The longest and shortest parallel. Graticule of the globe
If our planet is “cut” through the axis of rotation and perpendicular to it by many planes, then vertical and horizontal circles will appear on the surface - meridians and parallels.
The meridians will converge at their ends at two points - at the North and South Poles. Parallels, as the name implies, are parallel to each other. Meridians are used to measure longitude, parallels - latitude.
Such a simple action at a superficial glance - the "line" of the Earth - has become greatest discovery in planetary exploration. It made it possible to use coordinates and accurately describe the location of any object. Without parallels and meridians, it is impossible to imagine any map, not a single globe. And they came up with ... in the III century BC, the Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes.
Reference. Eratosthenes possessed encyclopedic knowledge for those times in all areas. He was in charge of the legendary Library of Alexandria, wrote the work "Geography" and became the founder of geography as a science, compiled the first map of the world and covered it with a degree grid of verticals and horizontals - he invented a coordinate system. He also introduced the names for the lines - parallel and meridian.
Meridian
Meridian in geography is called half of the line of section earth's surface drawn through and any point on the surface. All imaginary meridians, of which there can be an infinite number, are connected at the poles - North and South. The length of each of them is 20,004,276 meters.
Although you can mentally draw as many meridians as you like, for the convenience of movement, mapping their number, their location was streamlined by international treaties. In 1884, at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, it was decided that the initial meridian (zero) would be the one that passes through Greenwich, a district in southeast London.
However, not everyone immediately agreed with this decision. For example, in Russia, even after 1884 until the beginning of the 20th century, the zero meridian was considered to be its own - Pulkovo: it "passes" through the Round Hall of the Pulkovo Observatory.
Prime Meridian
The zero meridian is the reference point of geographic longitude. He, respectively, has a zero longitude. This was before the creation of the world's first satellite navigation system Transit.
With its appearance, the zero meridian had to be moved a little - 5.3 ″ relative to Greenwich. This is how the International Reference Meridian appeared, which is used as a reference point for longitude by the International Earth Rotation Service.
Parallel
Parallels in geography are called lines of an imaginary section of the surface of the planet by planes that are parallel. The parallels depicted on the globe are circles parallel to the equator. They are used to measure latitude.
By analogy with the Greenwich zero meridian, there is also a zero parallel - this is the equator, one of the 5 main parallels that divides the Earth into hemispheres - southern and northern. Other main parallels are the tropics North and South, the polar circles - North and South.
Equator
The most long parallel- equator - 40 075 696 m. The rotation speed of our planet at the equator is 465 m / s - this is much more than the speed of sound in the air - 331 m / s.
Southern and Northern tropics
The Tropic of South, also called the Tropic of Capricorn, lies south of the equator and represents the latitude above which noon is at its zenith on the winter solstice.
The northern tropic, also known as the tropic of Cancer, is located north of the equator and, like the southern tropic, represents the latitude over which the midday sun is at its zenith on the summer solstice.
Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle
The Arctic Circle is the boundary of the polar day area. To the north of it, in any place at least once a year, the sun is visible above the horizon 24 hours a day, or the same amount is not visible.
The southern polar circle is similar in everything to the northern one, only it is located in the southern hemisphere.
Graticule
The intersections of meridians and parallels form a degree grid. Meridians and parallels are spaced at intervals of 10° - 20°, smaller divisions, as in the corners, are called minutes and seconds.
With the help of the graticule we determine the exact location geographical objects- their geographical coordinates, calculating longitude by meridians, and latitude by parallels.
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
2. What are the coordinates of the most eastern point Africa?
A) 16° S 3°E
B) 10°N 51°E
B) 51°N 11 E
D) 16°N 3°W
3. What type of climate is indicated on the map by hatching?
A) subequatorial
B) Tropical desert
B) tropical humid
D) Equatorial
4. Which country is indicated on the map by a contour line?
A) Congo
B) Egypt
B) Somalia
D) Ethiopia
5. What conclusion about the climate of Africa is fashionable to draw on the basis of the fact that the mainland is crossed by the equator and both tropics?
A) Africa receives a large amount of heat all year round.
B) Africa is in the zone of the trade winds
C) Africa has tropical and equatorial climatic zones.
D) All of the above
6. What researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered the Victoria Falls, studied Lake Nyasa?
A) Vasco da Gama B) V.V. Juncker C) D. Livingston D) N.I. Vavilov
7. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
A) Cape Mountains B) Dragon Mountains C) Mount Kilimanjaro D) Ethiopian Highlands
8. In the south and East Africa more than in the North:
A) Oil B) Phosphorites C) uranium ores D) Gaza
9. In the subequatorial zone of the Northern Hemisphere in Africa, precipitation falls:
A) Throughout the year B) in summer C) in winter D) in September and March
10. In the tropical latitudes of southern Africa, more precipitation falls along the east coast than along the west coast, since there:
A) moist equatorial air masses act
B) a cold current cools the air and contributes to the formation of precipitation
C) monsoons in the southern hemisphere during the summer
D) The trade winds bring humid air from the Indian Ocean.
