The main stages of Tvardovsky's life. Alexander Tvardovsky: biography and creativity (detailed review)
A. Tvardovsky became a chronicler of the 30-60s of the XX century, a biographer of the time of severe trials, changes, experiments. He was not afraid to speak convincingly about everything that disturbed him in difficult conditions. Soviet people, to start an in-depth conversation about the "judgment of memory" over the mistakes of the period of collectivization, Stalinism, about the conscience and responsibility of the living to the dead.
Within the framework of socialist realism, communist ideology, the writer was able to create works about the life of Soviet people, full of ordinary and unusual worries, joys and sorrows, reveal their psychology, show the process of restructuring society that began during the thaw, humanity, faith in the future.
The poet's sister A. Matveeva wrote in 1980 that his paternal grandfather Gordey Vasilievich Tvardovsky "was from Belarus, grew up on the banks of the Berezina." In "Autobiography" the poet notes that his father was a literate person. Neighbors called him Pan Tvardovsky, respecting "Western roots." He tried to give his children a decent education. Mother was an impressionable and sensitive nature, she was "touched to tears by the sound of a shepherd's trumpet."
The study of the future poet began with tutoring: for the children, a schoolboy of the 8th grade, N. Arefiev, was brought from Smolensk. In 1918, A. Tvardovsky studied in Smolensk at the 1st Soviet school (former gymnasium), and in the fall of 1920 - at the Lyakhovsky school, but it was soon closed. I had to continue my studies at the Egorievsk school. In 1923, A. Tvardovsky began to study 8 kilometers from home, at the Belokholmskaya school. In 1924, studies for A. Tvardovsky ended.
Love for literature grew on the basis of passion for the works of A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, N. Nekrasov, M. Lermontov. In 1925, in the newspaper " Smolensk village”among other materials about the new peasant life, the first poem by the Komsomol correspondent A Tvardovsky “The New Hut” was placed, in which the old gods were overthrown and the new gods were glorified, portraits of Marx and Lenin were hung instead of icons.
In 1928, the Komsomol activist broke up with his father. A. Tvardovsky moved to Smolensk, got to know M. Isakovsky, an employee of the Rabochy Put newspaper, who supported the young author.
Inspired, the poet travels to Moscow, where M. Svetlov publishes his poems in the October magazine, and in the winter of 1930 returns to Smolensk. In 1931 A. Tvardovsky married Maria Gorelova. In the same year, the writer's father was dispossessed and sent with his family to the Trans-Urals, to the North, they were forced to build barracks in the middle of the taiga. Father and 13-year-old brother Pavel fled from exile, asked to intercede for them, to which the faithful Soviet power the poet replied: “I can only help you by taking you to where you were for free” (from the memoirs of Ivan’s younger brother). He will atone for his guilt, both in his early (poem "Brothers", 1933) and late (poem "By the Right of Memory", a triptych about his mother) creativity. In April 1936, A. Tvardovsky visited his relatives in exile, and in June of the same year he helped them move to the Smolensk region.
The 1930s were the time of the formation of the poet. He writes epic, narrative poems - pictures from life, sketches, landscape and everyday sketches and poems "The Path to Socialism" (1931) and "Introduction" (1933). However, A. Tvardovsky's poems, hitches from nature, landscape sketches. Among them, a melodious poem called “White birches were spinning ...” (1936) stands out. The author combines two narrative plans: concrete, special case- a round dance is being performed on the bank of the river, "teenage girls" are singing, playing an accordion with a bust, and the general one is talking about a holiday that was celebrated "across the river, throughout the country."
The picture of the holiday is recreated bright, carnival: “shawls, accordion and lights” flash, “teenage girls sing”, “round dance” goes around. The most successful and bright points in this carnival picture are two - the metaphor "White birch trees were spinning" and the comparison "And along the river in lights, like a city, / A handsome steamboat ran." The writer's skill is also manifested in the successful selection of original, innovative rhymes: "birches - teenagers", "not at home - otherwise", "brute force - the city", "various - holiday".
The poet's poems about childhood, about native places turned out to be true. "On the Farm Zagorye" can be called a small lyric-epic poem about childhood, about life. The author raises the well-known to the level of the poetic:
On the white hill the sun
Got up in the morning.
Following the path of rejecting rhetoric, reporting, in 1935 the poet wrote the poem "Morning" - light transparent, full of whiteness of snow, from which "it is light in the room." Snow, snowflakes, "flying fluff" are the central images of the work. They move, move in space, like living beings.
