In what year was Tvardovsky born. Creative and life path of Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich
The main theme of all the writer's work was the Great Patriotic War. And the soldier hero Vasily Terkin created by him received such huge popularity that, one might say, surpassed the author himself. We will talk about the life and work of the amazing Soviet writer in this article.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky: biography
The future poet was born according to the old style on June 8 (June 21 - according to the new one), 1910, in the village of Zagorye, which is located in His father, Trifon Gordeevich, was a blacksmith, and his mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, looked like from a family of odnodvortsev (farmers who lived on the outskirts of Russia and were supposed to protect its borders).
His father, despite his peasant origins, was a literate man and loved to read. There were even books in the house. The mother of the future writer also knew how to read.
Alexander had a younger brother Ivan, born in 1914, who later became a writer.
Childhood
For the first time Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky got acquainted with the works of Russian classics at home. A brief biography of the writer tells that there was a custom in the Tvardovsky family - on winter evenings, one of the parents read aloud Gogol, Lermontov, Pushkin. It was then that Tvardovsky acquired a love for literature, and even began to compose his first poems, having not yet really learned how to write correctly.
Little Alexander studied at a rural school, and at the age of fourteen he began sending small notes to local newspapers for publication, some of them were even printed. Soon Tvardovsky ventured to send poetry as well. The editor of the local newspaper "Working Way" supported the young poet's undertaking and helped him in many ways to overcome his natural timidity and start publishing.
Smolensk-Moscow
After graduation, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky moved to Smolensk (whose biography and work are presented in this article). Here, the future writer wanted to either continue his studies or find a job, but he failed to do either - this required at least some specialty that he did not have.
Tvardovsky lived on the pennies that brought intermittent literary earnings, for which he had to fight off the thresholds of the editorial offices. When the poet's poems were published in the capital's magazine "October", he went to Moscow, but even here luck did not smile at him. As a result, in 1930 Tvardovsky was forced to return to Smolensk, where he spent the next 6 years of his life. At this time, he was able to enter the Pedagogical Institute, which he did not graduate from, and again went to Moscow, where in 1936 he was admitted to the MIFLI.
During these years, Tvardovsky began to actively publish, and in 1936 the poem “Country of the Ant” was published, dedicated to collectivization, which glorified him. In 1939, Tvardovsky's first poetry collection, Rural Chronicle, was published.
War years
In 1939, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was drafted into the Red Army. The biography of the writer at this moment changes dramatically - he finds himself in the center of hostilities in Western Belarus. Since 1941, Tvardovsky worked in the Voronezh newspaper "Red Army".
This period is characterized by the flourishing of the writer's work. In addition to the famous poem "Vasily Terkin", Tvardovsky creates a cycle of poems "Frontline Chronicle" and begins work on the famous poem "House by the Road", which was completed in 1946.
"Vasily Terkin"
The biography of Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich is replete with various creative achievements, but the greatest of them is the writing of the poem "Vasily Terkin". The work was written throughout the Second World War, that is, from 1941 to 1945. It was published in small parts in military newspapers, thereby raising the morale of the Soviet army.
The work is distinguished by its precise, understandable and simple style, rapid development actions. Each episode of the poem is connected with each other only by the image of the main character. Tvardovsky himself said that such a peculiar construction of the poem was chosen by him, because he himself and his reader could die at any moment, so each story should be ended in the same issue of the newspaper in which it was started.
This story made Tvardovsky a cult wartime author. In addition, the poet was awarded orders for his work. Patriotic War 1st and 2nd degrees.
Post-war creativity
Continues active literary activity and after the war Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. The biography of the poet is supplemented by the writing of a new poem "For the distance - the distance", which was written in the period from 1950 to 1960.
From 1967 to 1969, the writer worked on the autobiographical work "By the Right of Memory". The poem tells the truth about the fate of Tvardovsky's father, who became a victim of collectivization and was repressed. This work was banned for publication by censorship and the reader was able to get acquainted with it only in 1987. The writing of this poem seriously spoiled Tvardovsky's relations with the Soviet authorities.
