Education leads to the release of energy in the body. Stages of release of free energy in the body
Energy comes in the form of molecules of proteins, fats and carbohydrates of food, where it is converted. All energy is converted into heat, which is then released into the environment. Heat is the end result of the transformation of energy, as well as a measure of energy in the body. The release of energy in it occurs as a result of the oxidation of substances in the process of dissimilation. The released energy passes into a form accessible to the body - the chemical energy of macroergic bonds of the ATP molecule. Wherever work is done, the bonds of the ATP molecule are hydrolyzed. Energy costs require the processes of renewal and restructuring of tissues; energy is expended during the functioning of organs; with all types of muscle contraction, with muscular work; energy is expended in synthesis processes organic compounds, including enzymes. The energy needs of tissues are covered mainly by the breakdown of the glucose molecule - glycolysis. Glycolysis is a multi-stage enzymatic process during which 56 kcal is released in total. However, energy in the process of glycolysis is released not all at once, but in the form of quanta, each of which is about 7.5 kcal, which contributes to its inclusion in macroergic bonds of the ATP molecule.
Determining the amount of income and consumption of energy
To determine the amount of energy influx into the body, it is necessary to know, firstly, chemical composition food, i.e. how many grams of proteins, fats and carbohydrates are contained in food products and, secondly, the heat of combustion of substances. The calorific value is the amount of heat that is released during the oxidation of 1 gram of a substance. When 1 g of fat is oxidized, 9.3 kcal is released in the body; 1 g of carbohydrates - 4.1 kcal of heat and 1 g of protein - 4.1 kcal. If the food, for example, contains 400 g of carbohydrates, then a person can get 1600 kcal. But the carbs have to go long haul transformations before this energy becomes the property of cells. The body needs energy all the time, and dissimilation processes go on continuously. It constantly oxidizes its own substances, and energy is released.
Energy consumption in the body is determined in two ways. Firstly, this is the so-called direct calorimetry, when, under special conditions, the heat that the body releases into the environment is determined. Secondly, it is an indirect calorimetry. Energy consumption is calculated based on the isolation of gas exchange: determine the amount of oxygen consumed by the body for certain time and the amount of carbon dioxide released during that time. Since the release of energy occurs as a result of the oxidation of substances to end products - carbon dioxide, water and ammonia, there is a certain relationship between the amount of oxygen consumed, the energy released and carbon dioxide. Knowing the readings of gas exchange and the caloric coefficient of oxygen, it is possible to calculate the energy consumption of the body. The caloric coefficient of oxygen is the amount of heat released when the body consumes 1 liter of oxygen. If carbohydrates are oxidized, then when 1 liter of oxygen is absorbed, 5.05 kcal of energy is released, if fats and proteins, 4.7 and 4.8 kcal, respectively. Each of these substances corresponds to a certain value respiratory coefficient, i.e. the value of the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide released during a given period of time to the volume of oxygen absorbed by the body during this period of time. When carbohydrates are oxidized, the respiratory coefficient is 1, fats - 0.7, proteins - 0.8. Since the splitting of various nutrients in the body occurs simultaneously, the value of the respiratory coefficient may vary. Its average value in humans is normally in the range of 0.83-0.87. Knowing the value of the respiratory coefficient, you can use special tables to determine the amount of released energy in calories. By the value of the respiratory coefficient, one can also judge the intensity of the course of metabolic processes in general.
BX
In clinical practice, to compare the intensity of metabolism and energy in different people and detection of its deviations from the norm determine the value of the "basic" metabolism, i.e. the minimum amount of energy expended only to maintain the function nervous system, activity of the heart, respiratory muscles, kidneys and liver in a state of complete rest. The main metabolism is determined in special conditions - in the morning on an empty stomach in the supine position with complete physical and mental rest, not earlier than 12-15 hours after the last meal, at a temperature of 18-20 ° C. Basal metabolism is the most important physiological constant of the organism. The value of the main metabolism is approximately 1100-1700 kcal per day, and per 1 square meter of body surface it is about 900 kcal per day. Violation of any of these conditions changes the value of basal metabolism, usually in the direction of its increase. Individual physiological differences in the basal metabolic rate in different people are determined by weight, age, height and sex - these are factors that determine the basal metabolic rate. The basal metabolic rate characterizes the initial level of energy consumption, but it cannot be considered as a "minimum", since the basal metabolic rate during wakefulness is slightly higher than during sleep.
The principle of measuring basal metabolism
Based on numerous definitions of basal metabolism in humans, tables have been compiled normal values this indicator depending on age, sex and total body surface. In these tables, the values of the main exchange are given in kilocalories (kcal) per 1 m 2 of body surface per 1 hour. Changes in the hormonal system of the body, especially the thyroid gland, have a great influence on the basal metabolism: with its hyperfunction, the basal metabolism can exceed the normal level by 80%, with hypofunction, the basal metabolism can be below the norm by 40%. Loss of function of the anterior pituitary gland or adrenal cortex entails a decrease in basal metabolism. Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system, increased production or the introduction of adrenaline from the outside increase the basal metabolism.
Energy consumption during operation
An increase in energy consumption during work is called a work increase. The energy consumption will be the greater, the more intense and harder the work done. Mental labor is not accompanied by an increase in energy costs. So, for example, the decision in the mind of difficult math problems leads to an increase in energy consumption of only a few percent. Therefore, energy expenditure per day for people with mental labor is less than for people engaged in physical labor.
Option 1
Part 1
A1. The following bones are fixed in the human skeleton:
1) shoulder and elbow;
2) ribs and sternum;
3) cerebral part of the skull;
4) thoracic spine.