Let us pay attention to the personification, complicated by epithets: the snowflake is not just spinning, but spinning “easily and clumsily”, the first snowflake, still a timid creature. Snow is characterized by two epithets - thick and white. The weather, apparently, is quite frosty, windless, and therefore the snow does not lose its density and whiteness.
In 1932, on the recommendation of the Smolensk Union of Writers, A. Tvardovsky enters the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute without exams (as an active author, Komsomol member), and in the fall of 1936 he is transferred to the 3rd year of the IFLI - the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature. At that time he published the books “The Road” (1938), “About Grandfather Danila” (1939), the poem “Country Ant” (1936), for which he received the Order of Lenin.
During the war years
A. Tvardovsky participated in the war with Finland in 1939-1940 as a war correspondent. By the summer of 1939, he graduated from IFLI, and in the autumn he took part in the campaign of the Red Army in Western Belarus. He will forever remember the terrible pictures of the winter of 1940 in Finland. During the years of the Great Patriotic War the poet was a correspondent for the newspaper "Red Army", went from Moscow to Koenigsberg. The poem "Vasily Terkin" became an encyclopedia about the war. Also, a cycle of poems "Front Chronicle", a book of essays and memoirs "Motherland and Foreign Land", the poem "House by the Road" were written.
Battle battles in the poem "Vasily Terkin" are local in nature, as in the chapter "Duel", where Vasily Terkin defeats a strong opponent. The syllable of the poem is colloquial: there is a frank, friendly conversation about what happened in the war.
The poem "House by the Road" (1942-1946) is called by the author "a lyrical chronicle". This is the poet's confession about an abandoned, unmowed meadow near the house near the road, about a family left by a soldier, a kind of "cry for the Motherland", "song / Her harsh fate." The poem does not have a detailed plot, it is built on lyrical experiences of events: Sivtsov's departure for the war; the grief of Anyuta's wife, who meets the prisoners and tries to see her Andrey among them; farewell to her husband, making his way from the environment to his own, and then captured with his children in Germany.
The humanistic position of A. Tvardovsky was especially expressively revealed in his elegies - reflections of 1941-1945 on life and death, the senseless cruelty of war, which never spares. In the poem "Two Lines" we are talking about the inglorious Finnish War of 1939-1940, when thousands of young soldiers and officers were left lying on the snow. The poems “War - there is no crueler word”, “Before the war”, “As if in a sign of trouble ...” are just as tragic in content.
In the postwar years
After the war, literature developed under conditions of ideological dictate. The “unprincipled” work of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko was criticized. The magazines "Zvezda" and "Leningrad" came under a special decree on the "ideological mistakes" made. The range of phenomena permitted for artistic depiction narrowed, and the "theory of non-conflict" dominated. A. Tvardovsky tried to avoid a simplified depiction of reality.
From 1958 until the end of his days, the writer was the editor-in-chief of the country's leading magazine - " New world”, defending the principles of truthful art, revealing to readers the names of new authors: F. Abramov, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Bykov, G. Baklanov, E. Vinokurov and others.
At this time, the writer is working on works about what he experienced in the pre-war period, about the personality cult of Stalin, about bureaucracy, creates poems “Far beyond the distance”, “Terkin in the next world”, “By the right of memory”. The poet's lyrics of the late 1950s and 1960s become monologue, confessional, elements of descriptiveness disappear from it.
The works of A. Tvardovsky correspond to the principles of communist party spirit and nationality, and are ideologically sustained. They glorify Lenin's ideals, the builders of communism, but in the spirit of the "sixties" upholds "socialism with a human face." The poet also turns to eternal problems (“Cruel Memory”, “Moscow Morning”, “About Existence”, “The Way Is Not Traveled”, etc.).
Poem " cruel memory”(1951), written during the years of the prevalence of publicistic poetry, and today touches our hearts with the sincerity of feelings, the author’s frankness, and the deep drama of his experiences. The philosophical idea of the poem is expressed in the final lines:
And the memory of that, probably
My soul will be sick.
For now, an irrevocable misfortune
There will be no war for the world.
This conclusion does not appear in the poem immediately, but after a talented, detailed description the author of nature, which he remembered from childhood, its colors and sounds. The heat of a pine forest, a sleepy stream, summer and the sun “baking in the back”, “gadfly ringing”, a dewy meadow - these are the realities of a peaceful life that filled the poet’s childhood. The picture is designed in light colors. Nature is sonorous, pure... The second picture is tragic: instead of the former pure colors and smells, others appear - gloomy, military: the grass smells of "trench disguise", the smell of air is subtle, but mixed "with the smoke of hot funnels". Colliding pictures of peaceful and military life, the poet informs readers that now nature for him is not a source of joy, as in childhood, but a cruel memory of the war.