11. The most full-flowing river in Africa, full-flowing throughout the year, does not form a delta, these are:
A) Nile B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
12. What is the deepest lake in Africa?
A) Victoria B) Nyasa C) Tanganyika D) Chad
13. What plant or animal is not typical for the savanna zone?
A) Hippopotamus B) Gorilla C) Acacia D) Baobab
14. What peoples live in northern Africa?
A) Arab peoples B) Bushmen C) Negroids D) Pygmies
15. Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population?
A) Egypt
B) South Africa
B) Algeria
D) Nigeria
Determine the geographical latitude of Paris, Mexico City and the Panama Canal.
3. On the map of the hemispheres, determine the geographical coordinates of St. Petersburg, Cape Town and Lake Chad.
4. Based on the physical map of Ukraine, determine the geographical coordinates of the regional center of your region. (Donetsk)
5.By geographic coordinates identify the objects on the map of the hemispheres:
a) the highest waterfall in the world 6 N, 61 W;
b) an island that has several names: Rapa Nui, Vaygu, but on the map it is designated under a different name - 27 N, 109 W; + c) an object that in 1856. opened by American traveler David Livingston-18 N, 26 E, d.
And, well. parallel f. 1. military, obsolete. A line of trenches, throughout its entire length, equally spaced from other similar lines, successively created during the gradual attack of the fortress. BAS 1. Siege trenches parallel to the besieged place. Kurg. 1777.… … Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language
- (French, from Greek parallelos parallel). 1) Comparison, comparison. 2) in military affairs, three trenches are called parallels, carried out parallel to the besieged place. 3) to draw a parallel between two persons or things means to compare them ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
PARALLEL, parallels, women. (from Greek parallelos parallel). 1. A line or plane, throughout its entire length equally distant from another line or plane, never intersecting with it (mat.). Draw a parallel. 2. Mentally held on ... ... Dictionary Ushakov
See comparison put on one parallel ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. parallel, comparison, likening, line, analogy, comparison, direct Dictionary of Russians ... ... Synonym dictionary
- (inosk.) comparison (a hint of parallel lines lagging behind each other at an equal distance). To put in parallel (inosk.) to compare, to make a comparison. Wed How to put the European in parallel with the national is something strange! Well, how ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
PARALLEL, and, wives. 1. In mathematics: a straight line that does not intersect another straight line that lies in the same plane with it. Carry out paragraph 2. trans. Comparison, as well as a phenomenon, to a swarm can be compared with another, similar (book). Carry out a p. between phenomena. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
parallel- zhuikelі zhapyraktar. biol. Zhuikeleri parallel zhatkan zhapyraktar. Keibir ө s i m d i k e rd i ң zh ap y r a k t a r y n d a y zhüykeler bіrіne bіrі qatarlasa, parallel to ornalasқan. Muny p a r a l l l l zh u y k e l i zh a p y r a k t ar dep… … Kazakh tilinin tusindirme sozdigі
parallel- A line section of the surface of the globe by a plane parallel to the equator, on which all points have the same geographical latitude. Syn.: geographical parallel ... Geography Dictionary
- (from the Greek parallelos lit. walking side by side) terrestrial (geographical), line of section of the surface of the globe by a plane parallel to the plane of the equator ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Female a line parallel to (something), equally spaced from another at all points and therefore never able to meet with it; isosceles, line posten, side by side, postennaya, ordinary, orderly, summed, canvas. Features go like a canvas. Damn it with ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
The part of the machine that serves as a guide, along the cut, a rectilinear reciprocating motion of another part is performed. In a steam locomotive, for example, the crosshead serves as a guide for the crosshead during its reciprocating motion. Crosshead direction… … Technical railway dictionary
Books
- , Pestich. Parallel between the fighting power of the present and the former sailing fleets in connection with their cost: (Report made by General Pestich on April 8, 1894) R 432/495: St. Petersburg: type. book. V.P.…
- Parallel between the combat strength of modern and former sailing fleets in relation to their cost, Pestich. Parallel between the combat strength of the modern and former sailing fleets in connection with these costs: (Report made by General Pestich on April 8, 1894) R 432/495: St. Petersburg: type. book. V.P.…
Globe is a model of the earth. It clearly shows how the oceans, continents and others are located. geographic features. On the globe, the same scale is maintained in all directions, and therefore the image is obtained more accurately than on the map.