A2. For blood clotting:
1) hemoglobin is converted to oxyhemoglobin;
2) soluble protein fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin;
3) hormones and other biologically active substances are formed;
4) the content of hemoglobin in the blood decreases.
A3. Myopia can be caused by:
1) increase in the level of metabolism;
2) reading the text lying down;
3) increased excitability of the nervous system;
4) reading the text at a distance of 30–35 cm from the eyes.
A4. Internal environment body is represented by:
1) body cells;
2) abdominal organs;
3) blood, intercellular fluid, lymph;
4) the contents of the stomach and intestines.
A5. The release of energy in the body leads to:
1) the formation of organic compounds;
2) diffusion of substances through cell membranes;
3) oxidation of organic substances in the cells of the body;
4) decomposition of oxyhemoglobin to oxygen and hemoglobin.
A6. Both nervous and muscular tissues have:
1) conductivity;
2) contractility;
3) excitability;
4) playback.
A7. Gas exchange between outside air and alveolar air in humans is called:
1) tissue respiration;
2) biosynthesis;
3) pulmonary breathing;
4) transport of gases.
A8. In the human stomach, it increases the activity of enzymes and destroys bacteria:
1) mucus;
2) insulin;
3) bile;
4) hydrochloric acid.
A9. The concentration of glucose in the blood is disturbed when there is a lack of function:
1) thyroid gland;
2) adrenal glands;
3) pancreas;
4) pituitary gland.
A10. First aid for arterial bleeding consists of:
1) tire application;
2) applying a tourniquet;
3) wound treatment with iodine;
4) exposure to cold.
Part 2
IN 1. Smooth muscle tissue, in contrast to striated:
1) consists of multinuclear fibers;
2) consists of elongated cells with an oval nucleus;
3) has a greater speed and energy of contraction;
4) forms the basis of skeletal muscles;
5) is located in the walls of internal organs;
6) contracts and relaxes slowly, rhythmically, involuntarily.
IN 2. Absorption into the blood occurs in the small intestine.
1) glucose;
2) amino acids;
3) glycerin;
4) glycogen;
5) fiber;
6) hormones.
AT 3. The parts of the middle ear are:
1) auricle;
2) snail;
3) hammer;
4) vestibular apparatus;
5) anvil;
6) stirrup.
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the type of immunity and its features.
Part 3
Task S. Give a full detailed answer to the question: what is the connection between the organs of blood circulation, respiration and digestion?
Additional task.
Specify the sequence of transmission of sound vibrations to the receptors of the auditory analyzer.
A. External ear.
B. Membrane of the oval window.
B. Auditory ossicles.
G. Tympanic membrane.
D. Fluid in the cochlea.
E. Auditory receptors.
Option 2
Part 1
When completing tasks A1-A10, select one correct answer.
A1. In mammals and humans, blood flows in the veins of the systemic circulation:
1) saturated with carbon dioxide;
2) saturated with oxygen;
3) arterial;
4) mixed.
A2. Splinting a broken limb:
1) reduces its swelling;
2) slows down bleeding;
3) prevents the displacement of broken bones;
4) prevents the penetration of microorganisms into the fracture site.
A3. In humans, in connection with bipedalism in the process of evolution:
1) the arch of the foot has formed;
2) claws turned into nails;
3) the phalanges of the fingers have grown together;
4) the thumb is opposed to all the others.
A4. The processes of vital activity occurring in the human body are studied:
1) anatomy;
2) physiology;
3) ecology;
4) hygiene.
A5. Blood, lymph and intercellular substance - types of tissue:
1) nervous;
2) muscular;
3) connecting;
4) epithelial.
A6. The excretory function in the human body and mammals is performed by:
1) kidneys, skin and lungs;
2) small and large intestines;
3) liver and stomach;
4) salivary and lacrimal glands.
A7. Arterial blood in a person turns into venous blood in:
1) hepatic vein;
2) capillaries of the pulmonary circulation;
3) capillaries of the systemic circulation;
4) lymphatic vessels.
A8. Primary urine is the fluid that enters:
1) from the blood capillaries into the cavity of the renal tubule capsule;
2) from the cavity of the renal tubule to the adjacent blood vessels;
3) from the nephron to the renal pelvis;
4) from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
A9. You should breathe through the nose, as in the nasal cavity:
1) gas exchange occurs;
2) a lot of mucus is formed;
3) there are cartilaginous semirings;
4) the air is warmed and purified.
A10. A nerve impulse is called:
1) an electric wave running along a nerve fiber;
2) a long process of a neuron covered with a membrane;
3) the process of cell contraction;
4) a process that provides inhibition of the target cell.
Part 2
When completing tasks B1–B3, select three correct answers. In task B4, match.
IN 1. Blood flows through the arteries of the systemic circulation in humans:
1) from the heart;
2) to the heart;
3) saturated with carbon dioxide;
4) saturated with oxygen;
5) faster than in other blood vessels;
6) slower than in other blood vessels.
IN 2. Vitamins are organic matter, which:
1) in negligible amounts have a strong effect on metabolism;
2) participate, for example, in the processes of hematopoiesis and blood coagulation;
3) are found only in vegetables and fruits;
4) balance the processes of formation and release of heat;
5) are a source of energy in the body;
6) enter the body, as a rule, together with food.
AT 3. The central nervous system includes:
1) sensory nerves;
2) spinal cord;
3) motor nerves;
4) cerebellum;
5) bridge;
6) nerve nodes.
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the type of neuron processes and their structure and functions.
Part 3
Task S. Give a complete, detailed answer to the question: what structural features of the skin contribute to a decrease in body temperature?
Additional task.
Specify the sequence of blood movement in the systemic circulation in humans.
A. Left ventricle.
B. Capillaries.
B. Right atrium.
G. Arteries.
D. Vienna.
E. Aorta.
1 option.