« Moscow morning" (1957-1958) - an epic plot poem about how the lyrical hero got up early to buy a newspaper in which, according to the editor-in-chief, his poem would be published. But when the newspaper was viewed, the poem was not there - it was removed by censorship because of the unacceptable ending. The last lines of the poem are the conclusion that the editor-in-chief in art is a “great time”, which the poet calls to teach “a wise lesson - reproach”. Thanks to this editor lyrical hero becomes "everything on the shoulder", he can "turn mountains".
A. Tvardovsky leads a deeper conversation on the topic of the poet and poetry, the poet and time, the poet and truth, conscience in poems of the late 1950s and 1960s. “A word about words” (1962), “The whole essence is in one - the only testament ...” (1958), “On the Existing” (1958), “The path is untrodden ...” (1959), “I myself will find out, I will find ... "(1966)," At the bottom of my life ... "(1967)," Let's say you already thawed yours ... "(1968) and others.
« The whole point is in one single covenant..."(1958) - a philosophical reflection on the individual, independent of circumstances, unique character artistic creativity. In the spirit of the time, the reappraisal of values (Khrushchev's "thaw") is a bold conclusion. And the author presents it concisely, demonstratively, stringing the thesis upon the thesis, developing, repeating the original idea, gives the nature of evidence to the statement with the help of poetic syntax: repetitions - "in one - the only testament"; “I want to say. / And the way I want, ”but first of all - hyphens: the second stanza consists of them completely. A parallel is drawn in the poem: Leo Tolstoy is the author. The poet cannot entrust his word even to a genius - Leo Tolstoy.
Poem " About existence”(1957-1958) is written in a different stylistic vein than the previous one: it has more emotional images - bricks that make up one whole - life. Renouncing glory and power in the first lines (“For me glory is decay - without interest / And power is a petty passion ...”), in the following, the poet asserts his involvement in the full life of nature, society, and proves the essentially realistic, truthful mission of artistic creativity. He wants to have a part of the morning forest, "stitches that go back to childhood", "birch earrings", "the sea washing with foam / Stones of warm shores", songs of youth, misfortune and human victory. He needs all this in order to "see everything, and experience everything, / Not learning everything from afar." In this part of the poem, the emotional impact is achieved both by tropes (epithets - fragrant hemp, warm shores), and by repetitions - monophony (four sentences begin with the preposition "from"). The energy of the utterance is achieved by the reception of an allied combination of phrases. To the desires of a true artist of the word named at the beginning of the work, the author adds one more thing at the end of the work - the desire to be honest.
In the poem " Not good way..."(1959) continues the conversation about the poet, his mission. The author considers the first duty of an artist to be words - to keep up with the times, to be ahead, even if the path has not been explored. This idea is expressed already in the first stanza of the dynamic, written in the form of an appeal, appeal to "great or small", any creator. The effect of the action is created by using verbs and verb forms, breaking long lines into shorter parts, repetitions (“behind him, behind him”), appeals, questions, exclamations (“Are you scared yet?”; “Still not!”), additional pauses not provided for by the rules ("Yes - sweet!"). There is a feeling of excitement and high emotional mood of the author.
Elements of drama as a kind of literature are introduced into the poem: the monologue-address in the first two lines develops into a dialogue taking place between the author and his imaginary interlocutor. The poem uses colloquialisms (“srobel”, “without a trace”, “lid”). The last word expresses the active content, and therefore acts as a separate line. The image of a “barrage of fire”, a “barrage of fire” carries a great ideological load - this is an echo of military memory, a symbol of the front line of defense, the front. With its help, the idea is "fixed": the poet must be ahead, in the line of fire.
In the system of works about the essence of creativity, the role of the poet and poetry, the poem " Word about words» (1962). The philosophical thought contained in it is multifaceted, branched. The word is the primary element of literature, its building material. Without an exact, significant, successful word, without its pictorial, figurative meaning, there would be no "belle literacy", as literature was called back in Pushkin's time. The poet defends the significance of such creativity, in which the word has great value, actively opposes "eloquence" (idle talk). His position is that of a thinker, a master. The poem is a meditation on true and false values, citizenship, honesty and opportunism. The poet divides words into two categories: word and words. Words are always precise, fiery, "sparingly applied" by the authors.
