The medical encyclopedia is an artifact. Medical encyclopedia The way of the word through time, cultural artifact
See also `Artifact` in other dictionaries
ARTIFACT
(from lat. artefactum - artificially made) - English artefact/artifact; German Artifact. 1. Man-made object. 2. A tool worked by prehistoric man.
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
ARTIFACT
(from lat. artefactum - artificially made), 1) an object made, made by a person. 2) A process or formation that is not normal for the object under study and usually occurs in the course of its study. Eg, at fixing gistol. the drug in the cells (due to coagulation of proteins), precipitation (clumps) may appear.
Artifact (lat. artefactum artificially made)
a phenomenon observed during the study of an object that is unusual for this object and distorts the results of the study.
artifact
noun, number of synonyms: (4) Monument (16) Process (50) Factor (22) Phenomenon (35)
ARTIFACT
ARTIFACT
(from lat. - artificially made) in the usual sense, any artificially created object; in cultural studies, this concept came from archeology, where it was used to distinguish between natures. and arts. objects.
In aesthetics, the term is used etymologically, i.e. directly to refer to objects created specifically to function in the system of art. In the interpretation institutional school in aesthetics, any real object can act as A. in the appropriate environment (particularly, so...
ARTIFACT - a process or formation that is not inherent in the body and resulting from the use of some imperfect research method (for example, structures formed during the processing of microscopic preparations due to protein coagulation).
Dictionary of botanical terms. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. Under general edition d.b.n. I.A. Dudki. 1984 .
(microbiol.) - a phenomenon unusual for the observed object, leading to a distortion of the research results. With a microscope, research method A occurs as a result of a violation of the method of taking the material, preparing a smear, especially its fixation and staining; in serol. reactions - when using improperly prepared dishes, non-compliance with the conditions for setting up reactions, for example. pH; in biochem. reactions - in case of incorrect pH setting, contamination of the to-ry by extraneous microflora, etc.
(Source: Glossary of Microbiology Terms)
experiment (from lat. arte - artificially + factus - made) - the effect in the experiment, arising from defects in the methodology of the experiment. So, in psychological experiments A. are the moments of suggestion to the subject of certain indications, in electrophysiology - currents from interference, etc.
Artifact (from lat. artefactum - artificially made) 1)
an object made by a man; 2)
(in biology) formation (structure) or a process that sometimes occurs in the study of a biological object due to the very conditions of the study, i.e., in fact, is not normally characteristic of the object under study.
Artifact
artef a/ kt, -a
merged. Separately. Through a hyphen.. B. Z. Bookchin.
Artifact
(2 m); pl. artef a/ kty, R. artefa/ who in
Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language. 2006 .
1. A magical thing that has its own history.
2. Hack found at the site of an ancient site.
3. Say in Latin "made by man."
1) an object (object) that is a product of human labor (as opposed to natural objects); 2) biol. (usually plural) structures and formations that have arisen in a living object during its examination (eg, microscopic) or during the preparation of a preparation.
(Source: "Dictionary of Foreign Words". Komlev N.G., 2006)
(from Latin artefactum - artificially made), man-made, that is, created by man, and not by nature, an object (kitchen utensils, a piece of furniture, etc.), which the artist, in the process of creativity, removes from the everyday context and recreates it into a work art.
(Source: "Art. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Under the editorship of Prof. A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen; 2007.)
Artifact (from lat. Artefactum - artificially made)
(biol.), a process or formation that is unusual for an organism in the norm and caused by the very method of its study. In microscopy (including electronic) microscopy includes, for example, formations that appear in tissues or cells during preparation processing (filling, sectioning, fixing, staining), its studies under vacuum conditions, electron bombardment, etc. e. In autoradiography, A. depends on the exposure and processing of the photographic emulsion combined with the tissue section. In X-ray diagnostics, A. are found on the pictures in the form of extraneous shadows that arise, for example, as a result of technical. errors in the processing of films or their improper storage. In experimental and forensic medicine, A. is called ...
A large number of color artifacts may have a negative impact on the interpretation of the results of the CDS or distort it. Some of them are unavoidable and in fact can be used to increase the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostics.
Interference: One reason may be that the color gain setting is too high. Interference can be a significant problem, but in some cases it is intentional and is used to detect slow blood flow.
