Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language by Vladimir Dahl. Dal's dictionary Dal's explanatory dictionary 4
Dictionary living Great Russian language- a dictionary with an explanation of the meanings of words used in oral and written speech of the 19th century. The basis of the work is the language of the people, expressed by a variety of regional, derivative and similar words, as well as examples of their use.
The dictionary has been created since 1819 Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. For this work in 1863 he was awarded the Lomonosov Prize of the Academy of Sciences and was awarded the title of honorary academician. The first four-volume edition appeared between 1863 and 1866.
Description
An example of an article in the first edition. Interpreted words are in bold
The dictionary contains about 200 thousand words, of which 63-72 thousand are well-known words in the 19th century that were not previously included in other dictionaries. Approximately 100 thousand words are taken from Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian(1847), 20 thousand - from Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary(1852) and Add-ons to him (1858) Experience of the terminological dictionary Agriculture, factory work, crafts and life of the people(1843-1844) V. P. Burnasheva, Botanical Dictionary(1859) Annenkov and others. Number proverbs and sayings about 30 thousand, in some articles their number reaches several dozen ( - 73, - 86, - 110 ).
In certain cases, the Dictionary explains not only the meaning of words, but also describes the objects they call (methods of weaving rules for the wedding ceremony ), which is not typical of sensible, but encyclopedic dictionaries. The proverbs and sayings accompanying them serve as a deep understanding of some subjects.
Editions
pre-revolutionary3rd(1903-1909) - revised and enlarged by I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay. At least 20,000 new words have been added, including rude and swear words, which have become an obstacle to the reprinting of this version of the dictionary in the Soviet Union for censorship reasons. To facilitate the search for words within the nests, many headings of such words were created with links to the article containing them. As with previous editions, the volumes were compiled from several issues. It was planned to publish 10 issues per volume within 4 years.
Soviet and Russian
1935 (5th) - exact photomechanical copy of the 2nd edition. Added introductory article by A. M. Sukhotin. The format of the volumes is 27×18 cm (enlarged).
Notes
- Explanatory dictionaries// Large Russian encyclopedia. Volume 32. - M., 2016. - S. 237-238.
- , With. .
- Autobiographical note by V.I. Dalia // Russian Archive: Historical and Literary Journal. - M.: In the university printing house, 1872. - No. XI. - Stb. 2246-2250.
- Dal V.I. Response to judgment// Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. Part 4. - 1st ed. - M.: Typography T. Rees, 1866. - S. 1-4.
- Dal V.I.// Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version (2016). - M.
- Dal V.I. parting word// Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. Part 1. - 1st ed. - M.: Typography T. Rees, 1866. - S. XIII.
- Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary, published by the Second Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences; Supplement to the Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary / Ed. OH. Vostokov. - St. Petersburg. : V typ. Imp. acad. Sciences, 1852; 1858. - 275; 328 p.
- Burnashev V.P. Experience of the terminological dictionary of agriculture, factory work, crafts and life of the people. Volume I; Volume II. - St. Petersburg. : Type of. K. Zhernakova, 1843-1844. - S. 487; 415.
- Vompersky V.P. Editions of the Explanatory Dictionary ...// Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 volumes. Volume 1 / V.I. Dal. - M.: Russian language, 1989. - S. XIII-XVII.
- Shcherbin V.K. Universe in alphabetical order. - Mn. : Nar. Asveta, 1987. - S. 45. - 80 p.
- , With. VI.
- Kostinsky Yu.M. IN AND. Dal. The main business of his life// Domestic lexicographers of the XVIII-XX centuries / Ed. G.A. Bogatova. - M. : Nauka, 2000. - S. 107. - 508 p.
- Dictionary// Great Russian Encyclopedia. Volume 30. - M., 2015. - S. 424-425.
We offer our readers a dictionary of the living Great Russian language by V.I.Dal in two versions. The need for this is due to the fact that the second, earlier and unedited edition has quite poor quality scans. And the fourth edition with additions by the Academician of the Krakow Academy I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, despite its more tolerable quality, has all the signs of deliberate distortion.
Fragment of the article by S.L. Ryabtseva]]> ]]> about this person:
A book by B. de Courtenay was published with a presentation of his phonemic ideas. The book was addressed to teachers and thus, according to the author's intention, was supposed to spread poison to all educational institutions. At the same time, he suggested removing the "b" at the end of words like: mouse, night, lie down, hide, sit, laugh, get a haircut.
Such proposals cannot be assessed otherwise than as a mockery of the Russian language. These "scientists" furiously and hastily, by all falsehoods, pushed through their "theories", summing up these mocking dirty tricks, the purpose of which is the chaos of writing, supposedly a "scientific base".
The ultimate goal both then and now was the same: to force the people to abandon the Cyrillic alphabet, translate it into the Latin alphabet and exterminate the Russian language.
The "phonemic theory" of B. de K. is anti-evolutionary and anti-scientific, because it orients writing towards sound-speech, i.e. a random, variable factor, while in reality the development of the language proceeds with an orientation towards the "letter-thought".
B. de K. distinguished himself in one more thing: he was entrusted with the reprinting of the Dahl Dictionary. Having abused trust, he released a fake on behalf of Dahl: he distorted his intention, changed the foundations of the Dictionary and introduced swear words into the Dictionary. (At the end of the 20th century, the followers of B.de K., two Doctors of Philology, composed and published a dictionary of mat, insisting on its widespread study. They used the quote "from Dahl", which was invented by B.de K. You need to know: so The so-called 3rd edition of Dahl's Dictionary 1903-09 is a forgery, thus invalidating all reissues.
