Irina Mikhailovna Osadchaya passed away. Textbook under the general editorship of d e
CAPITALISM
CAPITALISM
(capitalism) An economic system based on private property and private enterprise. Under this system, at least a large share of economic activity is carried out by individuals and organizations seeking to make a profit, and land and other tangible means of production are largely privately owned. Capitalism does not imply absolute freedom of enterprise and trade (laissez-faire); it fully accepts the existence of large sectors of the economy, which are state-owned, and the regulation of the activities of the private sector in connection with the need to protect public health, ensure the safety of production and protect the environment. Such regulation, however, usually takes the form of some kind of prohibition: the rules set out what individuals or firms are prohibited from doing, but the initiative to take actions that do not contradict the established rules is decentralized. Capitalism is opposed to socialism, in which all important economic decisions are made largely collectively.
Economy. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". J. Black. General editorial staff: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 .
CAPITALISM
an economic system in which private ownership of factors of production is widespread, and the distribution of the produced product, goods, goods, services is carried out mainly through the market. Capitalism is characterized by free enterprise, competition, the desire of producers and sellers of goods to make a profit. Capitalism, being a socio-economic system, is closely connected with the socio-political system of the country, and sometimes largely predetermines the latter. Having passed a long historical path of development, capitalism has largely changed its original appearance, which it possessed, replacing the feudal-serf system at the end of the Middle Ages. If in its original form capitalism was characterized by the cruel exploitation of labor, and the capitalists - the desire to completely tear away "for themselves" the profit created in production, then modern capitalism is guided by social goals, scientific and technical progress, is based on the achievement of the interest of employees in labor and labor results. Capital becomes not only a factor in making profit, but also in social progress, and capitalism takes on a human face.
Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .
Economic dictionary. 2000 .
Synonyms:Antonyms:
See what "CAPITALISM" is in other dictionaries:
The method of social organization, established in the countries of the West. Europe in the 17th century and later extended to the North. America and other regions. The concept of "K." is both obscure and inaccurate: its content is rather vague; class of countries, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (capitalism) The organization of society based on the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of its results and / or control over the means of production. The term appeared in social science relatively recently. Oxford… … Political science. Dictionary.
- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
This is the exploitation of man by man, and communism is the opposite. The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal distribution of wealth; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal distribution of poverty. Winston Churchill Capitalism is what people do if their ... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
CAPITALISM, capitalism, pl. no, husband. (French capitalisme) (polit., economics). A mode of production in which the means of production are private property, production is of a commercial nature, products reach the consumer through ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
- (capitalism) Economic and politic system, in which individual owners of capital (capital) are free to dispose of it at their discretion, in particular, to use it for profit. Most economically developed countries, ... ... Glossary of business terms
CAPITALISM, a type of society based on private property, a market economy and democratic institutions. In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage in the development of industrial ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
A type of society based on private property and a market economy. In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage in the development of an industrial society, and the modern stage of capitalism as ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
An economic system in which production decisions are controlled by those who invest in private business. At the same time, joint-stock companies are controlled by shareholders, and small and non-joint-stock enterprises by their owners. By… … Financial vocabulary
Imperialism; society of equal opportunities, welfare society, state capitalism, mister coupon, free world, free society, formation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. capitalism / figuratively: mister coupon (obsolete iron.)) Dictionary of synonyms ... ... Synonym dictionary
LABOR MARKET
AND INCOME OF THE POPULATION
TUTORIAL
Under the general editorship of Doctor of Economics, Professor N.A. Volgin
Ministry of General and vocational education
Russian Federation as study guide
for university students educational institutions,
students in economic specialties
MOSCOW
BBK 65.24.ya73 (2Ros)
Reviewers:
BabichA.M., Doctor of Economics, Professor Russian Academy state
services under the President of the Russian Federation;
^ Gritsenko N.N., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Rector of the Academy of Labor
and social relations;
Department of Labor Economics and Personnel Management of the Russian
economic academy. G.V. Plekhanov
(head of department ^ Odegov Yu.G., Doctor of Economics, Professor)
Author's team: Doctor of Economics, prof. Breev B.D.(chapters IV, VII, VIII); Doctor of Economics, prof. Bobkov V.N.(chapters IX, X); Doctor of Economics, prof. BulanovB.C.(chapters I, II); Doctor of Economics, prof. Volgin N.A., head of the team of authors (chapter XI, preface, basic terms and concepts, recommended literature); Doctor of Economics, prof. Zhukov A.L.(chapters XII, XIII, XIV); Doctor of Economics, prof. Map-seam S.A.(Chapter VI); Doctor of Economics, prof. Kokin Yu.P.(Chapter V); Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Poludenny N.N.(Chapter XI, basic terms and concepts); Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Rudenko G.G.(chapters II, VI); Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Shcherbakov A.I.(chapter III)
^
R 952 Labor market and incomes of the population./
Ed. ON THE. Volgin. Tutorial. - M .: Information and publishing house "Filin", 1999. - 280 p.
