Verbal portrait of a forensics girl. The order and rules for describing the appearance of a person
Basic rules for describing appearance using the verbal portrait method:
- the description is carried out sequentially from top to bottom, from general to particular;
- the description is carried out with maximum completeness and comprehensiveness;
- when describing, unified terminology is used (for example, elements of appearance are described in form using names geometric shapes);
- a person's appearance (and its individual elements) are characterized according to various criteria, such as shape, size, position, quantity, color, etc.;
- the human head as the most noticeable and memorable element is described in full face and profile.
Order of feature description
I. Gender: male, female
II. Age
It is determined according to documents or approximately “in appearance”, indicating the age “in appearance” in the presence of documentary data is necessary in cases where a person seems much younger or older than his years.
III. Nationality (type of person)
It is determined in the absence of documents confirming the nationality of a person, a comparative determination of the type of person is allowed (provided that it is clearly expressed). There are European, Caucasian, Central Asian, Mongolian type of face.
IV. Anatomical features
1. The figure as a whole:
Height is determined by a three-term gradation for men: low (up to 165 cm), medium (up to 175 cm), high (175-190 cm)
For women, these sizes are respectively reduced by 5-10 cm. In the presence of anthropological means, absolute data in centimeters are indicated. Features: very low (up to 155 cm), very high (over 190 cm)
The physique is determined by the development of the musculoskeletal system and the degree of body fat. There are people with a weak, medium, stocky and athletic physique. According to fatness, a person is characterized as thin, normal build, full and obese.
2. Head as a whole:
a) size - small, medium, large;
b) position - vertical, inclined forward, to the right or left shoulder, thrown back.
3. Skull:
low, medium, high, round, pear-shaped, domed.
4. Nape:
oblique, protruding, vertical.
5. Hair:
a) by density - thick, medium, rare;
b) by length - short, medium, long;
c) shape - straight, wavy, curly, curly;
d) color - light blond, blond blond, dark blond, red, gray, gray, black;
e) hairline - arched, straight, angular, M-shaped, winding, with temporal bald patches;
f) the nature of the hairstyle - a haircut is low, high, combed back, left, right, on the forehead, parting, in the middle, left, right, braided, bun;
g) bald patches: frontal, parietal, crown, longitudinal, general baldness, temporal bald patches, bald patches.
6. Face as a whole:
a) proportions - narrow, medium, wide;
b) in shape - oval, round, rectangular, square, triangular, trapezoidal;
c) contour in profile - straight, convex, concave;
d) in fullness - thin, thin, cf. completeness, complete;
e) facial skin - smooth, porous, flabby, wrinkled, clean, acne-prone, pimply, pock-marked, freckled, streaked, dry, oily white, swarthy, red, pink, yellow, pale, bluish, bloody, vascular;
f) wrinkles - frontal, interbrow, buccal, nasolabial, oral, tragus, etc. (named according to their location).
7. Forehead:
a) size in width - narrow, medium, wide;
b) in height - low, medium, high;
c) forehead contour - straight, convex, wavy.
8. Eyebrows:
a) by size - short, medium, long, narrow, medium, wide;
b) by density - thick, rare;
c) in shape - straight, arched, winding;
d) by position - low, high, horizontal, beveled inward, beveled outward, brought together, moved apart.
9. Eyes:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) in shape - slit-like, oval, round, triangular;
c) by color - dark brown, light brown, greenish, blue, light blue, dark blue, gray, yellow, black;
d) by position - horizontal, oblique, oblique
e) relative position - close, apart.
10. Nos.:
a) in size - high, medium, low, narrow, wide;
b) the degree of prominence - small, medium, large;
d) the size of the back of the nose - narrow, medium, wide;
e) back contour - straight, concave, convex, straight-wavy, concave-wavy, convex-wavy;
f) tip width - narrow, medium, wide;
g) the tip of the nose in shape - sharp, rounded, blunt;
h) the base of the nose in position - raised, horizontal, lowered.
11. Mouth:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) the contour of the line of closing of the lips - straight, wavy, broken;
c) the positions of the corners of the mouth - lowered, horizontal, raised.
12. Lips:
a) by thickness - thin, medium, thick;
b) by protrusion - upper, lower, general and elongation;
c) color (tone) - bright, pale.
13. Teeth:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) by position - rare, frequent (distance between teeth);
c) according to the shape of the outer surface - flat, convex.
14. Chin:
a) in height - low, medium, high;
b) in width - narrow, medium, wide;
c) in shape - rectangular, triangular, rounded;
d) by position - oblique, protruding, vertical.
