What is paraphrase examples. What is a paraphrase, examples of its use in colloquial speech and works of art
paraphrase(sometimes they also write: paraphrase) is quite close in form to metonymy. Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by describing it.. For example, not the moon is the night light. If in metonymy we replace a word with another word based on a causal relationship, then such a relationship is not traced here. In the paraphrase, there is evaluativeness, subjectivity. For example, saying that Pushkin - " the sun of Russian poetry”, we express a certain attitude towards the great poet. Paraphrase is always descriptive.
In a paraphrase, the name of objects and people is replaced by a description of their essential features.. For example, in the works of classicists, sentimentalists, and early realists in first-person narratives, “I” was often replaced by the descriptive phrase “writer of these lines.” Instead of “lion” it is appropriate to write “the king of beasts” (because he is the strongest), instead of “fall asleep” - “plunge into a dream”, instead of “pen” - “self-peeping pen” ...
The presence of periphrases makes speech slightly pompous, ornate. This must be taken into account if you decide to use them in a poem. Especially paraphrases are appropriate in the speech of characters and for stylization. Well, of course, to avoid repetition of words.
There is logical paraphrases(in structure they are closer to metonymy), for example, "the author of The Master and Margarita" instead of "Bulgakov", and figurative paraphrases, for example, "slave of honor" instead of "Pushkin" (the paraphrase belongs to Lermontov).
By the way, it is convenient to use logical paraphrases when evaluating the author's work. In order not to use “Pushkin” all the time, Vissarion Belinsky in a series of articles about “Eugene Onegin” wrote from time to time: “The author of “Eugene Onegin”. The same technique can be adopted by schoolchildren who make analyzes of lyrical works.
A kind of paraphrase is euphemism. We call euphemisms such neutral words and phrases that replace reduced or slang vocabulary, or neutral words with special semantics when they want to mitigate the effect. For example, instead of “blow your nose”, they say: “clean your nose”, and instead of the basically neutral “died”, they use a more “sparing” euphemism: “died”, “gone to another world”.
A paraphrase calls a concept or phenomenon in other words, while maintaining its meaning, for example:
- blue planet (Earth);
- black gold (oil);
- second bread (potatoes);
- mushroom king (porcini);
- desert ship (camel);
- steel sheet (railway);
- stationery rat (official);
- the eternal city (Rome);
- evening of life (old age);
- master of the taiga (bear);
- our younger brothers (animals).
In works of fiction, journalism and oratory, it is used as a stylistic device to enhance the expressiveness of the statement, a more intense impact on the reader or listener.
Paraphrase examples
Serov was then still very young. The first paintings of the beloved student of the great Repin Some were happy, others were pissed off.
In this context, the name of the artist Serov is presented descriptively with the help of a paraphrase: favorite student of the great Repin.
In his work, A.S. Pushkin actively resorted to the use of paraphrase:
- W. Shakespeare - creator of Macbeth;
- poet Adam Mickiewicz - Lithuanian singer;
- singer Giaura and Juan - Byron .
Instead of saying that the hero of the novel of the same name in verse, Onegin, settled in his uncle's room, the poet writes:
He settled in that peace,
Where is the village old-timer
For forty years I quarreled with the housekeeper,
He looked out the window and crushed flies.
M.Yu. Lermontov wrote a poetic obituary "Poets death", in which he never mentioned the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, using the paraphrase:
The poet is dead! - slave of honor -
Pal slandered by rumors.
With lead in my chest and a thirst for revenge,
Head down.
Faded like a beacon, marvelous genius,
Withered solemn wreath.
- (from the Greek. periphrasis, peri - around, phradzo - I say) - a type of trope, a descriptive turn of speech used instead of a word or phrase.
For example: Northern Venice- St. Petersburg, the king of beasts - a lion, a blue planet - Earth, flowers of life - children.
Like other tropes (figurative and expressive means of language), paraphrases can be general language and individual-author's.
Many paraphrases become well-known, popular, exist in our speech at the level of turns, ready for certain occasions.
For example: We can say differently about Moscow - golden-domed capital , about St. Petersburg - city on the Neva or the words of Pushkin - petra creation ; about animals, using Yesenin's lines, - our little brothers ; we will name doctors after journalism people in white coats ; autumn for many of us - " Sad time! Oh charm! »
AT paraphrase usually attention is paid to one essential feature of a phenomenon, object, person, etc., while the rest seem to go into the shadows, allowing what is important for the author to become brighter and more significant.
