The highest temperature on Mercury. Jupiter is the most massive planet
How hot is Mercury? Well, it depends on where you are on the surface of the planet. It has a very weak atmosphere. This means that the planet does not store the heat it receives from our star.
The temperature on the side facing the Sun is surprisingly high, around 430° C. But at the same time, on the far side, it can drop to -163° C. Due to the low axial tilt, the poles never receive sunlight and have a temperature of -183° C. Given these, the average temperature on the planet is 179° C.
Mercury
It is the smallest planet in the solar system and revolves around the sun in 87.969 Earth days.
It does not have satellites and rings, but some scientists believe that it may have had a satellite in the ancient past. The planet has an apparent magnitude of 2.3 to 5.7 and would be easily visible to the naked eye if it were not so close to the Sun.
Scientists are very interested in studying Mercury. This is one of the least explored planets.
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to visit the planet, but it only photographed a small part of its surface. The MESSENGER spacecraft, currently in orbit around it, transmitted much more information, including a complete map of the planet. Thanks to his data, scientists have found evidence of the existence of water ice in the polar regions, you can read more.
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The planet Mars, like another close neighbor of the Earth, Venus, has been subjected to the closest study of astronomers since antiquity. Visible to the naked eye, since ancient times it has been shrouded in mystery, legends and conjectures. And today we know far from everything about the Red Planet, however, many of the information obtained over centuries of observation and study dispelled some myths and helped a person understand many of the processes taking place on this cosmic object. The temperature on Mars, the composition of its atmosphere, the features of orbital movement, after the improvement of technical methods of research and the beginning of the space age, managed to move from the category of assumptions to the rank of indisputable facts. Nevertheless, much of the data about both such a close and such a distant neighbor has yet to be explained.
Fourth
Mars is located one and a half times farther from the Sun than our planet (the distance is estimated at 228 million km). According to this parameter, he takes the fourth place. Beyond the orbit of the Red Planet lies the main asteroid belt and the "possession" of Jupiter. It flies around our star in about 687 days. At the same time, the orbit of Mars is strongly elongated: its perihelion is located at a distance of 206.7, and aphelion - 249.2 million km. A day lasts here only almost 40 minutes longer than on Earth: 24 hours and 37 minutes.
little brother
Mars belongs to the terrestrial planets. The main substances that make up its structure are metals and silicon. Among similar objects in its dimensions, it is only ahead of Mercury. The diameter of the Red Planet is 6786 kilometers, which is about half that of the Earth. However, in terms of mass, Mars is 10 times inferior to our space home. The area of the entire surface of the planet slightly exceeds the area of the earth's continents combined, without taking into account the expanses of the oceans. The density here is also lower - it is only 3.93 kg / m 3.
The search for life
Despite the obvious difference between Mars and Earth, for a long time it was considered a real candidate for the title of a habitable planet. Before the beginning of the space age, scientists who observed the reddish surface of this cosmic body through a telescope periodically found signs of life, which soon, however, found a more prosaic explanation.
Over time, the conditions under which even the simplest organisms could appear outside the Earth were clearly defined. These include certain temperature parameters and the presence of water. Many explorations of the Red Planet have been aimed at discovering whether a suitable climate has developed there, and, if possible, to find traces of life.
Temperature on Mars
The Red Planet is an inhospitable world. A significant distance from the Sun noticeably affects the climatic conditions of this cosmic body. The temperature on Mars in Celsius varies on average from -155º to +20º. It is much colder here than on Earth, since the Sun, located one and a half times further away, warms the surface half as weakly. These not the most favorable conditions are exacerbated by a rarefied atmosphere, which transmits radiation well, which is known to be detrimental to all living things.
Such facts reduce to a minimum the chances of finding traces of existing or once extinct organisms on Mars. However, the point in this issue has not yet been set.
Determining Factors
The temperature on Mars, like on Earth, depends on the position of the planet relative to the star. Its maximum indicator (20-33º) is observed during the day near the equator. The minimum values (up to -155º) are reached near the South Pole. Significant temperature fluctuations are characteristic of the entire territory of the planet.
These differences affect both the climatic features of Mars and its appearance. The main detail of its surface, noticeable even from the Earth, is the polar caps. As a result of significant heating in summer and cooling in winter, they undergo tangible changes: either they decrease until they almost completely disappear, then they increase again.
Is there water on Mars?
