Encyclopedia of the world around us. Geographic atlas "the world around us"
The World Around Us collection is a magazine reissue of the 2011 book collection.
Collection " World around us“My universal encyclopedia of knowledge” will introduce you to the world around you and help you master school knowledge. On its pages you will discover a lot of new things about science and technology, plants and animals, you will find detailed information about the history of mankind, about our planet, cities and countries of the world! Gather a complete collection of educational magazines "The World Around Us". publishing house Ashet Collection(Hachette).
Collection
- On each page - a lot of informative facts, vivid illustrations, photographs and diagrams.
- Detailed explanations make all texts accessible and engaging.
- Colorful illustrations and photographs allow you to fully immerse yourself in the topic.
- Key facts, concepts and dates are listed separately for ease of remembering.
- Drawings and diagrams make information visual.
- The volume of each magazine is 48 pages.
With the magazines of the collection you will receive stickers depicting the planets, their satellites and artificial objects of the solar system. With the first issue you will receive a poster of the solar system. Find a place for each sticker on this poster.
The variety of topics and information in the magazines is combined with a clear structure. On the spine of each issue of the collection there is its name and one of the 6 headings of the encyclopedia to which it belongs. Arranging issues in convenient folders, you will always know where to find the information you are interested in.
Magazine
The encyclopedia "The World Around Us" is well organized and divided into 6 headings:
- Plants and animals– You will learn a lot about familiar plants and animals, and very quickly learn to recognize other, previously unknown species. BUT detailed overview fauna of our planet will allow you to meet even such animals that none of your friends have heard of!
- Man and environment – You will be able to get to know our planet, oceans, continents and atmosphere better. You will also see what people do to protect and preserve the world around us.
- Science and technology- You can easily find answers to the questions "What's inside?" and "How does it work?". You will learn a lot of new and interesting things thanks to simple and complete explanations and you will trace the history of the most important scientific events.
- The World History– Thanks to captivating texts and colorful illustrations, you will get up close and personal with the great figures and discoverers of the past, lost civilizations and important dates world history. Any historical event you will remember easily and for a long time.
- Art and Society– Learn a lot of new and amazing things about the art and culture of different countries and civilizations. And also about the unusual hobbies and interests of your peers and their parents around the world.
- Countries of the world– Make an amusing trip around the world and get to know the countries of the world, their history, geography, administrative organization and traditions. Special pages are devoted to Russia.
Exit Schedule
№1 – solar system+ poster + sticker - 24.12.2016
№2 + №3 – Ancient Civilizations + Great Inventions+ sticker - 01/12/2017
№4 – The human body+ folder + sticker - 01/26/2017
№5 – Origin of the Earth+ sticker - 02.02.2017
№6 – mammals+ sticker
№7 – Planet Earth+ sticker
№8 – Insects, arachnids+ sticker
№9 – Russia+ sticker
№10 – Sea creatures+ sticker
How many issues
Total planned 75 issues.
Recommended price:
First edition - 49 rubles.
Second + Third issues (2 journals) – 149 rubles.
Fourth edition and beyond - 149 rubles.
Frequency: weekly.
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THIS MYSTERIOUS WORLD Starry sky (northern hemisphere of the sky) ... 8-9 Solar system. . ............. 12 Sun and planets. ,………………... 13 Starry sky (southern hemisphere of the sky) ..10 11 Space exploration in the USSR................. 14-15 Space exploration ( the international cooperation) ..... . 16 17 EARTH ON THE GLOBE AND ON THE MAP Earth is the planet on which we live....... 20 21 Daily movement of the Earth. . . ……..22 Movement of the Earth around the Sun…… 23 Globe. physical map hemispheres ………………..24 25 Forms of the earth’s surface………. 26—27 Oceans of the Earth……………………… 28 29 Climate of the Earth……………………. 30 31 Natural zones of the Earth ……………. 32 33 THE EARTH AND ITS DIVISIONS Europe. . . …………………………. . 36-41 Asia............. 42-49 Africa. . ............ . . ... 50-57 North America………………… . 58, 60 62 South America.…………………. 59, 63 65 Australia and Oceania ………………… 66- 68 Antarctica ……………………………….. 69 Fauna of the oceans …………….. . 70 71 Table of contents……………………… ... 72
Under the general editorship
V. P. Sitnikova
(Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov)
V. P. Sitnikov, L. V. Kashinskaya, G. P. Shalaeva, E. V. Sitnikova
Responsible editor
V. V. Slavkin (Lomonosov Moscow State University)
© OOO "Philological Society" SLOVO "", 2010
© OOO "Philological Society" SLOVO "", design, 2010
Who first discovered the solar system?