Try to draw a portrait of, say, Pushkin's Onegin, collecting from the text of the novel those numerous figurative expressions with which the author characterizes his hero. At first he is a "young rake", " philosopher at eighteen », « theater evil legislator, fickle admirer of charming actresses », « fashion tyrant ", and then - " fugitive of people and light », « young poet's killer », « the hermit is idle and despondent »…
Paraphrases there are figurative (which are metaphorical) and unimaginative (preserving the direct meaning of the words that form them)
For example: city on the Neva - Petersburg.
Unimaginative paraphrases they only rename objects, qualities, actions and perform not so much an aesthetic as a semantic function: they help the author more accurately express an idea, emphasize certain qualities of the described object or phenomenon, and avoid repetition of words.
For example, instead of A.S. Pushkin - author of "Eugene Onegin", the great Russian poet .
In the poem " Poets death» M.Yu. Lermontov the same A.S. Pushkin named " slave of honor», « wondrous genius", and in the famous obituary -" the sun of Russian poetry" are figurative paraphrases, trails .
To paths belong only figurative paraphrases.
Mayakovsky calls New York city of the yellow devil and this expression is metaphorical. And in the official context, this city is associated with the center of business life in America. Holidays can be figuratively called happy months, summer holidays, sometimes adventures etc., but it can be ugly - a break in classes at educational institutions for holidays or summer time.
The last expression resembles a crossword puzzle task - after all, in essence, this intellectual game is based on the method of paraphrase, often ugly, but sometimes built on the associations of the compilers.
We see the originality and originality of the chosen words, the freshness and accuracy of the correlation of the embodied image with reality in the individual author's paraphrases of many talented word artists. In the poem by A. S. Pushkin " Song about the prophetic Oleg"The prince addresses the sorcerer:" Tell me, sorcerer, favorite of the gods...» Beautiful white snow turns into gray and dirty in spring - this is a thaw, slush ... and wines of spring as noted by the Japanese poet Sugiyama Sampu. And what role in our life is assigned to the word uttered by a loved one, and how is it called differently by M. Yu. Lermontov:
The pledge of the desired liberty,
A beacon of hope in a sea of troubles
Then your nameless one became me,
But everlasting greetings.
A type of paraphrase is EUPHEMISM- (from the Greek. euphemismos - abstaining from inappropriate words), - a word or expression that serves under certain conditions to replace undesirable, impolite, too harsh statements.
For example , capital punishment instead of " the death penalty», your son - ill-bred child instead of " boor and rude», they exchanged pleasantries (ironic) instead of " scolded each other».
Here's how using euphemisms the ladies of the provincial city N ennobled their speech in N.V. Gogol's poem " Dead Souls»:
They never said: “I blew my nose”, “I sweated”, “I spat”, but they said: “ I lightened my nose», « I managed with a scarf". In no case was it possible to say: "this glass or this plate stinks." And it was even impossible to say anything that would give a hint of this, but instead they said: “ this glass is misbehaving' or something like that.
Euphemism often serves as a means of satirical depiction. Replacing coarser definitions with softened expressions here does not affect the essence of the phenomenon and even contributes to its emphasis.
Here is an example from the parable of F.D. Krivin “ half truth»:
Where it would be necessary to say: "You are a scoundrel!" - you can say: "You difficult character". An impudent person can be called a naughty, a deceiver - a dreamer. And now no one even calls our Fool a fool. About the Fool they will say: A man who thinks in his own way».
Widely used paraphrases tend to change over time set expressions- phraseological units, and be used along with ordinary words and combinations of words.
For example: excellent worker, real talent, golden hands, a master of his craft; I can’t imagine, I can’t understand, I won’t put my mind to it, I broke my head; break free, take a deep breath, straighten your back, break the chains, throw off the yoke, become a free bird etc.
But such combinations are fraught with the danger of losing their novelty and becoming speech clichés if a person uses them excessively, at any opportunity.