The biography of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky is also rich in prosaic experiences. All the most important, of course, was written in poetic form, but several collections of prose stories were also published. For example, in 1947, the book "Motherland and Foreign Land", dedicated to the Second World War, was published.
"New world"
Do not forget about the journalistic activities of the writer. For many years he served as editor-in-chief literary magazine « New world» Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. The biography of this period is full of all sorts of clashes with official censorship - the poet had to defend the right to publish for many talented authors. Thanks to the efforts of Tvardovsky, Zalygin, Akhmatova, Troepolsky, Molsaev, Bunin and others were published.
Gradually, the magazine became a serious opposition Soviet power. Writers of the sixties were published here and anti-Stalinist thoughts were openly expressed. The real victory for Tvardovsky was the permission to publish Solzhenitsyn's story.
However, after the removal of Khrushchev, the editors of Novy Mir began to exert strong pressure. This ended with the fact that Tvardovsky was forced in 1970 to leave the post of editor-in-chief.
Final years and death
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky, whose biography was interrupted on December 18, 1971, died of lung cancer. The writer died in a place that is located in the Moscow region. The body of the writer was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Alexander Tvardovsky lived a rich and vibrant life and left behind a huge literary legacy. Many of his works have been included in school curriculum and remain popular to this day.
Brief biography of Alexander Tvardovsky
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky - Soviet writer and poet, winner of many awards, Chief Editor magazine "New World". Tvardovsky was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the Smolensk province on the Zagorye farm. The writer's family, although peasant, always had a lot of books. Therefore, Alexander quite early became addicted to them and began to write poetry. At the age of 14, he already left his notes in newspapers. M. V. Isakovsky liked his work, who became good friend and mentor of the young poet.
In 1931, his first poem appeared in print, entitled "The Path to Socialism." By that time, the entire family of the writer was dispossessed, and his native farm was burned down. Despite this, he supported collectivization and Stalin's ideas. Since 1938 he became a member of the CPSU (b). A year later, he was drafted into the Red Army, and also participated in the Finnish War as a war correspondent. During the Great Patriotic War, the most famous poem writer - "Vasily Terkin". This poem became the embodiment of the Russian character and national patriotism.
In 1946, Tvardovsky finished work on the poem "House by the Road". In the 1960s, the writer wrote the poem "By the Right of Memory", where he told the whole truth about the life of his father and the consequences of collectivization. This poem until 1987 was banned for publication by censors. Along with poetry, the writer was also fond of prose. So, in 1947, his book about the past war "Motherland and Foreign Land" was published. In the 1960s, the poet showed himself as a professional critic and wrote articles about the work of S. Marshak, M. Isakovsky, I. Bunin.
For many years, Tvardovsky was the editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine. He boldly defended the rights of talented writers and their works. With his help, the works of such writers as Aitmatov, Solzhenitsyn, Abramov and others were allowed to print. In 1970, the writer was forced to leave the post of editor. She left with him most of team. A. T. Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 from lung cancer. The poet was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Alexander was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the Smolensk province Russian Empire. It is surprising that in the biography of Tvardovsky the first poem was written so early that the boy could not even write it down, because he was not literate. The love of literature appeared in childhood: Alexander's father liked to read aloud at home the works of famous writers Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Nekrasov, Leo Tolstoy and Ivan Nikitin.
Already at the age of 14 he wrote several poems and poems on topical topics. When collectivization and dispossession took place in the country, the poet supported the process (he expressed utopian ideas in the poems "Country of the Ant" (1934-36), "The Path to Socialism" (1931)). In 1939, when the war with Finland began, A.T. Tvardovsky, as a member of the Communist Party, participated in the unification of the USSR and Belarus. Then he settled in Voronezh, continued to compose, worked in the newspaper "Red Army".