Update:
Thanks to our readers, we can offer the first lifetime edition - Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (1863-1866)
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So, two options:
Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language (in 4 volumes)
Year of issue : 1882
Author : V.I.Dal
Publisher: St. Petersburg - Moscow: Edition of the bookseller-typographer M. O. Volf
Format : PDF
Quality : Scanned pages
Number of pages: 2800
Work on the main work of his life - "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" - Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872) gave over half a century. Unprecedented in terms of the scope of lexical material (about 200,000 words), this dictionary became the largest phenomenon in Russian philology of the 19th century. For his work, Dal was awarded the Lomonosov Prize of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, as well as the title of honorary academician.
]]> Download Dahl's dictionary (second edition) ]]>
Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language by Vladimir Dahl. The third, revised and significantly enlarged edition, edited by prof. I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay
This edition is the third since its publication in 1863-1866. the first edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. Along with vocabulary literary language first half of XIX century, that is, the language of Pushkin and Gogol, the dictionary contains regional words, as well as the terminology of various professions and crafts.
The dictionary contains a huge illustrative material, in which the first place belongs to proverbs and sayings. According to Academician V.V. Vinogradov, “as a treasure trove of apt folk words, Dahl’s dictionary will be a companion not only of a writer, philologist, but also of any educated person.”
Publisher:..S.-Peterburg. Edition of the Suppliers of the Court of His Imperial Majesty the Partnership M.O. Wolf
Language:................Russian pre-revolutionary
Format: :..........DjVu
Quality:.........Scanned pages
Number of pages: ...... 3640
]]> Download Dahl dictionary ]]>
This edition is in djvu format. For those who are not in the know, this is such a format and no money is needed to open it. You just need to download the viewer program (attached below), download the program, install it on your computer, and then view the tutorials.
Download ]]> ]]> and install on your computer.
The Grimm brothers managed to bring their vocabulary only to the letter F; it was completed only in 1971.. Not only did Dahl's dictionary become an extraordinarily important text in itself - a national treasure, a source of a truly popular word for generations of Russian people; around him grew his own mythology.2. Each word in the name of the dictionary is not accidental
Title page of the first volume of the first edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. 1863Dahl's dictionary from the very beginning was a polemical enterprise - the author contrasted it with dictionaries that were prepared by scientists Russian Academy(since 1841 - Academy of Sciences). The famous title "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" reads a combat program, partly deciphered by the author himself in the preface.
a) an explanatory dictionary, that is, “explaining and interpreting” words using specific examples (often a good example replaces the element of interpretation). Dahl contrasted the “dry and useless” definitions of the academic dictionary, which are “the wiser, the simpler the subject,” with descriptions of the thesaurus type: instead of defining the word “table,” he lists the components of the table, types of tables, etc .;
b) a dictionary of the “living” language, without vocabulary peculiar only to church books (unlike the dictionary of the Academy, which, in accordance with the regulations, was called the “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language”), with careful use of borrowed and calque words, but but with the active involvement of dialect material;
c) a dictionary of the “Great Russian” language, that is, not claiming to cover Ukrainian and Belarusian material (although, under the guise of “southern” and “western” dialect words, a lot from these territories also entered the dictionary). Dahl regarded the dialects of "Little and White Russia" as something "completely alien" and incomprehensible to native Russian speakers.
By design, Dahl’s dictionary is not only and not so much literary (“dead” book words, the compiler did not like), but also dialectal, and not describing any local dialect or group of dialects, but covering a variety of dialects of a language common over a vast territory . At the same time, Dahl, although he was an ethnographer, traveled a lot and was interested in various aspects of Russian life, did not go on special dialectological expeditions, did not develop questionnaires and did not write down entire texts. He communicated with people while traveling on other business (this is how the legendary hush-lives) or listened to major cities the speech of visitors (this is how the last four words of the dictionary were collected, written down by the servants on behalf of the dying Dahl).
The well-known even in our time method of collecting material - "for credit" - is described in his memoirs by Petr Boborykin:
“... the teachers of the gymnasium went to him [Dal]. Through one of them, L-n, a grammar teacher, he obtained from the schoolchildren all sorts of sayings and jokes from the raznochinsk spheres. Whoever delivered L-n a certain number of new proverbs and sayings, he gave him five of the grammar. So, at least, they said both in the city [Nizhny Novgorod] and in the gymnasium.
3. Dahl compiled the dictionary alone
Vladimir Dahl. Portrait by Vasily Perov. 1872Perhaps the most impressive thing in the history of the creation of the dictionary is how its author, while not a professional linguist, collected material and wrote all the articles alone. Large authoritative dictionaries were made and are being made independently not only in the 19th century, in the era of universal talents, but also in times closer to us - remember Ozhegov's Dictionary of the Russian Language However, Ozhegov very actively used the achievements of Ushakov's collective dictionary, in the preparation of which he himself participated., "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by Vasmer or "Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language" by Zaliznyak. Such dictionaries are, perhaps, even more complete and more successful than the cumbersome products of multi-headed teams, in which the project is not limited by the duration of a human life, no one is in a hurry, the idea is constantly changing, someone works better, someone worse, and everything is different.