An example of such pseudo-expression is given by the satirist V. Voinovich in his work “ pretender to the throne". One of the characters, an editor by the name of Yermolkin, just suffers from a tendency to paraphrase neutral words, turning them, as it seems to him, into sublime and pathetic: “ Aiming his sharp pencil at the layout, Yermolkin gazed intently at the printed words and threw himself like a hawk if at least one living one came across among them. All ordinary words seemed to him unworthy of our extraordinary era, and he immediately corrected the word "house" to "building"(Hereinafter it is highlighted by us. - N.V.) or" building", "Red Army" - to "red warrior". He didn’t have “peasants”, or “horses”, or “camels” in his newspaper, but there were “field workers”, “ horse stock and "ships of the desert". The people mentioned in the newspaper did not "speak", but "declared", not "asked", but " asked your question". Ermolkin called German pilots " fascist vultures», Soviet pilots - « Stalin's falcons", and the sky -" air pool"or" the fifth ocean».
As we see, true value good speech lies in observing a sense of proportion and the ability to create unique figurative expressions, each time asking a creative question: “ Could I speak better about this?»
HYPERBOLA(Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative word usage that exaggerates some object, sign, quality or action in order to enhance the artistic impression.
For example: Khlestakov. Just don't speak. On the table, for example, a watermelon - seven hundred rubles a watermelon ... And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers ... you can imagine thirty five thousand one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).
Hyperbola may consist primarily of a quantitative exaggeration (e.g. " a thousand times », « a month of Sundays », « priceless", Gogol about the Dnieper:" there is no river equal to it in the world "), but also in figurative terms. In the latter case, outwardly approaching metaphor, hyperbole differs significantly from it in that it is not aimed at enriching the content of thought with its figurative expression, but at reinforcing, emphasizing certain properties or features of the object of thought.
Hyperbola- one of the favorite methods of oral folk art.
For example, in the epic about Volga and Mikula, the peasant Mikula Selyaninovich is endowed with tremendous strength: he lifts with one hand, shakes it off and throws his plow under the willow bush, which the whole squad of the prince could not budge:
And here, after all, Volga Svyatoslavovich
He sends all his good squad,
To pull the bipod out of the ground,
They shook out the earth from the omeshikov,
They would have thrown a bipod behind a willow bush.
They spin a fry for obzhi around,
And they can’t pull the bipod out of the ground,
Shake out the land from the omeshikov,
Throw a bipod behind a willow bush.
Here oratay-oratayushko
Is it on your nightingale mare
Came to the maple fry.
After all, he took the bipod with one hand,
He pulled the bipod out of the ground,
He shook out the earth from the omeshikov,
He threw a bipod behind a willow bush.
The hero of another epic, Ilya Muromets, has such a mighty horse that, having served matins (morning church service) in Murom, Ilya is going to ride his horse “to the capital Kyiv city” for mass (lunch church service). (From Murom, a city in the Vladimir region, to Kyiv, at least a thousand kilometers in a straight line).
Also, the epic about Ilya Muromets has a description of how the hero fights in the thick of the enemy army:
As he waved to the right, the street would become,
And to the left he waved - an alley.
it hyperbola in its purest form. Everything that happens in our epics and fairy tales often takes on a hyperbolic appearance. A horse with a hero gallops below a walking cloud, above a standing forest ". The hero whistles - and " forests bow to the ground ". The people seem to admire their strength, and everything in their imagination grows to enormous proportions.
This style of storytelling had a great effect on the listeners. Even in our everyday speech today, we often resort to this way of expression. " I told you a hundred times... » « Give me only the will - I'll turn the mountain ...» In all these cases, we use hyperbole.
In poetic speech, hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, forming hyperbolic metaphors, comparisons, personifications, etc.
For example, in Pushkin: Yes! If all the tears, blood and sweat, Shed for everything that is stored here, From the depths of the earth all suddenly came out, That would be another flood - I would choke in my cellars of the faithful » (« Miserly Knight"). Gogol's style is especially rich in such hyperbolic figures in our literature: Do you hear how the whole world gathered at your feet and, shaking his spears, merged into one exclamation!» (« Life»); « The rubies of her lips seemed to boil with blood to the very heart » (« Viy»).
Hyperbole is used to enhance the emotional impact on the reader, and also for in order to highlight certain aspects in the depicted phenomenon.
For example: " And the mountain of bloody bodies prevented the nuclei from flying "(M.Yu. Lermontov). Or N.V. Gogol: " Bloomers, the width of the Black Sea »; « Mouth the size of the arch of the General Staff ».