Movement Artifacts: motion artifacts (flowering flashes) also make it difficult to study. Them possible reasons there may be transmissible pulsations of the heart (for example, when examining vascularized neoplasms in the left lobe of the liver) and pulsations of the aorta.
overlay: This artifact presents a problem when, for diagnostic purposes, the color scale of the instrument is set to a specific velocity range (PRF) that does not correspond to the blood flow velocity in all the examined vessels. This results in unwanted color inversion zones.
Artifact confetti: has the appearance of numerous small color pixels, is an important sign of post-stenotic turbulent flow.
Flicker Artifact: is of great diagnostic value. It occurs when confetti artifact pixels or color stripes (red and blue pixels) are created by structures with very strong sound-reflecting properties (stone, cholesterol polyp) located in the acoustic shadow. Flicker is caused by the vibration of a reflecting surface due to sound waves incident on it. This artifact may be useful in the diagnosis of kidney stones and other formations.
Definition: in ultrasound diagnostics, artifacts are acoustic images that do not correlate with anatomical structures. Their occurrence is due to the fact that not all physical phenomena are taken into account in the visualization process.
Meaning: when interpreting ultrasound images, artifacts may have different meaning. Some of them, such as the ultrasound beam thickness artifact, may interfere with the interpretation of the ultrasound image, while others, such as acoustic shadowing, are of diagnostic value.
sidelobe artifact
Incorrect object display on the screen due to the echoes produced by the side lobes accompanying the ultrasonic beam.
sidelobe artifact has the appearance of a curved line in an anechoic structure.
Meaning: These artifacts can be mistaken for echoes from internal structures cystic organs (septa, sediment).
Differentiation with a real object: Changing the angle of the probe or the scanning plane easily causes the artifact to disappear.
ARTIFACT (from lat. artefactum - artificially made) - .. 1) an object made, made by a person ... 2) A process or formation that is not normal for the object under study and usually occurs in the course of its study. Eg. Big encyclopedic Dictionary
artifact
Artifact (from lat. ars, artis - art, factum - made) - 1) in histological technique - artificial structures found in a histological preparation during microscopy; 2) in X-ray diagnostics - extraneous shadows on radiographs resulting from technical errors.
Histological artifacts are most often formed under the action of fixing fluids, which cause coagulation and precipitation of colloids of the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells, and sometimes their dissolution and change in shape. Artifacts can occur during pouring, cutting, painting and enclosing preparations. Artifacts are easily formed during supravital microscopy of tissues under the influence of a changed composition of the medium, temperature, mechanical pressure, and other factors. It is especially important to detect artifacts in ultrathin sections using electron microscopy. The complexity of manufacturing ultrathin sections, their study under vacuum conditions and electron bombardment create the prerequisites for the emergence of A.
Artifacts in histochemical studies are associated with post-mortem diffusion of the detected substance into structures that do not actually contain it. In histoautoradiography A. for the most part depend on the conditions of exposure and processing of the emulsion combined with the histological section.
Radiographic artifacts can be systematized primarily as light areas on the radiograph and areas of more intense blackening compared to their surroundings. Morphologically, they appear as focal, linear, striated, annular, diffuse shadows and shadows of indefinite shape. Some artifacts, obviously of random origin (for example, scratches), while reducing the quality of radiographs, do not significantly interfere with their diagnostic use. Of much greater importance are those A., which are similar in appearance to the manifestations of a number of pathological processes and can therefore be a source of diagnostic errors.
Some artifacts appear already in the process of factory production of films. In most cases, they are easily recognized even by non-specialists. The appearance of extraneous shadows is also possible due to improper storage of X-ray films (for example, in conditions of high humidity or in the area of penetrating radiation), or careless handling of them. In this case, the so-called friction veil may appear, i.e. blackening of the film when it is developed in places of mechanical action on the light-sensitive emulsion, or general film veiling under the action of penetrating radiation or daylight and artificial light, which cannot always be easily taken into account on an x-ray.
The most important in diagnostic terms are defects in the images obtained during the X-ray itself and during the photographic processing of films: extraneous shadows, for example, from clothes, bandages, hair on the head, folded into a bun or woven into a braid, some medications, etc.