Part 1 (A 1 - A 10)
A 1. Which bones in the human skeleton are fixedly connected?
1. humerus and ulna; 2. ribs and sternum; 3. cerebral part of the skull;
4. thoracic spine.
A 2. During blood clotting
1.hemoglobin turns into oxyhemoglobin; 2. Soluble protein fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin; 3. Hormones and other biologically active substances are formed; 4. The content of hemoglobin in the blood decreases.
A 3. May cause nearsightedness
1.increasing the level of metabolism; 2. reading the text lying down; 3. increased excitability of the nervous system; 4. reading text at a distance of 30-35 cm from the eyes.
A 4. The internal environment of the body is formed
1.body cells; 2. organs of the abdominal cavity; 3. blood, intercellular fluid, lymph; 4. the contents of the stomach and intestines.
A 5. Releases energy in the body
1. formation of organic compounds; 2. diffusion of substances through cell membranes; 3. oxidation of organic substances in the cells of the body; 4. decomposition of oxyhemoglobin to oxygen and hemoglobin.
A 6. What are the properties of nerve and muscle tissue?
1.conductivity; 2. contractility; 3. excitability; 4. playback.
A 7.Gas exchange between the outside air and the air of the alveoli in humans is called
1. tissue respiration; 2. biosynthesis; 3. pulmonary breathing; 4. transport of gases.
A 8. In the human stomach, it increases the activity of enzymes and destroys bacteria
1.mucus; 2. insulin; 3. bile; 4. hydrochloric acid.
A 9. The concentration of glucose in the blood is disturbed when there is insufficient function
1.thyroid gland; 2. adrenal glands; 3. pancreas; 4. pituitary.
A 10. First aid for arterial bleeding consists of
1.tire application; 2. tourniquet application; 3. wound treatment with iodine;
4. exposure to cold.
Part 2.
IN 1. Smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to striated
1. consists of multi-core fibers; 2. consists of elongated cells with an oval nucleus;
3. has greater speed and energy of contraction; 4. forms the basis of skeletal muscles;
5. located in the walls of internal organs; 6. contracts slowly, rhythmically, involuntarily.
IN 2. Absorption takes place in the small intestine
1.glucose; 2. amino acids; 3. glycerin; 4 glycogen; 5. fiber; 6. hormones.
AT 3. Located in the middle ear
1. auricle; 2. cochlea 3. hammer; 4. vestibular apparatus; 5. anvil;
6. stirrup.
AT 4
Type of immunity | |||||
inherited, congenital. | BUT. natural |
||||
occurs under the influence of vaccines. | B. artificial. |
||||
is acquired by injecting therapeutic serum into the body. | |||||
formed after an illness. | |||||
distinguish between active and passive. | |||||
Part 3
FROM. What is the relationship between the circulatory, respiratory and digestive organs?
Additional task.
Set the sequence in which sound vibrations should be transmitted to the receptors of the auditory analyzer.
A) outer ear.
B) membrane of the oval window.
B) auditory ossicles.
D) tympanic membrane.
D) fluid in the cochlea.
E) auditory receptors.
Final control of knowledge on the course “Biology. Human"
Option 2.
Part 1 (A 1 - A 10)
When completing the tasks of this part, indicate 1 number, which indicates the answer you have chosen
A 1. What kind of blood in mammals and humans flows in the veins of the systemic circulation
1.saturated with carbon dioxide; 2. oxygenated; 3. arterial;
4. mixed.
A 2. Splinting a broken limb
1.reduces its swelling; 2. slows down bleeding; 3. prevents the displacement of broken bones; 4. prevents the penetration of microorganisms into the fracture site.
A 3. In humans, in connection with upright posture in the process of evolution
1. the arch of the foot has formed; 2. claws turned into nails; 3. the phalanges of the fingers have grown together;
4. The thumb is opposed to everything else.
A 4. What science studies the life processes that occur in the human body?
1. anatomy; 2. physiology; 3. ecology; 4. hygiene.
A 5.Blood, lymph and intercellular substance - types of tissue
1.nervous; 2. muscular; 3. connecting; 4. epithelial.
A 6. The excretory function in the human body and mammals is performed by
1.kidneys, skin and lungs; 2. large and rectum; 3. liver and stomach; 4. salivary and lacrimal glands.
A 7.Arterial blood in humans turns into venous blood in
1. hepatic vein; 2. capillaries of the pulmonary circulation;
3. capillaries of the systemic circulation; 4. lymphatic vessels.
A 8. Primary urine is the liquid
1. from the blood capillaries into the cavity of the renal tubule capsule; 2. from the cavity of the renal tubule to the adjacent blood vessels; 3. from the nephron to the renal pelvis; 4. from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
A 9. You should breathe through your nose, as in the nasal cavity
1. gas exchange occurs; 2. a lot of mucus is formed; 3. there are cartilaginous semirings;
4. The air is warmed and purified.
A 10. called a nerve impulse
1. an electric wave running along a nerve fiber; 2. a long process of a neuron covered with a membrane; 3. cell contraction process; 4. a process that provides inhibition of the target cell.
Part 2.
When performing tasks B1 - B3 in the answers, write down the numbers of the three elements related to the correct answer.
IN 1. Human blood flows through the arteries of the systemic circulation
1.from the heart; 2. to the heart; 3. saturated with carbon dioxide; 4. oxygenated;
5. faster than other blood vessels; 6. slower than other blood vessels.
IN 2. Vitamins are organic substances that
1. have a strong effect on metabolism in negligible amounts; 2. affect the conversion of glucose into glycogen; 3. are part of enzymes; 4. balance the processes of formation and release of heat; 5. are a source of energy in the body;
6. As a rule, they enter the body along with food.
AT 3. The central nervous system is
1. sensitive nerves; 2. spinal cord; 3. motor nerves; 4. cerebellum; 5. bridge; 6. nerve nodes.
