The role of the Russian language in the formation of Russian statehood in the Far East. BUT
When planning a trip to Russia, study this small phrasebook - the intricacies of translating "from Russian into Russian" in some areas of our Motherland can seriously puzzle you [infographic]
Photo: RUSSIAN LOOK
The richness of a language lies in its diversity. Russian in this regard is really "powerful". And if everyone has heard about the St. Petersburg "curb" and "front door", then the Permian "kerkat" and the Kirov "pazgat" really confuse visitors! For the sake of understanding, together with the regional editions of KP (from Krasnodar to Vladivostok), we conceived this Russian-Russian dictionary. In it you will find a "translation" of unusual local words in an understandable, literary language.
And if we undeservedly ignored some local words, we are waiting for them in the comments. So our phrasebook will become even more "alive" and useful for all Russians!
EXPERT COMMENT
Scientists believe that it is harmful and pointless to fight regional colloquial speech
Our regional correspondents have collected a decent crop of unusual words. We asked Anatoly Baranov, Professor of the Department of Linguistic Semantics at the Institute of the Russian Language named after A.I. Vinogradova.
you are very different words collected. By the way, there are not so many dialecticisms. There is jargon, but mostly regionalisms. That is, various territorial variants of the Russian language (regionalisms are used by all residents of the region, in contrast to dialect words, which are more often used by the population of rural areas - author). For example, in Siberia, instead of the word "attachment" they say "attachment". Or take "curb" - this is a word from the southern dialect, which turned out to be in St. Petersburg and is used in the northern capital to designate a sidewalk. This is an example of how dialectal forms can be fixed as territorial forms. A travel card for the metro or any other type of transport in St. Petersburg was called a "card". This is also a specific thing characteristic of this area.
How did these words survive in conditions where educational institutions cinema, literature, in the media are cultivated uniform norms?
The fact is that the territory on which people who speak Russian live is very large. Despite the fact that information and means of transport make it possible to shorten the distance, there are various regions that are far from the center: Siberia, the Far East... They were populated in different ways. In these territories different conditions social, cultural, natural and domestic character. And very often specific words are used for these areas. So there are territorial variants of the language.
- Is it necessary to deal with this matter somehow on the ground?
What are you, no way! Actually, this is impossible. Of course, there is a literary Russian language, but it is used in its own field. And those words in question are part of the spoken language of their region. People clearly distinguish between these two spheres: no one will use the “curb” in official speech. Moreover, I and other researchers believe that regional differences relate not only to vocabulary, but also to syntactic constructions. But it is absolutely wrong to say that regionalism is a mutilation of the Russian language. On the contrary, it is the potential for its development. Because the language needs to have some sources, reserves from which words, constructions and morphemes can be drawn in order to reflect new phenomena and processes.
Altai region
A photo: Anna LATUHOVA
Let's start with Altai Territory. Here (however, as in all of Siberia), the transparent file familiar to us is called ... "multiphora". This is probably from the Latin "Multifora", which translates as "having many holes." Or simply from the name of the company "Multifor", which actively promoted its products beyond the Urals. Be that as it may, do not be alarmed when you hear this unusual word.
But be scared if you are: a) a woman and b) you were called "pull out". So here they say only in relation to the pests. "Victoria" here and in other Siberian cities, all types of garden strawberries are called.
"Lyvoy" the locals call the puddle, "homonkom"- wallet, "pack"- slow person "hedgehogs"- meatballs, "crushed"- mashed potatoes, "shanezhki"- buns, "pims"- winter shoes "nearby"- area of the settlement.
If they ask you "What did you loosen up?", This means that they are accused of slowness. And here is a sonorous word "khius" here dubbed the piercing wind.
Bashkiria
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"Full aptragan!" - a colorful phrase that they like to use in Bashkria. "Aptragan"- here they say instead of the boring "nightmare", "kapets" and other synonyms for the well-known obscene word. It comes from the Bashkir verb "aptyrarga". It translates as "to be in difficulty, confusion, bewilderment."
Here you can be invited to "sabantuy". Actually, this is the name of the Bashkir and Tatar holiday of the plow, which ends all spring agricultural affairs. But at other times of the year - why should a good word go to waste? So they use "sabantuy" in the meaning of "assembly", "crowd".
