Analysis of the poem "Cliff. Analysis of the poem by M. Yu
The poem "Cliff" Lermontov wrote in 1841 during the second exile to the Caucasus, shortly before his death.
It has two lyrical heroes - a cloud and a cliff. Their images are contrasted, the antithesis technique is used.
The cloud is a metaphor for carelessness and carelessness. She is not a cloud, but a “cloud”, she is light and impetuous, this is emphasized by the words of the movement: “rushed off”, “playing fun”. The epithet "golden" gives it attractiveness, emphasizes beauty.
Her element is azure. This paint in our minds is joyful and boundless, like the sky and the sea.
A cliff, on the other hand, is a static, monumental image. The epithets "old", "giant" are used to describe it. The cliff is a metaphor for a wise, outwardly powerful, but very vulnerable person. "Wet footprint in the wrinkle of the old cliff" tells us that he is capable of deep feelings and even tears.
The main event of this poem is parting, which is easy for a cloud and very hard for an old cliff. The very tone of the poem, connected with the theme of separation, is also contrasting: the first part is filled with a playful and cheerful mood, and then it changes to sad. Azure and gold give way to gray paint. There is also a gap in the rhythm of the poem: the word “lonely” stands apart, stands out logically.
Thus, the motive of loneliness and longing is the main one in Lermontov's late lyrics.
In the poem "The Rock" all artistic means serve to make the reader feel and experience what was in the poet's soul.
One of the most striking and impressive landscape and philosophical works of Lermontov, relating to his late period of creativity, is his poem "Cliff" (1841), written shortly before the premature death of an outstanding poet. And although at that time Lermontov was in a difficult state of mind, and according to some eyewitnesses, he even foresaw the imminent end of his mortal path, in the poem "The Rock" there is no hint of farewell or something like that. Readers first met him in 1843, when he was published by the literary journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, 2 years after Lermontov's death.
The main theme of the poem
The great poet created this work, being influenced by the magnificent views and landscapes of the surrounding nature of the Caucasus, which he treated with special trepidation and turned in his works into a living being capable of thinking, feeling and experiencing.
Imbued with the spirit of spiritual romance, the poem “Cliff” can hardly be called optimistic, its main theme once again is the loneliness of the protagonist (in this case, this cliff, with which the author associated himself personally) in the world around him, the feeling that he is alien and superfluous in this life.
The amazingly beautiful landscape sketch of southern nature, which the brilliant poet conveyed with such skill in two small quatrains, is filled with the author’s heavy emotional experiences, it has a deep philosophical meaning and has several interpretations.
Some literary critics say that the author's goal in this work was the intersection and comparison of material and spiritual values, the answer to the question of what role they play in our lives and which of them is more important. The cliff in this case plays the role of everything mundane and ordinary, and the cloud is something ephemeral, unearthly and divine. Their union was short-lived and accidental, the cloud leaves the cliff in the morning and he remains in the same place in sadness "he is crying softly in the desert." So Lermontov wanted to show people how often, first of all, taking care of the essentials, they forget about their souls, and in fact, real happiness and harmony can only be achieved by combining these two principles. According to the poet, the soul is eternal and, like a golden cloud, can travel anywhere without any harm to itself, while the body (cliff) without a soul will forever suffer and suffer. The beauty and carelessness of the golden cloud and the old, wrinkled cliff emphasize the difference between the concepts of the material and spiritual worlds.
There is also an opinion of literary experts that the poem "Cliff" is dedicated not to the unity of two principles, but to the description of human relationships of people completely different from each other, in which a cloud is a young and frivolous person, and a giant cliff is an elderly, wise man, fit for age her father. The poet describes their short moment of communication, which seemed very pleasant for both of them, but he soon got bored with the young charmer and, for example, she found a company more suitable for her age or interests. And a rather middle-aged man, like an old and wrinkled giant cliff, remains out of work and acutely feels his loneliness, uselessness, a feeling of deep sadness and confusion.