AT 4 When completing the task, match the contents of the first and second columns. Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table.
Outgrowths of a neuron | |||||
provides signal transmission to the body of the neuron | BUT. axon. |
||||
externally covered with myelin sheath. | B. dendrite. |
||||
short and heavily branched. | |||||
participates in the formation of nerve fibers. | |||||
provides a signal from the body of the neuron. | |||||
Part 3
For task C, give a complete detailed answer.
FROM. What features of the structure of the skin contribute to a decrease in body temperature?
Additional task.
Establish the sequence of blood movement in the systemic circulation in humans.
A) left ventricle.
B) capillaries.
B) right atrium.
D) arteries.
D) veins.
E) aorta.
Final control of knowledge on the course “Biology. Human"
3 option.
Part 1 (A 1 - A 10)
When completing the tasks of this part, indicate 1 number, which indicates the answer you have chosen
A 1. Breathing provides energy to the body
1.synthesis of organic substances; 2. oxidation of organic substances; 3. absorption of solar energy; 4. circulation of substances.
A 2. The barrier role of the liver in the human body is that in it
1. bile is formed; 2. toxic substances are neutralized; 3. glycogen is formed;
4. glycogen is converted to glucose.
A 3. The reason for the continuous movement of blood through the vessels -
1.high pressure in the arteries and low in the veins; 2. equal pressure in arteries and veins; 3. increase in pressure during the movement of blood through the vessels from the arteries to the veins;
4. high blood pressure in capillaries compared to arteries.
A 4. To provide first aid for a fracture of the bones of the limb, the victim must
1. apply a tourniquet above the fracture site; 2. make a cold compress; 3. apply a pressure bandage; 4. fix the injured limb with a splint.
A 5. Nerve impulses are sent along the sensory nerve
1. from the brain to the spinal cord; 2. from the spinal cord to the brain; 3. to the central nervous system; 4. to the executive body.
A 6. The thickened wall of the left ventricle of the heart ensures the movement of blood
1. in the pulmonary circulation; 2. on a large circle of blood circulation; 3. from the left atrium to the left ventricle; 4. from the right atrium to the left atrium.
A 7. The vaccine contains
1.poisons secreted by pathogens; 2. weakened pathogens; 3. ready-made antibodies;
4. killed pathogens.
A 8. Involved in blood clotting
1.erythrocytes; 2. lymphocytes; 3. leukocytes; 4. platelets.
A 9. The skin performs an excretory function with the help of
1.hair; 2. capillaries; 3. sweat glands; 4. sebaceous glands.
A 10. The gray matter of the spinal cord contains
1. bodies of intercalary and motor neurons; 2. long processes of motor neurons;
3. short processes of sensitive neurons; 4. bodies of sensitive neurons.
Part 2.
When performing tasks B1 - B3 in the answers, write down the numbers of the three elements related to the correct answer.
IN 1. Poor posture can lead to
1. displacement and compression of internal organs; 2. impaired blood supply to internal organs; 3. sprain in the hip joint; 4. violation of the muscular and ligamentous apparatus of the foot; 5. chest deformities; 6. increase in the content of minerals in the bones.
IN 2. The pancreas in the human body
1.participates in immune reactions; 2. forms blood cells; 3. is an endocrine gland; 4. forms hormones; 5. secretes bile; 6. releases digestive enzymes.
AT 3. People need plant food, because it contains
1. all amino acids necessary for protein synthesis; 2. all fatty acids necessary for the body; 3. many vitamins and minerals; 4. antibodies and various enzymes; 5. fiber and other substances that improve bowel function;
6. growth hormones necessary for a person.
AT 4. When completing the task, match the contents of the first and second columns. Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table.
gland type | |||||
there are excretory ducts. | BUT. external secretion. |
||||
no excretory ducts | B. internal secretion. |
||||
release the secret into the blood. | |||||
secrete secretions into body cavities or organs. | |||||
secrete on the surface of the body. | |||||
Part 3
For task C, give a complete detailed answer.
FROM. What features of the structure of erythrocytes are associated with their functions?
Additional task.
Establish the sequence in which light rays are refracted in the optical system of the human eye.
A) lens
B) cornea
B) pupil
D) rods and cones
D) vitreous body
Final control of knowledge on the course “Biology. Human"
4 option.
Part 1 (A 1 - A 10)
When completing the tasks of this part, indicate 1 number, which indicates the answer you have chosen
A 1. The warming of the air in the respiratory tract occurs due to the fact that
1.their walls are lined with ciliated epithelium; 2. in their walls are glands that secrete mucus; 3. small blood vessels branch in their walls;
4. In a person, air enters the lungs slowly.
A 2. Accumulation of bodies of neurons outside the central nervous system form
1.nerves; 2. nerve nodes; 3 spinal cord; 4. autonomic nervous system.
A 3. Reflexes in the body of an animal and a person are carried out with the help of
1.enzymes; 2. hormones; 3. vitamins; 4. reflex arcs.
A 4. The meaning of breathing is to provide the body
1.energy; 2. building material; 3. reserve nutrients;
4. vitamins.
A 5. A soft cloth is placed between the body and the splint in order to
1. the tire did not press on the damaged area and did not cause pain; 2. avoid infection of the fracture site; 3. warm the damaged part of the body;
4. more oxygen was supplied to the damaged area of the body.
A 6. The occipital bone connects with the parietal
1.movable; 2. motionless; 3. semi-movable; 4. using the joint.