The concept of the solar system includes the Sun and all the bodies revolving around it under the influence of its attraction.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), Polish astronomer, creator heliocentric system peace
Copernican model of the solar system. He believed that the planets revolve around the sun.
In ancient times, people believed that the center of the universe is the Earth, and the Sun, Moon and other planets revolve around it. Truth, simple people- hunters and farmers - knew nothing about other planets. During the day they saw only the Sun, and in the evenings - the Moon and the sky strewn with bright stars. It was easy for them to make mistakes. In the morning, when they got up, the sun was just rising, then it rose higher and higher, and set in the evening. So they deduced their ideas about how the world works from what they saw: the Earth is motionless, and the Sun revolves around it. But so did the astronomers who studied the sky and celestial bodies. They also considered the Earth to be fixed and flat, although they assumed that it was not the only one in space. There are also other planets that, like the Sun and the Moon, revolve around the Earth.
But already in the 4th century BC, the famous ancient Greek scientist Pythagoras suggested that the Earth is not flat, but has the shape of a ball. Following him, another scientist, Aristarchus, who lived in the 3rd century BC, without denying that the Earth is spherical, developed the Pythagorean theory and suggested that the Earth rotates around its axis and simultaneously rotates around the fixed Sun. Some scientists agreed with this theory, others rejected it and continued to prove their own. A hundred years later, in the 2nd century BC, the ancient Greek scholar Ptolemy wrote a book called Almagest. In it, he outlined his idea of the structure of the sky and again returned to the fact that it is not the Earth that revolves around the Sun, but, on the contrary, the Sun revolves around the Earth.
Planetary map of Copernicus
It was a mistake, but it was difficult to understand how things really happen in space. After all, then there were no telescopes or other instruments with which you can observe the movement of celestial bodies.
And only in 1543, when powerful telescopes had already appeared, the Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus was able to convincingly prove that the Earth rotates around its axis during the day, just like a top rotates, only very slowly, and people do not even notice this rotation.
At the same time, the Earth also slowly revolves around the Sun, making one complete revolution during the year.
Copernicus also proved that not only the Earth revolves around the Sun, but also other planets. This is how the correct idea appeared about the existence of the whole solar system, in the center of which is the Sun, therefore this system is called the solar system. And all other celestial bodies: planets, asteroids and comets - move around the Sun in a certain order and do not scatter in different directions, because the Sun attracts them with its gravity.
What planets make up the solar system?
solar system make up planets of different sizes. Among them there are large planets and small ones. They are located at different distances from the Sun and move around it at different speeds.
Mercury
Closest to the Sun is the smallest planet in the solar system called Mercury. Its diameter is 4,640 km - almost the width of the Atlantic Ocean. It is located at a distance of 60 million kilometers from the Sun and turns around the Sun not in 365 days, like the Earth, but in just 88 Earth days. The planet Mercury faces the Sun with only one side, so it is always light and very hot here. The temperature reaches 400 degrees above zero. And on the other side of it reigns eternal darkness and cold with a temperature of 270 degrees below zero.
At a distance of 108 million kilometers from the Sun is the planet Venus. It is almost the same size as the Earth. Its diameter is 12,160 km, that is, 500 km less than the diameter of the Earth. Venus revolves around the Sun in 225 days. By the way, such a strange fact is known that Venus rotates in the opposite direction, that is, from east to west.
Venus
Our planet Earth is located at a distance of 149.5 million kilometers from the Sun and, as we already know, turns around the Sun in 365 days, which is considered earth year. Thus, the Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
Surface of Venus
Then comes Mars. Its diameter is 6,720 km, which is slightly more than half the diameter of the Earth. Its distance from the Sun is approximately 228 million kilometers, and the period of revolution of this planet around the Sun is 687 Earth days.
Mars
Beyond Mars is a belt of small planets called asteroids. There are tens of thousands of them here, and they vary in size. Some are only 1 kilometer across, others are 700 kilometers or more. Scientists believe that asteroids are fragments of a large planet that was once located in this part of the solar system and for some unknown reason broke up.