Structural analysis of the poem
When writing the poem, the author used a pentameter trochee, as well as a two-syllable foot with an accent on the first syllable, encircling rhyme is used. The mood of the two quatrains is diametrically different from each other, the first is imbued with a sense of cheerfulness and fun, the second - sadness and sadness. To fully convey the feelings and mood of this work, the poet used the following means of artistic expression: personification (the cloud spent the night, rushed off in the morning, the cliff thought, the cliff cries), metaphor (playing on azure, the giant cliff), epithets (golden cloud, old cliff) , paraphrase (wet trace in a rock wrinkle - traces of tears). The alternation of the sounds "p", "l", "v" (alliteration) and the repetition of the sounds "o" and "a" (assonance) gives the work a special smoothness and expressiveness.
The poem "Cliff" can in many ways be called autobiographical, because it reveals the deep inner world of the poet with his experiences and feelings, it is distinguished by deep meaning and ambiguity, in it everyone will find something of their own, close and understandable only to him.
Mikhail Lermontov wrote the poem "Cliff" just a few weeks before his death, which he obviously foresaw. A brief analysis of the "Cliff" according to the plan will show the students of the 6th grade the full depth of this small work. It can be used in a literature lesson to explain the material.
Brief analysis
History of creation- the poem was written by the poet a few weeks before his death, in 1841, and published two years later.
Theme of the poem- the loneliness of a person who lives in a vast world.
Composition- single-part linear.
Genre- landscape-philosophical lyrics with elements of personification.
Poetic size- pentameter trochee with encircling rhyme.
epithets – “golden cloud”, “wet trail”, “old cliff”.
Avatars–“the cloud spent the night”, “the cloud rushed off”, “the cliff thought and cries”.
Metaphors–“chest of the cliff”, “playing merrily across the azure”, “wrinkle of the cliff”.
History of creation
Despite the fact that the poem “The Rock” was written just a few weeks before the tragic duel of Lermontov, in 1841, there is not even a hint of a premonition of an imminent death in it. But the history of the creation of the work is still closely connected with his death: the poet wrote spiritual lines filled with romantic sadness just when he was constantly looking for quarrels with colleagues. He seemed to know that earthly life was coming to an end and he wanted to choose the one who would interrupt it.
The poem was published by the journal “Domestic Notes” - this happened in 1843, that is, two years after the death of its author.
Topic
Mikhail Yuryevich repeatedly raised the theme of human loneliness in his poetry - the poem “Cliff” is also dedicated to it. He says that only for a short moment you can meet someone or something that will cause awe in your soul. The rest of the time a person is forced to spend in the "desert": Lermontov does not accidentally use this particular image, because in romantic poetry it is he who symbolizes deep loneliness.
There is another interpretation of this work: it is believed that the poet, using landscape images, talks about the interaction of the spiritual and material worlds. So, for the soul, which the cloud symbolizes, the body (that is, the cliff) is only a temporary shelter. But a body without a soul suffers eternally. Thus, in the material world, harmony is achieved only under the condition of the unity of the spiritual and physical principles.
Composition
This verse has a linear composition: the lyrical hero in it reflects on the meaning of life, thinking about a natural phenomenon, which, perhaps, he once had to contemplate. He is looking for true spirituality precisely in nature, since people, according to the poet, have long been incapable of high feelings, sincerity and true spirituality.
In the first stanza, Mikhail Yuryevich draws a simple picture: a golden cloud descends on the chest of a cliff to rest there, and in the morning again rush off on the road. Her carelessness is emphasized by the fact that she flies away while playing. The second stanza metaphorically expresses the idea that Lermontov wants to convey to the reader: he shows an old cliff that understood what it means to be not alone, but then lost this feeling. He is so shocked that it causes him not only deep thought, but also real tears. This is all the more sad because the body of the cliff still keeps a wet trail, which reminds him of the cloud's night visit.