Here is what G.R. Derzhavin in his poem about A.V. Suvorov:
Stepped and conquered the kingdom..
Whirlwind midnight, the hero flies,
Darkness from the brow, whistling dust;
Lightning from the eyes run ahead,
Oaks lie in a ridge behind.
He steps on the mountains - the mountains crack,
Lies on the water - the waters boil,
The hail touches - the hail falls,
He throws towers over the clouds with his hand.
In the fable of I.A. Krylov " Liar Some dandy who has been abroad enthusiastically tells his friend:
« Here in Rome, for example, I saw a cucumber.
Ah, my creator!
And to this day I don't remember.
Will you believe? Well, right, he was from the mountain.
And when the friend expresses disbelief, the narrator continues:
« A mountain, though not a mountain, but, right, it will be with a house
».
Here hyperbola used by the author to cause a comic impression.
Mayakovsky's entire poem is built on satirical hyperbole. 150 000 000 ».
An interesting satirical image of the American city of Chicago:
In Chicago
14,000 streets, –
suns squares rays.
From each -
700 lanes
train length for a year.
Wonderful man in Chicago!
..............................................
In Chicago
such a fierce roar -
What truck
with a thousand horsepower–
What he
whispered the silence of a mouse.
Seemed
that a quiet baby is spinning.
LITOTES(lithotes; other Greek - simplicity, smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression opposite to hyperbole. This is an artistic understatement of the magnitude, the meaning of the depicted, which aims to emotionally affect the reader.
Litotes- comparison of two heterogeneous phenomena, based on some feature common to both of them, but presented in the phenomenon - the means of comparison to a much lesser extent than in the phenomenon - the object of comparison.
For example: Please look at him when he sits among his subordinates<…>:
Prometheus, determined Prometheus!<…>In society and at a party, if everyone is of a low rank, Prometheus will remain Prometheus, and a little higher than him, such a transformation will take place with Prometheus, which even Ovid will not invent: a fly, even smaller than a fly, was annihilated into a grain of sand! (N.V. Gogol)
How does the verbal structure of a litote represent comparison, metaphor, epithet .
Many litotes are stable turnovers. A significant part of them are phraseological units or idioms: " snail's pace», « at hand», « The cat cried money», « the sky seemed like a sheepskin».
Litotes is in folk and literary tales: « Thumb boy », « man-with-nail » « Thumbelina girl », « a hut on chicken legs ».
In the comedy by A. S. Griboedov " Woe from Wit» Molchalin says:
Your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble.
I stroked all of it; like silk wool.
N.V. Gogol often turned to litotes. For example, in the story Nevsky Avenue": « Such a small mouth that more than two pieces can not miss»; « Waist no thicker than a bottle neck ».
N. A. Nekrasov in " Song to Eremushka": « Below a thin bylinochka, you need to bow your head ».
In the poem " peasant children he used the folklore expression " man with nails»:
And marching importantly, in serenity,
A man is leading a horse by the bridle
In big boots, in a sheepskin coat,
In large mittens ... and he himself with a fingernail!
A whole poem by A. N. Pleshcheev was built on the litote “ My Lizochek”, set to music by P. I. Tchaikovsky:
My Lizochek is so small
So small
What from a lilac leaf
He made an umbrella for the shade
And walked.
My Lizochek is so small
So small
What from the wings of a mosquito
I made two shirt-fronts
And - in starch ...
Litota also called a stylistic figure of deliberate softening of an expression by replacing a word or expression containing the assertion of some feature with an expression that denies the opposite feature. That is, an object or concept is defined through the negation of the opposite.
For example: "smart" - "not stupid", "I agree" - "I don't mind", "cold" - "not warm", "low" - "low", "famous" - "notorious", "dangerous" - "unsafe", "good" - "not bad".
In this meaning litotes is one of the forms euphemism .
For example:
I do not value high-profile rights,
From which not one is dizzy.(A. S. Pushkin)
Believe: I listened not without participation,
I eagerly caught every sound.(N. A. Nekrasov)
Rifle fire between the rocks
Not a few rabid curses
Took a lot of lives.(Byron G., "Childe Harold")
In Russian linguistics in modern world the concept of "text style" came to the fore. Stylistics rightfully took priority positions in the course of the Russian language in high school high school. It is also studied by students of the first and second courses of higher educational institutions linguistic and non-linguistic orientation. This is important because when analyzing a text, the student encounters a large number of different stylistic units. And he must be able to distinguish between them.