A 7. The lack of vitamins in human food leads to metabolic disorders, as they are involved in the formation
1. carbohydrates; 2. nucleic acids; 3. enzymes; 4. mineral salts.
A 8. The conductor part of the visual analyzer -
1.retina; 2. pupil; 3. optic nerve; 4. visual area of the cerebral cortex.
A 9. Human leukocytes, unlike erythrocytes,
1. move passively with blood flow; 2. able to actively move;
3. cannot penetrate the walls of capillaries; 4. move with the help of cilia.
A 10. The highest blood pressure in humans
1.capillaries; 2. large veins; 3. aorta; 4. small arteries.
Part 2.
When performing tasks B1 - B3 in the answers, write down the numbers of the three elements related to the correct answer.
IN 1. What end products are formed when proteins are oxidized in body cells?
1.amino acids; 2. glucose; 3. glycerin; 4. water; 5. carbon dioxide; 6. ammonia.
IN 2. What happens in the human body after a preventive vaccination?
1. serum antibodies destroy microbes; 2. enzymes are produced in the body;
3. the body falls ill in a mild form; 4. antibodies are formed in the body; 5. blood clotting occurs; 6. pathogens die.
AT 3. What features of the human body play important role in maintaining a constant body temperature?
1. supply of body cells with arterial blood; 2. the presence of sweat glands; 3. development of the cerebral cortex; 4. complication of the structure of the sense organs; 5. intensive metabolism; 6. complication of the structure of the digestive organs.
AT 4. When completing the task, match the contents of the first and second columns. Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table.
Section of the alimentary canal. | |||||
processing of food mass with bile. | BUT. stomach. |
||||
primary breakdown of proteins. | B. small intestine. |
||||
intensive absorption of nutrients by the villi. | AT. colon |
||||
fiber breakdown. | |||||
completion of the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, fats. | |||||
Part 3
For task C, give a complete detailed answer.
FROM. Why does a person go blind if his optic nerve function is impaired?
Additional task.
Establish the sequence in which blood vessels should be arranged in order of decreasing blood pressure in them.
A) veins
B) aorta
B) arteries
D) capillaries.
Answers to control works.
1 option.
A7 - 3 | B1 - 256 | |
A2 -2 | A8 - 4 | B2 - 123 |
A3 - 2 | A9 - 3 | B3 - 356 |
A4 - 3 | A10 - 2 | B4 - 1A 2B 3B 4A 5AB |
A5 - 3 | Additional task | |
A6 - 3 | A D C B E F |
Option 2.
A7 - 3 | B1 - 145 | |
A2 -3 | A8 - 1 | B2 - 126 |
A3 - 1 | A9 - 4 | B3 - 245 |
A4 - 2 | A10 - 1 | B4 - 1B 2A 3B 4A 5A |
A5 - 3 | Additional task | |
A6 - 1 | A E D B E C |
3 option.
A7 - 2 | B1 - 125 | |
A2 -2 | A8 - 4 | B2 - 345 |
A3 - 1 | A9 - 3 | B3 - 135 |
A4 - 4 | A10 - 1 | B4 - 1A 2B 3B 4A 5A |
A5 - 3 | Additional task | |
A6 - 2 | B C A B D D |
4 option.
A7 - 3 | B1 - 456 | |
A2 -2 | A8 - 3 | B2 - 346 |
A3 - 4 | A9 - 2 | B3 - 245 |
A4 - 1 | A10 - 3 | B4 - 1B 2A 3B 4B 5B |
A5 - 1 | Additional task | |
A6 - 2 | B C A D |
Final control of knowledge on the course “Biology. Man" option 1.
Part 1
A 1. Which bones in the human skeleton are fixedly connected?
1. humerus and ulna; 2. ribs and sternum;
3. cerebral part of the skull; 4. thoracic spine.
A 2. During blood clotting
1.hemoglobin turns into oxyhemoglobin;
2. Soluble protein fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin;
3. Hormones and other biologically active substances are formed;
4. The content of hemoglobin in the blood decreases.
A 3. May cause nearsightedness
1.increasing the level of metabolism; 2. reading the text lying down;
3. increased excitability of the nervous system; 4. reading text at a distance of 30-35 cm from the eyes.
A 4. The internal environment of the body is formed
1 . body cells; 2 . abdominal organs;
3. blood, intercellular fluid, lymph;4. contents of the stomach and intestines.
A 5. Releases energy in the body
1. formation of organic compounds;
2. diffusion of substances through cell membranes;
3. oxidation of organic substances in the cells of the body;
4. decomposition of oxyhemoglobin to oxygen and hemoglobin.
A 6. In the mouth, saliva enzymes break down
1. proteins; 2. starch; 3. fats; 4. cellulose.
A 7 .Gas exchange between the outside air and the air of the alveoli in humans is called
1. tissue respiration; 2. biosynthesis; 3. pulmonary breathing; 4. transport of gases.
A 8. In the human stomach, it increases the activity of enzymes and destroys bacteria
1.mucus; 2. insulin; 3. bile; 4. hydrochloric acid.
A 9. In the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex is
1. motor zone; 2. auditory zone;
3. zone of olfactory sensitivity 4. visual zone.
A 10. First aid for arterial bleeding consists of
1.tire application; 2. tourniquet application;
3. wound treatment with iodine; 4. exposure to cold.
A 11. What kind of blood in mammals and humans flows in the veins of the systemic circulation
1. saturated with carbon dioxide; 2. oxygenated;
3. arterial; 4. mixed.
A 12. Splinting a broken limb
1. reduces its swelling; 2. slows down bleeding;
3. prevents the displacement of broken bones;
4. prevents the penetration of microorganisms into the fracture site.