Genre
The poem “Cliff” belongs to the genre of landscape-philosophical lyrics: in it the author draws a landscape, but this is only the first part of the work that the reader perceives. With the help of natural phenomena and their interaction, Lermontov shows people, as well as the spiritual world. The work he created is really multifaceted and carries several meanings.
means of expression
Despite the fact that this is a rather small work, the author saturates it with a variety of paths, using:
- epithets- “golden cloud”, “wet trail”, “old cliff”.
- Avatars- “the cloud spent the night”, “the cloud rushed off”, “the cliff thought and cries”.
- Metaphors- “the chest of the cliff”, “playing merrily on the azure”, “the wrinkle of the cliff”.
They not only make the poem expressive, but also help the poet show his inner world, talk about his views through artistic images.
In addition, Lermontov uses alliteration and assonance to make the “Utes” sound smoother. In this way, he shows the importance of living in harmony with the world and in harmony with himself, which he himself has always strived for, but never achieved.
The artistic originality of Lermontov's "Cliff" miniature, which we will analyze, is determined by the use of parallelism. A love meeting is associated with the play of clouds touching the top of the mountain. There are two quatrains in the poem, opposite in emotional impression. In the first of them, an image is created of a beauty playing with serious feelings, easily rushing through life, reminiscent of a “golden cloud”, standing out against the background of the azure sky. The motif of joyful wanderings is reminiscent of the images of "eternal wanderers" in the poem "Clouds" (1840). Clouds seem to the lyrical hero of Lermontov the embodiment of freedom, but at the same time they are associated with the thought of insensibility:
Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
…
Who is driving you: is it fate's decision?
…
No, you are bored with barren fields...
Alien to you are passions and alien to suffering;
Forever cold, forever free
You have no homeland, you have no exile.
("Clouds")
Just as cold to the sensations of her fleeting companion is the cloud in the poem "The Cliff", easily leaving him to continue the merry game. The comparison reveals that only people in nature deeply feel attachment to the "sweet" side, envy, anger, slander, repentance, experience blinding passions and disappointment, suffering (images from the poem "Clouds", a list of reasons that can drive "From the sweet north toward the south").
The experiences of the “old cliff”, to which the second quatrain of the poem is dedicated, are closer to human emotions. The meeting left a trace in his soul (“wet trail”, reminiscent of a cloud), he cries (a metaphor, the subject plane of which is dew), being alone with the memories “in the desert”. In the aggregate of characteristics, an image of a sad lover, abandoned by a companion striving for a cheerful life, is created. Due to the fact that the real plan is not clear, the meaning of the poem "The Rock" (Lermontov), the analysis of which interests us, can be interpreted more generally. In this work, the metaphor is close to the symbol. These two paths are related, in both the image arises when the objective and figurative meanings are superimposed. However, if there is certainty in the metaphor, then the symbol is understood in its own way by each of those who perceive it, depending on subjective associations. So, different motifs can be brought to the fore in this work, deepening their interpretation through a detailed examination, which will show that each detail is a fragment of a mirror, reflecting both the landscape picture and the lyrical hero’s thoughts about the patterns of life.
But there was a wet mark in the wrinkle
Old cliff. Alone
He stands deep in thought
And he weeps softly in the desert.
Despite the opposite in emotional coloring, both quatrains appear as parts of a single whole. The poem preserves the unity of meter (a five-foot trochee with an encircling rhyme in each stanza); it creates an integral image of the meeting of a cloud and an old cliff, beauty and lonely reflection.
The creators of Russian symbolism believed that the symbol is the artistic peak in poetry, finding rare sparkles of perfection in the work of writers of the past. In this little poem by Lermontov, the reader is presented with one of these examples. Take a closer look at it, trying to formulate which side of the image turned out to be clearer and closer to you. Only in the totality of assessments does the symbol appear to be comprehensive, each of its facets should reflect the originality of individual perception. Try to contribute to its characterization by finding a personal echo of the lyrical outpouring.