In Bashkiria and Tatarstan, they also often use "let's go" meaning "come on, let's go." This is from the Turkic verb "to drive", "to urge", "to hurry".
Bryansk region
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The Bryansk region borders on two states - Ukraine and Belarus. That is why the local dialect is an "explosive" mixture of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, generously seasoned with the professional jargon of ancient and current craftsmen.
Here, for example, the disorder is often called here "gain", sheep wool, from which felt boots are made ("felted") - "War", beets - "beetroot"(this vegetable is called beetroot or beetroot in many southern regions of Russia, in Belarus, Poland and Ukraine), onion - "goatfish", moonshine - "gardeman", and borscht - and at all wrinkle.
"Mahotka"- this is a small clay jug in the Bryansk region, "skrygotnik"- train. The man here can be called "chuzom", village dweller - "jack". And if they want to offend, they will say "shmurak"(the same "fool"). If it is necessary to make peace, they can use the phrase "klopot". It's something like "well, okay!" And be careful, non-locals can be called here "suckers". You should not be offended ... Better learn these words - you will pass for your own!
Note that most of the words given are from the language of the Bryansk Shapovals.
Vladivostok
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Let's move on to the Far East. In Vladivostok, for example, they often go to "chifanki". These are Chinese eateries and cafes.
And the usual word for us "splice" here it is used in unusual meanings. You can splice jeans in the store ("get it, find it"). And you can not splice what we are talking about here (in the meaning of "understand").
Word "beacon" means "let you know". For example, you may be asked to "beacon" when you are free. And if they ask you "stuff" along the way the newspaper, then it is about buying. It's worse if they tell you not to "shuffle". This means that you are suspected of idleness. Or no "perform"(may mean "show off").
"Glasses" in Vladivostok they call hard-to-reach places, remote areas of the city, "shugan" - something terrible, "Zusman"- cold, "seagulls"- lovers of freebies, "nabkoy"- embankment.
Word "lantern" here it is used in the sense of "very simple", and "cleverly"- "funny, great." If you also like Vladivostok words, then locals would shake you a crab ( "I press the crab" is "shake hands").
Volgograd region
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The Volgograd region is very rich in local buzzwords! And yes, they are funny. For example, many Volgograd residents (mostly elderly) call a dried pear ... "muzzles". Old-timers still often say: "Cut me a sausage carriage." Word "carriage" in this case means a piece. And the early herring (spring) was disowned here "crease". And to finish the conversation about food, let's say about the word common in Volgograd "kaymak". It is not Volgograd, it came to these parts from the Caucasus, but it has taken root in the region. "Kaymak" is sour cream baked in the oven or oven.
And the back of the bed is called here "bedroom"! Volgograd residents can often recommend that you do not climb "in the bushes." Don't be scared. "Kushari" means bushes, dense thickets or a dark scary place that is best avoided. That is, they wish you well, and not just scare you with strange words ...
Pure Volgograd word - "gap". This is the name of a clumsy person who has everything falling out of his hands. And the bun into which women often collect their hair is called in Volgograd "cool". Moreover, in different regions they even emphasize differently: in the south they say kulya, but in the northern regions it is already kulya.
Izhevsk
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"Go here, go here"- so they can explain the way to Izhevsk. Calm! Everything is very simple to understand - you just need to remove the preposition "by". So you will get to the famous Monument of Friendship of Peoples.
Word "odnerka" in Izhevsk it is used in the meaning of "one", "unit". Initially, this was the name of the tram that runs along route No. 1. But then it stuck.
"Kaganka"("kagonka") here they call a baby or an infant. The word comes from the common people "kaga" (Permian) - a child, a baby.
funny word "kuteshata"("kutyata") here they call puppies. Most likely, it came from the word "curly".
No less funny "poppy" called babies or cute people. It's such a compliment. Another compliment - "chebery"(meaning - beautiful, wonderful, bright). And if you hear “let me love you!”, that's it - you won someone's heart. "Love"- hug, kiss, show affection.
And even small bottles with alcohol-containing liquid in Izhevsk were dubbed with a touching word "fufyrik"(usually they ask for a bottle of Hawthorn Tincture in a pharmacy).