The giant planets are further away from the Sun. The largest planet in the solar system is Jupiter. He is not “floating” in space alone: he is surrounded by 12 more satellites. Jupiter is located at a distance of 780 million kilometers from the Sun and makes a complete revolution around the Sun in 12 Earth years, that is, in 4300 Earth days. Jupiter is the largest of the planets: its diameter is 141,920 km, almost 11 times the diameter of the Earth.
Jupiter
The huge planet Saturn revolves around the Sun even more slowly with a diameter almost 9 times larger than the earth's - 120 160 km. It travels its path in 29.5 Earth years, and its distance from the Sun is 1.5 billion kilometers.
Saturn
And very far from the Sun, where its rays barely reach, are the coldest planets in the solar system - Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. They are so far from the Sun that they are not even visible to the naked eye.
Neptune
Thus, scientists have discovered in the solar system 9 large planets and dozens of small ones - asteroids. But that's not all. The solar system includes not only large and small planets, in outer space around the Sun, it is also found great amount other celestial bodies - meteorites and comets.
Is America named correctly?
Many geographical names are associated with the names of the discoverers. But for some reason, America is not named after the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus, who was the first European to land on this mainland back in 1492, but after the Italian Amerigo Vespucci. Is there a historical error here, and if so, what caused it?
Christopher Columbus (1451–1506)
The mistake actually happened: now everyone knows that it was Christopher Columbus who discovered America, but it is named after another navigator. And it all happened in this way. In 1492, Columbus set sail from Spain in his flotilla, seeking to find a route to India. He sailed for a long time with his sailors on the seas, and finally land appeared on the horizon. Having decided that this is the long-awaited India, Columbus landed on the shore and named this land San Salvador. From local residents(Columbus called them Indians - from the name of India) the sailors learned that nearby there is another rich and beautiful island that conducts great trade. This island turned out to be Cuba, and after a while Columbus sailed there, believing that from India he reached China, and rich Japan should be in the east of it. In fact, Columbus ended up on one of the islands of the Bahamas, then to Cuba and to the island of Haiti, which he called Hispaniola, which means "Spanish Woman" or "Spanish Island". All this happened due to the fact that in those days no one imagined the existence between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans huge unknown continent.
Columbus map
After his discovery, as he believed, of Western India, Columbus returned to Spain, but went on sea expeditions several more times: he discovered Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the island of Trinidad and landed on the coast of South America.
At that time, many navigators were looking for a way to Southeast Asia, China, India and Japan and, following Columbus, got to the islands located off the coast of the new mainland, some of them managed to land on the mainland. Amerigo Vespucci, who was in the service in Portugal, and then in Spain, also took part in these expeditions. In 1503 and 1504, he wrote two letters, one to the Medici banker, and the other to his childhood friend, the Florentine Soderini, in which he said that he had managed to discover a new, hitherto unknown mainland. After that, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller marked a new continent on the map and named it after Amerigo Vespucci - America. Since then, this name has been used by all mankind!
Why is gold valued?
Gold was considered a precious metal and was highly valued already several centuries before our era. This is evidenced by both historical documents and those things that archaeologists get during excavations. The most beautiful jewelry, vases, insignia have long been made from this metal. Coins of the highest denominations were also minted from it. The residences of the rulers and their tombs were decorated with gold. How is gold different from other metals and why is it so highly valued?
Golden buckle. Found in the tomb of King Rädwald (c. 625 AD). Great Britain
First of all, the fact that gold is not found in nature as often as other metals. Imagine that people would make jewelry and money from iron. What value can such products be if there is a lot of iron on earth and anyone who wants can make anything out of it? And gold still needs to be found, collected bit by bit, washed, and even then it’s good if it gets a few grams.
In addition, since gold is a soft metal, it can be easily processed and molded into any shape. Just one gram of gold can be rolled into a plate measuring 2 square meters. Moreover, it can be easily bent, and it does not break. Therefore, jewelry of any shape can be made from gold, and rounded domes of church churches can be covered with plates. But along with its malleable form, gold is one of the heaviest chemical elements 200 cm 3 of this metal weigh more than 540 kg!
gold bars
Gold differs from other metals also in that it does not oxidize under the influence of air and does not tarnish, remaining bright and not losing its luster. In addition, it is almost not corroded by ordinary acids.