A 13. In humans, in connection with upright posture in the process of evolution
1. the arch of the foot has formed; 2. claws turned into nails;
3. the phalanges of the fingers have grown together; 4. The thumb is opposed to everything else.
A 14. What science studies the life processes that occur in the human body?
1. anatomy; 2. physiology; 3. ecology; 4. hygiene.
A 15 . Blood, lymph and intercellular substance - types of tissue
1.nervous; 2. muscular; 3. connecting; 4. epithelial.
A 16. The excretory function in the human body and mammals is performed by
1.kidneys, skin and lungs; 2. large and rectum;
3. liver and stomach; 4. salivary and lacrimal glands.
A 17 .Arterial blood in humans turns into venous blood in
1. hepatic vein; 2. capillaries of the pulmonary circulation;
3. capillaries of the systemic circulation; 4. lymphatic vessels.
A 18. Primary urine is the liquid
1. from the blood capillaries into the cavity of the renal tubule capsule;
2. from the cavity of the renal tubule to the adjacent blood vessels;
3. from the nephron to the renal pelvis;
4. from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
A 19. You should breathe through your nose, as in the nasal cavity
1. gas exchange occurs; 2. a lot of mucus is formed;
3. there are cartilaginous semirings; 4. The air is warmed and purified.
A 20. called a nerve impulse
1. an electric wave running along a nerve fiber;
2. a long process of a neuron covered with a membrane;
3. cell contraction process;
4. a process that provides inhibition of the target cell.
Part 2.
IN 1. Smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to striated
1 .consists of multinuclear fibers;2 . consists of elongated cells with an oval nucleus;
3 . has greater speed and energy of contraction;
4. forms the basis of skeletal muscles; 5 . located in the walls of internal organs;
6 . is reduced slowly, rhythmically, involuntarily.
IN 2. Absorption takes place in the small intestine
1.glucose; 2. amino acids; 3. glycerin; 4 glycogen; 5. fiber; 6. hormones.
AT 3. Located in the middle ear
1. auricle; 2. cochlea 3. hammer;
4. vestibular apparatus; 5. anvil; 6. stirrup.
AT 4
Characteristic
Type of immunity
inherited, congenital.
BUT. natural
occurs under the influence of vaccines.
B. artificial.
is acquired by injecting therapeutic serum into the body.
formed after an illness.
distinguish between active and passive.
1
2
3
4
5
AT 5. Set the sequence in which sound vibrations should be transmitted to the receptors of the auditory analyzer.
A) outer ear.
B) membrane of the oval window.
B) auditory ossicles.
D) tympanic membrane.
D) fluid in the cochlea.
E) auditory receptors.
Final control of knowledge on the course “Biology. Man" Option 2
Part 1 When completing the tasks of this part, indicate 1 number, which indicates the answer you have chosen
A 1. Rickets develops with a lack of vitamin 1.D; 2. B 12 3. C; 4. A
A 2. The barrier role of the liver in the human body is that in it
1. bile is formed; 2. toxic substances are neutralized;
3. glycogen is formed; 4. glycogen is converted to glucose.
A 3. Primary urine is similar in composition to
1. Lymph 2. Secondary urine 3. Intercellular substance 4. Blood plasma
A 4. To provide first aid for a fracture of the bones of the limb, the victim must
1. apply a tourniquet above the fracture site; 2. make a cold compress;
3. apply a pressure bandage; 4. fix the injured limb with a splint.
A 5. Nerve impulses are sent along the sensory nerve
1. from the brain to the spinal cord; 2. from the spinal cord to the brain;
3. to the central nervous system; 4. to the executive body.
A 6. The thickened wall of the left ventricle of the heart ensures the movement of blood
1. in the pulmonary circulation; 2. on a large circle of blood circulation;
3. from the left atrium to the left ventricle; 4. from the right atrium to the left atrium.
A 7. The vaccine contains
1.poisons secreted by pathogens; 2. weakened pathogens;
3. ready-made antibodies; 4. killed pathogens.
A 8. Involved in blood clotting
1.erythrocytes; 2. lymphocytes; 3. leukocytes; 4. platelets.
A 9. The skin performs an excretory function with the help of
1.hair; 2. capillaries; 3. sweat glands; 4. sebaceous glands.
A 10. The gray matter of the spinal cord contains
1. bodies of intercalary and motor neurons; 2. long processes of motor neurons;
3. short processes of sensitive neurons; 4. bodies of sensitive neurons.
A 11. The warming of the air in the respiratory tract occurs due to the fact that
1.their walls are lined with ciliated epithelium;
2. in their walls are glands that secrete mucus;
3. small blood vessels branch in their walls;
4. In a person, air enters the lungs slowly.
A 12. Accumulation of bodies of neurons outside the central nervous system form
1.nerves; 2. nerve nodes; 3 spinal cord; 4. autonomic nervous system.
A 13. Reflexes in the body of an animal and a person are carried out with the help of
1.enzymes; 2. hormones; 3. vitamins; 4. reflex arcs.
A 14. The meaning of breathing is to provide the body
1.energy; 2. building material;
3. reserve nutrients; 4. vitamins.
A 15. A soft cloth is placed between the body and the splint in order to
1. the tire did not press on the damaged area and did not cause pain;
2. avoid infection of the fracture site;3 . warm the injured part of the body;
4. more oxygen was delivered to the damaged area of the body.
A 16. The occipital bone connects with the parietal
1.movable; 2. motionless; 3. semi-movable; 4. using the joint.
A 17. The lack of vitamins in human food leads to metabolic disorders, as they are involved in the formation
1. carbohydrates; 2. nucleic acids; 3. enzymes; 4. mineral salts.
A 18. The conductor part of the visual analyzer -
1.retina; 2. pupil; 3. optic nerve; 4. visual area of the cerebral cortex.