Phonic features are also important in this fragment: the assonance to “u”, gloomy in emotional coloring, already in the first stanza, where the cheerful game of the cloud is outlined, portends a sad denouement (in weak places - “on gr at di at tesa", at raced; on the strong - t at chka, at trom, p at th, laz at ri). Alliteration on “l”, combined in the first quatrain with a repetition of a rolling, cheerful “r” (this combination is especially noticeable in the expressions: “umcha l as R ano", "by l azu R and weight l o ig R aya"), in the second stanza looks like a reminder of the meeting ("ost l Xia in l close with l units"). The emotional differences between the two parts of the poem are also emphasized by assonances - in the first it is “a” (forms of verbs related to the “golden cloud” - night a la, umch a lass; both rhymes: gold a i am games a i am great a on - r a but), in the second - "o" and "y". The sound “o” is contained in the word “lonely”, which is significant for describing the state of the lyrical hero, highlighted due to the transfer. “U” sounds in an expression that conveys, thanks to the use of all the phonic features of the poem, the emotional and semantic tonic: “back at ma l Xia g lu sideways.
The sound means of expression in Lermontov's work have a systemic character. Such a phonic system is called sound symbolism. In it, in contrast to onomatopoeia, onomatopoeia is insignificant, the connections of phonics with emotional mood are more important. It helps to convey the gloom of deep thoughts about the unattainability of happiness, the quiet sorrow (“cries softly”) of the doomed to loneliness “in the desert”, but also the openness to golden, cheerful impressions, the idea of the incompleteness of the path in earthly life. This concludes the analysis of the poem "The Cliff" by Lermontov.
The life and work of the great Russian poet and writer M. Yu. Lermontov seem like a bright flash of lightning in a dark sky. This talented person did not live up to 30 years old, but still managed to leave behind a great legacy of works imbued with meaning, love for the motherland, nature and his people. The poem "Cliff" Lermontov wrote in 1841, a few weeks before his death. Although many bibliographers are sure that the poet guessed about the end of his mortal existence on earth, in this work there is no hint of farewell or something like that.
Lermontov composed the verse "Cliff" while being in awe of the surrounding landscapes. His inner world perceived nature in a special way, the poet treated her as a living being. Although the work is saturated with romance, it cannot be called happy. In just two small quatrains, Mikhail Yuryevich was able to convey a deep life meaning.
Most literary critics agree that when writing the poem "The Cliff" Lermontov wished to combine the spiritual with the material, to compare the divinity, the unearthly beauty of the clouds and the ordinary, the worldly essence of the stone. People very often forget about their soul, focusing on the body. The author wanted to remind that it is possible to achieve harmony, but only by combining these two principles.
Some researchers of the poet's work interpret the meaning of the poem a little differently. They believe that, writing "The Rock", Lermontov wished to portray the fate of two dissimilar people. A cloud can symbolize a young beauty, full of vitality and happiness. In turn, the cliff is a far from young, wise man. Looking at the windy stranger, who is fit to be a father, he clearly understands that his time has passed, joyful days are in the distant past. A man feels good in the company of a girl, she brightens up his gray everyday life, but when she goes to her friends and girlfriends, he only more clearly feels his worthlessness and loneliness, realizing that there is no place for him in the world of young people. The soul can exist without a body, it is very happy, returning to another world, but the earthly shell cannot do without it, it suffers and cries. A striking contrast between the material and spiritual world was created by Lermontov. "Cliff" is a poem that contains a deep hidden meaning. The cloud is depicted as weightless, cheerful and cheerful, but the steep rock is seen by the reader as old, unhappy, tired of life.
The poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "The Cliff" can be called autobiographical to some extent. Of course, the poet was not literally an old man, but even among his peers he felt like a stranger. Mikhail Yuryevich matured very early, his worldview and wisdom show in him a person wise by life experience. He was tired of his own life, of the darkness surrounding him. Lermontov could not find happiness, so he could only come to terms with misunderstanding and doom himself to loneliness.
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