When summer comes in one of the hemispheres, the corresponding polar cap begins to decrease in size. Due to the orientation of the planet's axis, as it approaches the perihelion point, the southern half turns towards the Sun. As a result, the summer here is somewhat hotter, and the polar cap disappears almost completely. In the north, this effect is not observed.
Changes in the size of the polar caps led scientists to the idea that they are composed of not quite ordinary ice. The data collected to date allow us to assume that carbon dioxide plays a significant role in their formation, which is contained in large quantities in the atmosphere of Mars. In the cold season, the temperature here reaches a point at which it usually turns into the so-called dry ice. It is he who begins to melt with the advent of summer. Water, according to scientists, is also present on the planet and makes up that part of the polar caps that remains unchanged even with an increase in temperature (heating is insufficient for its disappearance).
At the same time, the planet Mars cannot boast of having the main source of life in a liquid state. Hope for its discovery for a long time instilled areas of relief, very reminiscent of riverbeds. It is still not completely clear what could have led to their formation if there was never liquid water on the Red Planet. The atmosphere of Mars testifies in favor of the "dry" past. Its pressure is so insignificant that the boiling point of water falls at temperatures unusually low for the Earth, that is, it can exist here only in a gaseous state. Theoretically, Mars could have had a denser atmosphere in the past, but then it would have left traces of it in the form of heavy inert gases. However, they have not been found so far.
Winds and storms
The temperature on Mars, more precisely, its differences, leads to the rapid movement of air masses in the hemisphere where winter has come. The resulting winds reach 170 m/s. On Earth, such phenomena would be accompanied by showers, but the Red Planet does not have sufficient water reserves for this. Dust storms arise here, so massive that sometimes they cover the entire planet. The rest of the time there is almost always clear weather (water is also needed to form a significant amount of clouds) and very clear air.
Despite the relatively small size of Mars and its uninhabitability, scientists have high hopes for it. Here in the future it is planned to place bases for mining and various scientific activities. It is still difficult to say how real such projects are, but the continuous development of technology testifies in favor of the fact that soon humanity will be able to embody the most daring ideas.
solar system- these are 8 planets and more than 63 of their satellites, which are being discovered more and more often, several dozen comets and a large number of asteroids. All cosmic bodies move along their clear directed trajectories around the Sun, which is 1000 times heavier than all the bodies in the solar system combined. The center of the solar system is the Sun - a star around which planets revolve in orbits. They do not emit heat and do not glow, but only reflect the light of the Sun. There are currently 8 officially recognized planets in the solar system. Briefly, in order of distance from the sun, we list them all. And now some definitions.
Planet- this is a celestial body that must satisfy four conditions:
1. the body must revolve around a star (for example, around the Sun);
2. the body must have sufficient gravity to have a spherical or close to it shape;
3. the body should not have other large bodies near its orbit;
4. the body should not be a star
Planet satellites. The solar system also includes the Moon and the natural satellites of other planets, which all of them have, except for Mercury and Venus. More than 60 satellites are known. Most of the satellites of the outer planets were discovered when they received photographs taken by robotic spacecraft. Jupiter's smallest moon, Leda, is only 10 km across.
is a star, without which life on Earth could not exist. It gives us energy and warmth. According to the classification of stars, the Sun is a yellow dwarf. The age is about 5 billion years. It has a diameter at the equator equal to 1,392,000 km, 109 times larger than the earth. The rotation period at the equator is 25.4 days and 34 days at the poles. The mass of the Sun is 2x10 to the 27th power of tons, approximately 332950 times the mass of the Earth. The temperature inside the core is about 15 million degrees Celsius. The surface temperature is about 5500 degrees Celsius. According to the chemical composition, the Sun consists of 75% hydrogen, and of the other 25% of the elements, most of all helium. Now let's figure out in order how many planets revolve around the sun, in the solar system and the characteristics of the planets.The four inner planets (nearest to the Sun) - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - have a solid surface. They are smaller than four giant planets. Mercury moves faster than other planets, being burned by the sun's rays during the day and freezing at night. Period of revolution around the Sun: 87.97 days.
Diameter at the equator: 4878 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 58 days.
Surface temperature: 350 during the day and -170 at night.
Atmosphere: very rarefied, helium.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
More like the Earth in size and brightness. Observation of it is difficult because of the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert. Period of revolution around the Sun: 224.7 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12104 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 243 days.
Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: dense, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
Apparently, the Earth was formed from a gas and dust cloud, like other planets. Particles of gas and dust, colliding, gradually "raised" the planet. The temperature on the surface reached 5000 degrees Celsius. Then the Earth cooled down and became covered with a hard stone crust. But the temperature in the depths is still quite high - 4500 degrees. Rocks in the bowels are molten and pour out to the surface during volcanic eruptions. Only on earth there is water. That's why life exists here. It is located relatively close to the Sun to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough away so as not to burn out. Period of revolution around the Sun: 365.3 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12756 km.
The period of rotation of the planet (rotation around the axis): 23 hours 56 minutes.
Surface temperature: 22 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly nitrogen and oxygen.
Number of satellites: 1.
The main satellites of the planet: the Moon.
Due to the similarity with the Earth, it was believed that life exists here. But the spacecraft that landed on the surface of Mars found no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order. Period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km.
Rotation period (rotation around the axis): 24 hours 37 minutes.
Surface temperature: -23 degrees (average).
Atmosphere of the planet: rarefied, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 2.
Main moons in order: Phobos, Deimos.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are made up of hydrogen and other gases. Jupiter is more than 10 times larger than Earth in diameter, 300 times in mass and 1300 times in volume. It is more than twice as massive as all the planets in the solar system combined. How much planet Jupiter does it take to become a star? It is necessary to increase its mass by 75 times! The period of revolution around the Sun: 11 years 314 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 143884 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 9 hours 55 minutes.
Surface temperature of the planet: -150 degrees (average).
Number of satellites: 16 (+ rings).
The main satellites of the planets in order: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
This is the number 2 largest of the planets in the solar system. Saturn draws attention to itself thanks to a system of rings formed from ice, rocks and dust that orbit the planet. There are three main rings with an outer diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters. The period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 120536 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 10 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: -180 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titan.
Unique planet in the solar system. Its peculiarity is that it revolves around the Sun not like everyone else, but "lying on its side." Uranus also has rings, although they are harder to see. In 1986, Voyager 2 flew 64,000 km and had six hours of photography, which it successfully completed. Orbital period: 84 years 4 days.
Diameter at the equator: 51118 km.
The period of rotation of the planet (rotation around the axis): 17 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: -214 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
How many satellites: 15 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titania, Oberon.
At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet in the solar system. Its discovery took place by the method of mathematical calculations, and then they saw it through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew by. He took amazing photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest moon, Triton. The period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days.
Diameter at the equator: 50538 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 16 hours 7 minutes.
Surface temperature: -220 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 8.
Main moons: Triton.
On August 24, 2006, Pluto lost planetary status. The International Astronomical Union has decided which celestial body should be considered a planet. Pluto does not meet the requirements of the new formulation and loses its "planetary status", at the same time, Pluto passes into a new quality and becomes the prototype of a separate class of dwarf planets.
How did the planets appear? Approximately 5-6 billion years ago, one of the gas and dust clouds of our large Galaxy (the Milky Way), which has the shape of a disk, began to shrink towards the center, gradually forming the current Sun. Further, according to one of the theories, under the influence of powerful forces of attraction, a large number of dust and gas particles rotating around the Sun began to stick together into balls - forming future planets. According to another theory, the gas and dust cloud immediately broke up into separate clusters of particles, which compressed and condensed, forming the current planets. Now 8 planets revolve around the sun constantly.
Many people know that most of the planets in our solar system have extreme temperatures that are not suitable for life to exist. But what exactly are the temperatures on the surface of these planets? We present a small overview of the temperatures of the planets of the solar system.
MERCURY
1. Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, so one might assume that it is constantly burning like a furnace. However, although the temperature on Mercury can reach 427°C, it can also drop to a very low temperature of -173°C. Such a large difference in temperature occurs because it has no atmosphere.
VENUS
2. Venus, the second closest planet to the Sun, has the highest average temperatures of any planet in our solar system, regularly reaching 460°C. so hot because of its proximity to the Sun and its dense atmosphere. The atmosphere of Venus consists of dense clouds containing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. This creates a strong greenhouse effect that traps the sun's heat in the atmosphere and turns the planet into a furnace.
EARTH
3. Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and so far the only planet known for its ability to support life. The average temperature on Earth is 7.2°C, but it varies by large deviations from this indicator. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 70.7°C in Iran. The lowest temperature was recorded in Antarctica, and it reaches -91.2°C.
