How many years did Tyutchev spend in diplomatic work. Tyutchev detailed biography, Tyutchev diplomacy and interesting facts

Many lines of Tyutchev became winged. A contemporary of many wars and social upheavals, he perceives his time as "fateful minutes", the eve of great events.

His most famous quatrain was written in 1866:

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick:

She has a special become -

One can only believe in Russia.

The great Russian lyricist, poet-thinker, publicist, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - a bright representative of the golden age of Russian poetry - stands alone in the Russian poetic pantheon.

He was a contemporary of Pushkin, who admired his poetry. However, Tyutchev himself did not consider poetry his main occupation. He called his poems "verses" and "paper-scribbles". He treated them without trepidation - out of absent-mindedness he could leave them somewhere or even accidentally throw them away.

Fedor Ivanovich spoke five languages, worked as a diplomat abroad for many years. In his political articles, which are still relevant today,

Tyutchev analyzed the cause of the anti-Russian sentiments that had become widespread in Western Europe, revealed and explained the phenomenon of Russophobia, which he saw in an effort to oust Russia from Europe, if not by force of arms, then by force of contempt.

He also reflects on this in his poems. Here is one of them - about some homegrown liberals:

Wasted labor - no, you can’t reason with them, -

The more liberal, the more vulgar they are,

Civilization is a fetish for them,

But her idea is inaccessible to them.

No matter how you bend before her, gentlemen,

You will not win recognition from Europe:

In her eyes you will always be

Not servants of enlightenment, but serfs.

The diplomat with the soul of a poet became widely famous, first of all, not for his political and philosophical reflections (for example, in his political articles he aphoristically wrote: “Russia as a giant state, but as a society - a baby”), but with lyrical poems. The romances by Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Sviridov and other composers based on Tyutchev's poems are widely known and loved.

“Only strong and original talents,” Nikolai Karamzin wrote about the poet, “are allowed to touch such strings in the human heart. We resolutely attribute the talent of Mr. F. Tyutchev to the Russian paramount poetic talents.

He was born on December 5, 1803 in the family estate in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province (now the Bryansk region). It was from these Central Russian places that almost all the great Russian literature came out: Fet, Tyutchev, Leo Tolstoy, Turgenev, Leskov. In the provinces, it was difficult to give a decent education to noble children - and the Tyutchevs moved to Moscow.

From the age of four until graduating from Moscow University, Fyodor Ivanovich lived in Armenian Lane in Moscow, in a house on the facade of which there is now a memorial plaque. It was from here that he left for the diplomatic service in Munich.

The first literature teacher of Fyodor Ivanovich was the young poet-translator Semyon Raich, who led his home education and encouraged Tyutchev's first poetic experiments. Fedor wrote his very first poem when he was 11 years old. The young man translated Horace, studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry.

In 1819, when Fedor entered the verbal department of Moscow University, Semyon Raich left the Tyutchevs' house in Armenian Lane and soon became the mentor of the young Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

In 1821, Tyutchev brilliantly graduated from Moscow University, where he studied foreign languages, literature, art history, archeology, took an active part in the literary life of the university. Soon he entered the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1822, Tyutchev went abroad, having received an appointment to a modest position in the Russian embassy in Munich (the capital of the then Bavarian kingdom).

In Munich, he joined the German idealist philosophy, made acquaintance with Schelling, was friends with Heinrich Heine, translated Goethe and Schiller.

It was here that the poet created a number of his famous poems: “Spring Thunderstorm”, “Third is not without reason angry ...”, “What are you howling about, night wind? ..” and others.

Tyutchev lived in foreign lands for twenty-two years, but did not lose his spiritual connection with his homeland and occasionally visited her. He returned to Russia, as he himself later admitted, - more Russian than he was.

In the spring of 1836, Tyutchev sent a manuscript with 24 poems from Munich to St. Petersburg. Pushkin published them in his Sovremennik under the heading "Poems sent from Germany", signed by F.T.

“I was told by eyewitnesses,” wrote Yuri Samarin, one of the founders of the Slavophile movement, “what delight Pushkin was when he first saw a collection of his handwritten poems. He ran around with them for a whole week.”

From the end of the 1840s, a new rise begins lyrical creativity poet. But only in 1850 did the attention of a large magazine again turn to Tyutchev. And again it was Sovremennik, which by that time had become Nekrasov's. In the article “Russian Minor Poets”, Nekrasov reprinted almost all of Tyutchev’s famous poems, sorted them out and boldly placed them next to the best works Russian poetic genius:

“Only strong and original talents can touch such strings in the human heart, which is why we would not hesitate to put Mr. F.T. next to Lermontov.

Tyutchev's first book of poems was published only in 1854, when he was already 51 years old. But even this edition would not have taken place if I.S. Turgenev did not persuade him to publish his poems. Late, but true fame came to Tyutchev.

Tyutchev is very often called the "Singer of Nature". The poet literally humanizes her, making nature so close and related to every person. His lyric poems amazing melody. Romantic admiration for the beauty of nature, the ability to notice the most insignificant details - these are the main qualities landscape lyrics Tyutchev.

Tyutchev knew how to observe all the seasons: the first thunderstorms, the first green leaves, the first leaf fall, the first snowfalls. Regarding the poem "Spring Waters", Nekrasov wrote: "Reading them, you feel spring ...".

Let us recall the lines of Tyutchev's landscape lyrics: “Spring waters”, “Spring thunderstorm”, “The earth still looks sad ...”, “Winter is angry for a reason ...”, “Snow is whitening in the fields, and the waters are already rustling in spring ...”, “There is in the original autumn ...” - you remember these and other wonderful poems by Tyutchev from childhood and for life.

Enchantress Winter

Bewitched, the forest stands -

And under the snowy fringe,

Motionless, dumb

He shines with a wonderful life.

And he stands, bewitched, -

Not dead and not alive

Magically enchanted by sleep

All entangled, all bound

Light chain down…

Is the sun in winter

On him his ray oblique -

Nothing trembles in it

He will flare up and shine

Dazzling beauty.