Creativity of the writer
by the most famous work Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky became the poem "Vasily Terkin". The poem brought great success to the author, because it was very relevant in war time. The subsequent creative period in Tvardovsky's life was filled with philosophical thoughts, which can be traced in the lyrics of the 1960s. Tvardovsky began working in the Novy Mir magazine, completely revised his views on Stalin's policy.
In 1961, under the impression of Alexander Tvardovsky's speech at the XXII Congress of the CPSU, Alexander Solzhenitsyn gave him his story "Sch-854" (later called "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"). Tvardovsky, being at that time the editor of the magazine, appreciated the story extremely highly, invited the author to Moscow and began to seek Khrushchev's permission to publish this work.
At the end of the 60s, a significant event took place in the biography of Alexander Tvardovsky - the campaign of Glavlit against the Novy Mir magazine began. When the author was forced to leave the editorial office in 1970, part of the team left with him. The magazine was, in short, destroyed.
Death and legacy
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky died of lung cancer on December 18, 1971, and was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Streets in Moscow, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Smolensk are named after the famous writer. A school was named in his honor and a monument was erected in Moscow.
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BIOGRAPHY
Born June 21, 1910 on the farm ZagoryePochinkovsky district in a peasant family.
Outstanding Russian poet 20th century Five-time winner of State Prizes. Member of the Great Patriotic War. Editor of "New World" (1950-54, 1958-70) - the best post-war literary, artistic and socio-political journal that determined the face of genuine realistic literature, Soviet public figure.
Until 1936 he lived and worked in the Smolensk region. Published in the newspapers "Young Comrade", " Smolensk village”, “Working Way”, “Bolshevik Young”, in the magazine “Offensive”. He was the executive secretary of the magazine "Western Region". Published 260 works in verse and prose, incl. 3 poems.
In 1928 A.T. Tvardovsky moved to Smolensk, where he lives, studies in pedagogical institute. Travels a lot around the country. At the same time passes good school poetic mastery of M.V. Isakovsky, takes an active part in the social and literary life of the Smolensk region. Impressions and observations gleaned from numerous trips to native land, formed the basis of his poems "The Path to Socialism", "Introduction", "Country Ant", many poems dedicated to the collectivization of agriculture. Wide recognition was brought by A.T. Tvardovsky's poem "Country Ant" (1936), awarded in 1941 by the State Prize of the USSR.
He was a member of the Writers' Association until March 1931. He was expelled for "incorrect coverage of class relations” in the works and in connection with the dispossession and expulsion of the family from Zagorye.
In 1936 A.T. Tvardovsky moved to Moscow. In 1939 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI). Participated in the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-40. During the Great Patriotic War, he was at the front, from the beginning to its victorious end he was at the forefront of the fight against the Nazi invaders. Awarded with orders Patriotic War I and II degree, Red Star, medals.
The poem "Vasily Terkin" written by him became a classic of Russian poetry of the twentieth century. The image he created folk hero Vasily Terkin personifies the unbending character of the Soviet, Russian soldier, his courage and steadfastness in the fight against the enemies of our Motherland. Vividly expressing the moral ideals of the people, the book "Vasily Terkin" received nationwide fame, was translated into many languages, and was awarded the State Prize of the USSR (1946).
Direct front-line experience, deep reflections on the historical fate of the people, the difficulties Everyday life, reality, the desire to extremely frankly, truthfully comprehend "" the world is big and difficult" found artistic expression in the poem "House by the Road" (USSR State Prize, 1947), in the book "From the lyrics of these years. 1959-1967" (State Prize of the USSR. 1971). Special place in his work is the poem "For the distance - the distance", written in 1953-66, representing a passionate, excited confession of the son of his century. It reflects the mindset of Soviet society in the fifties, reflections on the fate ordinary people, about his own biography, its tragic pages (unreasonable repression of parents, siblings)
For any artist, especially an artist of the word, a writer, the presence of this small, separate and personal homeland is of great importance ... In the works of genuine artists - both the greatest and more modest in their value - we unmistakably recognize the signs of their small homeland.