Good luck here wish phrase "come on okay"(emphasis on the second syllable). This is something like "no fluff, no feather."
Another interesting point. In Izhevsk, instead of "why" the word "why" is used. In this case, the Udmurt language influenced Russian - in Udmurt, the words “why” and “why” are the same root, so it doesn’t matter which one to use. Therefore, do not be too surprised if you hear: “For some reason I didn’t recognize you on the street ...”
Irkutsk region
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There are many words in Irkutsk that are unusual for the inhabitants of European Russia! Some of them are quite ancient, of Turkic origin (here the situation is similar to Ufa and Kazan), because the first inhabitants of Siberia were Turkic-speaking peoples. Some remained from the first Russian settlers. Some of them are from the Buryat population. There are some very fresh options too. For example, "auto winter road"(road for travel in winter), "Shanghai"- a market where the Chinese and Kyrgyz trade. And relatively recent, from the war - take at least the curse "Japanese god!" (used when something fails).
Here, as in Tatarstan, the word is in use "let's go" in the meaning of "let's go" (from the Turkic әydә). bad man in Irkutsk they can be called "stramina". If you make a noisy scandal, then you will be asked not to "burragozit". If you scream heart-rendingly - do not "baslat". But if they say: "Enough "spread" Well, that's kind of a compliment. So you work hard.
It's funny, but if you are invited to Irkutsk "tea", then do not think that you will simply be given tea at a party. No, "to tea" here means "to dine." And if they say that they will come to visit you “ordinary”, then you should not worry where to put your dear guest to sleep. "To go as usual" Means - not for long, for one day.
"Ass" here they call the outskirts. "Flock"- barn. "Verkhonka"- work glove "milestone"- washcloth. A simple head of cabbage wears in Irkutsk region proud name "forks".
If you are offered "poses" don't fantasize. This is just a dish of Buryat cuisine, vaguely reminiscent of dumplings. BUT "gorloder"- not a curse, but a hot sauce of tomatoes twisted with garlic.
Kirov region
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The Kirov region has long been famous for its marvelous Vyatka dialect. Here and the manner of pronouncing sounds, and placing stress in words - everything is different! And, of course, there are specific Vyatka words.
Among the most popular words in Vyatka are - "Basco", "Basque". It means beautiful, beautiful or good, good. In Kirov, an attractive girl hears admiration after: “What a Baska!” But if the young lady is windy, fickle, she will be called here with condemnation "pokey".
Word "puzzle"(emphasis on the second syllable) in Vyatka is used in relation to children who run quickly and without stopping, rush. "Sniff"- means to quickly eat something (has a condemning intonation). "Vengat"- this is whining, pestering, begging for something from adults. BUT "to get dirty"- show off while eating.
If the inhabitants of Vyatka want to scold you, but not much, they can say: “You are still that nail!”. The swearing here, of course, "nail"(stress on the first syllable).
Krasnodar region
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Our linguistic journey through Russia led us to the warm and cozy Kuban.
"Blue"- so in the south they often call eggplants. The vegetable got its sonorous nickname simply because of its blue-violet color.
"Garbuz" the locals call the gourd. This is the Ukrainian version of the name of the fetus. They call it in the Kuban so, because the basis of many local dialects Ukrainian language. After all, many immigrants from Nezalezhnaya live in the region.
"Zherdela"- it's an apricot. This is the original Kuban name for this fruit. Formed from the words "pole", "pole". As a rule, small fruits hanging on long branches are called poles. BUT "apricot"- the same apricot, only with the peculiarities of local pronunciation. According to the researchers, residents use the name of the fruit in the feminine gender for convenience. Thus, it is easier for them to divide the word into open syllables.
Krasnoyarsk region
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When going to Siberia, gentlemen, please note that it’s even indecent to say “what” here. Do you want to be recognized as your own? Choke! And if they don’t understand you, the opponent doesn’t agree or you don’t understand his logic, proudly “cut off” in response to the classic Siberian "what's what".
And if you want to give the story dynamics, use the expression - "toshi-boshi" and synonymous with it "pyrym-pyrym". That's just for a bunch of words.