The first love of the poet was Amalia Krudener. When they met, she was only 16, Tyutchev was a little over 20. Parents predicted a more profitable match for his chosen one. Almost half a century after their first meeting, Amalia came to say goodbye to the dying Tyutchev. “In her face,” he writes in the end, “ better days of my past come to give me a farewell kiss."

Baroness Amalia Krüdener, who once brought Tyutchev's poems to Pushkin from Germany, he dedicated the bright, beautiful poem "I met you" about the unexpectedly returned spring of love, which, as Turgenev accurately said, was not destined to die. The romance to these verses has become truly popular.

Both wives of Fyodor Ivanovich - the first Eleanor and the second Ernestina - were also Germans. With each Tyutchev married in two rites - Catholic and Orthodox.

Tyutchev's last love is Elena Denisyeva, who studied at the Smolny Institute with his daughters. They met in the late 1840s. The 47-year-old poet was married, but fell head over heels in love with 24-year-old Elena.

This relationship will last 14 years and their fruit will be three illegitimate children and Tyutchev's piercing Denisevsky lyric cycle, recognized as a model of Russian love lyrics. At the same time, the poet had six more children from both legal marriages.

His relationship with E.A. Denisyeva were very dramatic. The doors of secular living rooms closed before her, even her parents turned away from Elena Alexandrovna.

In 1851 Tyutchev wrote one of the most famous poems"Denisiev cycle" "Oh, how deadly we love ..." (in 1854 it was published in the 3rd issue of the Sovremennik magazine) about the true essence of love, which can destroy a person full of piercing pain, consciousness of guilt before his beloved:

Oh, how deadly we love

As in the violent blindness of passions

We are the most likely to destroy

What is dearer to our heart! ..

Elena Alexandrovna died on August 4, 1864 from tuberculosis. After her death, Tyutchev bitterly repented that he had caused so much suffering to his beloved.

Fedor Ivanovich died 9 years after Elena Denisyeva - July 27 (according to the new style), 1873 in Tsarskoye Selo (now the city of Pushkin, Leningrad Region).

“In the early morning of July 15, 1873,” wrote Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov, “his face suddenly took on some special expression of solemnity and horror; his eyes opened wide, as if staring into the distance - he could no longer move or utter a word - he seemed to be all dead, but life hovered in his eyes and on his forehead. It never shone with thought like at that moment, those who were present at his death later told ... Half an hour later, everything suddenly faded, and he was gone ... He shone and went out.

Some of the poet's poems were, by an unfortunate mistake or negligence, burned during the analysis of papers or lost. Therefore, not all of his lyrical heritage has come down to us.

All the poems created by Tyutchev can be fit into one book, which Afanasy Fet prefaced with a very accurate epigraph "On the book of Tyutchev's poems" (1885):

... But the muse, observing the truth,

Looks: and on the scales she has

This is a small book

Volumes are much heavier.

1822 - entry into the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. 1822-1841 - diplomatic service in Germany and Turin.
1841 - resignation.
1845 - return to service.
1846 - official for special assignments under the State Chancellor.
1848 - senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1857 - real state councilor, chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, closest adviser to Chancellor Gorchakov.

By the mid 1860s. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev took a very significant place in the foreign policy life of Russia. His role in this field was extremely important. And the point here, of course, is not the fact that on August 30, 1865 he was promoted to Privy Councilor, that is, he reached the third, and in fact even the second step in the state hierarchy (he belonged to the first official class, and even then only from 1867 g., only one person - Chancellor Gorchakov). The main activity of Tyutchev unfolded on unofficial paths, was, as it were, hidden from prying eyes, obscured. We can say that it was a diplomat of the invisible front. Having become the closest and indispensable associate of Gorchakov, he largely managed his activities, provided the necessary ideas, projects related to the urgent and future destiny Russia, remaining in the shadows. In this regard, he really was a secret adviser not only to the State Chancellor, but also to Emperor Alexander II himself. However, at the beginning of his diplomatic path, nothing foreshadowed him an easy and fast career ...
Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, near Bryansk. In his well-born family, both Orthodox life and French manners were valued. On the mother's side, Tyutchev belonged to the side line of the Tolstoy Counts, one of whom was the governor under Ivan the Terrible, and the other was a prominent diplomat and associate of Peter I. In addition, the Tyutchevs were connected by family ties with another statesman of the past Russia - A. I. Osterman . Apparently, Fedor Ivanovich himself was destined to serve the Fatherland. But in what field? He, as expected, received an excellent education at home. Then he graduated from Moscow University with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. It should be noted that since young years he wrote poems that ultimately made him famous as Russia's pre-eminent poet. Zhukovsky in those years predicted a great future for him in the literary field. Young Tyutchev was friends with Chaadaev and Griboyedov, the brothers Muraviev and Bestuzhev, with Odoevsky, Venevitinov, Pushkin, Kireevsky, Glinka - in a word, he was on friendly terms with all the "golden youth" of that time, with people who thought progressively, boldly, each of whom was a phenomenon in the socio-political or literary life of the country.
However, at the family council, it was decided that Fedor would follow the diplomatic path, continuing the traditions of his ancestors. In 1822, he was enrolled in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs with the rank of provincial secretary (in the table of ranks, this was the 12th class, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant). Guardianship of him was taken by Count Osterman-Tolstoy - himself a living legend, a participant in the assault on Izmail and the Battle of Borodino. He also recommended him for the position of a freelancer at the Russian consulate in Bavaria. In the same year, Tyutchev went to Germany, where he spent a total of about two decades.

Actually, Germany as a single, whole country did not exist then. There was only the German Union, founded in 1815, which included many dozens of small state formations, and the largest of them were Prussia and Bavaria. Only at the end of Tyutchev's life did Bismarck succeed in creating a single state. But there is no doubt that the long stay of Fyodor Ivanovich in German cities and principalities was reflected in his spiritual and creative development. Here he married Eleanor Peterson, met Schelling and Heine, developed as a diplomat and poet.
In 1825, Tyutchev was promoted to chamber junker, and three years later he was appointed second secretary at the embassy in Munich. All the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at that time were determined by Nesselrode, and it was difficult to show any independence. Nevertheless, Fedor Ivanovich tried in 1829 P. Ya. Chaadaev to implement an initiative project related to Greek independence.
He intended to nominate the king of Bavaria, Prince Otto, to the Greek throne, and even sent a message to Nicholas I, urging him to actively support Greek statehood. But Otto was opposed by the first president of Greece, Kapodistrias, who himself was once in the Russian service and even headed the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Tyutchev's first independent diplomatic experience ended in failure. However, Greece will always occupy one of the first places in the political and philosophical worldview of Tyutchev.
Perhaps, due to this very circumstance, Fedor Ivanovich's promotion in the service was difficult. By 1833, he was only in the rank of collegiate assessor, experiencing considerable financial difficulties. The reason for this lies in Nesselrod. Special mention should be made of him, since he occupies the most mysterious place in the history of Russian diplomacy, being a figure outstanding in his own way, but with a minus sign.