15. Ear:
a) by size - small, medium, large;
b) in shape - round, oval, rectangular, triangular;
c) by position - vertical, beveled;
d) protrusion - general, lower, upper, general fit;
e) the size of the curl - short, medium, long, narrow, medium, wide;
e) antihelix in shape - flat, convex;
g) tragus in size - small, medium, large, along the contour - straight, convex, concave.
16. Neck:
short, medium, long, thick, thin.
17. Shoulders:
narrow, medium, wide, horizontal, raised, lowered.
18. Back:
narrow, medium, wide, concave, straight, convex.
19. Chest:
narrow, medium, sunken, protruding.
20. Hands:
short, medium, thin, medium, thick.
21. Legs:
a) by size - short, medium, long, thin, thick; b) in shape - straight, O-shaped, X-shaped.
V. Functional features
1. Posture those. the habit of man to hold his body. And so the posture happens: straight, hunched, free, proud, drooping.
2. Gait: fast, slow, light, heavy, bouncing, shuffling, sea (waddle).
3. Gesticulation: hand movement to enhance the expressiveness of speech. She is energetic, lethargic, with one or two hands.
4. Facial expression and gaze are characteristic movements of the muscles of the face.
When talking, some faces may be motionless, while others, while talking, wrinkle their foreheads, frown, shift or raise their eyebrows, squint their eyes, wink, bite their lips, twist their mouths, etc. Look: can be direct, open, calm, mocking, dull, gloomy, tired, strict, cheerful, surprised, contemptuous, attentive, suspicious, running, sideways, frowningly, to the side.
6. Speech: slow, smooth, viscous, calm, excited, jerky, distinct, persistent, cultured, illiterate. Some people use professional words, jargons, habitual phrases, proverbs when speaking. The presence of a local dialect, accent, speech defects (lisping, nasal, burr, stuttering) are noted.
7. Manners and habits people are very diverse. They can be rubbing hands, cracking the knuckles of the fingers, stroking the mustache, beard, hair on the head, stepping from foot to foot, etc. A characteristic habit is to keep the hands at the seams, in the pockets or over the side of the jacket, to smoke a certain kind of tobacco, and so on.
The group of habits should also include various skills - the ability to play musical instruments, sing, dance.
Examples of describing a person using the verbal portrait method
O R I E N T I R O V K A
on the wanted list of Sazonov V.A., born in 1938
On suspicion of committing a serious crime, the Department of Internal Affairs of the Central District of the mountains. Kaliningrad wanted Mr. Sazonov Vladimir Aleksandrovich, born in 1938, previously repeatedly convicted. His features: 50-55 years old, European-type face, tall, strong build, short dark hair, rectangular head, low eyebrows, large protruding brow ridges, temporal bald patches, deep frontal, superciliary and nasolabial wrinkles, eyes slit-like, obliquely external, protruding chin. He was wearing a dark men's jacket with small stripes, a dark shirt with light stripes.
When detained, please inform the initiator by phone. 21-85-24, 21-99-79. Initiator: Petrov.
O R I E N T I R O V K A
on the wanted list of Roldugin V.N., born in 1959
On suspicion of committing a serious crime, the Department of Internal Affairs of the Central District of the mountains. Kaliningrad wanted Mr. Roldugin Vladimir Nikolayevich, born in 1959, previously repeatedly convicted. His features: 20-22 years old, European-type face, medium build, thin, short light hair, oval head, low long eyebrows, wears a dark mustache of medium length, protruding ears, sloping chin, sharp Adam's apple on the neck. He was wearing a light checkered shirt, a dark-colored sweater with a turn-down collar, a narrow white stripe runs along the edge of the collar, a white zipper was sewn into the sweater.
1. Make the appearance of any of the members of the group using the Photofit system on a PC.
2. Take a picture of this person using the method of identification shooting (3 pictures: full face, right profile, left semi-profile), paste the pictures. Using the scheme for describing a person's appearance, using the verbal portrait method, describe the appearance of the photographed person in the form of a Search Orientation.
Photo 1. Photo 2. Photo 3.
Search orientation
_______________________________
Sequence diagram for describing the external appearance of a person
By the method of verbal portrait
Own elements and features | general physical | Floor |
Age | ||
Anthropological type | ||
Growth | ||
Anatomical | Body type | |
head as a whole | ||
Whole face | ||
hairline | ||
Forehead | ||
Brows | ||
Eyes | ||
Nose | ||
Mouth | ||
Chin | ||
auricles | ||
Leather | ||
facial hair | ||
Neck | ||
Shoulders | ||
Arms | ||
Legs | ||
Functional | Posture | |
Gait | ||
Gesticulation | ||
facial expressions | ||
Articulation | ||
Speech | ||
habits | ||
Special signs | Birthmarks, traces of operations, tattoos, peculiarities in movement, etc. | |
Associated features | Headdress | |
clothing | ||
Shoes | ||
Accessories | ||
Smell |
An example of a description using the verbal portrait method
The male, about 30 years old, European type, height about 185 cm. Average build.