A.T. Tvardovsky carried his tender filial attachment to his native places, to the farm Zagorye, Smolensk, and the grateful memory of them through his whole life, expressed in his poems, poems, prose, passionate journalism, in the poetic images he created.
Without a doubt, the Smolensk region was a moral and aesthetic support in the work of A.T. Tvardovsky. She nourished with her life-giving juices the enormous talent of the great Russian poet, who deeply reflected in his the best poems, poems, prose, journalism, the complex, sometimes tragic path of the people, whom he served faithfully. He was a man of the highest moral and civil character. The idea of statehood, patriotism was the beginning of all the beginnings of his thoughts, the source of the epic nature of his poetry.
Being one of the founders of the ""Smolensk poetic school", A.T. Tvardovsky constantly maintained close contact with his fellow writers, actively participated in the cultural life of Smolensk and the region. He was for his younger brothers in the pen not only supreme example artistic exactingness, but also a patient mentor, friend, comrade who helped, supported them in any way he could.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 in a holiday village near Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow Region. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. On the fresh grave of the poet, earth was poured out of the bag, brought from the Smolensk Territory. Yuri Pashkov read poems that expressed the deep sorrow of the Smolensk people on the occasion of the death of the great poet of the twentieth century, a famous fellow countryman. They contained these lines:
His land, where he knew every hillock,
The land of the father and Terkin - a fighter,
She lies like a vast expanse of memory,
Which has no edge or end
When we, standing over the grave pit,
Got the ground, then she was
Heavy, warmer, damp,
As if all tears came out
The memory of A.T. Tvardovsky is immortalized in his small homeland: in Smolensk and Pochinka, streets are named after him, memorial plaques are installed. A memorial museum has been created in the regional center. On May 2, 1995, in the center of the hero city of Smolensk, opposite the hotel, over which the soldiers hoisted the red flag on September 25, 1943, a monument was unveiled to the poet and warrior Alexander Tvardovsky and Vasily Terkin: the famous Russian writer and his world-famous literary hero. The Union of Writers of Russia established the Literary Prize. A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin".
May 24, 1986 for great services to the Fatherland, native land, a city on the Dnieper A.T. Tvardovsky was awarded (posthumously) the title "Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Smolensk".
Soviet literature
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky
Biography
TVARDOVSKY, ALEXANDER TRIFONOVICH (1910−1971), Russian poet. Born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province. Tvardovsky's father, a peasant blacksmith, was dispossessed and exiled. The tragic fate of his father and other victims of collectivization is described by Tvardovsky in the poem By the Right of Memory (1967−1969, published 1987).
Tvardovsky wrote poetry from childhood. In 1931 his first poem, The Path to Socialism, was published. While studying at the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute, and then at the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History (MIFLI), from which he graduated in 1939, Tvardovsky also wrote articles. He became famous for the poem Country Ant (1936, State Prize, 1941), which tells about the search for a country of universal happiness by a peasant Nikita Morgunok.
After the release of the Land of Ants, collections of poems by Tvardovsky Poems (1937), Road (1938), Rural Chronicle (1939), Zagorye (1941) were published one after another. In 1939-1940, Tvardovsky served in the army as a military journalist, participated in the campaign against Poland and in the Finnish campaign. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a front-line correspondent for various newspapers. The poet called his lyrics of the war years "front-line chronicle", defining by this name its content and stylistic features.