Karl Nesselrode was born in 1780 and died in 1862, having ruled foreign policy Russia. Dying, Karl Nesselrode, among other things, said: "I die with gratitude for the life that I loved so much, because I enjoyed it so much." He also enjoyed his numerous intrigues against nationally oriented Russian statesmen, writers, and military men. It was he who was involved in the Heckeren-Dantès conspiracy against Pushkin. Dantes, by the way, became a senator in France under Napoleon III and built diplomatic intrigues against Russia, the fruit of which was the Crimean War, to which Nesselrode also had a hand.
Since 1822, having become the undivided master of Russia's foreign policy, Nesselrode began to systematically weed out everything that could in any way influence the reasonable course of state affairs. Undoubtedly, he was helped primarily by his huge international connections. In addition, he was a supernaturally dexterous courtier. They said about him that he was Vice-Chancellor because his immediate superior, Chancellor Metternich, was in Vienna. To put it bluntly, Nesselrode's role in Russia's foreign policy affairs was ominous... In 1850, Tyutchev himself wrote a pamphlet about him in verse, beginning with the words: “No, my dwarf! Coward unprecedented! .. "
Naturally, Nesselrode also interfered in every possible way in the promotion of Fedor Ivanovich in his service. And not only to him, but also to such a major diplomat as Gorchakov, who as far back as 1820 took part in international congresses and was honored by Alexander I. In Troppau, for example, Gorchakov amazed everyone by compiling 1200 diplomatic reports in three months of the congress, and he was only twenty-two. But with the coming to power in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nesselrode Gorchakov was “pushed” as a chargé d'affaires in the provincial Italian duchy of Lucca, then he was generally dismissed from his post, and after returning to service for thirteen years, he was sent to the kingdom of Württemberg. Tyutchev, on the other hand, languished in Germany for twenty years, instead of showing his diplomatic talents in more important posts. Indeed, in Tyutchev's documents and papers that have come down to us, his depth and accuracy of analysis of the international situation are striking, they combine the scale and firmness of political will. It is difficult to doubt that Tyutchev and Gorchakov, if they were given such an opportunity, already in the 30s and 40s. would have made the most significant and fruitful contribution to Russian foreign policy. They would not allow the Crimean War and the moral humiliation of Russia. When in 1854 the enlightened Nicholas I nevertheless appointed Gorchakov to the important post of ambassador in Vienna, Nesselrode tried to object, pointing out ... Gorchakov's incompetence, the emperor firmly replied: "I appoint him because he is Russian." Less than two years later, the evil genius of Russia, Nesselrode, was dismissed, and his post was taken by none other than Prince Gorchakov, who then made every effort for twenty-five years to correct what the “dwarf” had done. Tyutchev became Gorchakov's closest adviser.

Since 1838, Tyutchev served as charge d'affaires in Turin. From here, he sends a report to St. Petersburg, in which he calls for the fact that Russian foreign policy in one way or another opposed the claims of the Roman church to rule the world. Nesselrode puts the report under the cloth. Fedor Ivanovich makes another important conclusion based on the penetration of the United States fleet into the Mediterranean Sea. He writes that this "cannot, in the present state of affairs, be of considerable interest to Russia." He keenly discerned the secret intrigues of the then young state of the United States and prophetically determined the basic principles of its world policy. The American educator Thomas Jefferson wrote at the time to President John Adams. “... European barbarians are again going to exterminate each other. The extermination of madmen in one part of the world contributes to the growth of prosperity in other parts of it. Let this be our concern, and let's milk the cow while the Russians hold her by the horns and the Turks by the tail." To compare the immutability of American principles, one can cite the words of another US president, Harry Truman, who said a hundred years later, during World War II: “If we see that Hitler is winning, we need to help Russia, and if Russia wins, we should help Hitler, and thus let them kill as many of each other as possible."
However, Nesselrode did not want to understand and evaluate Tyutchev's activities, although on the basis of these reports alone it was possible to conclude that Fyodor Ivanovich was highly significant as a diplomat and provide him with a real and wide opportunity to act. Moreover, Tyutchev was generally removed from diplomacy. He was dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and stripped of the rank of chamberlain in 1841. It is characteristic that shortly before this, Gorchakov was also dismissed - after twenty years of impeccable service.
Tyutchev was allegedly removed from business because he lost the diplomatic ciphers of the embassy ... However, this act was not reflected in any official document of that time.
In 1845, thanks to the intercession of Benckendorff, Nicholas I, by his personal decree, reinstated Tyutchev in the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and returned the title of chamberlain. A year later, he was appointed an official for special assignments under the state chancellor. At this time, he often travels on diplomatic missions to Germany and Switzerland. Chancellor Nesselrode (he nevertheless received this highest rank in 1845) provides Tyutchev with business trips abroad, but in every possible way removes him from serious political affairs. Fearing Benckendorff, Nesselrode, as it were, maintains a formal neutrality with respect to Tyutchev. And yet it was at this time that Fedor Ivanovich took a very serious part in foreign policy affairs. This does not happen directly, but indirectly: Tyutchev publishes abroad a series of deeply meaningful and sharp political articles that evoke an extremely strong response in Europe. The controversy surrounding these articles continued for about three decades, even after Tyutchev's death. In them, for the first time, Europe directly heard the voice of Russia.
Tyutchev, according to the influential French politician F. Buloz, "appeared in Western Europe as a conductor of ideas and moods that inspire his country."