A 19. Human leukocytes, unlike erythrocytes,
1. move passively with blood flow; 2. able to actively move;
3. cannot penetrate the walls of capillaries; 4. move with the help of cilia.
A 20. The highest blood pressure in humans
1.capillaries; 2. large veins; 3. aorta; 4. small arteries.
Part 2. When performing tasks B1 - B3 in the answers, write down the numbers of the three elements related to the correct answer.
IN 1. Poor posture can lead to
1. displacement and compression of internal organs;
2. impaired blood supply to internal organs;
3. sprain in the hip joint;
4. violation of the muscular and ligamentous apparatus of the foot;
5. chest deformities;
6. increase in the content of minerals in the bones.
IN 2. Vitamins are organic substances that
1. have a strong effect on metabolism in negligible amounts;
2. affect the conversion of glucose into glycogen;
3. are part of enzymes;
4. balance the processes of formation and release of heat;
5. are a source of energy in the body;
6. As a rule, they enter the body along with food.
AT 3. People need plant foods because they contain
1. all amino acids necessary for protein synthesis;
2. all fatty acids necessary for the body;
3. many vitamins and minerals;
4. antibodies and various enzymes;
5. fiber and other substances that improve bowel function;
6. growth hormones necessary for a person.
AT 4 When completing the task, match the contents of the first and second columns. Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table.
Structure and functions
Outgrowths of a neuron
provides signal transmission to the body of the neuron
BUT. axon.
externally covered with myelin sheath.
B. dendrite.
short and heavily branched.
participates in the formation of nerve fibers.
provides a signal from the body of the neuron.
1
2
3
4
5
AT 5. Establish the sequence in which light rays are refracted in the optical system of the human eye.
A) lens
B) cornea
B) pupil
D) rods and cones
D) vitreous body
Answers
Final control of knowledge on the course “Biology. Human"
1 option
Option 2
A1
A1
A 2
A 2
A3
A3
A4
A4
A5
A5
A6
A6
A7
A7
A8
A8
A9
A9
A10
A10
A11
A11
A12
A12
A13
A13
A14
A14
A15
A15
A16
A16
A17
A17
A18
A18
A19
A19
A20
A20
IN 1
2 5 6 (3 points)
IN 1
1 2 5 (3 points)
IN 2
1 2 3 (3 points)
IN 2
1 3 6 (3 points)
AT 3
3 5 6 (3 points)
AT 3
1 3 5 (3 points)
AT 4
1A, 2B, 3B, 4A, 5AB
(5 points)
AT 4
1B, 2A, 3B, 4A, 5A
(5 points)
AT 5
A D C B E F(1 point)
AT 5
B C A E D(1 point)
Total 35 points
Total 35 points
35 - 31 points - "5"
30 - 20 points - "4"
19 - 11 points - "3"
10 points or less - "2"
1. general characteristics metabolism in the body.
2. Protein metabolism.
3. Fat metabolism.
4. Metabolism of carbohydrates.
PURPOSE: to represent general scheme metabolism in the body, the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and manifestations of the pathology of these types of metabolism.
1. Once in the body, food molecules are involved in many different reactions. These reactions, as well as other chemical manifestations of vital activity, are called metabolism, or metabolism. Nutrients are used as raw materials for the synthesis of new cells or are oxidized, delivering energy to the body. Part of this energy is necessary for the continuous construction of new tissue components, the other is consumed in the process of cell functioning: during muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, secretion of cellular products . The rest of the energy is released as heat.
Metabolic processes are divided into anabolic and catabolic. Anabolism (assimilation) - chemical processes in which simple substances combine with each other to form more complex ones, which leads to the accumulation of energy, the construction of a new protoplasm and growth. Catabolism (dissimilation) - the splitting of complex substances, leading to the release of energy, while the destruction of protoplasm and the expenditure of its substances.
The essence of metabolism: 1) entry into the body from external environment various nutrients; 2) their assimilation and use in the process of life as sources of energy and material for building tissues; 3) the release of the resulting metabolic products into the external environment.
Specific functions of metabolism: 1) extracting energy from environment in the form of chemical energy of organic substances; 2) the transformation of exogenous substances into building blocks, i.e. precursors of the macromolecular components of the cell; 3) the assembly of proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular components from these blocks; 4) the synthesis and destruction of biomolecules necessary to perform various specific functions of this cell.
2. Protein metabolism - a set of plastic and energy processes of protein transformation in the body, including the exchange of amino acids and their decay products. Proteins - the basis of all cellular structures, are the material carriers of life. Protein biosynthesis determines the growth, development and self-renewal of all structural elements in the body and thus their functional reliability. The daily requirement for proteins (protein optimum) for an adult is 100-120 g (with an energy expenditure of 3000 kcal / day). All amino acids (20) must be at the disposal of the body in a certain ratio and quantity, otherwise the protein cannot be synthesized. Many protein amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied with food (essential amino acids). Other amino acids can be synthesized in the body and are called non-essential (histidine, glycocol, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, proline, hydroxyproline, series, tyrosine, cysteine, arginine,). Proteins are divided into biologically complete (with a complete set of all essential amino acids) and incomplete (in the absence of one or more essential amino acids).
The main stages of protein metabolism: 1) enzymatic breakdown of food proteins to amino acids and absorption of the latter; 2) transformation of amino acids; 3) protein biosynthesis; 4) protein breakdown; 5) the formation of end products of the breakdown of amino acids.
