Lexical anaphora. Anaphora, epiphora and other stylistic figures
The language of any culture, including Russian, contains many devices for enriching speech. One such method is the so-called figures of speech. Since the amount of data on each of them goes far beyond the planned volume of the article, let's first consider one stylistic figure, vividly presented in expressive speech for example in poetry. It's about about the so-called anaphora.
What is anaphora
This is a stylistic figure, which literally translates from Greek as “ascent”. Its essence is that related or similar sounds, words or their combinations are repeated at the beginning of each parallel row. And if it’s a little simpler, then you can take a poem as an example, then the parallel rows will be just its lines, which, if talking about anaphora, will begin somehow uniformly.
Due to the fact that sounds, words and whole phrases can be used in the formation of this stylistic structure, there are quite a few varieties of such a phenomenon as anaphora.
Examples
So, sound anaphora for a start. Consider this simple verse:
The grotesque is incomprehensible... My God...
Tombs in a circle, dressed in concrete...
It is obvious that the combination of the sounds "gro" forms an anaphora. Then we observe morphemic formation when there is a repetition of a part of the word that has its own lexical purpose. For example, here is a short passage:
long haired tigress,
Long-winged tit.
And everything like that. As you can see, "long", being only a part of the word, nevertheless forms a completely meaningful lexical unit. And so it is possible to single out many more varieties of anaphora, the meaning, I think, has already been mastered by the reader. Having answered the question of what anaphora is, we are moving forward in the stylistic formation of our beloved “great and mighty”.
Epiphora
Since we started to sort this out interesting phenomenon, as rhythmic elements in the language, then in the context one can refer to the antipode of the previously presented structure. Consonant with the word "anaphora" - epiphora. We will discuss it in our linguistic study. Greek.
From the latter, this formation is translated as “bringing”. At the same time, it means everything the same, only relative to the end of the line in rhythmic repetition. For example, again, in a poem. Let's take a small sketch performed by Marina Tsvetaeva, so as not to drive the reader into boredom:
We gave you sons as beautiful as the night,
Beggars as night, sons.
Epiphora, as a rhythmic structure, is much more in demand in prose presentation than anaphora. Recall the well-known Nietzsche "thus preached madness." Similar examples can be found in the prose works of the classics and not only. Continuing the conversation about stylistic figures, we can consider a couple more interesting types of them in context. And let's start with one, rather elusive in ordinary language, with which, nevertheless, the anaphora is also associated.
Inversion
It is worth emphasizing that this stylistic figure belongs rather to the field of rhetoric, since the technique itself, which, by the way, is translated from Latin as “turning over”, refers more to the language and its features. So-called analytic languages like English, where the words in a sentence are arranged in accordance with established norms, do not tend to use inversion. But Russian and some others are a completely different matter. There is no such definite order here, so the mixing of words in a sentence leads to entertaining phenomena, which are called, in fact, inversions. Thus, the definition of this term is a violation of the order of words in a sentence in order to create expressiveness of the language. It is characteristic of both poetry and prose.
When we discussed what an anaphora is, we leaned towards the rhythm of the language, and this unites the concepts under consideration. However, the place of the last for the most part in poetry. But inversions allow you to create really amazing effects, including within the framework of the use of prose. And finally, one more stylistic figure of speech can be considered in context. It incorporates an incredible number of phenomena of any language, allowing you to get the most sophisticated semantic and figurative constructions with the help of a living language.
Metaphor
Anaphora, being a prime example figure, can be opposed to metaphor as a representative of the so-called tropes. That is, the figurative meaning of words and expressions enters the scene. This is precisely the mechanism by which any language begins to play with all its bright facets, representing an excellent means for expressing absolutely any fantasy. Anaphora, the examples of which we briefly reviewed, in fact, is a means of creating rhythm in the language. Metaphor, on the other hand, allows you to develop the language, make it brighter, richer, deeper, and so on. There are no limits for a language that actively uses metaphor as a means of self-development.
In general, a lot can be said about this tool separately. We recall only the main definition. Metaphor is the use of words or phrases in a figurative sense. In fact, it is a constant game of associations that allows you to create all the intricate structure of any language. Without metaphor, the language of narration is dry and boring, and poetry without this tool is simply impossible to imagine. Therefore, all researchers emphasize its importance, assigning a central place to metaphor in a well-coordinated choir of paths.
