What are monosyllabic words, and how do they differ from other words. Three-syllable word rule Three-syllable words examples 2
We continue to work on the syllabic structure of the word. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the work should be carried out systematically, observing the principle from simple to complex. Do not rush to move on to the next exercise without having completed the previous one. And, of course, if your child has systemic speech disorders, then you need the help of a specialist, and this material can only be used as an addition to the main classes.
THREE-SYMBOL WORDS FROM OPEN SYLLABLES.
(2 type of syllabic structure).
Exercise "WHAT WORD DID YOU GET?"
Target:
1.
2. Practice syllable synthesis.
3. Expand words knowledge.
Equipment : ball.
The course of the game exercise.
The speech therapist, throwing the ball to the child, pronounces the beginning or end of the word. The child, returning the ball, finishes or starts it, then calls the word in full.
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
Pobe |
victory |
Poma PO |
pomade |
Pogo |
weather |
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
Bina |
cabin |
Lina |
viburnum |
Nava |
ka ditch |
Kao |
cocoa |
Utah |
cabin |
Lenno |
log |
Lina |
Pauline |
Liana |
clearing |
Trouble |
PO victory |
Of the year |
weather |
Mada |
pomade |
Exercise "GAME WITH THE BALL".
Target:
1. Learn to clearly pronounce the words of the syllabic structure of the 2nd type when forming plural nouns in the nominative case.
2.
Equipment : ball.
The course of the game exercise.
The speech therapist, throwing the ball to the child, calls the noun in the singular. The child, returning the ball, pronounces the word in the plural.
- With the ending "-Y".
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
Panama |
panama |
Owl |
owls |
Minute |
minutes |
Boar |
boars |
Berry |
berries |
Peony |
peonies |
glade |
glades |
Buffet |
buffets |
Ditch |
ditches |
Baton |
loaves |
Bud |
buds |
Banana |
bananas |
Sofa |
sofas |
Bouquet |
bouquets |
can |
cans |
Ticket |
tickets |
- With the ending "-I".
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
cube |
cubes |
Broom |
brooms |
Poodle |
poodles |
Spider |
spiders |
Rooster |
roosters |
Seal |
seals |
Pedal |
pedals |
Deer |
deer |
Medal |
medals |
Swan |
swans |
small house |
houses |
Bottle |
bottles |
- with the ending "-I".
poplar poplar
(The lexical material of the exercise is recommended to be divided into two lessons).
Exercise "WHO IS WHO?"
Target:
1. Learn to clearly pronounce the words of the syllabic structure of the 2nd type when using plural nouns in the nominative case.
2. Learn to complete a sentence with a word that makes sense.
3. Expand and activate vocabulary.
Equipment : story pictures.
The course of the game exercise.
The speech therapist shows the child plot pictures and says: “I will start the sentence, and you will finish it.”
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
The cat has |
kittens. |
At the duck - |
ducklings. |
At the cow |
calves. |
At the goose |
goslings. (FOOTNOTE: In the absence of violations of sound pronunciation ) |
EXERCISE "FINISH THE SENTENCE".
Target:
1. Learn to clearly pronounce the words of the syllabic structure of the 2nd type.
2. Exercise in the formation, discrimination and use of prefixed verbs.
3. Expand and activate vocabulary.
Equipment: plot pictures, water and various utensils.
The course of the game exercise.
1. Formation of verbs to demonstrate action.
The speech therapist demonstrates the action and pronounces the beginning of the phrase, the child completes the sentence with a word that makes sense.
2. Completion of sentences with a word that is appropriate in meaning, based on the plot picture and questions of a speech therapist.
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
Children water in a watering canwhat did they do? ) |
poured. |
Boys water flowers (what did they do? ) |
watered. |
Natasha and Galina water from a bucket (what did they do?) |
poured out. |
In winter, the guys have a water skating rink (what did they do?) |
flooded. |
(Similar work can be done with verbs: washed, washed, washed, washed).
Exercise "SHOW AND NAME".
Target:
1. Learn to clearly pronounce the words of the syllabic structure of the 2nd type.
2. Exercise in the distinction and practical use of singular and plural past tense verbs.
3. Expand and activate vocabulary.
Equipment : paired plot pictures.
The course of the game exercise.
The speech therapist shows paired plot pictures and offers to guess which one is being discussed. Then he asks the child to name the action depicted in another picture.
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
ran - |
ran. |
Sculpted - |
sculpted. |
Went - |
went. |
Kopala - |
dug |
Ill - |
sick |
Catala - |
rolled |
gave - |
gave |
Walked - |
walked |
Exercise "WHO DO YOU SEE?"
Target:
1. Learn to clearly pronounce the words of the syllabic structure of the 2nd type when using singular nouns in the accusative case.
2. Expand and activate vocabulary.
Equipment : subject pictures: deer, seal, eagle owl, raccoon, wild boar, swan, spider, hamster, hoopoe, boa constrictor, macaque.