Until 1914, almost all the world's currency was measured in gold. This meant that the then existing money had a fixed price in relation to gold. At any time, the currency could be exchanged for gold. This system was called the gold standard, and although it is no longer used today, gold still plays important role in international trade: it is used as a reserve that ensures the country's foreign trade.
In addition, gold finds application in other areas of life. It is used by jewelers in the manufacture of rings, brooches and other jewelry; dentists in dental prosthetics, and since gold is a good conductor of electricity, it is used in certain types of electrical conductors.
Despite the development of technology, a lot of manual labor is still used in gold mining, and this also increases the cost of gold to some extent and further increases its value.
How is gold found?
This question has troubled mankind since ancient times. It is believed that gold was the first metal known to man. Some people, who were called alchemists, tried to extract gold artificially by melting and combining different metals or trying to get gold from lead. These were not completely useless pursuits, although gold was not obtained as a result of these experiments. But they brought other, no less important discoveries. So, the alchemist monk Berthold Schwartz accidentally made gunpowder in this way, and another alchemist, Johann Betger, found a way to make precious porcelain. As for gold, its artificial analogue has never been found, and everything yellow and shiny, even from a distance, cannot be confused with real metal.
The first traces of gold were discovered in Egypt over 5,000 years ago. The rulers of Greece and Rome also loved this rare precious metal. They plundered the countries they conquered and forced the slaves to work in the gold mines.
Real gold can only be found in the ground, and here it is found in two forms - in the form of nuggets, that is, pure gold without impurities of other metals, and in ore, where gold is found in combination with other metals.
Gold nuggets are not so common, and this is always a great success for prospectors, and that is what people who mine gold are called. Most often, native gold is found in quartz veins or in layers of iron pyrite. Under the influence of wind and water, quartz and iron ore deposits are gradually destroyed, and gold particles are exposed. Then they are also gradually washed out of the gold-bearing veins and fall to the bottom of rivers and valleys, where they mix with sand and gravel. This is the so-called loose gold, in which there are very tiny specks and larger nuggets weighing from a few grams to a kilogram and even several kilograms.
Gold mines in Brazil 20th century
Most often, gold occurs in nature in combination with other metals: almost always, gold particles are found in silver, in combination with copper, etc. Currently, there are various complex technologies by which gold is freed from impurities of other metals.
What is very curious, a lot of gold is contained in the waters of the oceans. Of course, if you measure the amount of gold per liter of sea water, then it is almost impossible to find it there. But scientists have calculated that with as much sea water as it exists on the globe, gold in it is at least 10 billion tons.
How are springs formed?
In many places on the Earth there are springs from which pure, transparent water flows, which people call spring water, and the springs themselves - springs. This water pleasantly quenches thirst on hot days, and many people consider it healing. Where do springs come from and why is the water in them so clean?
Deep underground, where there are solid rocks, there are empty areas that are filled with water. They are called the "groundwater zone". Water comes there from the top layer of the earth from melted snow, ice, and rain. Part of this water remains in the upper layers of the soil, nourishes the roots of plants, evaporates under the influence of the hot rays of the sun, but most of penetrates into the underground layer and fills the voids between rocks.
There are a lot of such voids underground, but there is enough water from the surface of the earth to penetrate there, so there is a little less water underground than on the surface. In turn, underground water through the holes that are in the earth's crust, comes to the surface of the Earth. This mainly occurs in low places: valleys, depressions between mountains, lowlands, because groundwater flows out only through holes that are located below the groundwater level. After all, you know that water always flows only downwards, it cannot flow upwards and always falls back under the force of its own gravity.
This is how springs are formed when underground water penetrates through holes to the surface of the Earth. You may have heard that there are permanent springs. People surround them with a fence, build sheds over them so that the water flowing from them is not polluted, and everyone can drink water from these springs all year round. And other springs appear and disappear. This is explained by the fact that the "groundwater zone" is of different levels, that is, different depths, and it is constantly changing. Those springs, where water comes from the very depths of the aquifer, are constantly active, and the water never disappears in them. But those springs that feed on water from the upper layer can disappear if the water level in it drops, and then reappear when the snow begins to melt or it rains, and there is more water underground. Such springs are called "pulsating".
Healing spring water is also called for a reason. After all, underground water passes through rocks and is enriched with various mineral salts, which are very beneficial for health.
Do mountains have an age?