Dahl nevertheless used some external sources, including those collected by the Academy (recall how a gymnasium teacher wrote down “sayings and jokes” for him), although he constantly complained about their unreliability, tried to double-check every word, and not rechecked marked with a question mark. The burden of the huge work of collecting, preparing for printing and proofreading the material constantly caused him lamentations to burst onto the pages of the dictionary (see below).
However, the material he collected turned out to be generally reliable, quite complete and necessary for a modern researcher; this is a testament to how sharp his ear for language and instinct was, despite the lack of scientific information.
4. As Dahl's main business, the dictionary was evaluated only after his death.
Dal later became known as a lexicographer: he made his debut in prose as early as 1830, and the first issue of the first volume of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language came out only in 1861. At the same time, if we take the bound first volume of the first edition, then the year 1863 is on the title page. Few people know that the dictionary, like many other publications of the 19th century, came out in separate editions (having their own covers and title pages), which were then bound into volumes; at the same time, the covers and titles of the issues were usually simply thrown away, and only a few copies of them survived..
Despite the prize that the Dalev dictionary was awarded during his lifetime, and the extensive controversy in the press, contemporaries, judging by the memoirs, often perceived interest in the language and compiling a Russian lexicon as only one of Dalev's versatile talents and eccentricities. In sight were other, earlier manifested aspects of his bright personality - a writer, author of popular fairy tales and stories from folk life under the pseudonym Kazak Lugansky, military doctor, engineer, public figure, eccentric, sophisticated ethnographer. In 1847 Belinsky wrote with warm praise:
“... from his writings it is clear that he is an experienced person in Russia; his reminiscences and stories refer both to the west and to the east, and to the north and south, and to the borders and to the center of Russia; of all our writers, not excluding Gogol, he pays special attention to the common people, and it is clear that he studied them for a long time and with participation, knows their life to the smallest detail, knows how the Vladimir peasant differs from the Tver one, and in relation to shades of morals, and in relation to ways of life and crafts.
This is where Belinsky would have to say about the language of Dalev's prose, about folk catchphrases - but no.
Dal, of course, was part of the gallery of "Russian eccentrics", "originals" of the 19th century, who were fond of various unusual and impractical things. Among them were spiritualism (Dal started a "medium circle") and homeopathy, which Dahl at first ardently criticized, and then became its apologist. In a small circle of fellow doctors who met at Dahl's in Nizhny Novgorod, they spoke Latin and played chess four of them. According to fellow surgeon Nikolai Pirogov, Dal “had a rare ability to imitate the voice, gestures, mine of other people; with extraordinary calmness and the most serious mien, he conveyed the most comical scenes, imitated sounds (the buzzing of a fly, a mosquito, etc.) incredibly true, ”and also masterfully played the organ (harmonica). In this he resembled Prince Vladimir Odoevsky - also a prose writer, approved by Pushkin, also fairy tales, also music, spiritualism and elixirs.
That Dahl's main business is a dictionary, they noticed, in fact, after his death The first edition of the dictionary was completed in 1866. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal died in 1872, and in 1880-1882 a second, posthumous edition prepared by the author was published. It was typed from a special author's copy of the first edition, in which a blank sheet was sewn into each spread, where Dahl wrote down his additions and corrections. This copy has been preserved and is in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National (Public) Library in St. Petersburg.. So, in 1877, in the "Diary of a Writer" Dostoevsky, discussing the meaning of words, uses the combination "future Dal" in an almost nominal sense. In the next era, this understanding will become universally recognized.
5. Dahl believed that literacy was dangerous for peasants
Rural free school. Painting by Alexander Morozov. 1865 State Tretyakov Gallery / Wikimedia Commons
Dahl's social position caused a great resonance among his contemporaries: in the era of great reforms, he saw the danger in teaching peasants to read and write - without other measures of "moral and mental development» and real familiarization with the culture.
“...Literacy in itself is not enlightenment, but only a means to achieve it; if it is used not for this, but for another thing, then it is harmful.<…>Allow a man to express his conviction, without being embarrassed by exclamations, zealots of enlightenment, although in respect of the fact that this man has 37,000 peasants in nine counties and nine rural schools at his disposal.<…>Mental and moral education can reach to a large extent without a diploma; on the contrary, literacy, without any intellectual and moral education, and with the most unsuitable examples, almost always leads to the worst. Having made a person literate, you aroused needs in him, which you do not satisfy with anything, but leave him at a crossroads.<…>
What will you answer me if I prove to you named lists that out of the 500 people who studied at the age of 10 in nine rural schools, 200 people became famous scoundrels?"
Vladimir Dahl. "A Note on Literacy" (1858)
This idea Dahl mentions many publicists and writers of the era. The democrat Nekrasov wrote ironically: “Literacy is not without art / The venerable Dal pounced - / And he discovered a lot of feelings, / Both nobility and morality,” and the vindictive Shchedrin, as usual, recalled this more than once, for example: “... Dal at that time defended the right of a Russian man to be illiterate, on the grounds that if you teach a locksmith to read and write, he will immediately begin to forge the keys to other people's caskets. Years later, the philosopher Konstantin Leontiev sympathetically recalled Dahl's anti-pedagogical pathos in an article with the eloquent title "How and in what way is our liberalism harmful?", where he complained about liberals responding "with laughter or silence" to "a person who is direct or not afraid of original thought."
The lifetime reputation of an obscurantist is remarkable both for its wide distribution and for the fact that it was quickly forgotten - already at the turn of the century, not to mention the Soviet era, Dal was perceived as an educator and populist.