Head medium height, egg-shaped.
Hair dark, straight, of medium density and length, the hairline is M-shaped, the hair is combed from left to right, without parting.
Face narrow, oval, with medium features, medium fullness, convex profile. Forehead medium height and width, straight, tilted back.
Brows arcuate, long, tapering to the temples, oblique position, closely spaced, high, of medium density.
Eyes almond-shaped, of medium length and opening, oblique position, blue-gray, with a moderate lower eyelid.
Nose of medium height (length), width, protrusion and depth of the nasal bridge, with a sinuous contour of the back of the nose, the base is horizontal.
Mouth of medium length, the corners of the mouth are horizontal, lips protruding in profile, the contour of the lips closing is straight, the height of the upper lip is medium.
Chin oval profile, low height, medium width, protruding.
auricles medium size, beveled back, general protrusion. rectangular shape, with a separate fastening of the lobe to the cheek.
hairline missing on the face.
Neck medium height and thickness, straight, Adam's apple of medium severity. Special signs: a scar on the right side of the neck, 4 cm long. He is dressed in a gray shirt, the collar is unbuttoned. With personal observation, the functional elements of appearance are described.
3. Draw up a resolution on the appointment of an examination. View
define it yourself.
RESOLUTION
(place of compilation)
class rank or rank, surname, initials)
SET UP:
forensic examination)
(which one)
name of the expert institution)
(which ones)
(signature)
Rights and obligations under Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, “___” was explained to me _______ 20___
At the same time, I was warned about criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.
Expert |
General provisions of forensic identification of a person by signs of appearance
The need for identification arises in the process of carrying out many operational and investigative actions, during the search and detention of persons hiding from the investigation and court, persons who fled from penitentiary institutions, during examination and presentation for identification, during a check on the records of missing persons and unidentified corpses, when checking identity documents, when expertly establishing the identity of a person depicted in two or more photographs.
Forensic habitoscopy is a branch of forensic technology that includes a system theoretical provisions about external signs a person and a set of methods and scientific and technical means that ensure the collection, research and use of these signs for identifying a person.
The forensic habitoscopy is based on the data of anatomy, anthropology, and biology. It makes extensive use of the provisions and methods of forensic identification. The subject of study of habitoscopy is the appearance of a person, the features of his appearance that naturally characterize him, their classification and use for the purposes of identification, the methods of such identification.
The external appearance of a person is called his appearance, which is a collection of data perceived visually. Its elements are decisive in appearance. The concept of an element in this case is quite broad. These are individual anatomical organs (head, arm, etc.), and entire areas of the body (chest, back), and individual parts of the whole (forehead, eyes, lips, etc.), and functional manifestations, as well as clothing and others. related items.
Each element, like any property, is characterized by certain features, which in habitoscopy are divided into anatomical, functional, concomitant (or indirect).
Anatomical features determine gender, age, height, physique, anthropological features of appearance, structure of the body, head, face and its elements. Of course, special attention is paid to the face of a person as the most individualizing personality in its visual perception. The skin of the face (head), especially those that are characterized by a closely spaced bone and cartilage base of the skull, are relatively stable throughout a person’s life (forehead, nose, ears, etc.) - This circumstance makes it possible to identify a person whose appearance was recorded with a significant time interval (years, decades).
Functional signs appear in the course of a person's life, characterizing his motor and physiological functions (gestures, facial expressions, etc.). Among the anatomical and functional signs, there are those that are pathological forms-anomalies. Since such anomalies are of great identification value, they are classified as special signs. Special signs can be congenital (shortened limbs, birthmarks, hump, etc.) and acquired (scars, tattoos, curvature of the back of the nose, etc.). For the purpose of search from among the special ones, "catchy" signs can be singled out into a separate group: relatively rare, pronounced, easy to remember.
Accompanying, or indirect, signs are signs of clothing and other items associated with a given person (glasses, a ring, a cane, etc.). It is especially important to fix the signs of clothing when an unidentified corpse is found.
The identification value of signs of appearance is different. It is determined both by the relative stability of the trait and the frequency of its occurrence. The most significant are the anatomical features based on the bone-cartilaginous basis of the head and face. Of these, rare ones are of particular value (very large nose, very large unibrows, etc.). Functional signs are easier to change, but among them there can be quite stable ones, due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure (for example, lameness as a result of a shortened leg). Accompanying signs are widely used in the process of searching for a criminal "in hot pursuit" when he does not have the opportunity to change clothes. The rarer the feature, the higher its importance. Sometimes two or three special (catchy) signs will be enough for a search and detention.