A scale must be indicated on a globe or map. It shows the degree of reduction in the size of objects and the distances between them compared to the true sizes and distances on the ground. For example, a scale of 1:50,000,000 (one fifty-millionth) means that the reduction is 50 million times, that is, 1 cm on a globe or map corresponds to 500 km on the ground.
But globes have a major drawback: they are always on a small scale. If we wanted to make a globe the same size as physical map(1: 5,000,000, that is, 50 km in 1 cm), then its diameter would be almost 2.5 m. It is inconvenient to use such a globe.
1. Modern globe. 2. Examples of scales. 3. The surface of the globe, cut into strips along the meridians: on a map drawn up in this way, distortions are inevitable.
Distances on the globe are determined using a flexible ruler, strip of paper or thread.
On ordinary school globes, it is impossible to depict small details in the outlines of the continents, in the structure of the river network, mountain ranges, etc. Many states (for example, Denmark, Belgium, Portugal) are depicted in such small figures that they barely have enough space for one circle - symbol of the capital. Therefore, geographic Maps, on which a part of the earth's surface is depicted on a larger scale than on a globe.
If you look at the globe, you can see a lot of thin lines on it. Some run from top to bottom from the North Pole to the South and are called meridians. On the globe and maps, they indicate the direction to the north and south. Other lines, perpendicular to the meridians, encircle the globe, as it were. These are parallels. On maps and the globe, they determine the direction to the west and east. The parallels are not equal in length. The longest parallel is the equator, the shortest are located near the poles.
1-2. Meridians and parallels are conditional lines on the globe and map. 3. Degree network. 4. Determination of the directions "north - south" along the meridian. 5. Determination of the directions "west - east" along the parallel.
Both parallels and meridians are conditional lines. They are needed in order to determine the location of geographical objects by geographical coordinates.
Questions and tasks
- What is a globe?
- How is it different from a map? Find in the text of the paragraph the answer to the question: what is the main advantage of a globe compared to a geographical map?
- What is the purpose of scale on a globe and map?
- What are parallels and meridians for?
- Explain the geographical meaning of the word "orient".
- Have you ever thought about what geographical object is located in the other hemisphere in a place diametrically opposite to where your city is located? Find it on the globe and describe according to the plan:
- what he really is;
- what is the name of;
- where it is located: in what climatic and time zones it is located, what geographical objects are in the neighborhood.
- Find the intersection of the equator and prime meridian.
- Select from the list character traits parallels:
- have the shape of a circle;
- carried out from pole to pole;
- they determine the direction "west - east";
- all the same length.
Almost all of you have paid attention to the "mysterious lines" on maps and globes representing latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians). They form a grid system of coordinates by which any place on Earth can be precisely defined - and there is nothing mysterious or complicated about it. Parallels and meridians are imaginary lines on the surface of the Earth, and latitude and longitude are their coordinates that determine the position of points on the surface of the Earth. Any point on Earth is the intersection of a parallel and a meridian with coordinates of latitude and longitude. This can be most clearly studied with the help of a globe, where these lines are indicated.
But first, everything is in order. Two places on the Earth are determined by its rotation around its own axis - these are North and South Poles. On globes, the pivot is the axis. North Pole is located in the Arctic Ocean, which is covered sea ice, and researchers in old days reached this pole on a sleigh with dogs (it is officially believed that the North Pole was discovered in 1909 by the American Robert Peri). However, since the ice moves slowly, the North Pole is not an actual, but rather a mathematical entity. The South Pole, on the other side of the planet, has a permanent physical location on the continent of Antarctica, which was also discovered by land explorers (Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen in 1911).
Halfway between the poles at the "waist" of the Earth is a large circle line, which is represented on the globe as a seam: the junction of the northern and southern hemispheres; this circle line is called - equator. The equator is a line of latitude with a value of zero (0°). Parallel to the equator above and below it are other lines of the circle - these are other latitudes of the Earth. Each latitude has a numerical value, and the scale of these values is not measured in kilometers, but in degrees north and south of the equator to the poles. The poles have meanings: North +90°, and South -90°. Latitudes above the equator are called northern latitudes, and below the equator southern latitudes. Lines with degrees of latitude are called parallels, since they run parallel to the Equator and are parallel to each other. If parallels are measured in kilometers, then the lengths of different parallels will be different - they increase when approaching the equator and decrease towards the poles. All points of the same parallel have the same latitude, but different longitudes (the description of longitude is just below). The distance between two parallels that differ by 1° is 111.11 km. On the globe, as well as on many maps, the distance (interval) from a latitude to another latitude is usually 15° (that's about 1,666 km). In figure No. 1, the interval is 10 ° (this is approximately 1,111 km). The equator is the longest parallel, its length is 40,075.7 km.