculate the desired parameters from them without expensive field or experimental work. However, such a formalization can be adequate and productive if it sufficiently fully reflects the content. Only a deep study of the content can lead to the correct display of it in the form.
An example of such meaningful formalization was the expression of the law of geographical zoning in the equation of the radiation dryness index, which contributed to the derivation of the periodic law of zoning and obtaining quantitative characteristics of the types of zonal landscapes. Without a meaningful long-term study of geographical areas, such a productive formalization could hardly have been realized. Therefore, it is quite possible to say that formalization is a dialectical negation of meaningful research that has received a finished form in concepts, laws and theories. Developing this idea, we can talk about formalization as a method of theoretical generalization, which makes it possible to rise to a higher level of generalization, to achieve greater generality by impoverishing the content of concepts. one
Formalization in geographical science will help to penetrate into such areas of thinking where it is impossible to form a correct theoretical representation based only on objective entities. The guarantee for this is the attempts to transform cartographic images in cartoids, reflecting deeper spatial relationships; the use of graph plotting machines, various calculation formulas and electronic computers.
But we must not forget that formalization is only a stage, not the goal of cognition, it is not even the highest level of cognition, but a method for achieving a strict, unambiguous understanding of objective reality, on the basis of which reliable forecasts and recommendations can be made.
In addition, formalization has its natural limits. It can be used where there are stable characteristics, connections and relationships, and only in cases where there is a need for a strict, if possible unambiguous, characteristic.
And where there is a need for guaranteed control, quantitative characteristics, formalisms should enter the scene that reflect the content of matter and energy, as well as their movement in quantitative terms and in countable relationships with each other.
34 0
Word formation. Comes from the Greek. theory - research. Category. Generalization form. Specificity. It is based on the identification of significant links between the phenomena of the surrounding world, indicating their genetic relationship. It is carried out with the help of a concept in which only the most essential is fixed, and the private is omitted. The ability for theoretical generalization is formed most intensively in adolescence and youth.
Meanings in other dictionaries
Theoretical Constructs
(theoretical constructs) It is not difficult to identify observable behavior, for example, to say that people. eats or runs, it is much more difficult to determine what caused such behavior. If the relevant conditions preceding the given behavior are known, for example, if it is known that the run was preceded by the presentation of a stimulus harmful to health, and the food was preceded by the presentation of food, which before that ...
Theoretical Generalization
A generalization based on the identification of significant links between the phenomena of the surrounding world, indicating their genetic relationship. It is carried out with the help of a concept in which only the most essential is fixed, and the private is omitted. The ability for theoretical generalization is formed most intensively in adolescence and youth. ...
Theoretical Concept
Word formation. Comes from the Greek. theory - research. Category. The form of concepts. Specificity. Symbolic display of essential properties identified as a result of analytical work carried out with the help of genetic reinterpretation, which are common to any class of objects related to them. common history development. ...
Theoretical Generalization- Theoretical generalization - generalization - based on the identification of significant links between the phenomena of the surrounding world, indicating their genetic relationship. It is carried out with the help of the concept -, in which only the most essential is fixed, and the private is omitted. The ability for theoretical generalization is formed most intensively in adolescence - and adolescence -.
Theoretical Generalization
Theoretical generalization - generalization - based on the allocation of significant links between the phenomena of the surrounding world, indicating their genetic relationship. It is carried out with the help of the concept -, in which only the most essential is fixed, and the private is omitted. The ability for theoretical generalization is formed most intensively in adolescence - and adolescence -.
You may be interested to know the lexical, direct or figurative meaning of these words:
Timbre - Timbre is a subjectively perceived feature of sound, its color, ...
Temperament - Temperament (from Latin temperamentum the proper ratio of parts) ...
Temperature Sensing - Temperature Sensing view skin sensations appearing before...
Shadow - Shadow (Schatten) (by C. G. Jung) archetype...
Thomas' theorem - W. Thomas' theorem phenomenon social interaction. If a person...
Theoretical Concept - Theoretical concept symbolic display of selected as a result...
Exchange Theories - Exchange theories are a branch of American social psychology built ...
Theory of Emotion Activation - Theory of activation of emotions (from lat. actus action, ...
Double Bond Theory - Theory double bond(double bind theory) ...