Conclusion
Thus, we were able to consider several of the most important stylistic figures of the language, to understand by examples what an anaphora is, how it is connected with other representatives of the figures, and even to grasp the main meaning of the most important representative of the tropes.
The main conclusion at the end of this short journey into the world of linguistics is the fact that any cultured person should know not only what his native language but also how this wealth can be used. Therefore, expanding your own education, you should think about how it can be applied. Then the language, and with it life, will be much more interesting, richer, deeper and more meaningful. We wish the reader to be not only literate, but also prosperous thanks to the knowledge gained.
Vocabulary provides the language with stylistic material, and syntax builds it up, combining these "bricks" to get a complete thought. It is thanks to the syntax that individual characteristics writers' creativity. In literature, syntax, with the help of stylistic means of language, participates in the creation of artistic images, helps to convey the author's attitude to the depicted reality.
To enhance the expressive function of artistic speech, writers use various figures of speech:
- hyperbola;
- gradation;
- oxymoron;
- anaphora;
- parallelism;
Note! Words in figures of speech are not used in a figurative sense, as in tropes, but have a direct meaning, but they are built in a special way, combined in an unusual way.
What is anaphora
One of the figures in Russian is the anaphora. The word itself comes from the Greek language, and it means "repetition". Usually used at the beginning of lines, as well as stanzas. Unlike other stylistic means of the language and tropes, this figure has its own strict location - the initial position.
Wikipedia defines this figure of speech and explains what it is and what it is used for.
Anaphora in verse gives sharpness and rhythm, melody and expressiveness to poetic speech, serves as the leitmotif of the work, sounds like a kind of passionate voice of the author. With the help of this figure, the thoughts that seem most significant to the writer are emphasized.
Attention! Monogamy is used not only in poetic speech - a stylistic device can also be found in prose, when parts of sentences are repeated at the beginning of paragraphs. Anaphora is also actively used in rhetoric in order to evoke emotions in the public.
Types of anaphora and examples
The following types are distinguished:
- When the same sounds are repeated in poetic speech, sound anaphoras are created. U: "Bridges demolished by a thunderstorm, / A coffin from a washed-out cemetery."
- Morphemic anaphoras are characterized by the repetition of the same morphemes or parts of words, as in the “Prisoner” by M. Lermontov: “Black-eyed girl, / Black-maned horse! ..”
- Writers often resort to the use of lexical anaphoras in their creations, when the same words are repeated at the beginning of rhythmic lines, as well as stanzas. Such repetitions give lyricism and emotionality, help to convey to the reader the main idea of the work, highlight the most important points in the text. For example, “Goodbye my sun. / Farewell, my conscience, / Farewell, my youth, dear son. (P.Antokolsky)
In the poem "Gratitude" by M. Lermontov, the repetition of the preposition "for" at the beginning of six lines gives words that are not used in their direct meaning, the sharpness of irony. In the "Demon" single-choice "I swear" the passion of speech, emotionality is achieved, the parallelism of the passage and its semantic expressiveness are enhanced. AT famous poem"Motherland" M. Lermontov expresses strange love to his Motherland, in the very first stanza, with the help of the repetition of the particle “neither”, the universally recognized concept of patriotism is denied.
Another representative of pure art, F. Tyutchev, who is the discoverer of new figurative worlds in poetry, sang in his work the beauty of the universe. Here is an example of an anaphora from a poet: “Twilight is quiet, dusk is sleepy” . The repetition of this word gives a sense of lyricism and melody, which emotionally affect the reader. Another repetition of the word "land" and the verbal anaphors "these" and "this" by Tyutchev in the quatrain "These poor villages" at the beginning of each pair of lines of the first stanza, with which the idea is emphasized that it is this land , despite poverty, is the native land of the poet.
Examples of anaphora in 20th century literature
Poet B. Pasternak his impressionistic poem “February. Get ink and cry ”created under the impression and in a fit of soul, using nominative and impersonal sentences. In this lyrical miniature, the sentences are connected by the repetitions of “get it” (ink and a span). One feels lightness, a momentary impression of the view of a spring day.