The course of the game exercise.
The speech therapist shows the child pictures, naming the objects depicted on them, and asks him to answer the question: “Who do you see?”
Speech therapist: |
Child: |
This is a deer. Whom did you see? |
Deer. |
This is a seal. |
Seal. |
This is an owl. |
Owl. |
It's a raccoon |
Raccoon. |
This is a boar. |
Boar |
This is a swan. |
swan. |
It's a spider |
Spider. |
It's a hamster |
Hamster. |
This is hoopoe. |
Hoopoe. |
This is a boa constrictor. |
Boa. |
This is a macaque. |
Macaque. |
Exercise "LISTEN AND CALL".
Target:
1. To learn to clearly pronounce the words of the syllabic structure of the 2nd type while consolidating generalizing concepts.
2. Develop auditory attention.
The course of the game exercise.
The speech therapist calls a generalizing concept and a number of words. The child chooses the correct word and repeats it.
Below we will talk about what monosyllabic words are, about the rules for their difference and use, as well as what you should pay attention to when using such words in written speech. For a clearer understanding of the essence of the issue, we will give examples of monosyllabic, disyllabic and some other groups of words.
What are monosyllabic words
Monosyllabic words are words that consist of one vowel sound and one phonetic syllable. The number of consonants in this case can be any.
A phonetic syllable is called only one vowel in or a vowel in combination with one or more consonants, which, when pronounced, are accompanied by one push of exhaled air.
It is easiest to explain to a child what monosyllabic words are like this. Invite him to put his palm under his chin and say, for example, the following words: peace, cheese, mouse, sleep, March, court, sport, look, hedgehog, bread. When pronouncing each of these words, the chin touches the palm of your hand once. This is the defining feature of a monosyllabic word.
In other words, there is only one stressed syllable in such a word - there is simply nowhere else for the stress to fall.
The use of monosyllabic words in written speech obeys the rule. Such words cannot be transferred from one line to another, because they cannot be divided into syllables.
Examples
You can understand what monosyllabic words are based on the examples below. They may be one letter. These are the so-called "single-phoneme words". There are few of them, and the most popular among them, of course, is the personal pronoun "I". Other examples include the preposition "y", the connective conjunction "and", the adversative conjunction "a" and interjections (a, o, e).
The relatively small number of monosyllabic words in Russian is represented by two letters. These are prepositions - on, for, in, before, from, by; nouns - as, silt, hedgehog, mind, mustache; verb - eat, ate, eat; interjections - wow, oh, oh, ah, uf, fu, fi.
Quite often you can find words in which a vowel separates two consonants or stands in a different position. Here are examples of three-letter monosyllabic words: without, me, you, two, one hundred, cheese, rubbish, feast, steam, soap, mil, stake, rice, tour, boom, zga, etc.
However, linguists argue that the largest number of monosyllabic words are words consisting of more than three letters.
Let us give examples of monosyllabic words consisting of four letters: growth, cheerfulness, boxing, soon, dispute, friend, cold, became, fell ill, smog, eye, raid, edge, mole, gat, darkness, ran, etc.
Do not confuse the number of letters in a word with the number of sounds: in the last four examples, the number of consonants is two (a soft sign indicates the softness of the previous letter and cannot be considered a sound). You will find similar examples below.
We also remind you that the letter "y" is considered a consonant, since it cannot form a syllable.
But monosyllabic words with five or more letters: away, guest, steppe, sleep, suddenly, back, really, look, filter, Kremlin, passion, steal, etc.
Meaning
What does a single word mean? The complexity of a word is independent of the grammatical, morphological features of words, as well as their lexical meaning.
One-syllable words include:
- Nouns in the nominative and oblique cases (cheese - nominative case; forces - plural, genus case, darkness - darkness, darkness, etc.).
- Full and short forms of adjectives (evil - angry, rude, white, bald, dashing, etc.).
- Verbs (washed, chalk, sang, howled, got up, was, hide, etc.).
- Adverbs (to the full, relish, old, afar, evil, sorry, in vain, etc.).
- Various pronouns (you, you, he, we, I - to me; everything, myself; what, how, than; two, three, no, this).
- Particles (well, at least, well, tea (colloquial), let, after all), as well as the interjections and prepositions already mentioned above.
Two-syllable and other polysyllabic words
By the number of syllables, words can be, as can be understood from the name, two-syllable, three-syllable, four-syllable, etc.
For a visual explanation of this moment, and in order to more clearly understand which words are called monosyllabic, you can use the same technique that was described above: when pronouncing two-syllable words, the chin will push the palm twice - as many times as there are syllables in this word. In other words, there will be two shocks of exhaled air.
Two-syllable words contain two syllables: you-bya, me-nya, stu-pa, snake-I, la-don, friendship-ba, te-atr, simply, came, shook elk, melted, forest, etc.