Before answering this question, it is necessary to find out what mountains are and how they are formed. Mountains are part of the earth's land, rising above the plains. There are isolated mountains, and there are entire mountain ranges. In the legends, the origin of mountains is explained as follows: “The very young Earth was smooth, like a head of sheep's cheese. But time passed, and the Earth began to age, wrinkles appeared on it. They furrowed the face of the Earth in deep folds. And the earth wept. Her tears flowed in streams and rivers, gathered in lakes, seas and oceans ... "
These wrinkles, according to legend, became mountains. However, scientists have their own point of view on this matter. They explain the formation of mountains by abrupt changes in the earth's surface that occurred many millions of years ago and are occurring now. There are even different types of mountains. Some of them - folded - appeared where the earth's crust was more mobile and could be folded into folds. So, for example, the Alps were formed. There are vaulted mountains that rise up in the form of vaults under the great pressure of molten lava, which breaks from below to the surface of the Earth. As a result of breaks or failures earth's crust whole mountains were formed, when whole mountain ranges rose, then fell. The type of volcanic mountains speaks for itself. They were formed from lava, volcanic ash and slag that fell to the surface of the Earth as a result of volcanic eruptions. This is Fujiyama in Japan, Vesuvius in Italy.
But mountains are not eternal. They are undermined by water, sprayed by the wind, particles of rocky soil are washed away by rain. The hot sun heats the stones, and then frost fetters them, which is why they also gradually collapse. Over time, even the highest mountains turn into small hills, and sometimes in their place there is nothing left at all, except for the plain. As you can see, the mountains also age and die. But they are replaced by new ones: after all, the process of mountain building does not stop, the earth's crust also shifts, forming folds, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur, the soil sinks and rises. As a result of all these processes, new, young mountains are born, which include the Pamirs, the Himalayas, the Andes, Caucasian mountains. And the old mountains we have in Russia are the Ural Mountains, many of whose peaks no longer rise so steeply above earth's surface, and in some places they even descend in small gentle hills. True, it also happens that mountains that have almost disappeared from the face of the Earth grow again. This happened to the Tien Shan, when its suddenly descended peaks again rose high into the sky.
Alps
The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, located on the border between Nepal and China. Its height reaches 8,848 m! And the highest in Europe is Elbrus with a height of 5,633 m.
What is in the depths of the Earth?
Our Earth is called a planet, and it differs from the stars in that it is a dense mass, while the stars consist of hot gases and glow.
Scientists already know a lot about what the planet Earth is like. And the fact that it has the shape of a ball and rotates around its own axis, making a full revolution in a day, that is, in 24 hours, and that at the same time it slowly rotates around the Sun, completely turning around in 365 days, which is the earth year . We measured the distance from the Sun and found out which planets are in the neighborhood of the Earth. But no less a mystery to scientists has always been what is in the depths of the Earth itself. This is very difficult to know. They have not yet come up with devices with which one could get into the very depths of the Earth and see what is there. Therefore, scientists are so interested in volcanic eruptions, which make it possible to study the rocks that are ejected to the surface of the Earth from its bowels. Since volcanoes erupt hot gases and molten rocks, scientists have determined from these signs that the temperature inside the Earth is very high. In addition, earthquakes are also very carefully studied: after all, they originate somewhere in the depths of the Earth and the waves from the tremors diverge both on the surface of the Earth and inside it.
With the help of precise instruments - seismographs - scientists determine how these waves travel and record their speed. This method also tells them what rocks are inside the Earth. After all, seismic waves pass through loose rocks faster than through solid ones. The speed also changes if seismic waves pass through molten metals.
Thus, scientists were able to determine that in the very depths of the Earth, in the center of the ball, there is a solid metal core, the diameter of which is about 2,560 kilometers. This core is surrounded by a liquid shell with a radius of about 3,360 kilometers, consisting of molten iron and nickel. Above this hot, molten mass is the mantle. This is a layer of hard rocks 2,880 kilometers thick. The mantle separates the liquid hot shell of the Earth's core from the earth's crust and thus protects the earth's crust from heat. And the very last, top layer is the earth's crust. It also consists of solid rocks, but in some places they loosened up and soil formed there - what we call earth, clay, sand, and in other places it remains solid, stony. Gray lifeless rocks rise there without a single green tree. But soil and mountains are only the upper part of the earth's crust. Solid rocks go far into the depths of the Earth and reach the mantle. True, the depth of the earth's crust is not the same everywhere. Under the continents, it is 48 kilometers, and under the oceans it is much less - only 5 kilometers.