In 1941, Tvardovsky began working on a poem by Vasily Terkin, which he subtitled The Book of a Fighter. The first chapters were published in September 1942 in the Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda newspaper, in the same year an early version of the poem was published as a separate book. The final version was completed in 1945. In the article How "Vasily Terkin" was written, Tvardovsky wrote that the image of the main character was invented in 1939 for a permanent humorous column in the newspaper of the Leningrad Military District "On Guard of the Motherland". Accidentally found image, wrote Tvardovsky, "captured me without a trace." The original humorous idea took the form of an epic narrative, the poem became for the author "my lyrics, my journalism, a song and a lesson, an anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart talk and a remark to the occasion." In the poem "just a guy by himself" Vasily Terkin became the main character of the people's war. Like all the heroes of the world epic, he was granted immortality (it is no coincidence that in Terkin's 1954 poem in the next world he falls into afterworld, reminiscent of Soviet reality with its carrion) and at the same time - a lively optimism that makes it the personification of the national spirit. The poem was a huge success with readers. Vasily Terkin became a folklore character, about which Tvardovsky remarked: "Where he came from, he goes there." The book received both official recognition (State Prize, 1946), and appreciated contemporaries. I. Bunin wrote about it: “This is a truly rare book. What freedom, what wonderful prowess, what accuracy, precision in everything, and what extraordinary vernacular- not a hitch, not a hitch, not a single false, ready-made, that is, literary word! Defining the main direction of his work, Tvardovsky wrote: "Personally, I probably will not be able to move away from the harsh and majestic, infinitely diverse and so little revealed in the literature of the world of events, experiences and impressions of the war period." The poetic embodiment of this idea was his famous lyric poems I was killed near Rzhev ... and I know it was not my fault ... The poem about the tragic fate of the soldier Sivtsov and his family House by the Road (1946), which Tvardovsky called "lyrical chronicle", is also devoted to the military theme. In 1950, Tvardovsky was appointed editor-in-chief of the journal Novy Mir, but in 1954 he was removed from his post for democratic tendencies that emerged in the journal immediately after Stalin's death. In 1958, Tvardovsky again headed Novy Mir, inviting his like-minded people to it - critics and editors V. Lakshin, I. Vinogradov, A. Kondratovich, A. Berzer and others. In this post, Tvardovsky, by definition, critic I. Rostovtseva, " brought out literature and creative people from dead ends into which they have been driven by History, Time, Circumstances. Thanks to his efforts, the works of V. Ovechkin, V. Bykov, F. Abramov, B. Mozhaev, Yu. Trifonov, Yu. publish A. Solzhenitsyn's story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. In 1970, Tvardovsky was removed from his post as editor-in-chief. This exacerbated the difficult mental situation in which he was, being, on the one hand, a major figure in the party-Soviet hierarchy, and on the other, an "unofficial oppositionist." Despite the official recognition of the poem Beyond the Distance (1950−1960, Lenin Prize, 1961), Tvardovsky's poems By Right of Memory and Terkin in the next world were not published. Tvardovsky died in Krasnaya Pakhra near Moscow on December 18, 1971.
Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich, is a famous Russian poet. He was born on June 8, 1910 in the village of Zagorye, which is located in the Smolensk region. The father of the future poet was a blacksmith, who was dispossessed during the revolution and sent into exile. About the fate of many victims of collectivization of that time, Tvardovsky wrote in his work "By the Right of Memory".
Alexander wrote poems from childhood. His first work was published in 1931. This poem was called "The Path to Socialism". During his studies at the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute and at the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, he did not forget to write articles. Tvardovsky became famous after his poem "Country Ant" was released to a wide circle of readers.
From 1939 to 1940 he served in the army as a military journalist. He took part in campaigns against Poland and in the Finnish war. During World War II, he was a war correspondent. He wrote articles for many newspapers. In addition, he was engaged in creativity, wrote his "chronicles of the front years." This title defines the content of this work. Thanks to the fact that he was the director of the "New World", it was possible to publish the works of many Soviet writers. And in 1961, Tvardovsky was able to publish Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". By the will of senior officials, in 1970, Tvardovsky was removed from the post of editor-in-chief. This greatly influenced the state of mind of the poet, who was both a big man in the party and an "unofficial oppositionist." Despite the fact that his poem "For the Far Far" was recognized by Soviet critics and awarded the Lenin Prize in 1961, his other works were never published.
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