F. I. Tyutchev

It is also very important to take into account the fact that Tyutchev in these articles prophetically foresaw the war of the West against Russia, which broke out ten years later. He was always ahead of his time in his forecasts, he was a real diplomat-thinker, a deep analyst who sees much further and deeper than his colleagues. So, back in 1849, he spoke with complete conviction about the inevitable disappearance of the Austrian Empire, which was then largest state Europe, and this really happened after 70 years. Another truly prophetic foresight of Tyutchev was his reflections on Germany. He wrote: "The whole question of German unity now boils down to finding out whether Germany wants to reconcile and become Prussia." At that time, no one thought about the pan-European and, moreover, worldwide consequences of the changes taking place in Germany. He predicted the Prussian-Austrian and Franco-Prussian wars, as well as the Crimean and Russian-Turkish. The prophetic power of his words is amazing - and it is in the sphere of diplomacy and politics, and not only in the well-known verses. This is what he said: “What amazes me about state of the art minds in Europe, this is a lack of a reasonable assessment of some of the most important phenomena of the modern era - for example, what is happening now in Germany ... This is the further fulfillment of the same thing, the deification of man by man ... "All this, in his words, can" lead Europe to a state of barbarism which has nothing like it in the history of the world and in which all other oppressions will find their justification.
Tyutchev here, with amazing penetration, managed to see the sprouts of what became a world reality a hundred years later - in the 30s and 40s. 20th century Isn't this the brilliant revelation of a diplomat and a poet? Perhaps the time will come, and another prediction of Fyodor Ivanovich will come true - that the ancient Tsargrad will again someday become the capital of Orthodoxy, one of the centers of the "Great Greco-Russian Eastern Power." He even stated in the outlines for his treatise Russia and the West that the Turks occupied the Orthodox East “in order to hide it from the Western peoples”, and in this sense the Turks are not so much conquerors as guardians, fulfilling the wise design of History. But only time can answer these questions.
“The only natural policy of Russia in relation to the Western powers is not an alliance with one or another of these powers, but disunity, separation of them. For, only when they are separated from each other, they cease to be hostile to us - due to impotence ... This harsh truth, perhaps, will jar sensitive souls, but in the end, this is the law of our being.
F. I. Tyutchev

After the Crimean War, the “era of Gorchakov” began in Russian diplomacy. But even before it began, Tyutchev wrote: “In essence, the year 1812 begins again for Russia, the general attack on it is no less terrible than the first time ... And our weakness in this situation is the incomprehensible complacency of official Russia (Nesselrode still ruled in foreign policy ), to such an extent that has lost the meaning and sense of its own historical tradition that she not only did not see her natural and necessary enemy in the West, but tried only to serve him. Fyodor Ivanovich, perhaps, was the first one and a half years before the invasion of Russia to determine the nature of the Crimean War - the aggression of the West. During this time, he served as censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the following years, he undertook various efforts aimed at ensuring that, one way or another, Russia's return to the right path took place. He had no doubts about the greatness of the fate of the Motherland.
Under Gorchakov, Tyutchev became a full state councilor, editor-in-chief of a foreign policy magazine and chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, and in fact - the second person in his department. He gained the opportunity to really influence the foreign policy of the country. About Gorchakov, Tyutchev wrote: “We became great friends, and quite sincerely. He is a positively outstanding person with great virtues…” Fyodor Ivanovich brought together Gorchakov and Katkov, a prominent journalist who had a special influence on the emperor and controlled his political views. And what is surprising, he achieved (the move of a true diplomat!) that these state celestials began to inspire each other with nothing more than Tyutchev's ideas. Being almost the only direct intermediary between them, Tyutchev presented his ideas to Katkov as Gorchakov's, and to Gorchakov as Katkov's.
From the end of the 50s. and until the end of life political activity Tyutcheva was outwardly invisible, but extremely wide and tense. He stood, as it were, behind the scenes of the diplomatic puppet theater and controlled all the threads. Tyutchev not only did not strive to gain recognition and fame, but, on the contrary, made every effort to hide his fundamental role, thinking only about the success of the cause in which he believed. Tyutchev involved in his activities for the benefit of Russia many dozens of the most different people- from newspaper employees and historians to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Tsar himself. And the real embodiment of his ideas was the slow revival of Russia, its new assertion in the international arena.
For seventeen years, he met weekly in an informal setting with Gorchakov, formulated the main foreign policy principles, convinced, proved. Assessing the successful diplomatic actions of the minister, he saw in them the embodiment of his own political program. Tyutchev's attention extended to all parts of the world: Europe, Turkey, Persia, the USA. My literary activity(which immortalized him - that's a paradox!) he considered a matter of secondary importance, the main thing for him in life was and remained diplomacy.

More than anyone else in Russia, he saw the hostility of the West and was clearly aware of the historical mission of his country in the world. But he was not a supporter of some kind of exclusive isolation of Russia. In his ideas he rose above concrete politics, became a philosopher-thinker, a prophet. For Tyutchev, the struggle was expressed not in the confrontation between Russia and the West, but in the fight against evil on a global scale. And the highest goal for him was, for the sake of victory in this struggle, "to enter into peaceful spiritual communion with the West."
In January 1873, Fedor Ivanovich fell seriously ill. Ivan Aksakov visits Tyutchev these days. Bedridden, with aching and boring pain in his brain, unable to either rise or roll over without help, he truly amazed doctors and visitors with the brilliance of his wit. When Emperor Alexander II wished to visit him, Tyutchev remarked with crushing humor: “This will lead me to great embarrassment. Since it will be extremely indelicate if I die the very next day after the royal visit. And at the same time, Tyutchev continued to dictate letters to Gorchakov, and when he came, he had long conversations with him about the tasks of foreign policy.
Just before his death, his confessor came to him, and Tyutchev, anticipating his farewell to death, asked: “What are the details about the capture of Khiva?” And his last words were: “I am disappearing, disappearing! ..” Once he wrote such poetic lines: “We cannot predict how our word will respond ...” diplomat Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. How does his word resonate in our hearts? Everyone should ask themselves this.