As in many cities of Siberia, Krasnoyarsk residents use instead of "washcloths" "milestone". BUT "T-shirt" here is a small plastic bag, "shoulders"- clothes hanger, "flock"- barn, "short"- rub.
Russians, especially from St. Petersburg, are also embarrassed by one more local set expression "Loaf of bread" meaning "one loaf of bread". For Petersburgers, rolls are white bread.
By the way, Krasnoyarsk students and teachers call classes at the university "ribbons". Why not a couple? The linguists shrug. Moreover, in neighboring Khakassia they only speak "couple". And here's what else is curious, the "tape" is used in Ukraine, for example, in Dnepropetrovsk. There are other words that are common to Krasnoyarsk and Ukrainians. There is a popular assumption that vocabulary Siberians in the middle of the last century were replenished by graduates of Ukrainian universities who came to the Komsomol construction sites.
Nizhny Novgorod Region
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The original Nizhny Novgorod dialect can now be heard, perhaps, in villages and villages. But even those words in which the locals do not see anything special, visitors can be confused.
Here, for example, the phrase: "Tea, I'll have time." A guest from the capital will think that someone is simply in no hurry to drink tea. Meanwhile, the word "tea" in the meaning of “I hope, probably” has long become a litmus test - you hear it from a person and you understand that he is from the Lower. It came from the obsolete verb "to look forward to" - to hope, to expect.
Word "make" It has different meanings in different parts of our country. For example, in Veliky Novgorod, with which Nizhny is always confused, “to do” is used in the meaning of “spoil, soil”. And Nizhny Novgorod residents may well ask you to “make a TV”. That is, "arrange, adjust, fix."
Or here’s another phrase: “Imagine, Lead, they bought a sofa, but it won’t be removed!”. Any Muscovite will be speechless: what kind of miracle of technology is this - a sofa that puts things in order by itself. But any Nizhny Novgorod resident will explain to him that the point is not at all in the fantastic talents of local engineers, but in the fact that a huge sofa does not fit in a typical kitchen of 9 square meters. Here is the word "get out" used in the sense of "to fit into something."
And if you go out onto the streets of Nizhny Novgorod with a saucepan on your head, then do not be surprised at the phrase "some kind of Lyakhovsky." The fact is, there is a village Lyakhovo. He became famous once a colony for the mentally ill. The colony gradually turned into the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Psychoneurological Hospital. And among the inhabitants of the Lower word "lyakhovsky" established as a synonym for clouding the mind.
Omsk region
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But, let's say you are in the Omsk region. Arriving to look at the Assumption Cathedral, you will immediately be offended if you are asked: “What are you doing? From the first line, or what? because "from the first line" means "fool". The fact is that in Omsk on Kuibyshev Street (after it comes the 2nd Line, but there is no 1st Line) there is a regional psychiatric hospital.
But if you are offered to "scream", it is better to agree. "Scream"- Omsk synonym for the word "laugh". Such a local rethinking of the word is a mystery shrouded in darkness.
Meanwhile, any funny, funny moment, the phrase is called here "plum"(and sometimes also "crust"). With "plum" the situation is a little clearer. There is an opinion that in this sense the word came into use by Omsk people from warm regions, where “plum” is sometimes used in the meaning of “beautiful”.
Another interesting local word - "choice". So in Omsk they call any instant noodles. It's just that the Chinese-made Choice products were the first to enter the local market. This is how it got used...
Perm region
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In the harsh Urals of strange words - a cloud! There is even a whole dictionary "Speaking Permian". It contains almost three hundred words and expressions that distinguish Permians. We present only a few of them.
"arg" in Perm it means to quarrel, swear, scandal. "Baragozit"- to be naughty, to be naughty. "Varegoy" they call a mitten (somehow they have no tenderness ...) But they affectionately dubbed the chin - "pigs".
"burn"- is to mess around, to do something for a long time. word with a similar meaning "moh"- slow down. "Zyurgat"- Noisy sipping while eating or drinking. BUT "poking"- cough.
They say sorrel here "sour", a round bun with crushed potatoes was dubbed "shangoi", and pies with meat filling - "poikunchiki".
Interesting that the word "any" in Perm it is a synonym for “of course” (in the sense of approval and consent).