6. Dal wrote the word "Russian" with one "s"
The full name of Dahl's dictionary is quite widely known, and many will also remember that, according to the old spelling, the words "living Great Russian" are written through "a". But few people notice that Dahl actually wrote the second of these words through one "s". Yes, the collector of the Russian word insisted that it was precisely “Russian”. The dictionary itself explains this:
“They used to write Pravda Ruska; only Poland called us Russia, Russians, Russians, in Latin spelling, and we took it over, transferred it to our Cyrillic alphabet and write Russian!”
Dahl's historical and linguistic judgments are often incorrect: of course, the name Russia is historically not Polish or Latin, but Greek, and in ancient Russian the word Russian, with the second "s" in the suffix, it was quite. Dal did not favor double consonants, and in general (as we see from the word cyrillic).
Only at the beginning of the 20th century, the linguist Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay, who was preparing the third edition of the dictionary, introduced the normative spelling (with two "s") into the text.
7. In Dahl's dictionary, there are indeed words invented by him, but very few
Among the mass ideas about Dahl's dictionary, there is this: Dahl invented everything (or a lot), composed it, people don't really say that. It is quite common, let us recall at least a vivid episode from “My Age ...” by Mariengof:
“In the library, my father, of course, had Dahl's explanatory dictionary. This book, in my opinion, is priceless. What wealth of words! What sayings! Proverbs! Tips and Riddles! Of course, they are about one-third invented by Dahl. But what of that? Nothing. It is important that they are well thought out. This explanatory dictionary in a gold-embossed cover was not just Nastenka's favorite book, but some kind of her treasure. She kept it under her pillow. I read and reread every day. Like an Old Believer Bible. From him, from Dahl, this wonderful Russian speech went to Nastya. And when she first came to Penza directly from her Saransk village Chernye Bugry, there was nothing like that at all - Nastenka usually said, grayishly, like everyone else.
In Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago, there is a less enthusiastic expression of the same thought: "This is a kind of new Dahl, the same fictional, linguistic graphomania of verbal incontinence."
How much did Dahl actually come up with? Is everything in his vocabulary “living Great Russian”? Of course, there are also book neologisms in the dictionary, and quite fresh ones: for example, the expression in March, as "they say in memory of Gogol", and the word Decembrist, as "former state criminals were called." And what did the lexicographer himself write?
The ethnographic department of the Russian Geographical Society, awarding Dahl's dictionary with the Gold Konstantinovsky medal, asked the compiler to enter the words into the dictionary "with the reservation where and how they were reported to the compiler" in order to avoid criticism "what he puts in the dictionary vernacular words and speeches contrary to his spirit, and therefore, apparently, fictitious. In response to this remark (in the article "Answer to the Sentence", published in the first volume of the dictionary), Dahl admitted that he occasionally introduces into the dictionary words that "have not been in use hitherto", for example dexterity, as an interpretation-substitution for foreign words ( gymnastics). But he puts them not as independent articles, but only among interpretations, and with a question mark, as if "offering" them for discussion. Another similar technique was the use of a word that really exists in some dialect to interpret a foreign language (for example, lively — machine Zhyvulya, zhivulka, and. Vologda carnivorous insect, flea, louse, etc. || All living things, but unreasonable. Sits, a living zhivulichka on a living chair, pulling at a living meat?|| Baby. || Machine?"), “in a sense in which it, perhaps, has not been accepted until now” (that is, a new meaning is invented for a really existing word - the so-called semantic neologism). Justifying the inclusion in the dictionary of diverse unusual-sounding verbal names ( concession, allowance, allowance and allowance), Dahl referred to the fact that they are formed "according to the living composition of our language" and that he had nothing to refer to, as soon as the "Russian ear". On this path, he had a most authoritative predecessor - Pushkin, who wrote almost the same:
“The magazines condemned the words: clap, talk and top as an unfortunate innovation. These words are native Russian. “Bova came out of the tent to cool off and heard people’s talk and a horse’s top in the open field” (The Tale of Bova the King). clap used colloquially instead of clapping, how thorn instead of hissing:
He launched a spike like a snake.
(Ancient Russian poems)It must not interfere with the freedom of our rich and beautiful language.”
"Eugene Onegin", note 31
On the whole, the percentage of Dahl's “invented” is very low, and researchers identify such words without difficulty: Dahl himself indicated what types they belong to.
A large number of words noted by Dahl are not only confirmed by modern dialectological studies, but also most convincingly demonstrate their reality through comparison with ancient Russian monuments, including those inaccessible to Dahl even theoretically. For example, in Novgorod birch bark letters, which have been found since 1951 (including in the most ancient ones - XI-XIII centuries), there are parallels with the words known from Dahl: buy into- become a business partner survive- hound puppy, fine-tuning- inquiry, investigation, lodba- fish, whitefish breed, warrior- women's dress, the same as the warrior, pollock- commotion head- first, mail- an honorary gift, estimate- add, to inquire- inquire on occasion saying- bad reputation, take off- take off, be able to- arrange business sta-current- property, tula- discreet place, worm fish - not gutted; as well as phraseological units fall out of sight, bow to your money(the latter was found almost verbatim in a letter from the 13th century).
8. The order in the dictionary is not strictly alphabetical.
In Dahl's dictionary there are about 200 thousand words and about 80 thousand "nests": single-root non-prefixed words are not in alphabetical order, replacing each other, but occupy a common large article from a separate paragraph, inside which they are sometimes additionally grouped by semantic links. In a similar way, only more radically, the first "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" was built. The "nested" principle may not be very convenient for searching for words, but it turns dictionary entries into fascinating reading.
On the other hand, separate articles, which is also unusual for our time, are prepositional-case combinations that “fell out” of the nest (obviously, Dal perceived them as adverbs written separately). These include one of the most memorable entries in the dictionary:
FOR VODKA, for wine, for tea, for tea, gift in small money for a service, beyond the ranks. When God made a German, a Frenchman, an Englishman, etc., and asked them if they were satisfied, they responded with satisfaction; Russian also, but asked for vodka. The orderly and from death asks for wine (lubok picture). You pull a man out of the water, he asks for vodka for that too. Lead money, initial data for vodka.
9 Dahl Was A Bad Etymologist
In establishing the relationship of words and their belonging to a common nest, Dahl was often mistaken. He had no linguistic education However, in that era it was still a rarity, and it was not an indispensable attribute of a professional: for example, the great Slavist (and also the compiler of an invaluable dictionary, only Old Russian) Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky was a lawyer., and in general, the scientific approach to language was alien to Dahl - perhaps even consciously. In the "Wandering word" to the dictionary, he admitted that with grammar
“from the beginning he was in some kind of discord, not being able to apply it to our language and avoiding it, not so much by reason, but by some kind of dark feeling, so that it would not confuse ...”
On the second page, we see, albeit with a question mark, the convergence of words abrek(although it would seem to be labeled as Caucasian!) and doomed. Next, Dahl combines in one nest drawbar(borrowed from German) and breathe, space and simple and many others, but a number of single-root words, on the contrary, do not reduce. Subsequently, the erroneous division into nests was, if possible, corrected in the edition edited by I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay (see below).
10. Dahl's dictionary can be read in a row, like a work of art
Dahl created a dictionary that can not only be used as a reference, but also read as a collection of essays. The reader is confronted with rich ethnographic information: of course, it does not apply to dictionary interpretation in the narrow sense, but without it it is difficult to imagine the everyday context of the terms themselves.
That's what it is handshake- two or three words and you can’t say:
“beating on the hands of the fathers of the bride and groom, usually covering their hands with the floors of caftans, as a sign of final consent; the end of courtship and the beginning of wedding ceremonies: engagement, conspiracy, blessing, betrothal, engagement, a big chant ... "
Here is another example that vividly depicts the atmosphere of a wedding:
“The matchmaker was in a hurry to the wedding, she was drying her shirt on a whorl, the warrior was rolling on the threshold!”
The reader can learn about the epistolary etiquette of previous generations:
"Old sovereign or sovereign used indifferently, vm. gentleman, gentleman, landowner, nobleman; to this day we speak and write to the king: Most Merciful Sovereign; great. princes: Most Gracious Sovereign; to all individuals: Your Majesty[our fathers wrote, to the highest: your Majesty; to equal: my dear sir; to lower: my lord]».
An encyclopedic article surprising in detail is given at the word bast shoes(which fell into the nest paw). We note the involvement of not only “living Great Russian”, but also “Little Russian” (Ukrainian, more specifically, Chernihiv) material:
LAPOT, m. lapotok; pawpaw, pawpaw, m. posts, south app. (german Vasteln), short wicker shoes on the foot paw, ankle-deep, made of bast (barkers), bast (mochalyzhniki, worse), less often from the bark of willow, willow (verzni, willows), tala (sheljuzhniki), elm (elm trees), birch ( birch bark), oak (duboviki), from thin roots (root roots), from the shavings of a young oak (dubachi, Chernihiv), from hemp combs, broken shabby ropes (kurpy, krutsy, chuni, whisperers), from horse manes and tails (hairs), finally, from straw (straws, kursk.). The bast shoe is woven in 5-12 lines, bundles, on a block, kochedyk, kotochik (iron hook, pile) and consists of wattle (sole), head, firebrands (front), ear, collar (borders from the sides) and heel; but bad bast shoes, in a simple braid, without a collar, and fragile; the collar or border converges with its ends on the heel and, when connected, forms a guard, a kind of loop into which the collars are threaded. The transverse basts, bent on the collar, are called kurts; there are usually ten chickens in a wattle fence. Sometimes the bast shoes are still hoofed, they pass over the wattle fence with a bast or tow; and hand-written bast shoes are decorated with a patterned undercut. Bast shoes are put on tailor and woolen linings and tied with frills in a binding crosswise to the knee; bast shoes without frills for the house and yard, weave higher than usual and are called: kapets, kakoty, kalti, shoe covers, tricks, chuyki, little tables, whisperers, frogs, feet, bare feet, topygs, etc.
11. Dahl has two articles with pictures
Modern lexicography, especially foreign lexicography, has come to the conclusion that the interpretation of many words cannot (or is unreasonably difficult) be given without a graphic illustration. But a full-fledged authoritative illustrated Russian explanatory dictionary, unfortunately, has not yet appeared (one can only name “picture dictionaries” for foreigners and recent dictionaries of foreign words for Russians). In this, Dahl was far ahead of not only his own, but also our time: he provided two articles with pictures. In the article hat drawn-vano, what types of hats are, and can be distinguished by silhouette hairpin moscow from straight hairpin, a kashnik from tops. And in the article beef(nest beef) depicts a pensive cow, divided into parts indicated by numbers - among them, in addition to the usual sternum, shank and loin, there are, for example, underplows and a curl.
Russian State Library
Russian State Library
12. Dahl complained about the hard work right in the articles.
On the pages of his dictionary, Dahl often complains about the severity of the work undertaken. Complaints of the lexicographer is an old and venerable genre, begun on Russian soil by Feofan Prokopovich, who translated the poems of the 16th-century French humanist Scaliger as follows:
If someone's hands are condemned to torment,
waiting for the poor head of sorrow and torment.
They did not order him to be tormented by the work of difficult forges,
nor send to the hard work of ore places.
Let the vocabulary do: then one thing prevails,
All the pangs of childbirth this one labor has in itself.
But Dahl's work is notable for the fact that the complaints are not included in the preface, but are scattered across the articles (moreover, their number naturally increases in the last volumes of the dictionary):
Volume. The volume of the dictionary is large, one can not do it.
Define. The simpler and more common a thing, the more difficult it is to define it in a general and abstract way; Define, for example, what is a table?
P. This is a favorite consonant of Russians, especially at the beginning of a word (as in the middle about), and occupies (prepositions) a quarter of the entire dictionary.
Accomplice(in nest Together). Grim had many accomplices in compiling the dictionary.
Celebrate. Edit the set for printing, keep proofreading. You can’t do more than a sheet of this dictionary a day, your eyes won’t.
As a kind of “offering of descendants” to Dahl’s feat, one can consider an example from the fourth volume of the dictionary compiled by G. O. Vinokur and S. I. Ozhegov, edited by Ushakov:
Employee. Dahl compiled his dictionary alone, without employees.
13. Dahl's dictionary experienced a rebirth
Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay. Around 1865 Biblioteka NarodowaIvan Aleksandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay, one of the greatest linguists in the history of science, played a major role in the history of Dahl's dictionary. Suffice it to say that the basic linguistic concepts phonemes and morphemes were invented by his colleague Nikolai Krushevsky, who died early (Baudouin introduced them into scientific circulation), and the founder of the new Western linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure, read Baudouin's works carefully and referred to them.. Ivan (Jan) Alexandrovich was a Pole whose family boldly claimed descent from the royal house of Capet: his namesake, also Baudouin de Courtenay, sat on the throne of Constantinople conquered by the Crusaders in the 13th century. According to the legend, when the professor, who went out to a political demonstration, was taken to the police station together with the students, Ivan Alexandrovich wrote in the police questionnaire: "King of Jerusalem." Passion for politics did not leave him even later: having moved to independent Poland after the revolution, Baudouin defended national minorities, including Russians, and almost became the first president of Poland. And it’s good that he didn’t: the elected president was shot by a right-wing extremist five days later.
In 1903-1909, a new (third) edition of Dahl's dictionary was published, edited by Baudouin, supplemented by 20 thousand new words (missed by Dahl or appeared in the language after him). Of course, a professional linguist could not leave in place a bold hypothesis about the relationship of words abrek and doomed; etymologies were corrected, the nests were ordered, unified, the dictionary became more convenient for searching, and the "Russian" language became "Russian". Ivan Alexandrovich neatly marked his additions with square brackets, showing respect and sensitivity to Dahl's original idea.
However, in Soviet times, this version of the dictionary was not republished, in particular because of risky additions (see below).
14. Russian mat was well known to Dahl, but added to the dictionary after his death
The editorial board of Baudouin de Courtenay entered the mass consciousness not because of the scientific side itself: for the first time (and almost in last time) in the history of mass domestic lexicography, obscene vocabulary was included in the dictionary. Baudouin explained it this way:
“The lexicographer has no right to cut and castrate the ‘living language’. Since well-known words exist in the minds of the vast majority of the people and constantly pour out, the lexicographer is obliged to enter them into the dictionary, even if all the hypocrites and tartuffes, who are usually great lovers of greasiness in secret, rebel against this and pretend to be indignant ... "
Of course, Russian swearing was well known to Dahl himself, but due to traditional delicacy, the corresponding lexemes and phraseological units were not included in his dictionary. Only in the article old-fashioned Dahl outlined dialectological views on the subject:
LOTTER, swearing swear, swear, swear, swear obscenely. This scolding is characteristic of a high, aka, southern. and app. adverb, and in the low surrounding, sowing. and east. it is less common, and in some places it is not there at all.
Professor Baudouin approached the plot more thoroughly and included all the main, as he put it, "vulgar abuse" in their alphabetic places, noting, in particular, that a three-letter word "becomes almost a pronoun." This became an event, and references to the Baudouin dictionary, which was not reprinted in the USSR, became a popular euphemism:
Alexey Krylov, shipbuilder. "My memories"
“And all these professors and academicians began to bend such expressions that no Dahl dictionary of the 1909 edition It was in 1909 that the 4th volume of the dictionary with the letter "X" was published. no need".
Mikhail Uspensky."Red Tomatoes"
15. According to the Dahl dictionary, the language was taught by both Russian people and foreigners
From about the 1880s to the 1930s, Dahl's dictionary (in the original or in the Baudouin edition) was the standard reference to the Russian language for all writers or readers. There was especially nowhere else to “check the word”, apart from numerous dictionaries of foreign words (the old lexicons from the times of Dashkova or Shishkov became the property of history, and the new academic dictionary that was being prepared just in these years, edited by Grot and Shakhmatov, remained unfinished) . Surprisingly, a huge vocabulary, no less than half consisting of dialectisms, was also used by foreigners studying Russian. In 1909, after Russo-Japanese War, reconciled with Russia, the Japanese, with their inherent thoroughness, placed an order for a batch of copies of the Explanatory Dictionary, which supplied "all regimental libraries and all military educational institutions in Japan".
16. Yesenin and Remizov took the "wealth of folk speech" from Dahl's dictionary
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, writers of various trends actively turned to Dahl: some wanted to diversify their own vocabulary and saturate it with unusual-sounding words, others wanted to look close to the people, to give their writings a dialect flavor. Even Chekhov spoke ironically about “one writer-populist”, who takes the words “from Dahl and Ostrovsky”, later this image will flash in other authors.
Sergey Yesenin. 1922 Wikimedia CommonsThe petty-bourgeois and peasant lyric poets of the 19th century, from Koltsov to Drozhzhin, have very few dialectisms, they try to write "like gentlemen," they pass an exam for mastery of a large culture. But the new peasant modernist poets, headed by Klyuev and Yesenin, exaggerate their lexical colors to the utmost. But far from everything they take from their native dialects, but important source for them, of course, Dal serves (for the reading of which Professor I. N. Rozanov used to catch the embarrassed Yesenin).
The way for the peasants, of course, was pointed out by the intelligentsia. Klyuev's predecessors were urban stylists of folklore and reenactors of paganism Alexei Remizov, Sergei Gorodetsky and Alexei N. Tolstoy, who carefully studied the Explanatory Dictionary. And later, the “Kyiv Mallarmé” Vladimir Makkaveisky regretted “that until now Dahl had not been bought for a dusty shelf” (he immediately mentioned Remizov and Gorodets), and the Moscow futurist Boris Pasternak in 1914 wrote three inspired by Dahl poems about "drinking over the water of the bochaga" and sometimes returned to this technique in the future.
The unannounced Dahlian subtexts and sources from Russian poets and writers have yet to be fully revealed. Perhaps it is no coincidence that in Mandelstam's Poems in Memory of Andrei Bely, the word "gogol" (inspired, in turn, by the name of Gogol) is adjacent to the word "finch" - "gogol" is interpreted by Dahl as "dandy".
17. Dahl's dictionary has become a mythological symbol of Russian cultural identity
This understanding goes back to the era of modernism. In Andrey Bely's symphony "The Cup of Blizzards" one of the phantom characters "grabbed Dahl's dictionary and obsequiously handed it to the golden-bearded mystic", and for Benedikt Livshits "the vast, dense Dal became cozy" in comparison with the primitive elements of futuristic word-creation.
Already in the years of the collapse of traditional Russian culture, Osip Mandelstam wrote:
“We don't have an Acropolis. Our culture still wanders and does not find its walls. On the other hand, each word of Dahl's dictionary is a nut of the Acropolis, a small Kremlin, a winged fortress of nominalism, equipped with the Hellenic spirit for a tireless struggle against the formless element, non-existence, threatening our history from everywhere.
"On the nature of the word"
For the Russian emigration, of course, the "Explanatory Dictionary" was interpreted even more strongly as a "little Kremlin" and salvation from non-existence. Vladimir Nabokov twice recalled, in verse and prose, how, as a student, he stumbled upon Dahl's dictionary at a flea market in Cambridge and eagerly reread it: as in a Russian town - / I found Pushkin and Dal / on an enchanted tray. “I bought it for half a crown and read it, several pages every night, noting the lovely words and expressions: “olial” - a booth on barges (now it’s too late, it will never come in handy). The fear of forgetting or clogging up the only thing that I managed to scratch out, however, with rather strong claws, from Russia, has become a direct disease.
Among emigrants, the sentimental-lubok poem “Russian Culture” by hussar Yevgeny Vadimov (Lisovsky), which had lost its authorship, was popular among emigrants, in which Dal became a characteristic series: “Russian culture is Makovsky’s brush, / Antokolsky’s marble, Lermontov and Dal, / Terema and churches, the ringing of the Moscow Kremlin, / Tchaikovsky's music is sweet sadness.
18. Dictionary of Solzhenitsyn: based on extracts from the Dalev
Publishing house "Russian way"AT Soviet Russia Dahl's canonization, including by writers, only intensified. Although new explanatory dictionaries of the modern literary language appeared in the 20th century - Ushakov, Ozhegov, Bolshoy and Small Academic - the "outdated regional" dictionary still continued to retain the aura of the "main", "real" and "most complete", a monument to "Russia, which we have lost." Patriot writers like Aleksey Yugov accused modern dictionaries of “thrown out of the Russian language” compared to Dalev’s about a hundred thousand words (“forgetting”, however, that the vast majority of these words are non-literary dialectisms) . The crowning achievement of this tradition was Alexander Solzhenitsyn's "Russian Dictionary of Language Expansion", which is an extensive extract of rare words from Dahl that may be useful to a writer (a cautious mark "sometimes you can say" is introduced). They are supplemented with relatively few words compared to the main Dalev mass, taken from Russian writers of the 19th-20th centuries and from some other sources. The very linguistic manner of Solzhenitsyn the writer, especially the late one, - the replacement of foreign words with primordial and neologisms composed of primordial roots, a large number of verbal nouns with a zero suffix like "nahlyn" - goes back precisely to Dahl.
19. Soviet censors threw out an entry from the dictionary Jew
In 1955, Dahl's dictionary was republished in the USSR as a reprint of the second (posthumous) edition of the 1880s. It was one of the first examples of a Soviet reissue (and it was not a reprint, but an extremely laborious complete retype) old book in the pre-reform spelling, almost forgotten for 37 years, with all the "eras" and "yats". The exclusivity of such an action, in addition to philological accuracy, also indicated the special sacred status attached to the dictionary. This reproduction strove to be as accurate as possible - but it was still not quite so. In particular, the number of pages in it does not correspond to the original edition, and most importantly, part of the text was excluded due to censorship conditions.
In the first volume, page 541 has a strange appearance - there is much less text on it than on the neighboring ones, and at a glance you can see that the lines are unusually sparse. In the appropriate place, Dahl had a word Jew and its derivatives (in the second posthumous edition - page 557). Probably, initially the dictionary was completely retyped, and then from the ready-made set the nest Jew they threw it out, retyped the page again with an increased interval and left no such frank indication of censorship as just a blank spot for the Soviet reader (in addition, from its location it would be quite obvious which word was deleted). However, examples scattered throughout other entries of the dictionary with this word remained (for example, “Jews write and read vice versa, from right to left” in the nest wrap).
Generally speaking, Dahl did not include the names of ethnic groups as such on a general basis: there is not a single word in his dictionary. Englishman, nor French, and actually Jew(there is only jewish stone). In those days, ethnonyms were often considered proper names in general, many other authors wrote them with capital letter. Such vocabulary penetrates Dahl's dictionary only in connection with figurative meanings. Article Tatar exists, but it opens with the definition of a plant (Tatar), and in the nest hare the article about the hare occupies about the same space as all the figurative meanings associated with the ethnonym proper. Redacted article Jew was no exception: it begins with the definition of precisely figurative meaning- “a miser, a miser, a selfish miser”, and it contains many proverbs and sayings from which such an image of a Jew arises. They are also in Dalev's Proverbs of the Russian People. Although if you open, for example, an article hare, then we know that Russian mind- "hind mind, belated", Russian God- "maybe, I suppose yes somehow", and in the article Tatar we read: Tatar eyes- "arrogant, shameless rogue."
It is not clear whether the lexicographer himself was an ardent anti-Semite by the standards of that time. Dahl, an official in the Ministry of the Interior dealing in particular with religious movements, is credited with the "Note on Ritual Murders," a compilation of German and Polish texts sympathetically expounding on the blood libel against the Jews. This essay “surfaced” only during the Beilis case in 1913, and its belonging to Dahl has not been proven. Of course, neither the Soviet national policy, not even the state Soviet anti-Semitism, built on bashful and hypocritical omissions, did not allow discussing these plots among Russian classics in any way. The fact that the word “Jew” since the time of Dahl has sharply strengthened the negative connotation that was present at that time also played a role, and in Soviet times it became officially taboo. It seemed inconceivable that the treasury of the national spirit, which Lenin highly appreciated, would contain characteristics that have now become "Black Hundred-pogrom" (according to Ushakov's dictionary). All this led to such an unusual censorship of the dictionary, and then made the “Russian prophet”, whose lines “the Bolsheviks hide from the people”, an icon of the anti-Semitic nationalists of the 1970s and 1980s.
20. Modern dictionaries of “criminal jargon” are distorted Dal
A few years ago, linguist Viktor Shapoval, while working on Russian slang dictionaries, discovered that in two large dictionaries of Russian criminal jargon, published in the early 1990s, there is a large layer of outlandish words that are not confirmed by any real texts, marked “international” or "foreign". Allegedly, these words are part of a certain international jargon of criminals and are described in departmental dictionaries with the heading "for official use." Among them, for example, the word screen, which allegedly means "night", and the word unit, which means "surveillance".
Shapoval noticed that these words and their interpretations suspiciously coincide with the words from the two extreme - the first and last - volumes of Dahl's dictionary. Moreover, in the "international" words are especially readily taken, in which Dahl himself was not particularly sure and marked them with a question mark. That is, either Dahl, writing down and taking such dubious words from other sources, did not make a single mistake, and then these words exactly in this form fell into the international slang of criminals, or some quick-witted compiler of a police dictionary “for official use” (perhaps , the criminal himself, who was promised indulgence for such work) saw Dahl's dictionary on the shelf, armed himself with two extreme volumes and began to make extracts, paying special attention to outlandish words with questions. Judge for yourself which version is more likely.
An anonymous "departmental" lexicographer arbitrarily interpreted completely innocent words as criminal terms, and also unsteadily understood old spelling and Dahl's cuts. Yes, the word unit began to mean “surveillance” (in the sense of police surveillance), although Dahl’s context is as follows: “something in appearance is whole, but incoherent, composite; collection, selection, selection, osprey; sleep, surveillance, sgnetka. Before us is a typical attempt for Dahl to choose among the original words of synonyms-a replacement for a foreign one, and surveillance (through e) here means “something caked” (and surveillance from the word follow was written through "yat"). The imaginary argotism is completely anecdotal screen- "night"; the plagiarizer did not understand Dahl's entry screen, screen, night, i.e. “screen, screen or screen”. And this word means not “night”, but “chest”.
Words written out by someone from Dahl, misunderstood and additionally falsified, went for a walk in the numerous dictionaries of criminal jargon, published and republished in our time. Real secret languages (Dal, by the way, also dealt with them) are, in general, rather poor - they need a cipher for a relatively limited range of concepts, and the public understands the word “word-variety” as “a thick and solid book”, therefore numerous lexicographic phantoms in such publications are always in demand.