Fyodor Tyutchev: poet and diplomat

To the 200th anniversary of the birth

These days in many countries of the world there are events dedicated todedicated to the anniversary of F. Tyutchev. The poems of the Russian poet were rememberedin class at educational institutions. Klaipeda consists ofyalis literary evening"You are the pride and love of my soul"mini-performance "My angel, do you see me?", musicalpoetry concert "Charming Sounds autumn evenings", whichrye were dedicated to the great master of the poetic word.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5 (November 23), 1803 in the village of Ovstuge, Oryol province, in the family of a landowner. In December 1810, the Tyutchevs bought a spacious beautiful mansion in Moscow, in Armenian Lane. The three-story house is an architectural monument of the 18th century, erected by the "views" of a remarkable Russian architect.

In a small bright room overlooking the backyard, a seven-year-old boy enthusiastically reread the poems of his beloved. Just before the war of 1812, grandiose balls were often held in the homes of the Moscow nobility. Once on Pokrovka, in the rich house of the Trubetskoy princes, Fyodor was introduced to the curly, restless boy Sashenka Pushkin. Perhaps so in the first last time two future Russian poets met in person, about which they never later recalled.

Fedor received his initial education at home, under the guidance of an excellent teacher of Russian literature, Semyon Egorovich Amfiteatrov, who later became widely known as a journalist and poet-translator of Latin and Italian poets under the surname Raich. It was the teacher who awakened in his pet a love for literature and for “poetry”. A fifteen-year-old boy, in 1818, for the poem "The Nobleman (Imitation of Horace)" Tyutchev was elected an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature; the following year, his first poems were published in the "Proceedings" of the society. The founder of the Society, a professor at Moscow University, gave Fyodor Tyutchev a recommendation to become a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, then he recommended him for admission to the university.

Tyutchev was examined by university professors, who, according to the results, wrote down that they "experienced in Russian, Latin, German and French, in history, poetry and arithmetic and found him capable of listening to professorial lectures." On November 6, 1819, F. Tyutchev, who will turn sixteen in half a month, is enrolled as a student at Moscow University. In this event for the noble Moscow of the first third of the 19th century there was nothing out of the ordinary. At about 14 years old, they entered her main temple of science. Then, not without reason, they considered three years of study to be quite sufficient for obtaining a higher education in civil formation.

F. Tyutchev was an extraordinary person. People who knew him noticed a quick mind, an excellent memory, erudition and, of course, a poetic gift. He received an excellent education at Moscow University and at the age of 19 he entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs, from there in 1822 he was sent abroad. He lived in Germany and Italy as a representative of the diplomatic service of Russia for twenty-two years.

Long-term stay abroad only outwardly alienated Tyutchev from his homeland. In one of his letters of that time, he admitted that he equally loves the fatherland and poetry. His poems appeared in print on the pages of various magazines and collections. After a long stay abroad, marked by communication with famous figures of Western European culture: the German poet Heinrich Heine, the philosopher Friedrich Schelling, and others, F. Tyutchev returned to Russia in 1844. He settled with his family in St. Petersburg, where he served in the censorship department until last day own life.

Tyutchev in the history of culture became clear far from immediately. Few contemporaries were able to discern his mighty talent. During his lifetime, there were at least three people who understood that Tyutchev was a brilliant poet, second only to A. Pushkin. Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy and N. Nekrasov. Leo Tolstoy even emphasized that "Pushkin, of course, is wider, but Tyutchev is deeper."

In the 20th century, it was evaluated differently. Tyutchev is a recognized poet, although much about his life and work is still unknown to the general public.

Fyodor Tyutchev is a poet and diplomat. This confirms his life, his literary heritage. Many of his 392 poems accompany our daily life. They are important and significant. Schoolchildren enthusiastically recite the easily remembered “I love a thunderstorm at the beginning of May”, older poetry lovers enjoy his “landscape and soulful” lyrics, politicians and at the turn of the 21st century do not stop quoting “Russia cannot be understood with the mind ... one can only believe in Russia.”

In society, F. Tyutchev has always been in the spotlight. In St. Petersburg in 1845 he was called "the lion of the season." Secular society valued him as a brilliant interlocutor, whose jokes and sharp words were picked up on the fly and spread by Stoust's rumor: His biographer I. Aksanov noted that literature for Tyutchev was not a profession, he only "recorded" his poems, which instantly arose under the sudden influence of the astonished his phenomena of nature or spiritual experiences.

If we carefully analyze the verses, we note that F. Tyutchev always shows nature in motion, in a continuous change of phenomena, in transitional states - from winter to spring, from summer to autumn, from thunderstorms to calm, from day to night, from night to morning. Man in Tyutchev's view is part of the great world of nature, historical events and phenomena. One of the researchers of his work and life, the writer V. Kozhinov, the author of the fundamental book published in the series “The Life of Remarkable People”, noted that when he started writing the book, he wanted to tell exactly about the great poet ... However, it turned into a book about history and about Tyutchev's participation in it. He had a grandiose historical-philological and philosophical thinking. He thought for centuries and even millennia. And he perceived his diplomatic activity as participation in world history.

This idea was confirmed by Tyutchev's contemporary, his friend and colleague in the diplomatic service, Prince I. Gagarin. He wrote: “Wealth, honors and glory itself had little attraction for him. The greatest pleasure for him was to be present at the spectacle that is developing in the world, with unremitting constancy to follow all its changes.

There are examples of well-known literary diplomats in history, let's remember Griboedov, Beaumarchais and others, but still this is a rarity. According to our contemporaries, the role of Tyutchev in the diplomatic field is still underestimated. However, V. Kozhinov speaks more widely about this side of his activity. He believes that F. Tyutchev, in addition to 22 years of work in diplomatic missions abroad, later, while in St. Petersburg, "managed to become the closest associate and adviser to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Gorchakov." According to V. Kozhinov, the main diplomatic decisions that he made were prompted by Tyutchev to one degree or another. Including the famous diplomatic victory after the defeat of Russia in Crimean War in 1856. Then, according to the Paris Peace Treaty, Russia was severely curtailed in its rights in the Crimea, and Gorchakov managed to restore the status quo, and with this he went down in history.