Having been absorbed into the blood capillaries of the villi of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, the amino acids enter the portal vein into the stream, where they are immediately used, or retained as a small reserve. Some of the amino acids remain in the blood and enter other cells of the body, where they are incorporated into new proteins. Body proteins are continuously broken down and re-synthesized (renewal period total protein in the body - 80 days). If the food contains more amino acids than is necessary for the synthesis of cellular proteins, liver enzymes split off NH2 amino groups from them, i.e. produce deamination. Other enzymes, connecting the amino groups that have been cleaved off with CO2, form urea from them, which is transferred with the blood to the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Proteins are not deposited in the depot, so the proteins that the body consumes after the depletion of carbohydrates and fats are not reserve, but enzymes and structural proteins of cells.
Protein metabolism disorders in the body can be quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative changes in protein metabolism are judged by the nitrogen balance, i.e. according to the ratio of the amount of nitrogen entering the body with food and excreted from it. Normally, in an adult with adequate nutrition, the amount of nitrogen introduced into the body is equal to the amount excreted from the body (nitrogen balance). When the intake of nitrogen exceeds its excretion, they speak of a positive nitrogen balance, and nitrogen is retained in the body. It is observed during the period of body growth, during pregnancy, during recovery. When the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body exceeds the amount received, they speak of a negative nitrogen balance. It is noted with a significant decrease in the protein content in food (protein starvation).
3. Fat metabolism - a set of processes for the transformation of lipids (fats) in the body. Fats are an energy and plastic material, they are part of the shell and cytoplasm of cells. Part of the fat accumulates in the form of reserves (10-30% of body weight). The bulk of fats are neutral lipids (triglycerides of oleic, palmitic, stearic and other higher fatty acids). The daily requirement for fats for an adult is 70-100 g. The biological value of fats is determined by the fact that some unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic), necessary for life, are indispensable (daily requirement 10-12 g) and cannot be formed in the human body from other fatty acids, so they must be supplied with food (vegetable and animal fats).
The main stages of fat metabolism: 1) enzymatic breakdown of food fats in the gastrointestinal tract to glycerol and fatty acids and absorption of the latter in the small intestine; 2) the formation of lipoproteins in the intestinal mucosa and in the liver and their transport by blood; 3) the hydrolysis of these compounds on the surface of cell membranes by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, the absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into cells, where they are used to synthesize their own lipids of cells of organs and tissues. After synthesis, lipids can undergo oxidation, releasing energy, and eventually turn into carbon dioxide and water (100 g of fat gives 118 g of water when oxidized). Fat can be converted into glycogen, and then undergo oxidative processes similar to carbohydrate metabolism. With an excess, fat is deposited in the form of reserves in the subcutaneous tissue, the greater omentum, around some internal organs.
With food rich in fats, a certain amount of lipoids (fat-like substances) - phosphatides and sterols - comes. Phosphatides are necessary for the body to synthesize cell membranes; they are part of the nuclear substance, the cytoplasm of cells. rich in phosphatides nervous tissue. The main representative of sterols is cholesterol. It is also part of cell membranes, is a precursor of the hormones of the adrenal cortex, gonads, vitamin D, bile acids. Cholesterol increases the resistance of red blood cells to hemolysis, serves as an insulator for nerve cells, ensuring the conduction of nerve impulses. The normal content of total cholesterol in blood plasma is 3.11-6.47 mmol / l.
4. Carbohydrate metabolism - a set of processes for the transformation of carbohydrates in the body. Carbohydrates are energy sources for direct use (glucose) or form an energy depot (glycogen), are components of complex compounds (nucleoproteins, glycoproteins) used to build cellular structures. The daily requirement is 400-500 g.
The main stages of carbohydrate metabolism: 1) the breakdown of food carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract and the absorption of monosaccharides in the small intestine; 2) the deposition of glucose in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscles or its direct use for energy purposes; 3) the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the entry of glucose into the blood as it decreases (glycogen mobilization); 4) the synthesis of glucose from intermediate products (pyruvic and lactic acids) and non-carbohydrate precursors; 5) the conversion of glucose into fatty acids; 6) oxidation of glucose with the formation of carbon dioxide and water.
Carbohydrates are absorbed in the alimentary canal in the form of glucose, fructose and galactose. They travel via the portal vein to the liver, where fructose and galactose are converted to glucose, which is stored as glycogen. The process of glycogen synthesis in the liver from glucose is called glycogenesis (the liver contains 150-200 g of carbohydrates in the form of glycogen). Part of the glucose enters the general circulation and is distributed throughout the body, being used as the main energy material and as a component of complex compounds (glycoproteins, nucleoproteins).
Glucose is constant integral part(biological constant) of blood. The content of glucose in the blood is normally 4.44-6.67 mmol / l, with an increase in its content (hyperglycemia) to 8.34-10 mmol / l, it is excreted in the urine in the form of traces. With a decrease in blood glucose (hypoglycemia) to 3.89 mmol / l, a feeling of hunger appears, to 3.22 mmol / l - convulsions, delirium and loss of consciousness (coma) occur. When glucose is oxidized in cells for energy, it eventually turns into carbon dioxide and water. The breakdown of glycogen in the liver to glucose is glycogenolysis. Biosynthesis of carbohydrates from their breakdown products or breakdown products of fats and proteins - gluconeogenesis. The breakdown of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen with the accumulation of energy in ATP and the formation of lactic and pyruvic acids - glycolysis.
When glucose intake exceeds demand, the liver converts glucose into fat, which is stored in fat depots and can be used as an energy source in the future. Violation of the normal metabolism of carbohydrates is manifested by an increase in the content of glucose in the blood. Constant hyperglycemia and glucosuria associated with a profound violation of carbohydrate metabolism is observed in diabetes mellitus. The basis of the disease is insufficiency of the endocrine function of the pancreas. Due to the lack or absence of insulin in the body, the ability of tissues to use glucose is impaired, and it is excreted in the urine.