The person being checked (sought) is identifiable by the signs of appearance. It can be a suspect, an accused, a defendant, a convicted person. The identifying objects can be:
a) a mental psycho-physiological image of the external appearance, imprinted in the memory of the victim, witness, other persons, when identification is carried out by presenting for identification;
b) material fixation of appearance on photograph(s), film, videotape;
c) a verbal (verbal) description of a person's appearance using othecial terminology and a description system (in a forensic record file, in search orientation, etc.) or in any form (protocol of interrogation of a victim, witness);
d) human remains (corpse, skeletonized corpse, skull).
Methodology for describing the signs of a person's appearance (method of verbal portrait)
When verbally fixing the signs of appearance, they are guided by special rules that are part of the "verbal portrait" technique. A verbal portrait is a forensic method of describing a person's appearance using common terms, carried out according to a certain system for the purpose of criminal registration, search and identification of living persons and corpses.
The description rules according to the verbal portrait method are based on the interconnected principles of consistency and completeness. The principle of consistency determines the sequence (order) of the description. The principle of completeness provides a detailed description.
1. First, signs are recorded that characterize the general physical elements of appearance: gender, age, nationality (anthropological type), height, physique, then anatomical signs of individual areas of the body and elements; thereafter - functional signs related items.
2. The description of signs of appearance is carried out according to the scheme "from general to particular" and "from top to bottom". At the same time, they first characterize the figure as a whole, the head as a whole, the face as a whole, its individual elements, neck, shoulders, back, chest, arms, legs.
3. Each of the anatomical elements is characterized by shape, size and position, and some - by color,
3.1. When describing the form, the name of geometric shapes (round, oval, rectangular, triangular, etc.) or geometric lines (straight, convex, winding, etc.) is used.
3.2. The description of the dimensions of the elements is given not in absolute terms, but in relation to other elements of the exterior. At the same time, its height, length, width, quantity, etc. are characterized. The gradation of values is most often three-term: large, medium, small. Five-membered can also be used, with the addition of: very large and very small. With a seven-term gradation, they add: "above average", "below average". If there are doubts about the size characteristic, then it is indicated in two values: "medium-small", "large-medium".
3.3. The position of the element is determined relative to the vertical and horizontal planes of the body (horizontal, inclined, beveled inward, etc.), as well as by mutual position (fused, separate).
3.4. Hair is characterized by color (black, dark blond, light blond, blond, red, gray); eyes (black, brown, grey, etc.) and sometimes skin color (very red, yellow, bluish-red nose, birthmark color, etc.).
4. For the description, uniform terms accepted in the verbal portrait should be used, excluding discrepancy and ambiguity.
5. Anatomical features are described in relation to two angles: front view and side view (full face and right profile). In this case, the head should be in a "normal" position, when the horizontal line passes through the bridge of the nose, the outer corner of the eye and the upper third of the auricle (the so-called French anthropological horizontal). The muscles of the face should be in a calm state (without a smile, facial expressions, grimace), there should be no cosmetics, the hair is removed from the forehead and ears, glasses and a hat are removed (their description is given in the accompanying signs)
1. Below is a scheme for describing external features using the "verbal portrait" method, compiled in compliance with the above principles.
Description of anatomical features
Gender: male, female.
Age. Established: a) according to the documents, if they are not in doubt; b) "in appearance" (indicating this circumstance and within certain limits: in appearance 25-30 years old, in appearance 50-60 years old, etc.); c) according to the data of a medical examination or a forensic medical examination.
Nationality (type of person). In the absence of documents and other reliable information confirming the nationality of a person, it is permissible to determine the type of person. This can be an anthropological type of appearance characteristic of a particular race (Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid, etc.) or a comparative definition of the type in relation to our country: European type, Caucasian, Central Asian, Mongolian, etc.
Overall figure
Growth is most often determined by a three-term gradation: low (for men up to 160 cm), medium (for men from 160 cm to 170 cm) and high (for men over 170 cm). Permissible characteristic: very low, very high. If data of anthropometric measurements are available or can be obtained (medical record, etc.), then the height is indicated in absolute terms.
The physique is characterized depending on the development of the musculoskeletal system and the degree of body fat. There are physique: weak, very weak, medium, stocky, athletic. According to the degree of fatness, a person can be characterized by the following features: thin, thin, average fatness, full (features - very thin, very full - "fat").
Description of functional features
Posture - the usual position of the torso and head (the usual posture of a person). At the same time, the position of the head relative to the body is noted (deflected to the right or left shoulder, tilted forward, thrown back), as well as the position of the body in relation to the vertical (back is straight, stooped, hunched).