Having lived in Western Europe for many years, Tyutchev, of course, could not help but reflect on the fate of Russia and its relations with the West. He wrote several articles about this, worked on the treatise "Russia and the West". He highly appreciated the successes of Western civilization. F. Tyutchev was a supporter of Emperor Alexander II, who, after the coronation in 1856, in his address to the nobles of the Moscow province, clearly indicated that "serfdom could no longer be tolerated." It is known that the nobles of the western provinces were the first to improve the situation of the peasants. There are few testimonies of contemporaries that in conversations F. Tyutchev mentioned I. Oginsky, the son of a statesman, writer, composer and diplomat, who in Retavas equalized the rights of serfs and townspeople, replaced the peasant corvée with cash dues, he himself traveled through the villages and taught peasants how to farm.

F. Tyutchev, of course, was a "European the highest standard”, “Westernizer by upbringing”, but at the same time a zealot of Orthodoxy, a patriot, “one of the brightest interpreters of the Russian soul”.

Tyutchev spent almost a third of his life abroad, both of his wives were foreigners, they usually did not speak Russian in the house. And yet Tyutchev was undoubtedly a patriot of Russia. This is felt in poems, and in articles, and in letters. Here is what he writes to his daughter Anna, who was born and raised in Germany, before she was supposed to see Russia for the first time as a 16-year-old girl: “You will find more love in Russia than anywhere else. And when later you yourself will be able to comprehend all the greatness of this country and all the good in its people, you will be proud and happy that you were born Russian. In general, Tyutchev once said that he loved his homeland and poetry most of all. But only after... wife. It was about the first wife, but he was no less devoted to the second. He also had a passionate first love - even before his marriage, and the last, late one that captured him entirely. In general, he possessed a special gift of love, he idolized women and could not live a day without love. Women also loved him, but - amazingly - he did not take it for granted, but as a gift of fate: “I don’t know anyone who would be less than me, worthy of love. So when I became the object of someone's love, it always amazed me.

Unfortunately, not everything on Earth is forever. The seasons and the time of day change, one leaves and another appears. So it happened in the early morning of July 15, 1873 in Tsarskoe Selo, when F. Tyutchev's face "shone and went out." The poet and diplomat passed away, but his memory lives on. And today we read his poems, sing romances, composers create new melodies for his poems.

Today, many perceive him as a poet who wrote poems about nature, beautiful and light.

But the contemporaries of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev knew him mainly as talented diplomat, publicist and witty man, whose witty aphorisms were passed from mouth to mouth.

For example: " Any attempts at political speeches in Russia are tantamount to efforts to carve fire from a bar of soap".

In February 1822, eighteen-year-old Fyodor Tyutchev was enrolled in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs with the rank of provincial secretary. After taking a closer look at him, Alexander Ivanovich Osterman-Tolstoy recommended him for the position of a supernumerary official of the Russian embassy in Bavaria and, since he was going abroad, he decided to take Fyodor to Munich in his carriage.

Fyodor Tyutchev arrived in Germany at the end of June 1822 and lived here for a total of about two decades. In Bavaria, he met many figures of German culture of that time, primarily Friedrich Schiller and Heinrich Heine.

In 1838, as part of the Russian diplomatic mission, Fedor Ivanovich leaves for Turin.

Later, in a letter to Vyazemsky, Tyutchev notes: “A very great inconvenience of our position lies in the fact that we are forced to call Europe something that should never have any other name than its own: Civilization. This is where lies for us the source of endless delusions and inevitable This is what distorts our concepts... However, I am more and more convinced that everything that could do and could give us a peaceful imitation of Europe - we have already received all this. it's very little".

By 1829, Tyutchev had matured as a diplomat and tried to carry out his own diplomatic project. In that year, Greece received autonomy, which led to an intensification of the struggle between Russia and England for influence over it. Tyutchev later wrote:

Since in the newly emerging Greek state there were constant clashes of various forces, it was decided to invite the king from a "neutral" country. Otton, the very young son of the Bavarian king, was chosen for this role.

One of the ideologists of this way of restoring Greek statehood was the rector of the University of Munich, Friedrich Thiersch. Tyutchev and Thiersch jointly developed a plan according to which the new kingdom was to be under the auspices of Russia, which did much more than anyone else to liberate Greece.

However, the policy pursued by Foreign Minister Nesselrode led to the fact that Otto became, in fact, an English puppet. In May 1850 Tyutchev wrote:

And ten years later, Fyodor Ivanovich bitterly remarks: “Look with what reckless haste we are busy with reconciliation of the powers that can come to an agreement only in order to to turn against us. Why such an oversight? Because so far we have not learned to distinguish our "I" from our "not me".

For a long time, Tyutchev's diplomatic career was not entirely successful. On June 30, 1841, under the pretext of a long "non-arrival from vacation", he was dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the rank of chamberlain. The pretext was purely formal, but the real reason was Tyutchev's divergence in views on European politics with the leadership of the ministry, the doctor believes. historical sciences Victoria Khevrolina.

Fedor Ivanovich will write about this later: “Great crises, great punishments usually do not occur when lawlessness is brought to the limit, when it reigns and governs fully armed with strength and shamelessness. No, the explosion breaks out for the most part at the first timid attempt to return to good, at the first sincere, perhaps, but uncertain and timid encroachment towards the necessary correction.

After his dismissal from the post of senior secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, Tyutchev continued to remain in Munich for several more years.

At the end of September 1844, having lived abroad for about 22 years, Tyutchev with his wife and two children from his second marriage moved from Munich to St. Petersburg, and six months later he was again enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; at the same time, the title of chamberlain was returned to the poet, recalls Victoria Khevrolina.

He managed to become the closest associate and chief adviser to Russian Foreign Minister Gorchakov. From the very beginning of Gorchakov's entry into this position in 1856, he invited Tyutchev to his place. Many historians believe that the main diplomatic decisions that Gorchakov made were prompted to one degree or another by Tyutchev.

Including the famous diplomatic victory after the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War in 1856. Then, according to the Paris Peace Treaty, Russia was severely curtailed in the rights in the Crimea, and Gorchakov managed to restore the status quo, and with this he went down in history, says Doctor of Historical Sciences Victoria Khevrolina.