Here are examples of three- and four-syllable words: tro-pin-ka, petty, beautiful, pro-stu-yes, add-ba-vit, ka-zat, vzbr-ki-vat, rainy, zve-rush-ka, not-on-go-yes, inter-se-zon-e, beach-so-va-i, ku-ka-re-kat, for-mi- nat and others.
Words formed with a suffix or prefix, including those written with a hyphen, are considered as a whole: somehow (two-syllable word), let's go (three-syllable), exactly the same (two-syllable), come on (two-syllable).
Actually difficult words
Please note that in Russian there are so-called - this is a group of words that has two or more roots in its composition. Most often, these roots are combined into one word with the help of connecting vowels (the so-called "interfixes"), or they are written with a hyphen.
In both cases, they should be considered as whole formations, regardless of the number of roots with which they were formed.
Here are examples of such words: three hundred (a two-syllable word, four consonants), an airplane (a three-syllable word, four consonants), somehow (a three-syllable word, three consonants), a closet (a three-syllable word, five consonants), etc.
Lyudmila Ivanovna Galiy
Lesson on the topic "The syllabic composition of the word: three-syllable words" in the second grade. Russian language
Subject: « The syllabic composition of the word: trisyllabic words»
4 lesson on topic
Target: Development syllabic analysis and synthesis.
Tasks: Development of sound skills, syllabic analysis and synthesis of words. Fix the concept « syllable» , "letter", "sound", "vowel", "consonant". .
Equipment: Colored pens, workbooks, task cards.
Course progress.
I. Organizational moment.
Solve riddles.
I run like a ladder
Ringing over the stones
From far along the song
Do you recognize me? STREAK
The emerald eye of the monster blazed
So you can cross the street now
Determine the quantity syllables in words - riddles.
Today we continue to work with three-syllable words.
II. Main part.
Repeat the rule about the syllabic role of vowels.
(How many in vowel word, so much and syllables)
1. "Detective".
write down words from dictation:
GATE VORON VORONEZH TURN LIGHT COLLAR VORKUT COTTAGE COTTAGE
Where is the thief hiding?
2. Make a word from syllables.
PACKAGE SELLER Prankster
write down words. Divide by syllables.
4. Writing three-syllable words.
Listen words. Write down only those in which 3 syllable.
GESE BURNING CRANES CHIZHI
HARES BEARS LYNXES BOARS
HAMMER NAILS PLIERS SCREWS
COATS JACKETS SHIRTS T-SHIRTS
Divide words into syllables.
5. Add words.
- Finish the quatrain.
Everyone in the forest is afraid of the wolf,
He loves to bite very much.
Walks in soft slippers
He is for Red...
Little Red Riding Hood is not afraid -
An important guy walks with her.
He is not a plowman or a carpenter,
He is a thunderstorm of wolves - ...
The hunter has a sister
A very distinguished girl.
The princes all aspire to a fairy tale,
To get married...
Goldilocks loves songs
That one is more wonderful than the other.
And sings them among the branches
Before dawn…
The nightingale loves to sing songs.
The brother of his passers-by is ruining.
Who met him - the dead man,
Because he…
Are all added words suitable for our work? Why? Write down trisyllabic words in a column, divide by syllables.
6. Pick up word.
Pick and write sign words, suitable in meaning to words from the previous task.
7. Recording from dictation.
What is this girl:
Not a seamstress, not a craftswoman,
Doesn't sew anything
And in needles all year round?
Emphasize words that cannot be transferred.
Find trisyllabic words. Divide them into syllables.
8. Write it down word - clue.
Christmas tree - Christmas tree
Divide by syllables. Change word so so that it becomes trisyllabic. Draw a diagram.
III. Summary of the lesson.
What did we do in class today?
What vowel rule do you know?
Monosyllabic - words in which 1 syllable, that is, 1 vowel.
House, cat, current, room, hold.
Two-syllable - 2 syllables, 2 vowels.
Trumpet, bag, vase, cake, trail.
Trisyllabic - 3 syllables, 3 vowels.
Road, pie, feather bed, nettle, runner.
Four-syllable - 4 syllables, 4 vowels.
Arctic, boiling, salting, chess player, disyllabic.
Words that are one-syllable, two-syllable, three-syllable, four-syllable have numerals at the beginning, which will tell you that we are talking about the number of syllables in words. The names themselves, as we see, are "speaking".
If this monosyllable, That one syllable it will make one vowel sound, for example:
volume, cat, look, laziness, stump, rain;
IN disyllabic the word contains two vowels and, accordingly, two syllables:
oh-laziness, bench, rabbit.
trisyllabic the word has three vowels in its sound form and three syllables:
mo-lo-ko, pro-sty-nya, oh-go-rod, beautiful.
At four-syllable words- four vowels and four syllables, For example:
na-zy-va-et, na-re-chi-e, for-yes-no-e, zna-che-no-e.
There are also five-syllable words with five vowels sounds and five phonetic syllables, for example:
co-hundred-vle-no-e, say-zu-e-mo-e, pre-dlo-same-no-e, o-form-mle-no-e.