You can tense up if they call you "Dunka from Bakharevka". This expression is used to describe a strange, abnormal, exotic appearance ladies.
Pskov region
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If you go to the Pskov region, do not be alarmed when you hear the letter “c” instead of the usual “h” in familiar words. There was even such a proverb here: “from Opotsky there are three verstotskas and one jump in the barrel ...”. And here the influence of Belarusian, Latvian, Estonian languages is very strong. Why? Yes, because the Pskov region borders on these countries. The bag of Pskov is often called "sack", and a rooster "peun"- all these are words from the Belarusian language.
In the swamps they gather here "crane"- cranberries. The word, as strange as it may seem, comes from the already obsolete Estonian kuremari (in translation - “crane berry”).
And another berry of the Pskov forests is called "gonobobel" or "drunkard". It's about about blueberries. It is believed that she is called a “drunkard” because of the bogulnik, among which the berry is harvested. And the word "gonobobel" came from "gonobol" - the same bogulnik is capable of causing headaches and dizziness.
Pskov grandmothers knit for their grandchildren "Dyanki". That's what the mittens are called. This word comes from the verb "put on".
Samara Region
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Every self-respecting Samaran every day utters a bunch of incomprehensible words not from this city. For example, "kurmish". It's a distant place, a slum. The word came from the name of the Volga Tatar town of the same name Kurmyshi, all the inhabitants of which in the 17th century were evicted by order of the tsar for eternal housing in Korsun, and the town was immediately empty and turned into an abandoned place.
Here you can also find the word "lytki" in relation to the calves of the legs. And "gomonok"- about the wallet. However, the word "homonok" can often be heard in Siberia as well. There is a version that it came from the "hub" - the sound that the wallet made when a change was carried in it.
St. Petersburg
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About the peculiarities of the speech of Petersburgers, perhaps, everyone has heard enough. Therefore, here are just a few important clarifications. For example, here is the word "badlon"(boudlon and banlon are allowed). We will not torment you - these are just thin sweaters with a high neck. In Moscow they are often called turtlenecks. In the Soviet Union, the fashion for them came in the 60s. And the first in the USSR such sweaters were brought by Leningrad black marketeers. The labels then had the inscription "100% ban-lon" (banlon - the name of the material). By the 80s, "banlon" had changed to "badlon". Over time, proximity to the original source throughout the country lost its meaning and other names were used. But Petersburgers remained faithful to the original.
And now about "curb". Perhaps none of the Muscovites and Petersburgers will tell you exactly where the place between the two cities is located, where the curb (separating stone between the sidewalk and the roadway) turns into a curb. But the builders have an exact answer, how these words differ. Curb - if the stone is set with an edge and a step is formed. Border - if it is dug in with the side part up so that the step is not formed. There is no fundamental difference in the meaning of these words, but it was the curb that took root in St. Petersburg, but the Muscovites borrowed the French word.
Concerning front door. Recall that in tsarist times the main entrance to the house was called the main staircase. Over time, the second word disappeared and just the front door remained. Petersburgers are sure that the word "entrance" is absolutely wrong. It is used, but indicates a place on the street through which you can drive up to the house. After all, the entrance is only outside - you can’t drive inside the house - neither by carriage, nor by car. And if you enter the houses in the historical center of St. Petersburg, you will immediately understand that these luxurious staircases simply cannot be called an entrance. These are the most front doors.
A photo: Anna LATUHOVA
Let's move on to the mysterious Sakhalin. The local language was naturally influenced by proximity to Asia.
For example, noodles on Sakhalin are called funny word "kuksa". This is a Korean dish, the Koreans themselves pronounce it as "kuksi". And the Far East adapted the word and now apply it to any instant noodles. So don’t roll your eyes too much if they ask you here in a friendly way: “Will you be Kuksu?”
One more word - "argamak". This is an ordinary snow scooter: skis, seat and steering wheel. Two people can fit on such a roller coaster. But it is worth considering that the engine is not provided in it, so you will have to drag the 7-kilogram sled back uphill.
A photo: Anna LATUHOVA
One of the popular words in Tambov - "pantyhose". It means to fuss, to worry. Come it's old Russian word cuts ears. as well as its derivatives. Here, for example, you may be asked: “Why are you so tight?”. Or criticize: “Here is tights!”