In the poem " At the bottom of my life..."(1967) sounds the motive of the autumn farewell-parting with life. The poet comprehends his life, reflecting on the question of whether his path in this world was mortal, and answers it in the negative.
The poem " About the motherland". It is built on the principle of negation (the first five stanzas) and affirmation (the remaining ten). In the first part of the poem, the poet, as it were, suggests what would happen if he were born “by the warm sea in the Crimea”, on the coast of the Caucasus, on the Volga “in the heart of the Urals”, in Siberia, in the Far East. And then this assumption is consistently, with the help of a number of arguments, rejected, because in this case the author "could not have been born in his native ... side." All further description boils down to characterizing the Motherland as the dearest, most beloved. The poet selects "affectionate" epithets ("not so famous", "quiet" side; there is no majestic fullness of rivers, mountain ranges in it; it is unenviable). But this side is a hard worker, inhabited by fathers and grandfathers, with whom the poet is engaged with the “mystery of his native speech”, with the happiness of truth. Because this unfamous land is dear to the lyrical hero, because he is his component. The last three stanzas lead to a philosophical conclusion-generalization: it is from the horizons small homeland the scale of the great Motherland is visible.
cycle of poems about mother
For almost every poet, the theme of the Motherland is inseparable from the theme of the mother, the woman. The poet dedicated the poems “I remember the aspen farm ...” (1927), “Song” (1936), “Your beauty does not age ...” (1937) and others to the mother of Maria Mitrofanovna. But the most striking was a cycle of four poems under common name " Mother's memory(1965), written after her death. This cycle is autobiographical. The first poem is about the author, the poet, who remembers his departure from home to another life, about how this separation ends with a call to his mother for the last meeting-separation. This is a sad elegy about the inability (and even unwillingness) to love one's mothers, repentance before oneself and one's mother.
The second poem in the cycle is In the land where they were taken in a herd ...”- a description of the tragic page in the life of the Tvardovsky family in exile, in the Trans-Urals. The image of the mother appears already in an internal, spiritual state: she loves her land, cannot imagine herself without it. For her, even her own cemetery is a symbol of the Motherland. Mother could not look indifferently at someone else's taiga cemetery. Its image is the opposite of the centuries-old image of the Belarusian cemetery, which has always been distinguished by its “airy” features.
The third poem in the cycle How slowly the gardeners are working ..." translates the story into a philosophical plan: comparing the unhurried work of gardeners, filling the rhizomes of apple trees in a pit with soil in such a way, “It’s as if food is out of hand for birds, / They crumble it for an apple tree,” they measure it in a handful, and the work of gravediggers is hasty, “in jerks, without a break ”, for he is justified by the guilt of the living before the dead, the severity and magic of such a ritual. So the scene of the mother's burial develops into the author's monologue about life and death, their interdependence, about the nobility of any work, about eternity and the moment. This is a philosophical elegy, a meditation on eternal truths.
The cycle about the mother ends with the poem " Where are you from this song...", in which a melody sounds with a repeating epigraph (at the same time a refrain, somewhat modified at the end) from a folk song:
water carrier,
young guy,
Take me to the other side
Side home...
Once upon a time, the mother of A. Tvardovsky sang it in her youth. She remembered her when she moved to the Siberian region, where "the forests are darker", "winters are longer and fierce."
The sad melody then turns into a tragic one. The song of a mother who expressed the pain of separation both from her relatives in her youth and from her parents in adulthood, and with life, ends two stanzas before the end of the poem with an epigraph refrain. In the last two stanzas, the song continues to be performed by the author. It is the poet who writes his requiem, prayerfully repeating his mother's song.
A. Tvardovsky’s requiem poem can be called a response to the death of the first cosmonaut of the Earth - “ In memory of Gagarin» (1968). Prior to this, the poet wrote the poem "Cosmonaut" (1961), in which he admired the feat of his countryman, accomplished "in the name of our and future days." But it was a solemn ode, a hymn. The second poem complements the content of the first. The poet writes about the feat, thanks to which the world "became kinder", shocked by this victory. The moral and ethical significance of Gagarin's feat is brought to a global scale, and the son of the Smolensk region is shown as the son of the entire planet, the cosmos. Another idea is affirmed in the poem: the first cosmonaut is a messenger of peace, because after his flight the Earth seems so small, helpless, that the question arises: "... small Earth - why wars, / Why everything that the human race endures?" . The third idea of the poem - the author claims that a great feat was accomplished by an ordinary young man, a "baker", then - the breadwinner himself, not like the ancient princely family. And the last thought of the work is a statement of the immortality of a feat, glory, grief that not only a hero, but also a person, “a friendly guy, mischievous and sweet, / Dashing and efficient, with a heart not stingy” has passed away.