Gait - a set of habitual automatic movements when walking as a manifestation of a certain dynamic stereotype formed in a person. This circumstance determines the constancy of such elements of gait as step length (left, right), step width, step angle, turn angle, and feet. Therefore, when describing the gait, the step size (long, short) is noted. Step width (narrow or short spacing of the feet, setting of the feet when walking (toes out, toes in, parallel), pace (fast, slow), appearance (gait is soft, heavy, staggering, waggling, bouncing, mincing, wobbling). also lameness, dragging of the leg, position of the arms when walking (waving of the arms, hands in the pockets, laid behind). nervous system suffered head injuries.
Gesticulation is a complex of movements of the hands, shoulders (sometimes the head) of a person with which he accompanies his speech in order to give it more expressiveness. When describing gestures, its tempo (fast, slow), expressiveness (live, energetic, sluggish), the nature of gestures and their content (indicative, pictorial, etc.) are recorded.
Mimicry is the movement of muscles and facial elements that change its expression depending on emotional state person or desire. It can be very developed or unimpressive. Usually, the most pronounced and familiar facial expressions are noted (raising the eyebrows, biting the lips, winks, etc.).
Speech - in relation to it, both data related to speech itself and data of the speech mechanism are characterized. In the first case, the languages spoken by a person are noted, and which of them is native to him, dialect or adverb, accent ^ pronunciation features, phrase construction, use of slang words, clogged speech (“here”, “you understand”, etc. .).
In relation to the speech mechanism, the pace (slow, fast), character (speech is calm, excited), speech features (burr, lisp, nasal, etc.) are noted. The voice is characterized by timbre (bass, baritone, tenor, alto, treble), strength (weak, medium, strong) and purity (clear, hoarse, deaf, hoarse).
Manners (habits) of behavior are formed in the process of human life and are expressed in the monotonous (usually automatic, uncontrolled) performance of certain actions (rubbing the palms, stroking the head, mustache, stepping from one foot to the other, the manner of lighting a cigarette, greeting, etc.) .
Description of related elements and their features
This description refers to clothes, shoes, hats and items that a person usually has with him (glasses, a ring, chains, a pendant, etc.) In relation to clothes, their name is noted (jacket, raincoat, jacket, etc.). ), appearance (civilian, sports, military, uniform, etc.), style and cut (single-breasted jacket, raglan coat, earflaps, etc.), color, pattern, material, clothing condition, performance characteristics . Other related items are described in a similar way.
Methods and means of collecting information about the external features of a person
The need to obtain and fix information about the signs of appearance arises during forensic accounting (criminal registration) of living persons and unidentified corpses; if necessary, the search for persons who have committed a crime and are hiding from the investigating authorities and the court, persons who have escaped from places of detention. The sources of obtaining information about each of the categories are different, but all of them can be divided by their nature into two groups: subjective and objective. Ways of fixing information received from these sources: verbal (verbal) description and material-fixed image or display of signs of a person's appearance.
Subjective are representations (psychophysiological reflections) about the appearance of the desired person in the memory of a person ("mental image"). This mental image can be recorded in the form of a description (in the protocol of interrogation, in orientation, report, report, etc.), as well as by transmitting images that carry a significant element of subjectivity (painted, composite portraits).
Objective sources include photographs, film frames, video recordings, radiographs.
Objective sources are also representations of human elements (a cast from the face of a corpse, a cast of a bare footprint, fingerprints, etc.), as well as bone remains, a skull. A description by the method of a verbal portrait, drawn up in accordance with all the rules under the conditions of direct, purposeful perception of the fixed person, can also be recognized as objective.
Evaluation of information from subjective sources requires a special approach. The formation of a mental image of the desired person in the memory of a person is a complex psychophysiological process. It consists of several stages, each of which can affect the reliability of information. The main of these stages are: perception, memorization, reproduction.
Perception of external appearance can be long-term, repeated, including under favorable conditions conducive to memorization (joint studies, work, living, etc.), or short-term, when a crime was committed. Perception can be influenced by objective factors(distance to the remembered face, nature and degree of illumination of the object, duration of perception), and subjective (sex, age, profession of the rememberer, his observation, purposefulness of perception, etc.). It happens that at some point the witness does not even realize that he is an eyewitness to the crime and does not pay due attention to the criminal. In the course of an interview or interrogation of a person (witness, victim), whose testimony is supposed to be used to draw up a description of the wanted person, the conditions of perception, memory properties of the interrogated person are necessarily identified and taken into account and his ability to reproduce the remembered features is assessed. The story of the interrogated (interrogated) must be free. The terms of a verbal portrait should not be used when interrogating him, since they are unknown to him and can be disorienting. If, however, his testimony is stated in the protocol using these terms, then he will have to sign under information that he does not understand.