In the poem " Winter night» The line «the candle burned on the table» sounds like a leitmotif. The author, in spite of everything hostile on earth and the raging elements outside the window, affirms the love of two hearts. The poet's candle is a symbol human life. In another poem “It is snowing”, the poet used the anaphora “it is snowing”, it is repeated in almost every stanza and sounds meditative, thoughtful, affirming the beauty of the world order.
Important! Anaphora adds rhythm to the text, with its help the semantic structure of the text is enhanced, it is easier to remember.
In the work of M. Tsvetaeva there are poems dedicated to her favorite poets. The poetess considered A. Blok her teacher, for her he was the embodiment of the ideal. Already in the first poem of the cycle "Poems about Blok" she perceives with trepidation the sound of the name of her beloved poet. By repeating the phrase “Your name ...” the feeling of admiration for Blok’s talent is intensified, it is emphasized how much is hidden even in the sound of the teacher’s name.
The poem of philosophical content "Old Apple Tree" consists of six lines. The first two lines of it begin with the repetition of the word "all". The use of such unanimity at the beginning of the stanza enhances expressiveness, helps to present the whole picture of the old apple tree in white.
In the “Reserve”, Vysotsky used the repetition of the phrase at the beginning of the line “how many are there in the bushes ...” and the word “how many”. By using these repetitions, the poet expresses indignation at the large scale of the extermination of animals by people.
Useful video: anaphora
Conclusion
With the help of anaphora artistic speech acquires a special emotionality and zest. The use of this figure allows the authors to express their attitude to the expressed thought, to direct the reader's attention to understanding the essence.
In contact with
Anaphora can be located at the beginning of hemistiches (" City lush, city poor"), strings (" She doesn't afraid of retribution She doesn't was afraid of loss"), stanzas, carried through the entire poem in various combinations (Lermontov, "When worried"; Fet, "This morning, this joy," etc.). amoeba composition*. Anaphora is also called a poem, all the words of which begin with the same sound, for example:
*
amoeba composition- a widespread (especially in folk poetry) technique of compositional parallelism, which consists in the fact that a poem in which an amoeba composition is used has a two-term character: it breaks up into two parallel developing rows, and the periods included in these rows are also usually paired, for example:
"And we sowed millet, sowed,
Oh, did Lado, sowed, sowed.
And we trample millet, trample,
Oh, did lado, we will trample, we will trample.
The parallel connection of sentences in the text can be especially emphasized, strengthened by their identical beginning (anaphora).
Fragment from I. Isaev's poem "Court of Memory":
Translated from the Greek, "anaphora" means unity. Let's try to understand what an anaphora is in literature. Anaphora is the repetition of speech phenomena, such as words, sounds, stanzas or turns, located in the initial parts of the speech stream. This stylistic figure is widely used in poetic speech. In addition, there are many types of anaphora, among which the following are distinguished:
- sound - based on the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning;
- morphemic - repetition of parts of a word or morphemes;
- lexical - repetition of the same words;
- syntactic - repetition of syntactic constructions;
- strophic - repetition of the stanzas of the poem and the scheme of their construction;
- strophico-syntactic - the union of strophic and syntactic anaphora;
- rhythmic anaphora - based on the repetition of rhythm, rarely used.
Now let's look at examples of anaphora, which is most common and which is studied at school in literature classes.
Anaphora examples
There are many types of anaphora in textbooks. To find out the role of anaphora, it will be enough to consider lexical anaphora as the most common and expressive. At its core is always emotionality and excitement.
Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet often used anaphora in his poems. Consider excerpts from some of his poems as illustrative examples. After that, it will become even more clear to you what an anaphora is. So:
This blue vault
This cry and string
These flocks, these birds,
This is the voice of the waters
In this example, numerous repetitions are clearly visible: this, this, these. This is the anaphora of the poem; here it points to the resurgent spring nature. Consider another passage from Fet's poem as an example of an anaphora:
Only in the world and there is that shady
Dormant maple tent.
Only in the world and there is that radiant
A childish thoughtful look.
By revising this example The lexical anaphora is also very clearly visible in the poem. The examples given are Fet's poems because he is an anaphora poet. What is anaphora in the works of Fet? She is means of expression for poetry. It is this poet who ingeniously uses anaphora, achieving a melodic structure in his poems.