Transfer rules
When transferring words, you can neither leave at the end of the line, nor transfer to the other side a part of the word that does not make up a syllable; for example, cannot be transferred preview, page.
You cannot separate a consonant from the vowel that follows it.
Love
uncle, uncle
re-bata, guys
pa-stuh, pas-stuh
Note 1. When transferring words with a monosyllabic prefix to a consonant before a vowel (except for ы), it is advisable not to break the prefix with a transfer; however, a transfer is also possible in accordance with the rule just given: mindless and mindless, irresponsible and irresponsible; disenchanted and disappointed; accident-free and accident-free.
Note 2. If there is a letter s after the prefix, then it is not allowed to transfer the part of the word starting with s.
seek out, seek out
raffle, raffle
Note 3. Words in which the prefix is not clearly distinguished at present are transferred in accordance with the basic rule of this paragraph, for example: ruin, ruin; mind, mind.
In addition to the rules set out in § 117 and 118, the following rules must also be followed:
1. You can not tear off the letters ъ and ь from the previous consonant.
entrance
big
bu-lion boule-on
2. You can not tear off the letter y from the previous vowel.
war
persistent
fireworks, fireworks
mayor
3. You can not leave one letter at the end of a line or transfer one letter to another line.
4. When transferring words with prefixes, you cannot break a monosyllabic prefix if a consonant follows the prefix.
5. When transferring words with prefixes, it is impossible to leave at the end of the line with a prefix the initial part of the root, which does not constitute a syllable.
6. When transferring compound words, you cannot leave the initial part of the second stem at the end of the line if this part does not constitute a syllable.
7. You can not leave at the end of the line or transfer to the beginning of the next two identical consonants between vowels.
buzz-reap
weight
equestrian
This rule does not apply to the initial double consonants of the root, for example: burnt, to quarrel (see paragraph 5), as well as to the double consonants of the second stem in compound words, for example: new introduction (see paragraph 6) .
8. You can not break the transfer of a monosyllabic part of a compound word.
9. It is impossible to break alphabetic abbreviations with a transfer, both written in capital letters alone, and written partly in lowercase, partly in uppercase or uppercase with numbers, for example: USSR, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Labor Code, TU-104.
From the hyphenation rules above (§ 118 and 119) it follows that many words can be hyphenated in various ways; at the same time, one should prefer such transfers in which the significant parts of the word are not broken.
Possible transfer options:
noisy, noisy
daring, daring, daring
kinship, kinship, kinship
children's, children's cue
classy, classy
cue, cue, cue
slippery, slippery, slippery
beat wah, b wah
soo-no, soo-no
awakening, awakening
Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander-dra, Alex-ndra, Alexander-ra
tsa-bea, heron-la
peasant-yanin, peasant-nin, peasant, cross-tyanin
sister-ra, se-stra, sister-tra
Some words cannot be transferred, for example: Asia (§ 119, paragraph 3), I recognize (§ 119, paragraph 3, 5), foyer (§ 119, paragraph 2).
You can not transfer the abbreviated designations of measures, tearing them away from the numbers indicating the number of measured units, for example:
1917/g. 72/m2 53/km 10/kg
You cannot transfer "extensions", i.e. tear off the grammatical ending connected with it by a hyphen when transferring from a number; for example, you cannot transfer:
It is impossible to break conditional graphic abbreviations of the type, etc., etc., i.e., railroad, island, by transfers.
You cannot transfer punctuation marks to another line, except for a dash after a period or after a colon before the second part of the interrupted direct speech.
You cannot leave an opening parenthesis and opening quotes at the end of a line.
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What are monosyllabic words, and how do they differ from other words
Below we will talk about what monosyllabic words are, about the rules for their difference and use, as well as what you should pay attention to when using such words in written speech. For a clearer understanding of the essence of the issue, we will give examples of monosyllabic, disyllabic and some other groups of words.
What are monosyllabic words
Monosyllabic words are words that consist of one vowel sound and one phonetic syllable. The number of consonants in this case can be any.
A phonetic syllable is called only one vowel in the composition of a word or a vowel in combination with one or more consonants, which, when pronounced, are accompanied by one push of exhaled air.
It is easiest to explain to a child what monosyllabic words are like this. Invite him to put his palm under his chin and say, for example, the following words: peace, cheese, mouse, sleep, March, court, sport, look, hedgehog, bread. When pronouncing each of these words, the chin touches the palm of your hand once. This is the defining feature of a monosyllabic word.
In other words, there is only one stressed syllable in such a word - there is simply nowhere else for the stress to fall.
The use of monosyllabic words in written speech obeys the rule. Such words cannot be transferred from one line to another, because they cannot be divided into syllables.
You can understand what monosyllabic words are based on the examples below. They may be one letter. These are the so-called "single-phoneme words". There are few of them, and the most popular among them, of course, is the personal pronoun "I". Other examples include the preposition "y", the conjunction "and", the adversative conjunction "a" and interjections (a, o, e).