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
Theoretical, methodological and practical problems of regulating the labor market and incomes of the population, issues of employment, unemployment, wages, development of the system of social partnership and social protection of the population are considered.
For students, listeners, graduate students, researchers, teachers, business managers, specialists and civil servants.
BBK 65.24.ya73 (2Ros)
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
© IID "Filin", 1999
© Design and reproduced original layout of the Filin Institute, 1999
FOREWORD
The formation and regulation of the labor market is one of the key and most acute problems of a market economy. Questions of strategy and tactics of organizing these processes are discussed in the book. It includes two sections and fourteen chapters, which highlight the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regulating the labor market and its main components - the cost and price of labor, its demand and supply, directly related to the formation and distribution of incomes of the population.
The structure of the textbook makes it possible to independently and deeply master the material, work out individual topics, and also check the quality of the knowledge gained. In the first section "The labor market and mechanisms of its regulation" the essence, structure and features of the functioning of the labor market are consistently considered in the content and methodological terms; employment and unemployment; methods of development and effective use of mechanisms for their regulation.
The second section, "Income and Wage Policy," includes an analysis of the problems of income distribution contained in economic theories, dynamics and structure of money incomes and expenditures of the population of Russia for last years; study of the theory and practice of remuneration, its organization and regulation; strengthening the influence and impact of social partnership and financial and credit levers on the policy of income and wages. The manual is provided with a list of recommended literature and the main terms and concepts used on the pages of the book, and at the end of each chapter there are control questions.
This could be the end of this brief preface. Everything else without any complications will be done by the desire and diligence of a student, a graduate student, an applicant and a trainee undergoing training in the mode of professional retraining and advanced training, to independently learn the intricacies and specifics of the labor market, the features of regulating incomes and wages of the population, because this is facilitated by the structure of the book, the layout material, style, structure and logic of presentation. However, I would like to emphasize one more point, which seems to be fundamentally important both in a theoretical and practical sense. The labor market and its components, as well as the social and labor sphere as a whole, should not be viewed as a passive "dependent" that requires only one thing - as much financial investment as possible. Of course, financial resources are needed to develop the labor market and its infrastructure. But this is not a “vacuum cleaner”, this market is active, its return is incommensurable with the costs. With the correct organization of the labor market and its constituent elements, they not only instantly recoup the corresponding costs, but give a socio-economic result that is difficult to overestimate at the macro and micro levels. This is undeniable. There are as many examples as you like - effective employment, minimal (natural) unemployment, modern wage models that are of interest in the maximum productivity of labor, production, etc.
Professor N.A. Volgin
WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE) WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE) (weighted average, weighted mean) An arithmetic mean that takes into account the weights of each of the numbers for which the mean is calculated. For example, if a person buys goods in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70l. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80l. Art. per ton and the third - 50 tons at 95l. Art. per ton, then in total he buys 450 tons of goods; the usual average purchase price would be (70 + 80 + 95)/3 = £81.7. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each of the parties, is equal to (100 x 70) + (300 x 80) + (50 x 95) / 450 = 79.4l. Art. per ton.Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000.
WEIGHTED AVERAGE is:
WEIGHTED AVERAGE (weighted average) The arithmetic mean, which takes into account the weight of each of the terms for which this average is calculated. For example, if someone buys a commodity in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70l. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80l. Art. per ton and the third – 50 tons at 95 lbs. Art. per ton, then in total he buys 450 tons of goods; the usual average purchase price will be (70 + 80 + 95): 3 = 81.7l. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each of the lots, is (100 × 70) + (300 × 80) + (50 × 95): 450 = 79.4l. Art. per ton.Business. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". Graham Bets, Barry Brindley, S. Williams et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 1998.