Also in the Tambov region, they can call a girl "kolchushka" if she is absent-minded, untidy or ill-mannered. Occasionally you can hear the word "teplyak". So they say about the warm wind.
Khabarovsk region
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In the Far East you can often hear the word "chuni". These are boots without soles. They are usually used by hunters. Because they are warm, comfortable and silent when walking through the forest.
"Five Minute" in the Kharabovsk region, lightly salted caviar of pink salmon, chum salmon or sockeye salmon is called. It is done immediately after gutting the fish. Caviar is poured with cool salty water and in five minutes the delicacy is ready!
BUT "whack" here they speak the usual gadfly. They called him that because he chases cows and cattle in the summer: “whack got under the tail”!
"Chifanka" for locals, this is any eatery or cafe where you can have a quick bite to eat. Derived from the Chinese word Chi Fan (to eat).
A photo: Anna LATUHOVA
In a harsh city, harsh words. For example, a mop is called here "Lazy". As you understand, certain conclusions are drawn in Chelyabinsk about the hostess, who washed the floor without bending down.
"Lorry" here they dubbed a one-room apartment, always with a kitchen and a bathroom. Chelyabinsk philologists have not been able to find out where such a word came from.
BUT "zelenka"- This is a document on the right to own property. The fact is that earlier this paper was only green, hence the word. By the way, now the document is printed on both yellow and pink paper, but the Urals still call it “green paper”.
Do not be surprised if the store offers you "humpback"(short for "city bun"). It is a white bread of a certain shape. Previously, this was not baked in the villages. The city bun was named after the place where it was brought from - from the city.
A photo: Anna LATUHOVA
"Give it up!"- they can ask you in Yaroslavl. Don't be afraid, no one is claiming you. Here this phrase is harmless. And it just means "get away, move away." So - better "surrender".
The locals also say "balloon" for a three liter bottle, "proranka"- on a loop in clothes, "mosly"- large bones "cold"- on boiled water, which is diluted with a hot drink.
Word "trouble" in the Yaroslavl region it is used in the sense of confusing, "to swindle"- take with dirty hands, get dirty, "swear"- cough, choke while eating.
You can laugh here "on a roll". It means loudly, uncontrollably, until you drop. And if you want to agree to some proposal, then use the phrase "duc-yes". Such a colorful synonym for the word "of course."
And what do you say? Leave your comments below the article. And we will gladly add to our vocabulary!
Far East
The general name of the states and territories located in the east of Asia. The Far East usually includes the eastern part of China, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, as well as the extreme eastern part of Russia.
encyclopedic reference
The Russian Far East stretches in a narrow strip from northeast to southwest for almost 4,500 km. It consists of mainland, peninsular (Kamchatka Peninsula, Chukotka Peninsula, etc.) and island (Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands, etc.) parts. The nature of the Far East is unusual and very diverse. 90 species of mammals live here, including the endangered Amur tiger and goral, the Amur leopard and white stork; there are 400 species of birds, 27 of them are included in the Red Book of Russia. More than 100 species of fish are found in rivers and lakes. The Far East is the birthplace of the legendary root of life - ginseng, lotus, cedar, Far Eastern tortoise Trionix.
The development of the Far East by Russia took place during the XVII-XIX centuries. In 1632 on the river. Lena, the Yakut prison (fortress) was founded, and the bulk of the Yakuts accepted Russian citizenship. In 1639 the Russians reached the Sea of Okhotsk. In 1648, the explorer S.I. Dezhnev, rounding the Chukchi Peninsula, opened the strait between Asia and America. In 1650-1653. expedition of E.P. Khabarova explored the lower reaches of the Amur. By the middle of the XVII century. Transbaikalia (the territory beyond Baikal) and the Amur region (the territory along the Amur River) were annexed to Russia. In 1731, the Siberian military flotilla, designed to protect the Far East coast, included in Russia. At the end of the XVII century. the development of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands began.