The relatively small number of monosyllabic words in Russian is represented by two letters. These are prepositions - on, for, in, before, from, by; nouns - as, silt, hedgehog, mind, mustache; verb - eat, eat, eat; interjections - wow, oh, oh, ah, uf, fu, fi.
Quite often you can find words in which a vowel separates two consonants or stands in a different position. Here are examples of three-letter monosyllabic words: without, me, you, two, one hundred, cheese, rubbish, feast, steam, soap, mil, stake, rice, tour, boom, zga, etc.
However, linguists argue that the largest number of monosyllabic words are words consisting of more than three letters.
Let us give examples of monosyllabic words consisting of four letters: growth, cheerfulness, boxing, soon, dispute, friend, cold, became, fell ill, smog, eye, raid, edge, mole, gat, darkness, ran, etc.
Do not confuse the number of letters in a word with the number of sounds: in the last four examples, the number of consonants is two (a soft sign indicates the softness of the previous letter and cannot be considered a sound). You will find similar examples below.
We also remind you that the letter "y" is considered a consonant, since it cannot form a syllable.
But monosyllabic words with five or more letters: away, guest, steppe, sleep, suddenly, back, really, look, filter, Kremlin, passion, steal, etc.
What does a single word mean? The complexity of a word is independent of the grammatical, morphological features of words, as well as their lexical meaning.
One-syllable words include:
- Nouns in the nominative and indirect cases (cheese - noun. case; strength - plural, genus. case, darkness - darkness, darkness, etc.).
- Full and short forms of adjectives (evil - angry, rude, white, bald, dashing, etc.).
- Verbs (washed, chalk, sang, howled, got up, was, hide, etc.).
- Adverbs (to the full, relish, old, afar, evil, sorry, in vain, etc.).
- Various pronouns (you, you, he, we, I - to me; everything, myself; what, how, than; two, three, no, this).
- Particles (well, at least, well, tea (colloquial), let, after all), as well as the interjections and prepositions already mentioned above.
Two-syllable and other polysyllabic words
By the number of syllables, words can be, as can be understood from the name, two-syllable, three-syllable, four-syllable, etc.
For a visual explanation of this point, and in order to more clearly understand which words are called monosyllabic, you can use the same technique that was described above: when pronouncing two-syllable words, the chin will push the palm twice - as many times as there are syllables in this word. In other words, there will be two shocks of exhaled air.
Two-syllable words contain two syllables: you-bya, me-nya, stu-pa, snake-I, la-don, friendship-ba, te-atr, simply, came, shook elk, melted, forest, etc.
Here are examples of three- and four-syllable words: tro-pin-ka, petty, beautiful, pro-stu-yes, add-ba-vit, ka-zat, vzbr-ki-vat, rainy, zve-rush-ka, not-on-go-yes, inter-se-zon-e, beach-so-va-i, ku-ka-re-kat, for-mi- nat and others.
Words formed with a suffix or prefix, including those written with a hyphen, are considered as a whole: somehow (two-syllable word), let's go (three-syllable), exactly the same (two-syllable), come on (two-syllable).
Actually compound words
Please note that in Russian there are so-called "compound words" - this is a group of words that has two or more roots in its composition. Most often, these roots are combined into one word with the help of connecting vowels (the so-called "interfixes"), or they are written with a hyphen.
In both cases, they should be considered as whole formations, regardless of the number of roots with which they were formed.
Here are examples of such words: three hundred (a two-syllable word, four consonants), an airplane (a three-syllable word, four consonants), somehow (a three-syllable word, three consonants), a closet (a three-syllable word, five consonants), etc.
Grammar
If between a personal pronoun or noun and another noun there is function word 的 (de), which means that the noun that comes after 的 de belongs to the noun or pronoun that comes before 的 de.
For example:
我的词典 - wǒ de cídiǎn - my dictionary
他的词典 - tā de cídiǎn - his dictionary
There are cases when 的 de can be omitted:
For example, if the noun denotes family ties (我爸爸 - wǒbàba - my father), teacher (我老师 - wǒlǎoshī - my teacher), neighbor (我邻邦 - wǒlínbāng - my neighbor), friend (我朋友 - wǒpéngyǒu - my friend), as well as the names of bodies, institutions, collectives. In the above cases, the statement 的 will also not be considered a mistake, but will only emphasize belonging (strengthening).
Also, 的 de is not used with the noun 国 guó - country (when a Chinese person says 我国, it is most often translated as "China", i.e. literally "my country").
There are a few other exceptions: 的 is usually not used when the noun has a constant attribute, and does not indicate ownership:
俄语词典 – éyǔ cídiǎn — Russian Dictionary
中国人 - zhōngguórén - Chinese (not a person belonging to China), etc.