Tyutchev, who had lived in Western Europe for many years, of course, could not help thinking about the fate of Russia and its relations with the West. Wrote several articles about this, worked on the treatise "Russia and the West". He highly appreciated the successes of Western civilization, but did not think that Russia could follow this path. Putting forward the idea of moral sense of history, morality of power, criticized Western individualism. Soviet poet Yakov Helemsky writes about Tyutchev:

A colleague in the diplomatic service, Prince Ivan Gagarin, wrote: "Wealth, honors and glory had little attraction for him. The biggest, deepest pleasure for him was to be present at the spectacle that is unfolding in the world, with unflagging curiosity to follow all its changes."

Tyutchev himself, in a letter to Vyazemsky, noted: “There are, I know, among us people who say that there is nothing in us that would be worth knowing, but in this case the only thing that should be done is to cease to exist, and meanwhile I don't think anyone is of that opinion...

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From V.V. Pokhlebkin " Foreign policy Russia, Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts. Issue 1”.

Released in the series "Russian Way" another volume dedicated to the outstanding Russian poet, philosopher, diplomat, and patriot of Russia F.I. Tyutchev. The main value of this publication is that here, for the first time, an attempt was made to systematize all critical literature about the poet

Tyutchev: poet, diplomat, philosopher, citizen

F.I. Tyutchev: pro et contra Comp., intro. article and comment. K.G. Isupov. - St. Petersburg: RKhGI, 2005. - 1038s. - Russian way.

Released in the series "Russian Way" another volume dedicated to the outstanding Russian poet, political philosopher, diplomat, citizen and patriot of Russia F.I. Tyutchev (1803-1873), in many ways completes the numerous publications dedicated to the 200th anniversary of his birth. Among the publications of this period, we can single out the complete academic collection of works in 6 volumes, as well as the publication of Poems (Progress-Pleyada, 2004), which was recently released on the eve of the 200th anniversary of F. I. Tyutchev. to understand the significance of the Russian poet, which he really had for both Russian and world culture.

The main value of this publication lies in the fact that here, for the first time, an attempt was made to systematize all critical literature about the poet, to present Tyutchev's ideas in the most complete way: as a romantic poet, philosopher, publicist, diplomat, public figure. This topic was devoted to a large number of works presented in the publication. Some texts, such as the article by I.S. Aksakov "F.I. Tyutchev and his article" The Roman Question and the Papacy "and some others, previously inaccessible to researchers, are presented in this edition. The works of I.S. Aksakov" F.I. Tyutchev and his article "The Roman Question and the Papacy", L.I. Lvova, G.V. Florovsky, D.I. Chizhevsky, L.P. Grossman, V.V. Weidle, B.K. Zaitseva, B.A. Filippova, M. Roslavleva, B.N. Tarasov showing Tyutchev, not only as a poet, but also as an original philosopher, diplomat, publicist and public figure.

At the end of the publication, the most complete bibliography, research literature is presented, which allows the researcher F.I. Tyutchev to fully explore his heritage and more fully present it in the cultural and public life Russia XIX century.

In the introductory article, much attention is paid to the topic "Tyutchev, romanticism, politics, the aesthetics of history." The author of the introductory article K.G. Isupov rightly notes: "Romanticism creates a tragic philosophy and aesthetics of history in terms of its main parameters. It is based on three postulates: 1) history is part of nature (...); 2) history is a completely empirical, but providential performance, a Divine mystery ("history is the mystery of the Divine Kingdom that has become apparent"); 3) history is art ("the historical is ... a certain kind of symbolic" "(the thoughts of the German romantic philosopher F.W. Schelling, a follower, especially in his youth, was F .I. Tyutchev).

The personality in Tyutchev's world is called upon to fully embody the idea of ​​the metaphysical unity of space and history. History, for the Russian poet, is the self-knowledge of nature, bringing eventfulness and teleology into the life of the cosmos. In the world of history and in space, Tyutchev found common features: both are subject to catastrophes, both are spectacular, here and there evil reigns in all the splendor of necrotic aggression.

Tyutchev's mythology "history as a theater of symbols" is deeper than Schelling's. In history itself, the Russian poet rightly believes, there has not yet been a situation when the idea of ​​a world performance would have found an adequate performer. Applicants for this role - the emperors of Rome, Charlemagne, Napoleon, Nicholas I - cannot withstand Tyutchev's criticism. The reason for this discrepancy between direction and execution is of an ontological order: Lies reign in the world. "Lies, evil lies corrupted all minds, And the whole world became an incarnate lie." In Fyodor Ivanovich, the antitheses of truth and falsehood, wisdom and cunning are connected with Russia on the left side, and with the West on the right side. From his point of view, the Western world chooses adventurism as a type of behavior and develops false (“cunning”) forms of statehood: “You don’t know what is more flattering for the cunning of the people: / Or the Babylonian pillar of German unity, Or the French outrage The Republican cunning system.”

On the whole, Tyutchev's political ideas are in many respects unique even for Russian thought of the 19th century. It is far from the soil catastrophism of P.Ya. Chaadaev, and from the open Russophilia of the brothers Aksakov and Kireevsky and M.P. Pogodin. In Tyutchev's philosophy of history, as the author of the introductory article rightly believes, two ideas that are difficult to combine with each other are combined: 1) the past of the West is burdened with historical mistakes, and the past of Russia is burdened with historical guilt; 2) the upheavals that Tyutchev's modernity is experiencing create a situation of historical catharsis in which Russia and the West, at new heights of self-knowledge, are able to enter into a consistent unity.

Here it is necessary to clarify that many of Tyutchev's works are saturated with contrasting contexts of such concepts as Russia, Europe, West, East, North, South, etc. The geopolitical content of these words, as well as the semantics of the names of world cities, have at least two sides for Tyutchev: Petersburg can be thought of by him as "East" in relation to Western Europe, but as "Europe" in relation to Constantinople; Rome in the literal and figurative sense will be the "East" for Paris (just like N.V. Gogol in the essay "Rome" (1842)), but the "West" for Moscow; the semantic orbit of "Moscow" will also include the names of the Slavic capitals; Russia and Poland turned out to be closer to "Kyiv and Constantinople" than to Moscow and St. Petersburg.