In the texts submitted for linguistic analysis, periphrastic units or periphrases are very common. In this article, we will focus on this stylistic unit.
What
Periphrase (periphrase) is a unit of style, which, when translated from Greek, means “I speak around”. In stylistics, this term is understood as a lexically indivisible phrase of descriptive meaning. It allegorically explains another phrase or word.
Examples from fiction:
no./p. | Example | Author |
1 | Titan nailed to the rock | Ancient Greek myths |
2 | Died ..., slave of honor ... | |
3 | A thundering goblet from the sky... | F. Tyutchev |
4 | She rested in eternal sleep | A. Pushkin |
5 | The cheat approaches the tree on tiptoe | I. Krylov |
6 | Morpheus will not close their eyes | A. Pushkin |
7 | The bee town howls and buzzes | A.Tvardovsky |
8 | From the gaps between the clouds, a beam of sun periodically escaped | A. Utkin |
9 | The contents of a dirty iron box were shaken out against the walls of the airport. | A.Torin |
10 | He's just a media plowman | Ch. Aitmatov |
11 | Despising road guards and protecting the rights of pedestrians | Z. Prilepin |
Definition of paraphrase in the section of Russian stylistics literary language can be formulated as follows.
Paraphrase is a stylistic trope, the figurative function of which is built on the principle of replacing one word with a descriptive phrase.
Kinds
In the modern style of the Russian literary language, linguists distinguish different kinds and subspecies of paraphrase. In this article, we will adhere to the traditional approach to the classification of tropes and name the types of these stylistic units that correspond to the established approach.
Types of paraphrase:
- figurative. This view has a basis in the form of a metaphorical statement. By and large, there is no fundamental difference between this type of periphrase and metaphor. Differences can be found only in the structure of these language units. But this difference is not fundamentally important.
- Brain teaser. In other words, they are synonymous expressions. They replace a broad concept with a concrete one. It is important that at the heart of this fundamentally new specific concept there should be no abstract image.
- Suspenders. This unit of style is a subspecies of periphrase. It was described by the linguist Buzaji. He believes that this subspecies is based on the replacement of a specific concept by a general one with the help of two or more words.
Domestic linguist Ilya Romanovich Galperin adheres to his own classification. He distinguishes two types of these stylistic units. In his classification, the basis is the authorship of a word or phrase.
Two types of stylistic units according to Galperin:
- Original. In other words, these are stylistic units that belong to a particular author.
- Traditional. These units are tightly integrated into the Russian language and their meaning is clear without context. This type can be considered a component of the phraseology of the native language.
Examples in language:
Wikipedia offers three different classifications of periphrases. A lot of information is devoted to the use of the trope in speech.
At the end of the article, in the form of a list, paraphrases that belong to famous people are listed.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Paraphrase
If you go through it, you can find a lot of interesting information on the topic of the article.
Examples in advertising
In today's multi-information world, advertising is becoming an important engine. Paraphrasing is often used in advertising posts and commercials.
It is important that in a commercial or on a banner, the trope should only be used next to the image of the object or phenomenon about which in question. If this rule is not observed, then the reader (watcher) simply will not understand what is at stake.
- Clean, refreshing water. (Aqua Minerale)
- This is a product for those to whom the car has become a home.
- Stop this boredom. (Drink tonic)
- Our devices will turn you on. (Technique in Eldorado)
- Crazy discovery. (Japanese restaurant)
- Each pine or spruce when buying a plot. (Sale)
- a great offer for students. (MTS services)
- Soak the eared in milk. (Nesquik)
- Gypsum-gypsum hooray! (Construction mixtures)
- Bath of my dreams. (Processed cheese Hochland)
- Live sour! (Pepsi)
Figurative paraphrases
They are like metaphors. Figurative paraphrases are found very often in texts of artistic and journalistic styles. Such stylistic units give the text a special expression.
- Greetings, desert corner...
- Where are you ..., Freedom, a proud singer?
- Country of birch chintz…
- Through a dream meets the morning of the year.
- I see the proud heads of the Caucasus before me.