MARS
4. Mars is cold because, firstly, it does not have an atmosphere to maintain high temperature, and secondly, it is relatively far from the Sun. Since Mars has an elliptical orbit (it gets much closer to the Sun at some points in its orbit), during the summer, its temperature can deviate up to 30°C from the norm in the northern and southern hemispheres. The minimum temperature on Mars is approximately -140°C and the highest is 20°C.
JUPITER
5. Jupiter doesn't have any solid surface since it's a gas giant, so it doesn't have any surface temperature either. At the top of Jupiter's clouds, temperatures are around -145°C. As you descend closer to the center of the planet, the temperature increases. At a point where the atmospheric pressure is ten times that of Earth, the temperature is 21°C, which some scientists jokingly refer to as "room temperature." In the core of the planet, the temperature is much higher and reaches approximately 24,000°C. For comparison, it is worth noting that the core of Jupiter is hotter than.
SATURN
6. As with Jupiter, the temperature in Saturn's upper atmosphere remains very low - down to about -175°C - and increases as it approaches the planet's center (up to 11,700°C at the core). Saturn, in fact, generates heat itself. It generates 2.5 times more energy than it receives from the Sun.
URANUS
7. Uranus is the coldest planet with the lowest recorded temperature of -224°C. Although Uranus is far from the Sun, this is not the only reason for its low temperature. All other gas giants in our solar system emit more heat from their cores than they receive from the sun. Uranus has a core with a temperature of approximately 4737°C, which is only one-fifth the temperature of Jupiter's core.
NEPTUNE
8. With temperatures reaching as low as -218°C in Neptune's upper atmosphere, this planet is one of the coldest in our solar system. Like the gas giants, Neptune has a much hotter core that is around 7000°C.
The planets differ in temperature as they have different structure and distance from the Sun. As the distance from the Sun increases, the temperature on the surface of planets tends to decrease. Internal and external factors are responsible for temperature fluctuations within the planets. The nature and composition of the atmosphere determines the amount of heat radiated and how much heat a planet can hold.
The hottest planets in the solar system:
Venus
Venus is the second and hottest among. Its temperature can reach 464º C. The high temperature is due to the dense atmosphere with thick cloud cover. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of Venus's atmospheric gases, acting like a blanket that keeps the planet from losing heat. Temperatures remain relatively regular with little fluctuation throughout the year. Unlike other planets, Venus' slight elliptical tilt does not affect temperatures, allowing them to remain stable.
Mercury
Mercury is the first and smallest planet in the solar system. Despite its proximity to the Sun, Mercury is the second hottest planet. Unlike Venus, it has no atmosphere, so it experiences varying temperatures throughout the day. Temperatures can drop as low as -93º C or rise to 427º C, with an average of around 167º C. Temperatures on Mercury are directly influenced by the Sun. Therefore, the side facing the star often becomes hot, and freezes on the shaded side. Astronomers believe that Mercury's polar regions are never heated by the Sun and may therefore be colder than Jupiter's cloud tops.
The coldest planets in the solar system:
Pluto
Pluto is a dwarf planet made up of ice and rock. Originally thought to be the ninth planet, Pluto is the furthest from the sun and has the coldest temperatures, averaging around -225º C. Temperatures on Pluto depend on its proximity to the Sun: as the planet approaches the star, the temperature of the atmosphere becomes much warmer. The surface temperature is colder than the atmosphere due to the influence of methane, which creates a temperature inversion. Pressure waves in the atmosphere lower the temperature, making them colder than intended.
Neptune
Since Pluto's disqualification as a planet, Neptune has been considered the coldest planet in the solar system, with an average temperature of around -200º C. Neptune is the eighth planet in our system, made up primarily of hydrogen and helium. The planet experiences fluctuations in pressure and temperature depending on altitude. Due to its great distance from the Sun, the temperature on Neptune depends more on radiation from within the planet itself than on the star. Its 23.4º elliptical slope heats up the upstream side, raising the temperature by about 10º C, thus avoiding methane escape. In the interior of the planet, temperature fluctuations are also noticeable, which occur during movement around the Sun or under the influence of internal factors such as winds and pressure changes. do not have a defined surface temperature compared to .
The average temperature of all the planets in the solar system
№ | planet name | average temperature |
1 | Venus | 464º C |
2 | Mercury | 167º C |
3 | Earth | 15º C |
4 | Mars | -65º C |
5 | Jupiter | -110º C |
6 | Saturn | -140º C |
7 | Uranus | -195º C |
8 | Neptune | -200º C |
9 | Pluto (lost status as 9th planet in 2006) | -225º C |