After the definition expressed by the numeral and counting word:
一本书 - yīběnshū - one book
The function word 的 is not used after a definition expressed by a one-syllable adjective:
白车 - báichē - white car
蓝裙子 - lánqúnzǐ - blue skirt
The function word 的 is usually always put after a definition expressed by a two-syllable adjective:
这个年轻的姑娘很漂亮
zhè ge niánqīng de gūniáng hěn piàoliang
This young girl is very beautiful (the word 年轻 is young, disyllabic)
The function word 的 is always used after an adjective with an adverb of degree:
很好的朋友
hěn hǎo de pengyǒu
very good friend
The function word 的 is not used after adjectives 多 and 少, even if they are preceded by an adverb:
很多学生
hěn duō xueshēng
a lot of students
If the definition is expressed by a verb, the function word 的 is put:
有空儿的时候,他很喜欢看电视
yǒu kòngr de shíhòu tā hěn xǐhuan kàn diànshì
When he has free time, he likes to watch TV.
今年的展览会,参加的人很多
jīnnián de zhǎnlǎnhuì cānjiā de rén hěn duō
This year there were a lot of exhibitors (参加 – participate, verb).
Function word 的 is placed after the definition, which is expressed by the verb construction:
这是送你的礼物
zhè shì sòng nǐ de lǐwù
Here is a gift for you (literally: this is a gift given to you).
Similarly, the function word 的 is placed in constructions, where the definition to which 的 refers is revealed in the sentence itself:
这是我们去年买的车
zhè shì wǒmen qù nián mǎi de chē
Here is the car we bought last year (in this case, 的 refers to the word 车, which is the car in the sentence itself – “what car?” – the car we bought last year).
Pro word order with a possessive particle的 can be read in this grammar material.
Characteristics of monosyllabic words in Russian
Every day we communicate with different people, share knowledge, express our emotions and feelings through speech. Our speech is made up of sentences, sentences are made up of words, words are made up of syllables, and syllables are made up of a single vowel or a combination of vowels and consonants. We do not even think about how syllables and words are built, what they are. And, in general, what is a syllable and how many syllables can a word consist of? Do words consisting of one or more syllables have special names? Now we will plunge a little into the phonetics and spelling of the Russian language and analyze in detail the words that have only one syllable in their composition.
Letters and sounds of the Russian language
Russian has 33 letters and 42 sounds. Like letters, sounds are vowels and consonants. There are only 6 vowels (a, o, y, s, i, e) - they form 10 vowels (a, o, y, s, and, e, e, e, u, i). All vowel sounds are divided into stressed and unstressed. 36 consonant sounds ([b] - [b ']; [n] - [n ']; [c] - [c ']; [f] - [f ']; [g] - [g ']; [ k] - [k ']; [d] - [d ']; [t] - [t ']; [g]; [w]; [h] - [h ']; [s] - [s ' ]; [l] - [l ']; [m] - [m ']; [n] - [n ']; [p] - [p ']; [y ']; [x] - [x ' ]; [c]; [h ']; [u ']) - they form 21 consonant letters (b, c, d, e, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, p, s, t , y, f, x, c, h, w, w). Consonants are hard and soft, voiced and deaf. There are two more letters that do not denote sounds - this is the b sign and the b sign.
This is interesting: native Russian words - examples and history of origin.
Dividing words into syllables
A vowel sound or a combination of a vowel sound with consonant sounds grouped around it, pronounced with one push of exhaled air, is called phonetic syllable. However, it must be remembered that the phonetic syllable and the hyphenation syllable may not be the same. For example, according to the rules of word hyphenation, you cannot leave one letter on a line and hyphenate ( battery, but not battery).
It is vowels that are syllable-forming, therefore, as many syllables are distinguished in a word as there are vowels in it:
monosyllabic words- these are words that have only one vowel sound and, accordingly, only one phonetic syllable.
Examples of monosyllabic words
One-syllable words are:
This is interesting: what questions does the adverb answer, how is it classified?
Conclusion
Thus, monosyllabic words consist of one syllable, which contains one vowel. This syllable can have six or seven letters, only one of which is a vowel and the others are consonants. In addition to monosyllabic words, there are two-syllable, three-syllable, four-syllable, five-syllable and even ten-syllable words consisting of two or more vowels and having two or more syllables. There are a lot of such words in the Russian language, and they include not only nouns, but also adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions.
monosyllabic words
Although the primary word is reduced to a SG-type syllable, it has various variants. For example, if we write the consonant b next to all the vowels of the Tatar language, then we get the syllables ba, be, bo, ba, bu, bu, by, be, bi. We will assume that there are twenty consonants in Tatar. From twenty consonants and nine vowels, we get 180 syllables that have an independent meaning.
And yet what do these elements of the SG type, which we call either primary words or syllables, mean? So far, no one has been able to reveal the secret of the syllable.
In Tatar, there are separately used syllables: nouns bu - par, su - water, bi - prince, lord. If we turn to other languages, then there are many examples of monosyllabic words like SG. Here are some of them.