- Poet ..., slave of honor.
- One of the five continents, powered by cowboys.
- Ukraine is the homeland of dumplings, huts and oxen.
- Land of the Rising Sun.
- The city of white nights, bridges and canals.
- The pond was bound with icy chains.
- City of three revolutions.
Idioms
It is customary to call an idiom in Russian, the components of which have the same meaning. Among the periphrases, there are those that are part of the phraseology.
Here are examples of such expressions:
- Northern Venice.
- Flowers of life.
- Foggy Albion.
- Great worker.
- Skillful fingers.
- Take off the yoke from your neck.
- Red warrior.
- Fascist vultures.
- Fifth Ocean.
- Field worker.
- Return your question.
- Turtle pace.
- Wine country.
- Sea of tears.
- Night light.
- Dive into sleep.
- Hare soul.
Useful video
Conclusion
Thus, we can say that a periphrase is a unit of style that gives imagery to speech. In the text, it allows you to make lexical substitution, thereby avoiding unjustified repetitions. Paraphrases enrich the speech of the speaker and writer, allow you to express a variety of emotions, attitudes towards a particular phenomenon. They can be used to convey feelings.
If a person uses paraphrases in written and oral speech, then this is evidence that he has an individual style.
In contact with
The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.
The meaning of the word paraphrase
paraphrase in the crossword dictionary
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
paraphrase
periphrase, m., and (more often) PERIPHRASE, periphrase, f. (Greek periphrasis) (lit. and music). Same as paraphrase.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
paraphrase
PERIPHRASIS (periphrase) (from the Greek periphrasis - allegory) tropes, replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: "king of beasts" - instead of "lion".
paraphrase
periphrase (from Greek períphrasis ≈ descriptive expression, allegory),
in stylistics and poetics: a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several. P. of varying complexity are possible, from the simplest (“sank into a dream” instead of “fell asleep”) to the most complex, approaching metonymy, personification, and other types of paths (“... from a long mustache powdered by that inexorable hairdresser who, without the call comes to both the beauty and the ugly, and has forcibly powdered the entire human race for several thousand years” - instead of “from a gray mustache”; N. V. Gogol). A special case of P. is a euphemism - a descriptive expression of "low" or "forbidden" concepts ("unclean" instead of "hell"). P. should not be confused with paraphrase.
Sometimes the term "P." rehash is also indicated - a kind of parody, in which the subject of ridicule is not the form of the parodied work, but the new content invested in it (cf. “Sleep, my beautiful baby ...” by M. Yu. Lermontov and “Sleep, shooter, while harmless! ..” N. A. Nekrasova).
M. L. Gasparov.
Wikipedia
paraphrase
Paraphrase- indirect, descriptive designation of an object based on the selection of any of its qualities, features, features, for example, " blue planet" instead of "Earth", " one-armed bandit” instead of “slot machine”, etc.
Although some researchers consider paraphrase as a type of trope, not everyone agrees with this position. According to I. B. Golub, only figurative periphrases that are metaphorical in nature should be classified as tropes, while non-figurative periphrases, in which the direct meaning of the words that form them are preserved, are not tropes. For example, from two paraphrases denoting A. S. Pushkin - “ the sun of Russian poetry" and "a author of "Eugene Onegin"”- only the first is figurative.
The indicated division is close to the division of periphrases by way of education into metaphorical and metonymic. The criterion for separation is the use of one or more words that make up the paraphrase, in figurative meaning. Comparing two well-established paraphrases - " stationery rat" and " sea worker", - you can see that only the first of them is metaphorical, since the word "rat" is used in a figurative sense, while in the second both nouns are used in their main meaning.
By frequency of use periphrases can be divided into individual author's and general language, firmly included in the lexicon, such as, for example, " weaker sex», « our little brothers», « people in white coats», « land of the rising sun», « third Rome". In a number of cases, one can trace the literary roots of general language paraphrases. So, thanks to A. S. Pushkin, such paraphrases as “ copper saddle ik "(monument to Peter I on the Senate Square)," admiralty needle» , « semi-dominant ruler" and etc.