At the same time, when interrogating a person about signs of appearance, it is useful to adhere to general scheme verbal portrait - from general to particular, etc. It is advisable to use contour images of the face and its individual elements. On the basis of such an arbitrary description, it is possible to compile systematized orienting information.
The mental image can be transformed into a subjective portrait. In forensic technology, there are three models of such portraits: hand-drawn, hand-drawn-composite, photo-composition. Drawn portraits are made by the eyewitness himself (if he has the appropriate skill) or by the artist from his words. When compiling drawing-composite portraits, line drawings of facial elements are used, which make it possible, through various combinations, to compose a significant number of images that differ in one or another appearance. At present, the ICR-2 system is used for these purposes. In the manufacture of photocombined portraits (identikit), not drawings are used, but fragments of photographs of various faces. Photos are selected in accordance with the testimony of witnesses.
Drawn and composite portraits are subjective in nature and are used only for tracing purposes. They are unsuitable for expert identification and are not objects of forensic portrait examination.
Additional information about the wanted person can be obtained by examining the scene and analyzing the property situation. Traces of hands, feet (shoes), teeth, traces of hacking, etc. allow us to judge the gender, face height, size separate parts body (arms, legs), his skills (professional, criminal), physical strength, etc. If you have to collect information about the appearance of famous people, for example, those who have fled from the investigation and court, fled from places of detention, are missing, then for this they use both subjective and objective sources of information.
Objective here are the materials of operational and forensic records, personal and accounting files of those arrested and convicted.
Information about the missing person can be obtained from his relatives and friends. They can also provide photographs. Additional data for all search cases can be obtained from medical documentation (dental records, spa books, radiographs, etc.), which record information included in the verbal portrait (growth, condition of the dental apparatus, surgical interventions, etc.) . Information about the appearance of the registered person is obtained by direct observation and examination, which allows you to more accurately perceive the anatomical structure of the body, its signs, special signs (the presence of tattoos, their content, color, location, etc.). A personal search can also serve as one of the sources of information about a person and mainly about related objects (clothes, shoes, headgear, etc.).
The completeness and method of recording data in the event of a corpse being found depends on whether it is identified or not. At the same time, it is taken into account that the corpse in general may be unidentified due to far-reaching putrefactive changes, damage to the face (head) by cadaveric pests (insects, rodents) or as a result of the disfigurement of the face by the criminal. If the possibility of identifying a corpse is allowed, then only its general anatomical signs (sex, age, height, nationality, physique) and some signs of the main elements of the face (without detail) are noted in the examination protocol. Be sure to indicate visible special and catchy signs. For identification, the corpse is given a life-like appearance ("toilet of the corpse"). It is photographed at the scene according to the rules of overview, nodal and detailed photography.
If the body is not identified, then a detailed description according to the method of verbal portrait for the card file of unidentified corpses. His fingerprints and photographs of his face (head) are also placed there: full face, right and left profile, half a turn left and right.
One way to fix the appearance is to receive a death mask.
The most objective, complete and reliable way of fixing are photographs made according to the rules of signaletic survey. Film frames and video recording frames are capable of conveying functional features and features of related items.
Forensic portrait examination
Most significant role in personal identification belongs to forensic portrait examination1. As a result of its implementation, the fact of identity is established.
The possibilities of portrait examination are quite extensive, which is determined both by the type of objects entering the study and by the methods of study. Depending on the nature of the objects, this type of examination can be classified into the following subspecies:
a) examination of images of people on the basis of photographic portraits in order to establish whether two (or more) photographs depict the same person;
b) examination of an unidentified corpse (photographs of which are presented) and a photograph of a living person to establish the identity of the corpse;
c) examination of lifetime photographic images of a missing person and the skull of a corpse to establish whether the discovered skull could belong to this person;
d) examination of the death mask of an unknown person and lifetime photographs of the missing person in order to identify the corpse.
The above list of objects and objectives of the study indicates that a portrait examination is carried out in the process of operational and investigative measures to search for persons who have fled from the investigation and court; persons who escaped from places of detention; missing persons, when a person similar to the wanted person is found or detained. An examination is also carried out in case of reasonable doubts about the fact that the photograph in the identity card shows the person who presented this document as his own. Forensic assistance is sought to establish the fact that photographs related to the event under investigation depict a specific person. And, finally, the importance of a portrait examination is great in establishing the identity of an unidentified corpse.
The identification of a person in relation to all the above-mentioned objects is based on a comparative study (comparative analysis) of the signs of appearance.
The success of expert identification based on photographs largely depends on their correct selection, quality, time and shooting conditions. It is advisable to take photographs without retouching, with a clear study of the details of the face, in which the identified face is depicted in the same angle and in the same lighting as in the photograph under study. At the same time, taking into account the fact that certain elements of the face (head) can be clearly seen in different photographs, it is recommended that as many photographs as possible be sent as comparative ones, and if necessary (at the request of an expert) also negatives.