6.1 Empirical and theoretical generalization in psychology
Generalization - cognitive process, leading to the selection and meaning of relatively stable properties of the surrounding world. The simplest types of generalization are already carried out at the level of perception - , manifesting as the constancy of perception - . At the level of human thinking - generalization is mediated by the use of socially developed tools - techniques cognitive activity- and signs.
Empirical generalization - generalization - based on the comparison of objects in the selection and designation through the word of their common properties. The use of such properties as classifiers provides a person with the opportunity to work with a much larger volume of objects than is possible in the preceptive plan. With the help of classification schemes, each new item recognized as belonging to a particular class. The ability to empirical generalization is formed in preschool age, but the most sensitive age is the youngest school age.
In addition to empirical and theoretical knowledge in science, one more level can be distinguished, containing general ideas about reality and the process of cognition - the level of philosophical premises, philosophical foundations.
When analyzing the structure of scientific knowledge, it is important to take into account that scientific theory gives us a certain slice of reality, but no system of abstraction can capture the entire richness of reality. Different systems of abstraction dissect reality in different planes. So, according to W. Heisenberg, in modern physics there are at least four fundamental closed consistent theories: classical mechanics, thermodynamics, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics. At the same time, in the history of science there is a tendency to reduce all natural science knowledge to unified theory, reduce to a small number of initial fundamental principles. The modern methodology of science is aware of the fundamental impracticability of such information. This is due to the fact that any scientific theory is fundamentally limited in its intensive and extensive development. Science must contain various systems abstractions that are not only irreducible to each other, but cut reality in different planes. This applies to the whole of natural science, and to individual sciences that are irreducible to one theory. One theory cannot cover all the variety of ways of knowing, styles of thinking that exist in modern science.
One of the sources of scientific knowledge is scientific discoveries. And one of the methods scientific discovery is an inductive generalization of the data of experience. F. Bacon, the author of this method, believed that he had developed a method of scientific discoveries and was sure that everyone could master this method as a simple ordinary tool.
According to Descartes, the method of obtaining new knowledge is based on intuition and deduction. Descartes formulated four universal rules for guiding the mind in the search for new knowledge:
1. never take for truth anything that cannot be recognized as obvious to the mind, while it is necessary to avoid haste and prejudice;
2. each problem must be divided into as many parts as necessary for its better resolution;
3. thoughts should be arranged in a certain order from the simplest and easily cognized to the cognition of the complex, recognizing the presence of order even among those that are not in order in the natural world of things;
4. it is necessary to make complete and exhaustive reviews so as not to miss anything.
However, the modern methodology of science has recognized that inductive generalizations cannot make the jump from empiricism to theory.
In the XX century. science has come to understand that since there is no logic of scientific discovery, no methods that guarantee true scientific knowledge, then scientific claims nothing but hypotheses, i.e. scientific assumptions or assumptions, the true meaning of which is indeterminate. This led to the creation of a hypotheco-deductive model of scientific knowledge, according to which a scientist puts forward a hypothetical generalization and various kinds of consequences, verified by experience, are already derived from it.
Research by V.V. Davydov showed that at the scientific and applied levels modern psychology it is possible to concretize and implement in the practice of teaching the ideas known in philosophy about two types of cognition - about empirical (rational) and theoretical (reasonable) cognition. They showed that empirical generalization is not a prerequisite for theoretical generalization, some "natural" transition of students from empirical to theoretical thinking in the system of traditional education is not feasible. Theoretical thinking is a qualitatively different type of thinking, and therefore at some stage of traditional education there is only the possibility for the student to go beyond the framework of rational-empirical thinking and further development thinking in the sphere of its theoretical type. The validity of this provision is also demonstrated by the fact that the majority of children and adults, regardless of their age and level of education, retain empirical thinking, and the presence of developed theoretical thinking is revealed in some children and adults in all considered age periods.
Theoretical type of thinking in childhood manifests itself later than the empirical one, since its formation is associated with the need to organize special cooperation between the child and the adult.
And practical. At the same time, the main mechanism for the development of the psyche, the assimilation of socio-historical experience is internalization, during which there is a transition from external activity to internal. The principle of activity is the principle of psychology, which assumes that a person is an active subject of the transformation of the world. A person, as a subject of activity, can treat it differently - he can ...