Geometric weighted mean
Main article: geometric meanGeometric weighted mean set of non-negative real numbers x 1 , … , x n (\displaystyle x_(1),\ldots ,x_(n)) with real weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n) ) , such that ∑ i = 1 n w i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\neq 0) , is defined as
X ¯ = (∏ i = 1 n x i w i) 1 / ∑ i = 1 n w i = exp (1 ∑ i = 1 n w i ∑ i = 1 n w i ln x i) (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\left( \prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_(i))\right)^(1/\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i))=\quad \exp \left((\frac (1)(\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)))\;\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)\right)) .
The above formulas make sense for any values of the weights, except when some x i = 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)=0) and the corresponding weights w i ≤ 0 (\displaystyle w_(i)\leq 0) . Therefore, it is generally assumed that all numbers x i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)\neq 0) . Non-negative weights are also usually considered.
If the weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n)) are normalized to one (i.e. their sum is equal to one), then the expression for the geometric weighted mean becomes
X ¯ = ∏ i = 1 n x i w i = exp ∑ i = 1 n w i ln x i (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_( i))=\exp \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)) .
Properties
- In the event that all weights are equal, the weighted geometric mean is equal to the geometric mean.
- It is easy to see that the arithmetic weighted mean of the logarithms of some numbers is equal to the logarithm of the geometric weighted mean of these numbers with the same weights.
Average weighted score
people tell me the formula for the weighted average valuation of something, preferably with an example - I can’t find a pancake anywhere, everywhere there are links to the weighted average valuation of capital, but I don’t really need it.
Yulia-julya
The weighted average formula is the ratio of the sum of the volume of each indicator multiplied by the quantity to the total sum of all quantities
For example, the weighted average price in the securities market
- N - the number of securities in the first transaction, S the value of securities in the second transaction
- N1 number of securities in the second transaction S1 value of securities in the second transaction
weighted average price = (N*S+N1*S1)/(N+N1)
I will give an example to make it quite clear.
For example, you bought sweets at a price: 1 kg for 100 rubles, 2 kg for 250 rubles. per kg. , 3kg for 400 rubles. per kg, then the weighted average cost of sweets will be 1*100+2*250+3*400/1+2+3= 1800/6= 300 rubles.
On February 25, after a long serious illness, which she endured with great stamina and courage, Irina Mikhailovna OSADCHAYA, Doctor of Economics, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, head of the IMEMO RAS sector, passed away.
Irina Mikhailovna came to IMEMO almost from its foundation in 1956, and all her labor activity associated with this institution. Irina Mikhailovna is an expert recognized in our country and abroad in the field of macroeconomic policy, the role of the state in a market and transition economy, history and modern development economic science. Her work contributed to the establishment in domestic economic science of new principles of unbiased, creativity to the study of Western economic thought. Books by I.M. Osadchay translated and published in many countries of the world. English Keynesians themselves highly appreciated her work "Modern Keynesianism". Irina Mikhailovna never aspired to occupy leadership positions. But with all the leaders of the Sector of General Problems, and then the Department modern theories of the market economy, she remained in the full sense of the word "chief researcher", and the work of these teams largely depended on her efforts and an unparalleled sense of responsibility.
The monographs of Irina Mikhailovna, collective works published under her editorship, numerous articles in scientific and popular journals are among the the best works Institute. She has done a lot to theoretical studies Western economists have become the property of Russian readers. She participated in the translation into Russian of a number of major works by world famous authors. She has written chapters on modern economic thought in many textbooks on the history of economic thought.
The educational activities of Irina Mikhailovna were extremely active - she participated in the compilation of the first comprehensive English-Russian economic dictionary, which has already gone through 3 editions, under her editorship, translations of three Oxford explanatory dictionaries on economics.
Benevolent attention and qualified judgments of Irina Mikhailovna supported many young authors. She owns great amount reviews on scientific publications, reviews for dissertations. For many years, Irina Mikhailovna was the chairman of the State Attestation Commission high school economy.
Irina Mikhailovna was very loved and respected for her high professionalism, comprehensive education, erudition and intelligence, kindness, sincere generosity and responsiveness. It is difficult for us to imagine IMEMO without Irina Mikhailovna Osadchaya.