The photographs submitted for research are examined by an expert, the most suitable for comparison are selected from them. The selected photographs are brought to the same scale (for reproduction shooting). Based on a group of photographs depicting the same identified person, a description of matching appearance features is compiled using the verbal portrait method. Along with the description, other methods of demonstrating matching signs are also used: a) comparison - compared photographs are pasted side by side and matching signs are marked with the same numbers; b) combination - addition of parts of images (usually the left side of one face with the right side of another) to demonstrate the combination (mutual transition) of horizontal lines: hair growth, eyebrows, eyes, base of the nose, mouth, chin; c) overlay - a combination of the same anatomical and topographic points of the image of faces made on transparent photographic films (or one image on film, the other on photographic paper).
Other techniques are also used: they measure the distances between the anatomical and topographic points of the same name, study dimensional relationships, make graphic constructions, etc.
The expert's conclusion is based on a detailed description of all the identified signs of appearance and objective assessment their sufficiency for identification purposes. If some differences are observed along with the coinciding signs that allow one to come to the conclusion of identity, they should be explained (different lighting, head position, age-related changes, changes due to illness, etc.). Tables with photographs, both marked and unmarked (control) should be attached to the expert's conclusion.
If a skull and a lifetime image of an identified person are submitted for examination, then the study is carried out according to the following methodology. Initially, the sex and approximate age of the person to whom it belonged are established from the skull. If this does not exclude further research, then a transparencies are made from the intravital image of the face. Next, the skull is photographed in the same scale and from the same angle as the face depicted on the slide. After that, the negative images of the skull and face are combined according to the main anatomical and topographic points, and photo printing is carried out from such a combined negative. On the resulting photograph, both images should be clearly visible so that all the main anatomical and topographic points and contours coincide. If there is a match, it is concluded that the skull could belong to this person. In a categorical form, the conclusion is given only if, along with the noted, there is a coincidence of individualizing signs: curvature of the back of the nose, traces of surgical intervention on the bones of the skull, coincidence of intravital information about the state of the dental apparatus.
In investigative and operational-search practice, sometimes they resort to sculptural reconstruction of the face from the skull (the method of Professor M. M. Gerasimov). The essence of the method is that a wax composition of a layer is applied to the skull, which is determined by the thickness of the soft tissues in the corresponding parts of the face (head). The resulting sculptural portrait can be presented for operational purposes for recognition, compared by the method of a verbal portrait with a lifetime image of a missing person. The results of identification or comparison of evidence have no value, since the creation of a sculptural portrait is based not only on objective data, but also on subjective ones, introduced by the sculptor. For the same reason, a sculptural portrait cannot be the object of an expert study.
AT recent times also for operational purposes, they compare drawn or composite portraits in cases related to serial crimes. Portraits created from the words of a victim or a witness in different episodes of crimes are compared. Such a technique allows, with some degree of probability, to establish that the crimes were committed by the same person. Such a study, not being an examination, is carried out for operational purposes and is formalized by a "research certificate".
The description of a person's appearance in forensics can be carried out arbitrarily or according to special technique using special terms. Custom description - it is a description given by an eyewitness in words and expressions used in everyday speech.
Systematized description - This is a description by the method of verbal portrait. The foundations for such a description were laid at the end of the 19th century. Alphonse Bertillon. This description allows you to uniformly characterize the elements of appearance, the same signs and perceive these descriptions in the same way. Uniformity is achieved through basic principles of description of appearance:
- o the use of special (standardized) terminology in the description. Compliance with this principle eliminates discrepancies in the described features, ensures their uniform understanding, eliminates ambiguity and prevents errors;
- o compliance with the sequence in the description. The description is carried out from the general to the particular, from top to bottom. First, the figure as a whole is characterized, then individual areas of the body (head, torso, limbs, the most significant features of the anatomical elements of the head, face) are described, and, finally, functional signs and special signs;
- o maximum completeness of the description. If possible, all the signs are described, the totality of which makes it possible to distinguish a certain person from among other people;
- o the description is made in full face and in the right profile (if necessary, in growth and from other sides). Special signs are described both on the right and on the left sides of the face;
- o the description is carried out in relation to the normal (standard) position of the head and the state of appearance;
- o special features are highlighted in the description. Forensic description of the external appearance of a person
according to the verbal portrait method, it covers the description of anatomical, functional and accompanying features. Sex, age, nationality, figure in general and head are described. The most informative value is the description of the head.
Head as a whole: size (small, medium, large), shape of the parietal part (flat, dome-shaped, ovoid), position of the occiput relative to the vertical (oblique, vertical, protruding).