The syllable ba in the Bamana language means "wife", Bambara - "mother", Maninka - "mother", in Nu - "woman", Zhuang - "wife"; the syllable ya in Nenets is "earth"; the syllable ma in Bamileke, Bengali, Chinese, Malay, Tibetan - "mother", Veps, Mansi - "land"; the syllable na in the Baganda language is “mother”, in Old Japanese, Manchu, Nanai, Oroch, Udege, Ulcha - “earth”; the syllable sa in Tibetan is "earth"; the syllable ta in Old Japanese, miao - "earth".
These examples show that syllables (words) like ba in many languages mean earth, mother, wife, woman. According to the ideas of primitive man, water, sky, father, husband, man are considered the opposite of earth, mother and wife. Syllable words with these meanings are formed according to the type of syllable boo. For example, the syllable wu in Udmurt is “water”, the syllable yu in Japanese is “warm water”, the syllable lu in the language Nu is “husband”, the syllable mu in Asmatian, Assyro-Babylonian, ancient Egyptian of the 18th dynasty, Solon, Evenki is “water ”, the syllable nu in the Selkup language is “sky”, the syllable pu in the Dong language, Korean - “father”, the syllable su in Korean, Tatar, Telugu - “water”, the syllable tu in the Maori language is “man”, the syllable fu in ancient Chinese Yin period - "father".
Vowel sounds
According to their semantics, vowels are divided into groups A and U. For example, in Tatar, the vowels a, e, e belong to the group A and participate in the formation of words that have the meaning of a syllable like ba. The vowels y, y, and belong to the group U and participate in the formation of words with the meaning of syllables like boo. The position of the vowel o and its soft variant v in Tatar is unstable. In one case, o and o can be assigned to group A, and in the other case, to group Y.
The rule that is true for Tatar applies also to other languages. We have already mentioned that the Caucasian languages have a large number of consonants, and the number of vowels is negligible. For the formation of new words, both Caucasian and other languages have unlimited possibilities. Poverty in vowels is compensated by wealth in consonants and, conversely, poverty in consonants can be compensated by wealth in vowels.
To reinforce the above, we give additional examples formed by the vowels of the A and U groups.
The syllable me in Japanese, Khmer means "woman", Vietnamese, Lao, Thai, Zhuang - "mother"; the syllable te in the languages well, miao - "earth"; the syllable bi in Enets is "water"; the syllable ni in Alur, the syllable chi in Lashian, the syllable ji in Maninka also mean water; The syllable shi in ancient Chinese means "man."
On the examples of syllables with the meanings "earth", "water", "mother", "father", one of the most important features of the language is revealed. The semantics of primary syllables are governed by vowels, not by consonants, as language theorists suggest. If in a syllable the vowel does not change and does not pass from one group to another, then with a change in the consonant, the primary meaning of the word (syllable) does not change. Some languages have consonants that do not follow this rule. Why this happened, we learn from the following presentation.
In the names of the rivers of Iceland, additional words like bau, cay, and tay join the main name. In these additional words, the initial consonants sound differently, but their endings are of the same type - they all end in the vowel y. These disyllabic, more precisely, one and a half syllable additional words, in all likelihood, mean water. In some Tatar river names, additional words like sai, chai, shai, tai, etc., which mean water, also join the main name. The Wolof singular first-degree demonstrative pronoun has the forms bii, tii, jii, kii, lii, mii, sii, wii. All these pronominal words with different consonants at the beginning of a syllable have the same meaning. In a word, the difference of consonants does not affect the meanings of the above examples.
Relationship between vowels and consonants
The rule that the semantics of syllables is controlled by vowels is applicable only in limited parameters, mainly in the issue of revealing the primary meaning of individual words and syllables. In modern languages, words consist not only of one or two isolated syllables in the form of bau, cay, tay or sai, tea, shay. They have already acquired different affixes and have numerous specific meanings.
It should not be forgotten that consonants also play an important role in changing the semantics of syllables. For example, the syllables ba, ta, sa, be, se theoretically all mean earth. Suppose, in ancient times, in the language of one tribe, the earth was called the syllable ba, the other - sa, the third - that. We will conditionally call them tribes ba, sa, ta. If in the Ba tribe the word ba meant earth, then the word sa could mean earth, ba - mother, and ta - woman, etc.
As you can see, separate words with different semantics are formed from the same type of syllables with different consonants, and at the same time, the basic principles of word creation remain unchanged.
Over time, the person also changed - his horizons expanded and his understanding of the world around him deepened. At the same time, his ability to express his feelings and thoughts with the help of monosyllabic sounds increased. The use of only vowels and syllables of the same type as sound signals could no longer satisfy his needs. In order to express complex concepts, new shifts in the development of the language were required. Of course, we do not know how, when and under what circumstances a new era in the development of the language of primitive man began. However, judging by the diversity of modern languages, it is safe to say that there was such an era. So far, development has gone in one direction. With the onset of a new period, the development of languages went in two directions.