Artifacts should also include general or partial exposure of films, which is often the result of insufficient non-activity of photo laboratory lamps and malfunctions of light-transmitting cassettes. In conventional x-ray photography with intensifying screens, the defects present on some screens are transmitted on radiographs by shadows similar to metal fragments (which is especially important to consider in ophthalmological practice), with stones, with various structural changes in the substrate (for example, with bone fractures), etc. Sometimes extraneous shadows appear due to errors in the development, fixation and drying of the films, creating a resemblance to destructive foci, foci of compaction in the bone substance or with a fracture line. Some artifacts are similar to the patterns of tissue calcification. The examples cited are far from exhausting the possibility of the formation of extraneous shadows on X-rays. At the same time should not be mistaken for A. pathological shadows.
ARTIFACT(Latin artefactum artificially made) - a phenomenon observed in the study of an object, unusual for this object and distorting the results of the study. ARTIFACTS can arise as a result of the impact on the object of random factors, non-compliance with established rules, instructions, as well as as a result of organizational, methodological and technical errors. In these cases, ARTIFACTS are observed with histological, histochemical, bacterioscopic, bacteriological research as a result of improper fixation and dehydration, as well as due to defects in the preparation of preparations during sectioning, pouring, staining, and the production of histochemical reactions. AT histological preparations artifacts can be microorganisms from instruments, glasses, dyes, air and water. An artifact can be a decrease in the volume of cells, nuclei, the appearance of individual inclusions in the preparations, hemolysis of blood due to washing the tissues with water during the section. Such artifacts are observed when examining material taken from corpses, as well as during biopsy and preparation of smears (see Microscopic research methods, Histological research methods).
Artifacts may occur during autoradiography (see), electron microscopy (see), radiography (see). Thus, artifacts on X-ray patterns can be caused by defects in films, plates, or intensifying screens, as well as technical errors in photo processing. Artifical shadowing on radiographs can be mistakenly regarded as pathological conditions (fractures, inflammation, etc.) or foreign bodies. Artifacts of a similar origin can also be found in spectrography, various types photography used for illustrative and research purposes.
In forensic practice, there are artifacts in the form of foreign inclusions getting into objects intended for microscopic or other laboratory research (soot or particles from charred corpses), metallization of the edges of wounds from sectional tools, when a study is carried out to identify the metal of the tool that was injured, and also when toxic substances from preservative solutions enter objects sent for forensic chemical analysis, etc. In addition, there are artifacts reproduced with a biased goal: artificially caused or maintained diseases or injuries, as well as individual symptoms of diseases (see. Man-made diseases, Self-mutilation).
Artifacts should not include deviations from the usual picture of the development of a biological or pathological process, changes in a corpse, the course of laboratory reactions, etc., as well as the occurrence of changes that mimic various phenomena and conditions. For example, the following are not artifacts: post-mortem microbial invasion of the internal organs of a corpse, simulating intravital bacteremia by pathogenic microbes; a site of post-mortem drying of the skin, simulating an intravital abrasion; rapidly advancing post-mortem autolysis of pancreatic tissue, simulating intravital necrosis; formalin pigment in the reticuloendothelium of the liver or spleen, deposited during tissue fixation, similar to malarial pigment, etc.
A suspicion of an artifact arises when one fact does not correspond to other data obtained in the process of research or observation. Therefore, to establish a true diagnosis (depending on the origin of the artifact), appropriate clinical and laboratory or control (verification) studies aimed at its exclusion should be used.
Bibliography: Boyd J. A. Autoradiography in biology and medicine, trans. from English, M., 1957, bibliography; Voyno-Yasenetsky M.V. and Shabotinsky Yu.M. Sources of errors in morphological studies, D., 1970, bibliogr.; Goldin L. S. Fundamentals of the histological technique of electron microscopy, M., 1963, bibliogr.; Zavarzin A. A. and Rumyantsev A. V. Course of histology, p. 48, M., 1946; Merkulov G. A. Course of pathological and histological equipment, D., 1969, bibliogr.; Roskin G. I. iLevin-with about N L. B. Microscopic technique, M., 1957, bibliogr.; Uemov A. I. Logical errors, M., 1958.
A. P. Zagryadskaya.