Hair: abundance (thick, medium, sparse), hair length (short, medium length, long), by type (straight, wavy, curly), hair color (light blond, blond, dark blond, black, red), frontal line (straight, arcuate, wavy, broken).
Whole face: proportions (narrow, medium width, wide), full face contour (oval, round, rectangular, square, triangular, trapezoidal), profile contour (convex, straight, concave), degree of fullness (thin, medium fullness, full), color skin (white, swarthy, pink), features (the presence of wrinkles, their severity, depth, the presence of a beard, mustache, freckles, etc.).
Forehead: but size (narrow, wide, medium), contour (straight, convex, wavy), features (highly developed frontal tubercles, superciliary ridges, very oblique, very convex).
Brows: size (short, medium length, long; narrow, medium width, wide), abundance, i.e. density (thick, sparse), contour (straight, arcuate, wavy, broken), position relative to the horizontal and relative position (beveled inward, beveled outward, close together, apart), features (fused, bushy, etc.).
Eyes: the size of the open palpebral fissures (small, medium, large), the contour of the open palpebral fissures (slit-like, oval, round, triangular), the position of the eyeballs in the sockets (convex, medium bulge, sunken), the mutual position of the eyes (contact, apart), the color of the rainbow shells (dark brown, brown, light brown, greenish, light blue, blue, gray), position of the upper fixed eyelid (overhangs, no overhang), position of the upper movable eyelid (open, closed), eyelash length (short, medium , long), the shape of the eyelashes (straight, curved), the density of the eyelashes (thick, medium density, rare), features (very bulging eyes, very close, etc.).
Nose: overall size from superior nasal point to sub-nasal point and with wing width (narrow, medium width, wide, short, medium length, long), back contour (concave, straight, convex, wavy), tip shape (sharp, rounded , obtuse), the position of the base relative to the horizontal (raised, horizontal, pubescent), the size of the cut of the nostrils (small, medium, large), the contour of the cut of the nostrils (triangular, round, oval, slit-like), features (forked tip, closed nostrils, curved back etc.).
Mouth: size (small, medium, large), lip closure line (straight, wavy, broken), position of the angles relative to the horizontal (lowered, horizontal, raised), features (oblique closure line, very small or large mouth, etc.).
Lips: the height of the upper lip (low, medium, high), along the width of the red border (thin, medium thickness, thick), along the contour of the red border (curved, wavy, broken), protrusion (protrusion of the upper lip, protrusion of the lower lip, general protrusion or elongation of the lips), color (bright, pale), features (very short upper lip, bifurcation of the upper or lower lip).
Teeth: size (small, medium size, large), by the distance between the teeth (rare, frequent), the relative position of the upper and lower teeth (protrusion of the lower teeth or upper teeth), features (lack of teeth, blackening and yellowing of teeth, the presence and type of prostheses, etc. .P.).
Chin: size (low, medium height, tall, narrow, medium width, wide), contour of the lower outline (rounded, rectangular, triangular), shape (convex, rectangular, triangular), vertical position (oblique, vertical, protruding), features (very oblique or protruding, with a transverse furrow or fossa, forked, etc.).
Ear: size of the auricle as a whole (small, medium, large), contour (round, oval, rectangular, triangular), protrusion (general protrusion, upper protrusion, general diligence), shape of the surface of the curl (convex, flat), lobe size (small, medium, large), the contour of the earlobe (round, oval, rectangular, triangular), the shape of the surface of the earlobe (flat, convex, crossed), features (very small or large ear, its very large protrusion).
Neck: by size (short, medium length, long, thin, medium thickness, thick), features (severity of cartilage and larynx - Adam's apple; presence, location and severity of wrinkles, etc.).
Shoulders: by size (narrow, medium width, wide), position relative to the horizontal (lowered, horizontally raised), features (very narrow or wide, one higher than the other, etc.).
Breast: by size (narrow, medium width, wide), shape (concave, convex), position (hollow, protruding), features ("bird chest", hump, etc.).
Back: by size (narrow, medium width, wide), contour (concave, straight, convex), features (shoulder blades, hump, etc. protrude strongly).
Arms: overall size (short, medium length, long; thin, medium thickness, thick), hand (long, short; narrow, wide), fingers (long, medium length, short), shape and size of nails (long, medium length , short; narrow, medium width, wide), the shape of the surface of the nails (convex, flat, ribbed), the length of the nails (long, short), features (the presence of corns, the absence of fingers or joints, abundant hair on the outer part of the hand, etc. ).
Legs: overall size (long, medium length, short; thin, medium thickness, thick), shape (straight, "o"-shaped, "x"-shaped), foot size (long, medium length, short; narrow, medium width, wide), features (thickening of the joints, fusion of fingers, absence of a leg, foot, fingers, etc.).