Poetic epic by A. Tvardovsky. Poem "By Right of Memory"
At the beginning of his career, A. Tvardovsky stated that he was attracted by epic narration. His poetic epic of the late 1950s-1960s becomes more lyrical, journalistic, philosophically profound, with elements of fantasy ("Terkin in the Other World").
Thematically, the poems of A. Tvardovsky are diverse: the heroism of labor, the enthusiasm of the creators of the “buildings of communism”, memories of the past and dreams of the future (“Far beyond the distance”), criticism of the vices of the socialist system - bureaucracy, sycophancy, ignorance of officials (“Terkin in the next world ”), the court of memory, conscience, responsibility for the past, anti-totalitarianism (“By the right of memory”).
poem " Beyond the distance - beyond” was written from 1950 to 1960 on the basis of observations from post-war trips around the country - to Siberia, Yakutia, the Urals, Far East. It is written in the form of a travel diary created on a train from Moscow to Vladivostok. In the chapter “So it was,” the poet passes judgment on Stalinism, the dictator, protected from the people by the Kremlin wall during his lifetime.
The ideological pathos of the poem " Terkin in the other world"The author himself defined it as follows:" The pathos of this work ... is in a victorious, life-affirming ridicule of all kinds of carrion, the ugliness of bureaucracy, formalism, bureaucracy and routine ... ". The vices of the Soviet bureaucratic system, which subordinated officials of all ranks to its will, and the people as a whole, which led to the separation of leaders from the masses and the prosperity of servility, blat, bribery, nepotism, the poet could not show in an open, journalistic form for censorship reasons. Therefore, he wrote a fairy tale poem, a fantasy poem, he had to resort to a fictional plot: the hero of the previous poem comes to life, enters the next world, where he is mistaken for a dead man. "That World" is projected onto the Soviet state system. All features (that (enlarged, caricatured) repeat the features of the bureaucratic state of the Stalinist type.
poem " By right of memory”was prepared for publication in Novy Mir in 1970, however, due to the uncompromising truth contained in it, it was published only in 1987. The poet assesses the tragic events that happened to his friend, with his family evicted to the taiga, passes judgment on Stalinism, totalitarianism, which turns people into powerless creatures, crippling them spiritually and physically. At the same time, it also passes judgment on itself - partially to blame for the tragic fate of his loved ones. With pain, "by the right of memory", the poet tells the terrible truth about the tyrant, nicknamed the father of nations:
He said follow me
Leave your father and mother
Everything fleeting, earthly
Leave - and you will be in paradise.
These lines of a tormented, suffering heart are taken from the second, central chapter of the poem. They push into the background the figure of the iron leader - the father of all peoples, decipher the phrase he threw in the title of the chapter - "The son is not responsible for the father." Answers! And how! That is why the poet suffers, who in his youth experienced the tragedy of renunciation of his father, and then received rehabilitation from the lips of the leader "The son is not responsible for the father." Why not answer? How to forget the father's hands "in knots of veins and tendons", which could not immediately grasp the small handle of a spoon, because they had a solid callus ("one callused fist")? How to forget him, hunched over "for years above the ground" and called a fist? The poet, rejecting the Stalinist slogan, recreates the image of his hard-working father Trifon Gordeevich, penetrates into the psychology of a man who, already in the carriage, leaving for Siberia, "belonged proudly, aloof / From those whose share he shared."
The third chapter - "On Memory" calls on humanity to remember the tragedy of the people. Gulags, prisons, repressions - this needs to be written about, since the younger generation must remember the "marks" and "scars" tragic history. Poets have to say "all the past omissions" because everyone was responsible for the "universal father".
A. Tvardovsky declares that hiding the truth will lead to tragedy - society will be out of tune with the future, "untruth will be at a loss to us." The reason for the former silence, the poet considers fear, which forced people to "keep silence / Before rampant unkindness."
The chapter “Before Departure”, which opens the poem, is a lyrical recollection of youth, bright dreams, new distances, metropolitan life, the world of science and knowledge.
“By Right of Memory” is the final work of a writer who saw the light and called for the insight of others, who believed in socialist ideals, in communism and fought for their “purity”. Serving utopian ideals, the poet served the people at the same time, hoping for a better fate for the Fatherland.