And outlives them in a "neutralized" form. 6. Introspective approach in psychology. Psychology of consciousness and self-consciousness. Diagnostics of self-consciousness Introspective y is the science of consciousness. I. psychology is based on ideas related to the development of natures. sciences in the 19th century, who sought to find the simplest elements of consciousness, i.e. atoms, cat. would be indivisible and unchanging, and adding up form ...
In the domestic theory and practice of psychological measurements. Although the concept of the meaningfulness of measurement develops with the transformation of Stevens' ideas and the development of problems of statistics and logic, his positions regarding scaling, on the problems of measurements in psychology and the meaningfulness of measurements associated with them require, in our opinion, a critical analysis of the usual practice of using psychological...
Manage your life process. The level of self-management by the process of life activity is identical to the degree of real human freedom. Ensuring that this level is raised is the TECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGY of constructive psychology. The development of a person as a subject of his life activity is an integral development, and the means of such development is the practice of self-government...
Word formation. Comes from the Greek. theory - research. Category. Generalization form. Specificity. It is based on the identification of significant links between the phenomena of the surrounding world, indicating their genetic relationship. It is carried out with the help of a concept in which only the most essential is fixed, and the private is omitted. The ability for theoretical generalization is formed most intensively in adolescence and youth.
Watch value Theoretical Generalization in other dictionaries
Generalization— generalizations, cf. (book). 1. only units Action on verb. generalize - generalize. ... None other than Lenin undertook the most serious task of generalizing according to the materialistic ........
Dictionary Ushakov
Generalization Cf.- 1. The process of action on the value. verb: to generalize, to generalize, to generalize, to generalize. 2. Status by value. verb: to generalize, to generalize, to generalize, to generalize. 3. General conclusion, general ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
Generalization- -I; cf.
1. to Generalize - generalize. O. work experience.
2. General conclusion, general position based on obtaining individual facts, phenomena. serious generalizations. Make bold........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
Generalization- transition to more high step abstraction by identifying common features (properties, relationships, development trends, etc.) of objects in the area under consideration; entails........
Big encyclopedic Dictionary
Programming Theoretical- a mathematical discipline that studies mathematics. abstractions of programs, treated as objects expressed in a formal language, having a certain information........
Mathematical Encyclopedia
Knowledge Theoretical— See THEORY.
sociological dictionary
Historical Generalization— (historical generalization) - a generalization of the historical past, which may or may not be true, for example, "the Danes were engaged in robbery before they became settled." Its necessary........
sociological dictionary
Generalization— See GENERALIZATION.
sociological dictionary
Singular Theoretical Education- - a statement consisting of one term or concept; a separate word.
sociological dictionary
Random Generalization- (accidental generalization) - see Historical generalization.
sociological dictionary
Theoretical Knowledge- - knowledge, only indirectly based on reality, created from some abstract concepts.
sociological dictionary
Sample Generalization- (type generalization) - see Ideal type.
sociological dictionary
Generalization- (lat. generalisatio) - a mental operation, the transition from the thought of the individual, contained in the concept, judgment, norm, hypothesis, question, etc., to the thought of the general; from a thought...
Philosophical Dictionary
Generalization of the Concept- - a logical operation of transition from a specific concept to a generic one by excluding any signs from its content.
Philosophical Dictionary
Hasty Generalization- - logical error in inductive inference. Its essence lies in the fact that, having considered several special cases from any class of phenomena, they draw a conclusion about the entire class .........
Philosophical Dictionary
theoretical- (from Greek - to look): a philosophical and epistemological category that characterizes the highest - in comparison with the empirical - stage (level) of the process of cognition. Characterized by ........
Philosophical Dictionary
theoretical knowledge. Structure, Historical Evolution- Stepin's work, which presents the original concept of the structure and genesis of theoretical knowledge, developed by the author in the 1960s-1990s. The development of the concept was...
Philosophical Dictionary
Theoretical And Empirical- - philosophical and methodological categories expressing the division of scientific knowledge into two levels. They talk about T and E. levels of scientific knowledge, about T. and E. methods of cognition, ........
Philosophical Dictionary
Theoretical Thinking- thinking that does not lead directly to practical action. T. m. is opposed to practical thinking, the conclusion of which is, in the words of Aristotle, ........
Philosophical Dictionary
GENERALIZATION- GENERALIZATION, -i, cf. 1. see summarize. 2. General conclusion. Broad generalizations.
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov