About a poem without a hero Akhmatova. Analysis of the work - Anna Akhmatova “A poem without a hero
The schooner "Pilgrim" moves towards San Francisco. There are a lot of people on board, among them Captain Gul, five experienced sailors, a fifteen-year-old junior sailor - the orphan Dick Send, the ship's cook Negoro, as well as the wife of the owner of the Pilgrim, James Weldon, Mrs. Weldon with her five-year-old son Jack, her eccentric relative, whom everyone called "Cousin Benedict", and the old nanny Negro Nun.
On the way, they pick up five emaciated blacks: Tom, Bat, Austin, Actaeon and Hercules, and the dog Dingo. Their boat collided with another vessel, causing their vessel to malfunction. The sailors from the Pilgrim were leaving these people, and for some reason Dingo, at the sight of the cook Negoro, showed a grin, as if he knew him.
Some time later, Captain Gal and five other sailors die on a whale hunt. The authority of the captain of the Pilgrim dares to take the fifteen-year-old youth Dick Send.
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But due to the inability to use navigation, the ship lands not in America, but in Africa, which the guy does not suspect.
Kok Negoro disappears unnoticed by everyone when the ship was washed ashore. As it turned out later, he enters into an agreement with his old friend Harris. It consisted in the fact that Harris tells the arriving sailors that they are on the shores of Bolivia, although they were in Africa.
As it turned out, Negoro and Harris had known each other for a long time, when Negoro was involved in the slave trade. Kok was sentenced to life imprisonment, but he was able to escape and got a job on the Pilgrim brig.
Harris led the sailors deep into the rainforest, but the deceived began to guess that they were far from America, they realized that Africa was around them. Dick Send regards the disappearance of Harris as a betrayal, who disappeared with Negoro, in turn, wants to grab Dick Send, blacks, Nun, Mrs. Weldon with her son, and cousin Benedict.
Dick Send and his people decide to swim across the river on a raft, but the river suddenly bursts its banks and the travelers are forced to hide in a termite mound. But when they left there, the Negroes, Dick and Nun were taken prisoner by the head of the slave caravan, who was an acquaintance of Harris, Mrs. Weldon and her son were taken away to no one knows where. Later, Nun dies, unable to withstand the transition of the camp, and Dick, having heard from Harris that Mrs. Weldon and her son died, kills him, but Dick did not know that it was a lie. Negoro, in turn, wants to take revenge on Dick for his friend, so he asks permission to kill Dick Send from Alvets, the owner of the slave caravan and a very influential person in Kazonda, as well as from Muani-Lung, the local king. Later, Muani-Lunga burns to the ground, after drinking the punch that Alvets prepared for him.
Dick is about to be executed. On the day of Muani-Lung's funeral, he is tied to a pole and hung over a boiling pit, in which, according to tradition, all the wives lie, except for the one who arranged the funeral.
At this moment, Mrs. Weldon with her son and cousin Benedict are held hostage by Negoro, who wants to get a large ransom for them from Mr. Weldon. But this intention was not destined to come true.
Negoro travels to San Francisco and leaves the hostages in Alvec's care. Cousin Benedict was very fond of insects, and when he enthusiastically ran after one of the flying specimens, he suddenly found himself free. There he meets Hercules, who was able to escape even before his brothers were captured. Hercules figures out how to help his friends and brothers. When it rained for a long time in the village, the wife of the deceased Muani-Lungi, Queen Muana, calls the sorcerer who pretends to be Hercules. The guy, being supposedly a mute sorcerer, shows with signs that the captives are the culprits of the rains. In general, he saved Dick Send from death, Mrs. Weldon, her son, cousin Benedict and the dog Dingo, but he could not save his brothers, since they managed to be sold into slavery. Then all the surviving prisoners go on a boat, disguised as a floating island, go down the river, but it so happened that they swim through the island of cannibals. Travelers stop on the opposite bank so as not to fall into the waterfall. There they discover human bones, a note, and an inscription in blood on wood, "S. AT.". Suddenly, Dingo takes off, and a human cry is heard not far away. The dog grabbed the throat of Negoro, who once killed the owner of Dingo Samuel Vernon, and now he came to take the money hidden in a cache, after which he wanted to leave for America. Negoro kills the dog with a knife, and he himself dies from the bite.
One of the most outstanding novels of the great French writer Jules Verne was first published in 1878. The adventure novel was filmed several times: in 1945 (USSR), in 1974 (co-production of Spain and France) and in 1986 (USSR, the film was called "Pilgrim's Captain").
The schooner-brig "Pilgrim", designed for whaling, sets sail from the port of Auckland. The schooner is led by an experienced captain Gul, who has several sailors under his command. The youngest of them is 15 years old. The team consists of cook Negoro. In addition, on board is Mrs. Weldon, the wife of the owner of the ship with her five-year-old son Jack, Nan's nanny and cousin Benedict, a relative of the Weldons. The schooner heads to San Francisco.
A few days later, Mrs. Weldon's son notices an overturned ship in the ocean. As it turned out, this ship is called "Waldeck". It could not continue on its way due to a hole in the nose. The passengers of the Pilgrim found five Negroes on the Waldeck. All of them were free citizens of America, but lived for some time in New Zealand, where they worked on a plantation under contract. On the way to America, the Waldeck collided with another ship. All of a sudden, all the crew members were gone. Five friends were doomed to starvation.
The crew of the Pilgrim takes the passengers of the Waldeck aboard. A few days later, dark-skinned Hercules, Austin, Tom, Actaeon and Bat managed to recover. In addition to five blacks, a dog named Dingo was found on the Waldeck. The only surviving passengers of the lost ship claim that their captain found the animal off the coast of the African continent. For some unknown reason, Dingo, from the very first minutes of his stay on the Pilgrim, begins to show aggression towards Negoro's cook. On the dog's collar, you can see 2 letters: "C" and "B".
Adventure begins...
A few more days passed. The sailors of the "Pilgrim" and Captain Gul change to a boat and go to catch a whale, which was seen not far from the ship. The leadership of the Pilgrim is entrusted to the youngest sailor of the team - Dick Sand. A ghoul and five sailors die in a fight with a whale. Dick is forced to take over as captain for the remainder of the voyage. Despite the fact that the young captain is quite bold and courageous, he lacks some navigational knowledge. Dick doesn't know how to navigate by the stars. Sand can find out the location of the schooner only by lot and compass.
Negoro took advantage of the young captain's inexperience. He broke one compass and disabled the lot. Then the insidious cook changed the readings on the second compass. As a result, the Pilgrim arrived at the shores of Angola, where the ship washed ashore. All passengers survived. Negoro, taking advantage of the general turmoil, leaves the travelers. Dick goes looking for someone locality and meets American Harris. A new acquaintance assures Dick that the travelers are in Bolivia. Harris invites travelers to his brother's hacienda, where the passengers of the Pilgrim can find shelter. In fact, the American lures travelers deep into the rainforest.
On the way to the hacienda, Tom and Dick guessed that they were on the African continent. When Harris notices that his deceit has been exposed, he immediately hides in the woods. The reader then observes the meeting between the American and Negoro. From the conversation of old friends, it becomes clear that the ship's cook is a secret agent of the slave traders. His the main task- to deliver a live commodity to the one who sells it. Negoro has been engaged in his craft for more than a year. The authorities of Portugal, where the cook was from, sentenced the secret agent to life imprisonment. However, Negoro did not stay in hard labor for long. He managed to escape and get a job on the Pilgrim. The secret agent dreamed of returning to Africa. Circumstances worked out in the best way for Negoro.
After numerous adventures and escape from slavery, almost all the heroes find themselves together again. Only Nan's nanny couldn't survive. The secret of the mysterious letters "C" and "B", which turned out to be initials, is also revealed. The owner of the Dingo was named Samuel Vernon. Cook Negoro contributed to his death.
Having again met with the killer of his master, Dingo throws himself on his neck and tries to gnaw through his throat. The secret agent managed to kill the dog, but he himself also could not escape retribution and died. The travelers were able to safely reach California. The Weldons redeem Austin, Tom, Actaeon, and Bath, who have fallen into slavery, and take Dick into their family. The young man receives necessary education and becomes the captain of one of his adoptive father's ships.
Dick Sand was orphaned early. The protagonist of the novel was found on the street by a passerby, in whose honor the boy was subsequently named. Dick's surname was given in memory of the place where he was discovered.
Little Dick was developed beyond his years and already aged four years learned to count, write and read. At the age of eight, the boy went to work as a cabin boy. On the ship, he managed to prove himself well. The owner of the ship, Weldon, decided to send Dick to school. Then the young man became a sailor on the Pilgrim.
During the journey described in the novel, Dick Sand was also able to show himself with better side. A difficult childhood and the endurance gifted by nature hardened the young captain. Dick had to take the place of the deceased Ghoul and make his own decisions. The ability not to get lost in an unfamiliar environment allowed Sand not only to survive, but to receive the most coveted reward - a family that he never had.
Philosophy of the author
Readers of different ages in the same novel may be interested in completely different things. Teenagers aged 12-16 are only interested in adventure. A fifteen-year-old boy, their age, finds himself face to face with severe trials, from which he emerges victorious.
Features of Jules Verne's style
More mature readers will be able to see the worldview of its author in the novel. Jules Verne puts events in the first place in his works. That is why the philosophy of the writer often goes unnoticed and fades into the background.
In fact, adventure is only the background against which the development of interpersonal relationships takes place. Everyday life is not capable of revealing the character of people living by inertia. Once in an unusual and dangerous environment, a person will definitely show his true face.
Denying racism and slavery, Jules Verne is in solidarity with another great writer of the 19th century, Mark Twain. It is no coincidence that among the positive characters you can see Hercules. The main villain is a native of Portugal. It is also not accidental that the people of the white race fall into slavery. The author invites whites to be in the place of blacks and feel everything that black slaves have to go through. Vern sees no difference between the two skin colors. The superiority of one color over another is nothing more than a stereotype. If the oppression of blacks seems logical to a white American, then the enslavement of whites seems no less logical to the indigenous inhabitants of the African continent.
Anna Akhmatova created her key work - "A Poem without a Hero" for two decades. A large time period allowed the poetess to put into the poem all her thoughts, experiences, thoughts, summing up all her thoughts. creative way. The main themes of the poem were time and memory - concepts on which Akhmatova strung poetic lines, creating a monumental, epic canvas in which motifs of the past and present, elements of domestic life close to the poetess, phantasmagoric images, legends and reality are intertwined in a bizarre composition.
Akhmatova, who began her poetic career in the era of " silver age"of Russian culture, refers to the times of his youth, to that period in the history of Russia, the charm of which we have lost forever.
The first part of the poem, entitled "The Nine Hundred and Thirteenth Year," tells us tragic story dragoon cornet who commits suicide because of unhappy love.
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The basis of the plot was a real incident that took place almost in front of Akhmatova, but in fact, the real background becomes only a convenient excuse to pull a whole carnival of scary and cute ghosts out of the oblivion of past years. The story of the poor dragoon has become a magnificent illustration for the whole era. In this case, the author saw all the nuances of that distant past, which, like a searchlight beam, was highlighted by the dragoon's suicide. Tragic, farce, comedy, mysticism - such an elusive veil soared in the atmosphere of the past. The author leads to the idea that it was the frivolity of the era that became the fatal cause of its fall.
The poetess, who lives in the "forties, fatal", refers to her memories, in which the past lost era comes to life. In the present, she has many tragic events behind her, the arrest of her husband and son, the inability to publish, besieged Leningrad. In her introduction, Akhmatova emphasizes her position in relation to the memory of past years:
From the fortieth year
As from a tower, I look at everything.
Like saying goodbye again
With what I said goodbye a long time ago
Like being baptized
And I go under the dark vaults.
Akhmatova, with the help of the magic of poetic words, returns to 1913 and invites readers to follow her in these years, which she calls the last peaceful year. The poetess makes an attempt to recreate the past, to which she was a witness and became a judge:
I forgot your lessons
Rednecks and false prophets!
The tragedy of the narrative is enhanced by the composition of the poem, when the author's gaze turns to bygone times many years later. It is difficult for the author to come to terms with the fact that the heroes of her youth have become shadows of the past, she asks in despair:
How could this happen
Am I the only one alive?
There is a clear manifestation of the pathos of an imminent catastrophe in the poem. The death of a young poet, who could not survive the betrayal of his beloved, is only the first act of the drama that was played out in the 20th century. in the realm of history. The fourteenth, and then the forty-first year showed its other scales. But it is no coincidence that the memory of the author of "A Poem Without a Hero" in besieged Leningrad returns to that "which has long been said goodbye." The tragic intonation of the theme is set off by a whole gallery of masquerade images that came from the space of world classical literature, which are shown as casts from the face of an era. In the center of the lyrical plot is a young dragoon unhappy in love and an actress, whose story helps to raise the level of the necessary poetic intensity to a broad epic canvas covering a quite clearly defined period of history. The credibility and plausibility of the picture is emphasized by the presence of key historical images: Blok’s appearance:
This is him in a crowded room
I sent that black rose in a glass ...
Like an echo of mountain thunder
Our glory and triumph! ..
In addition, a significant historical parallel can also be traced in the poem - the image of St. Petersburg. It is no coincidence that the first part of the poem has the subtitle "Petersburg Tale". The image of the great city, which permeates parts of the poem, plays the role of a connecting element between the past and the present. In the poem, Petersburg is shown in line with the classical plots of Russian literature with Gogol's grotesqueness, the pangs of Dostoevsky's conscience. Petersburg becomes a mute witness to human dramas and the custodian of something elusive, but very significant, which has not disappeared during the hard times. Petersburg has become a symbol of memory of a lost era, which carries through itself the echoes of the past, leading to the present.
The motive of historical memory has always been an important element in the work of Akhmatova, in "A Poem without a Hero" he reached his highest penetration:
As the future ripens in the past,
So in the future the past smolders -
Am I others to blame?
This brings into the poem a bright and sad motive of conscience, which also carries the awareness of the guilt of each person for the tragedies that have occurred. Memory, time and conscience merge into a single whole, forming the central images of the work. The key images are the Author, a generalized image of a person who is responsible for the fate of not only the people, but of all mankind, and the City, acting as an inspired image of the many-sided world, a symbol of its inviolability, the keeper of time and memory of past eras. With the help of these two images, the complex structure of a multifaceted and multifaceted poem acquires a solid foundation.
The course of the river of time takes the reader to 1941. Despite the fact that all the main losses in life have gone into the distant past, the world of youth and excitement, love and passion has dissolved, but in the "Epilogue" the author again feels sadness, saying goodbye to the great City. The poetess leaves St. Petersburg when the city is shrouded in a terrible besieged plague, she mourns, because together with him she says goodbye to a whole era of her life, which forever left a memory on its streets.