A. Tvardovsky - a classic of Russian literature Soviet period. His merit as a chronicler of his difficult times is great. It was he who managed to show not only the heroic, but also the tragic events that took place in the country, to reveal the truth of the Stalin era, to challenge the oblivion of the humanistic principles of life-building that came in the late 1960s - 1970s. The poet revealed additional features socialist realism, achieved greater veracity in the figurative reflection of reality, expanded the thematic horizons of verbal art.
- Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born on June 21 (8), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province (now it is the Pochinkovsky district of the Smolensk region).
- Tvardovsky's father, Timofei Gordeevich, was a blacksmith. Through many years of work, he earned the first installment to the Land Bank for a small plot, deciding to feed himself from the land. In the 1930s he was dispossessed and exiled.
- Alexander Tvardovsky studies at a rural school. She has been writing poetry since childhood.
- After school, Tvardovsky enters Smolensky pedagogical institute and ends it.
- 1925 - the future poet begins to work in Smolensk newspapers, publishes articles, essays, and sometimes his own poems in them. The first publication of the “selcor” refers to February 15, when the article “How re-elections of cooperatives take place” was published in the newspaper “Smolenskaya village”. On July 19 of the same year, Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "The New Hut" was first published.
- 1926 - Tvardovsky begins to travel regularly to Smolensk, now collaborating in the city newspapers.
- April 1927 - the newspaper "Young Comrade" (Smolensk) publishes a selection of poems by the seventeen-year-old poet and places a note about him along with it. All of this comes under the heading creative path Alexander Tvardovsky.
- The same year - Tvardovsky finally moved to Smolensk. But he fails to get a position as a full-time correspondent, and he has to accept a freelance position, which meant inconsistent and low earnings.
- 1929 - Alexander Tvardovsky sends his poems to Moscow, to the magazine "October". They are printed. Inspired by success, the poet goes to Moscow, and everything starts anew - the work of all the staff, rare publications and a half-starved existence.
- Winter 1930 - return to Smolensk.
- 1931 - Tvardovsky's first poem "The Path to Socialism" was published.
- 1932 - the story "The Diary of a Collective Farm Chairman" was written.
- 1936 - the poem "Country Ant" was published, which brought Tvardovsky fame.
- 1937 - 1939 - consecutively, one a year, collections of poems by the poet "Poems", "Road", "Rural Chronicle" are published.
- 1938 - a cycle of poems "About grandfather Danila" was published.
- 1939 - receiving a diploma from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History.
- 1939 - 1940 - military service. Tvardovsky is a war correspondent. In this capacity, he participates in Polish campaign and the Russian-Finnish war.
- The same years - work on a cycle of poems "In the snows of Finland".
- 1941 - receiving the state award for the "Country of Ant". In the same year, a collection of poems by Alexander Tvardovsky "Zagorye" was published.
- 1941 - 1945 - military commissar Tvardovsky works for several newspapers at once. At the same time, in no case does he stop writing poems, which he combines into the Front Chronicle cycle.
- The first year of the war - the beginning of work on the poem "Vasily Terkin", which is given the subtitle "The Book of a Fighter". The image of Terkin was invented by the author back in Russian-Finnish, when he needed a character for a humorous column.
- September 1942 - "Terkin" first appears on the pages of the newspaper "Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda". In the same year, the first version of the poem was published as a book.
- 1945 - completion of work on "Terkin". The book is immediately published and enjoys unprecedented popularity.
- 1946 - receiving the State Prize for "Vasily Terkin". In the same year, the poem "House by the Road" was written - also about the war, but from a tragic point of view.
- 1947 - State Prize for "House by the Road".
- The same year - Tvardovsky's prose work "Motherland and Foreign Land" was published.
- 1950 - Alexander Tvardovsky was appointed editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine.
- 1950 - 1960 - work on the poem "For the distance, the distance."
- 1950 - 1954 - the post of Secretary of the Board of the Union of Writers of the USSR.
- 1954 - dismissal from the post of editor-in-chief of Novy Mir for "democratic tendencies" that appeared in the magazine immediately after Stalin's death.
- 1958 - return to the "New World" to the same position. Tvardovsky gathers a team of his like-minded people. In 1961, they even managed to publish Alexander Solzhenitsyn's story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich in a magazine. After that, Tvardovsky becomes an "unofficial oppositionist."
- 1961 - receiving the Lenin Prize for the poem "For the distance, the distance."
- 1963 - 1968 - Vice President European Community writers.