First direction. In order to express new concepts, monosyllabic syllables such as ba, bu, be began to add, “glue” another syllable. A two-syllable word like baba, bubu, bibi was born.
Second direction. To express new concepts, nothing was added to known monosyllabic words, but only the way they were pronounced was changed. Chinese and similar Vietnamese, Lao and other languages developed in this direction. In modern Chinese, the syllable ma, for example, is pronounced in five tones, and all five pronunciations have different meanings.
The so-called agglutinative and inflectional languages developed mainly in the first direction. However, in these languages, apparently, there was a way to convey a new meaning of words by changing the tone of their pronunciation. This is evidenced by the grammatical stress, which has survived to this day in the above languages. For example, in Tatar the word kara has two types of stress and three meanings: “black” (color), “ink” and the verb “look”. In Chinese, Vietnamese, Lao, and other isolating languages, there are two- and even three-syllable words. The transition from monosyllabic to polysyllabic and, in general, the change in the usual course of speech development, perhaps, did not always go smoothly. It is likely that both ways of conveying new concepts once existed in parallel. The demarcation, separation, apparently, did not happen immediately. This required time and some objective conditions. Be that as it may, the "divorce" took place, and each went on his chosen path. And the roads weren't straight! They often twisted, intersected and branched. But with all this, the original syllables and their meanings remained unchanged.
Secrets of Spelling Words in English
English spelling presents a lot of difficulties not only for language learners, but also for native speakers. For many historical reasons between the spelling of English words and pronunciation, it is sometimes difficult to find a relationship. As a result, the spelling of this language sometimes seems completely illogical. However, this is no reason to make mistakes!
Let's look at the rules that will help you figure out the mysteries of English spelling. But do not forget, even in strict rules there are exceptions.
Suffixes -er/-est
The suffixes -er or -est are used to form the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. In most cases, endings are simply added to the end of the word:
long - longer - the longest
clean - cleaner - the cleanest
full - fuller - the fullest
consonant + -y, then -y is replaced by -i:
funny - funnier - the funniest
If the adjective ends in consonant + -e, then -e is discarded:
large - larger - the largest
If the adjective ends in , the last consonant is doubled:
thin - thinner - the thinnest
big - bigger - the biggest
Endings -ing/-ed
endings -ing And -ed are used to form verb forms:
work - working - worked
stay - staying - stayed
open - opening - opened
If the verb ends with consonant + vowel + consonant and a stressed syllable, the last consonant is doubled:
drop - dropping - dropped
But: open - opening - opened (since the stress does not fall on the last syllable)
If the verb ends with consonant + -e, then -e is discarded:
move-moving-moved
dance - dancing - danced
When the verb ends in -ie, then -ie is replaced by -y if it ends with -ing:
and does not change after the end -ed:
Suffix -ly
Suffix -ly serves to form adverbs from adjectives (more on how to distinguish an adjective from an adverb).
If the adjective ends in -ll, then only -y is added to it:
If the adjective ends in consonant + -le, the trailing -e is dropped and -y is added:
If the adjective ends in -y(except for monosyllabic adjectives), then -y is replaced by -i and -ly is added:
There are two single-syllable exceptions:
Ending -s
Ending -s used in two cases:
For the formation of the plural of nouns (book - books) (about the rules for the formation of the plural in English)
To form a 3rd person singular verb in Present Simple (I work - he works)
When a word ends in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, then the ending -es is added:
If the word ends with -f / -fe, then -f is replaced by -v and -es is added:
This is not a strict rule. Examples of exceptions: beliefs, cliffs, chiefs, gulfs, proofs, roofs.
If the word ends with consonant + -y, then -y is replaced by -i and the ending -es is added:
Most words ending in -o, also use the ending -es:
However, in many modern words the ending -s:
Suffixes -ible / -able
Many English adjectives end in -ible And -able.
The suffix -ible is used for words of Latin origin. There are about 180 of them in total. New words are not formed with this suffix. Here are the most common examples:
Suffix -able is used for:
There is a rule that will help you determine the correct spelling of the adjective suffix. It works in most cases (but not all!). Remember, if you're not sure, it's best to use a dictionary. The rule is:
If you take away from the adjective -able, the full word (countable - count) will remain.
If you take away -ible, the full word won't work (note that accessible, contemptible, digestible, flexible, and suggestible are exceptions to this rule).
-ie- or -ei- at the root
Sometimes it is difficult to remember, a word is written through -ie- or -ei-. There is a very simple rule for this:
I before E but not after C
It works if the vowels ie / ei give a long sound [i:]. Consider:
I before E: chief, retrieve, brief, field, pierce, thief, believe, mischievous
but not after C: perceive, receipt, ceiling, deceit, conceit, conceive, deceive, receive
If the sound in the middle of the word is pronounced like, then it is written through -ei-.
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