From this point of view, Tyutchev, not without irony, treated the fierce dispute between the supporters of St. Petersburg and Muscovites and did not contrast the two Russian capitals as sharply as did the Slavophiles, N.M. languages.

On the one hand, he was a tireless propagandist of Slavic unity, the author of popular "at the court of two emperors" monarchist projects for solving the Eastern question, on the other hand, a man of Western culture, having two wives of German aristocratic surnames. On the one hand, the defender from censorship persecution of his father-in-law and Slavophile I.S. Aksakov, and on the other: "Where is your, Holy Russia, worldly progress doubtful to me." On the one hand, he is a deeply Orthodox publicist, and on the other, he writes the following lines: "I love worship as Lutherans." On the one hand, a Western European in spirit and time, on the other hand, an accuser of the papacy.

In addition, equally loving Moscow, Munich, St. Petersburg, Venice, he also loved Kyiv, considering this city a "spring of history", where he believes there is an "arena" of a "great future" predetermined by Russia (which is fully confirmed by the US policy to create hostile outpost (Ukraine) directed against Russia). In essence, a rather strange aberration is taking place: Tyutchev is trying to see Russia in the West and vice versa.

Thus, the plan of history, for all its providential opacity, is based in Fyodor Ivanovich on the Good. But, being transubstantiated in the actions of people, it fatally turns into evil for them. In one place he writes the following: "In the history human societies there is a fatal law ... Great crises, great punishments usually do not come when lawlessness is brought to the limit, when it reigns, rules in the full armor of evil and shamelessness. No, the explosion breaks out for the most part at the first attempt to return to goodness, at the first sincere ... encroachment towards the necessary correction. Then Louis the sixteenth is paying for Louis the fifteenth and Louis the fourteenth" (if we turn to Russian history, then Nicholas II answered for the "Europeanization" of Peter I).

All world history in Tyutchev it is realized in the romantic categories of Fate, revenge, damnation, sin, guilt, redemption and salvation, i.e. characteristic of the Christian worldview. Particularly interesting in this regard is Tyutchev's attitude to the papacy and specifically to the pope. Tyutchev brought down all the energy of the publicist on the dogma of the infallibility of the pope, proclaimed by the Vatican Council on July 18, 1870. In Tyutchev's poetry and prose, the Roman theme is painted in the tone of reproof. From Rome, sleeping in historical self-forgetfulness, the capital of Italy turns into a source of all-European sinfulness, into a "foolish Rome", triumphing over its wrongful independence in "sinful infallibility". The "new God-man" acquires from Tyutchev, who loves unexpected comparisons, a barbaric Asian nickname: "the Vatican Dalai Lama." Thus, in the light of Italian history as "the eternal struggle of the Italian against the barbarian," Pope Pius IX turns out to be "east" of the "East" itself.

Tyutchev is constantly waiting for a "political performance." So, bored in Turin in 1837, he will say that his existence "is devoid of any entertainment and seems to me a bad performance." "Providence," he says elsewhere, "acting like a great artist, tells us here one of the most amazing theatrical effects."

Strictly speaking, the attitude to the world as a game is not a new thing and is characteristic not only of Tyutchev (it has a long philosophical tradition starting with Heraclitus and Plato). Tyutchev, on the basis of the philosophy of German romantics, transforms it into an image of total hypocrisy. Here, for him, the very philosophy of history becomes the philosophy of a sacrificial choice between a lesser evil and a greater evil. In this context, Tyutchev comprehended the fate of Russia and the prospect of the Slavs.

According to Tyutchev, Europe makes its way from Christ to Antichrist. His results: Pope, Bismarck, the Paris Commune. But when Tyutchev calls the pope "innocent", Bismarck - the embodiment of the spirit of the nation, and in February 1854 writes the following: "Red will save us", he seems to cross out all the catastrophic contexts of his philosophy of history and turns it into the author's "dialectics of history". On dialectic opposition historical process such poems are built as "December 14, 1825." (1826) and "Two Voices" (1850). They seem to assert the right to historical initiative in spite of the fatal irreversibility of the course of history.

Tyutchev believes that Russian history and forms of national statehood are in tragic contradiction with the forms of national-historical self-knowledge. “The first condition for any progress,” he said to P.A. Vyazemsky, “is self-knowledge.” Hence the consequences of the gap between the post-Petrine past and the present. This is how, for example, the Sevastopol catastrophe is explained: the emperor's mistake "was only a fatal consequence of the completely false direction given long before him to the fate of Russia." False ideology is generated by false power and mystifies life as such. In a letter to A.D. Bludova, he wrote the following: "... Power in Russia - such as it was formed by its own past with its complete break with the country and its historical past - (...) this power does not recognize and does not allow any other right than its own (. ..) The authorities in Russia are in fact godless (...)".

Further, in thinking about Russia as a "civilization" (its carrier is the pro-European "public", i.e. not a genuine people, but a fake for it, "it is not "culture" that is opposed, but real (i.e. folk history): " The kind of civilization that was instilled in this unfortunate country has fatally led to two consequences: the perversion of instincts and the dulling or destruction of reason.This applies only to the scum of Russian society, which imagines itself a civilization, to the public - for the life of the people, the life of history is not yet woke up among the masses of the population. "The same thing that in Russia an educated society considers culture, in fact, is its entropy werewolf - civilization, moreover, secondary-imitative (like K. Leontiev). They were directly told about this in a letter to P.A. Vyazemsky: "... We are forced to call Europe something that should never have any other name than its own: Civilization is what distorts our concepts. I am more and more convinced that everything that could do and could give

world imitation of Europe - we have already received all this. True, this is very little. It didn't break the ice, it just covered it with a layer of moss that mimics vegetation quite well."

You better not say. We are still in the position that Tyutchev so brilliantly described (even worse, because every year we degenerate and collapse). This edition is an important moment in the process of collecting all the material about Tyutchev. Unfortunately, only the first collection was published, I would like the compilers to wish to publish another volume, with other texts about Tyutchev and his role in Russian culture. We hope that this publication will give the necessary impetus to further work , in a previously forgotten, over the reconstruction of a more complete scientific apparatus about such beautiful person

and a citizen of Russia, what was F.I. Tyutchev.