- 1967 - 1969 - work on the poem "By the Right of Memory", in which the poet describes the horrors of collectivization on the example, including his own father. During the life of the author, the work will not be published. Just like the poem "Terkin in the other world" (written in 1963) - too much "the other world" in the image of Tvardovsky resembles Soviet reality.
- Tvardovsky also acts as a literary critic, in particular, writes articles about creativity
1910, 8 (21 N.S.) June. He was born on the farm of the Stolpovo wasteland (the village of Zagorye) of the Pochinkovskaya volost of the Smolensk province in the family of the blacksmith Trifon Gordeevich and Maria Mitrofanovna Tvardovsky. 1919-1924 He studies at the Lyakhovsky rural school and at the nine-year school in White Hill; did not finish school. 1925 First publication: the poem "New hut" in the newspaper "Smolenskaya village".
1928 Moves to Smolensk.
1931 Marries M.I. Gorelova.
1932 Enters the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. 1935 Publication of the Collection of Poems. 1930-1935". 1936-1938 Moves to Moscow; entered the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History (MIFLI), from which he graduated in 1939. The poem "Country Ant" was written (1936; State Prize 1941).
1939 Publication of the poetry collection "Rural Chronicle". Drafted into the army: as a war correspondent takes part in the Finnish campaign.
1941 The collection "Zagorye" is published.
1941-1945 Work in front-line newspapers; the creation of the poem "Vasily Terkin" (State Prize 1946).
1946 Creation of the poem "Road House".
1947 Publication of the book of essays and stories "Motherland and foreign land". Awarding the Stalin Prize for the poem "Road House".
1950-1960s Appointed as editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine. Work on the poem "Beyond the distance - distance".
1961 Collection "Poems from a notebook".
1963 The poem "Terkin in the next world" was written.
1967 Collection “From the lyrics of these years. 1959-1967".
1969 The poem "By the Right of Memory" was created.
December 18, 1971 Died A.T. Tvardovsky; buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
"Alexander Tvardovsky" - Alexander Tvardovsky. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (site No. 7). The first notes began to appear in 1925. Last years life. The following year, Alexander Trifonovich received the State Prize for Vasily Terkin. Mikhail Vasilievich Isakovsky. Tvardovsky's mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, really came from the same palace.
"Biography of Tvardovsky" - 1939 - graduated from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History. Literature Collector. Ruler of the generation” is a statement by Fyodor Abramov. Contemporaries about A.T. Tvardovsky. Authoritative judge. Analysis of the poem "Brothers". 1950-1954 and 1958-1970 -Chief editor of the magazine "New World". Streets in Voronezh and Moscow are named after him.
"Tvardovsky By the Right of Memory" - 1987 - the first publication of the poem "By the Right of Memory". Understand what was the fault of the repressed peoples. The illegally dispossessed Tvardovsky family was exiled to Siberia. The poet seeks to comprehend the course of history. Chief Editor magazine "New World". Alexander Tvardovsky, poem "By the Right of Memory". And what can we say about a young man who firmly believes in official propaganda and ideology.
“The Lesson of Tvardovsky Terkin” - A. T. Tvardovsky. A. T. Tvardovsky Vasily Terkin BOOK ABOUT FIGHTER.
"The life and work of Tvardovsky" - A collection of poems by Alexander Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin in the next world." Cover of Tvardovsky's "poem". (1910-1971), Russian Soviet poet. The tragic fate of his father is described by Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" (1967-1969, published in 1987). Born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province. Collection of poems by Tvardovsky "I went to my attack."
MAIN DATES OF THE LIFE AND CREATIVITY OF A. T. TVARDOVSKY
1910 , June 21 - was born on the "farm of the Stolpovo wasteland", near the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province.
1920 - entered the village school. “He loved books very much and surprised us with his knowledge of them” (from the memoirs of the poet’s classmate A. N. Sedakova-Erofeeva).
1924 - “In the summer I began to send small notes to the editorial offices of Smolensk newspapers” (from “Autobiography”).
1925 , July 19 - the poem "New hut" was published in the newspaper "Smolenskaya village".
1926 - Participates in the work of the congress of rural correspondents.
1927 - the first trip to Moscow with poetry.
1928 - withdrawal from parental family and the beginning of life in Smolensk.
1930–1931 - exposed to rude demagogic criticism, especially after the “dispossession” and expulsion of the family.
1931 - thanks to the support of E. Bagritsky, the poem "The Path to Socialism" is published in Moscow.
1932 - enters the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute.