By the presence or absence of the paraphrased word in the text paraphrases are divided into dependent and independent. So, in the lines of A. S. Pushkin “Meanwhile, the moon floats in the azure skies, the queen of the night” paraphrase “ queen of the night”is explained by the main word “moon”. Often, a dependent paraphrase requires mandatory disclosure: the heading of the article " Moscow director responded to criticism addressed to him "does not give an understanding of who exactly he is talking about - this requires deciphering the paraphrase in the text. Independent paraphrases that do not have such explanations require intellectual efforts and a certain outlook from the reader or listener. For example, the paraphrase used in G. R. Derzhavin's poem "My idol" art by Praxiteles"can be correctly understood only if the reader knows that Praxiteles was an ancient Greek sculptor, which means that the author means sculpture, the art of sculpture.
Since periphrases, as a rule, concentrate on any one sign, they may contain an assessment of the designated object. So, in a magazine article about animals, the word lion can be replaced by a neutral paraphrase (“ member of the cat family”), negative (“ ruthless African predator"") or positive (" lord of the savannah», « king of beasts», « majestic animal"). Thus, periphrases can carry both ameliorative functions. This property of paraphrases is actively used in journalism, socio-political speech.
In addition, paraphrases can act as a euphemism: put yourself in the worst light» , « ease your nose"or dysphemism:" stuff your belly» , « turn up one's face» .
Examples of the use of the word paraphrase in the literature.
Hyperbole, gradation, oxymoron, paraphrase, alogism, rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, but above all - comparison and metaphor have become the object of study here.
In some poems he dared to refuse paraphrase, tore off the collar of epithets from a trained dog and called a spade a spade.
He spoke carefully, weighing the words, using long paraphrases and, where possible, making do with allusions.
And constantly shun a certain word, resorting to clumsy metaphors and deliberate paraphrases, is probably the most striking way to emphasize it.
He smoothed out the picturesqueness of the descriptions, eliminating MacPherson's favorite epithets and comparisons, replacing simple sentences solemn paraphrases etc.
However, even at that time, Victor already showed a natural desire for the musicality of the verse, the flexibility of the stanza, an instinctive sense of style, and therefore felt in the works of Horace and Virgil the beauty that disappeared in paraphrases some Delil.
Jews can only mention him paraphrases and even paraphrasing these paraphrases themselves.
The term " paraphrase"" or "" comes from the Greek word "periphrasis" (where peri - "around" and phradzo - "I speak") and denotes a trope that is used instead of another word. This turn of phrase is descriptive.
Types of paraphrase.
Paraphrases are divided into:
- general language (understandable to most, popular in some period of time),
- individually-author's.
Common and understandable paraphrases include the allegorical names of the lion - "king of beasts", children - "flowers of life", TV - "blue screen".
One of clear examples periphrases, understandable to many, are such names of St. Petersburg as "City on the Neva", "Northern Venice", "Northern Capital" or "Northern Palmyra". And as an individual author's one can name the trope "Peter's creation" by Alexander Pushkin ("I love you, Peter's creation").
Features of the construction of the paraphrase.
The sign by which a paraphrase is created must be inherent in the object or phenomenon being defined, understandable to many people. This trope allows the author to emphasize one side of what is being described, leaving the rest in the background. For example, autumn in Pushkin's poems turned into a "dull time" and "charm to the eyes."
A feature of periphrase is its semantic (semantic) unity. That is, such statements and phrases cannot be broken or the word in them changed. Thus, the trope becomes a phraseologically related phrase that is understandable to most native speakers.
Paraphrases often found in the media and oral speech:
- the ship of the desert is a camel;
- black gold - oil;
- clerical rat - official;
- the second bread is potatoes;
- the eternal city - Rome;
- the third Rome is Moscow.
- blue planet - Earth;
The role of the trope in speech.
The use of paraphrase in literary texts, journalistic materials and speeches of speakers allows you to enhance the expressiveness of the statement, make it more vivid, memorable, catchy.
Paraphrase examples.
Examples from fiction.
Paraphrase is a figurative and expressive means of speech, therefore it is used in works of art, and of any kind: in the epic, lyrics and drama.
Alexander Pushkin called William Shakespeare "the creator of Macbeth", and George Byron - "the singer of Giaur and Juan."
Mikhail Lermontov, in the famous obituary "The Death of a Poet", written on the death of Alexander Pushkin, used a lot of allegory, never naming his colleague by name or surname: "the poet is a slave of honor", "wonderful genius" and "ceremonial wreath".