In Smolensk, the essay "The Diary of a Collective Farm Chairman" is published.
1934 - participates in the work of the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers (a delegate with an advisory vote) in Moscow. Begins to work on the poem "Country Ant".
1935 - in Smolensk, the "Collection of Poems (1930-1935)" was published, highly appreciated in the review by V. F. Asmus in Izvestia.
1936 - "Country Ant" is published in the April issue of the magazine "Krasnaya Nov", and later comes out as a separate edition. The poet moves to Moscow and enters the fourth year of the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI).
1938 - The books “Road. Poetry. 1934–1935” and “About grandfather Danila”.
1939 - the collection “Rural Chronicle. Poems (1937-1938)". Poet awarded the order Lenin "for outstanding successes and achievements in the development of the Soviet fiction". Graduates from MIFLI.
1939–1940 - as a war correspondent participates in the campaign of the Red Army in Western Belarus and Western Ukraine and in the war with Finland.
1940 - the beginning of work on a book about Vasily Terkin.
1941 - receives the Stalin Prize of the second degree for the poem "Country Ant". A collection of poems "Zagorye" is published. With the outbreak of war, the poet goes to work in the front-line newspaper "Red Army".
1942 , September - the first chapters of "Vasily Terkin" are published, which immediately gained wide popularity. Begins to work on the poem "Road House".
1945 - completes "Vasily Terkin".
1946 - receives the Stalin Prize of the first degree for the poem "Vasily Terkin". In May - June he publishes "House by the Road" in the magazine "Znamya".
1947 - receives the Stalin Prize of the second degree for this poem. His book "Motherland and Foreign Land" is subjected to unfair attacks in the press. The beginning of trips to Siberia, which continued in the 1940s-1950s.
1949 - The Book of Lyrics is published. 1934-1949".
1950 - appointed editor-in-chief of the magazine "New World". Begins to work on the book "For the distance - the distance."
1951 - publishes the article "How Vasily Terkin was written."
1952 - the collection “Post-War Poems. 1945-1952".
Novy Mir (No. 9) published an essay by Valentin Ovechkin entitled "Regional Weekdays", which received a wide response.
1953 - the first chapters of the book "Beyond the distance - the distance" are published.
Novy Mir begins to print sharply critical articles about contemporary literature, causing indignation of semi-official criticism.
1954 - Tvardovsky wrote and wanted to publish the satirical poem "Terkin in the Other World" (it was typed for the fifth issue of Novy Mir). The poem was banned, and he was removed from his post as editor-in-chief.
1956 - in the collection "Literary Moscow" new chapters of the book "Beyond the distance - distance" were published, including "Friend of childhood".
1957 - in a long conversation with N. S. Khrushchev, the poet criticizes the situation in literature.
1958 , July - again appointed editor-in-chief of Novy Mir (however, censorship and ideological departments of the Central Committee of the CPSU constantly interfere in the affairs of the magazine).
1960 - the final chapters of the book "Beyond the distance - the distance" were printed thanks to the support of Khrushchev.
1961 - The book "For the distance - the distance" receives the Lenin Prize.
1962 - Tvardovsky seeks publication in Novy Mir (No. 11) of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which has become an important milestone in literary and social life.
1963 - thanks to the support of Khrushchev, the poem "Terkin in the Other World" was published.
1965 - based on the poem, the Moscow Theater of Satire puts on a wonderful performance, which was soon removed from the repertoire, allegedly at the request of ... the actors themselves.
1966 - Tvardovsky refuses to approve the court verdict on the writers A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel, accused of anti-Soviet activities.
1967 - a collection of poems "From the lyrics of these years" is published.
1968 - Tvardovsky refuses to sign a "collective" letter in which writers approve of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Attacks on the "New World" are intensifying. Censorship does not allow the poem "By the Right of Memory" (to be published only 17 years later), which, without the knowledge of the author, is published in the foreign press (1969).
1970 , February - after a months-long critical campaign about Novy Mir in the press, the leadership of the Writers' Union, at the direct prompting of the Central Committee of the CPSU, removes Tvardovsky's closest employees from the editorial board of Novy Mir and replaces them with alien and hostile people. An attempt to turn to L. I. Brezhnev was unsuccessful. Tvardovsky is forced to resign.
June - stands up for the geneticist and dissident Zhores Medvedev, who was forcibly placed in a psychiatric hospital.
September 22 - Tvardovsky is overtaken by a stroke, in October doctors diagnose advanced lung cancer.
1971 December 18 - Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky dies in the dacha village of Pakhra near Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
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