An important role in the development and protection of the eastern territories of Russia was played by the Siberian Cossack army(see Cossack), formed in 1808
In the 50-70s. 19th century Russia included the Lower Amur Region, the Ussuri Territory, and Sakhalin Island. In 1860 the city of Vladivostok was founded. Construction began in 1891 Trans-Siberian Railway(about 7 thousand km), which by 1916 connected Moscow with Vladivostok, which accelerated economic development Siberia and the Far East.
At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. The Far East has become the scene of a struggle for dominance on the coast Pacific Ocean. As a result of the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Russia has lost part of its Far Eastern territory.
In October-November 1917, Soviet power was established in the Far East. In 1918-1922. Here, as well as throughout Russia, the Civil War took place. After graduation civil war the restoration of the national economy began in the Far East. The administrative-territorial division was changed. In 1926, the Far Eastern Territory was formed. In 1938 it was transformed into the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.
Currently, the Russian Far East includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Region, Kamchatka Region, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Koryaksky and Chukotsky autonomous regions. In 2000, these territories were merged into the Far Eastern Federal District with the center in the city of Khabarovsk.
In culture
The dramatic history of the development of the Far East is reflected in many literary works: A.P. described his journey to the Far East. Chekhov in the book Sakhalin Island (1894); outstanding traveler, scientist, writer V.K. Arseniev wrote the famous novel "Dersu Uzala" (1923), dedicated to the life of a traveler in the taiga; in the novel by A.A. Fadeev "Rout" (1927) describes the episodes of the Civil War in the Far East. One of the most famous Russian songs - the waltz by M. Kyuss "Amur Waves" - is dedicated to the great Russian river - the Amur. Musical radio broadcasts for Siberia and the Far East still often begin with this melody.
In language and speech
The first lines of the song Smoothly Cupid carries its waves ... have become catchwords.
The remoteness from the center of the Far Eastern territories of Russia has become the reason that in the spoken language (usually with a touch of playfulness) the word Kamchatka they call the back desks in the school (see school) class or the last rows in the institute auditorium.
Kuril Islands in colloquial speech just called Kuriles.
KHABAROVSK, March 2. /TASS/. Indigenous peoples living in the Far East are gradually forgetting their native language. No more than 25-30% of the Koryaks, Evens, Chukchis, Udeges and representatives of other small peoples speak their native language. Some languages, such as Negidal, were on the verge of extinction. This opinion was expressed to a TASS correspondent by experts in the Far East.
Some experts point to the threat of the disappearance of languages due to the scattered residence of the Far Eastern ethnic groups and the need to strengthen guarantees for the preservation of the languages and cultures of small peoples, the other part speaks of an increase in the desire for national identity among the indigenous population and a trend towards revival. But both groups of experts agree on one thing: the only way to save endangered languages is through a significant expansion of the curriculum for their teaching in educational institutions.
Basis of cultural identity
"Language is the basis of cultural identity. Despite the fact that the Russian language is the state language on the territory of Russia, only the languages of indigenous peoples are able to convey the subtleties of the mental world of the people," says the professor of the Far East federal university(FEFU), Chairman of the Assembly of Peoples of the Primorsky Territory Galina Alekseeva.
Language is the basis of cultural identity. Despite the fact that Russian is the state language on the territory of Russia, only the languages of indigenous peoples are able to convey the subtleties of the mental world of the people
Galina Alekseeva
FEFU professor
According to the FEFU professor, indigenous peoples literally "dissolve" among the larger, predominantly Russian population. Therefore, already today there is a need to improve legislation that guarantees the small peoples of the North the preservation of their ethnic identity, social security, state support in the transition to a market economy, the ability to integrate into the modern Russian society in an acceptable and pleasing way.
"That is why the state has now adopted programs for the development of the Arctic, where issues of culture and language occupy special place. The program for the preservation of the Finno-Ugric minorities is working well in the Republic of Karelia. Yakutia is actively working, which has a development program mother tongue and culture until 2030. According to the Strategy of the State national policy Until 2025, the "cultural diversity" of the peoples of Russia should be ensured," Alekseeva notes.
At risk of loss?
Konstantin Robbek, Commissioner for the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the North (Indigenous Peoples) in Yakutia, believes that Yakut or Russian have already become mother tongues for most representatives of the peoples of the North.
“In Yakutia, the issue of preserving the native language of the indigenous peoples of the North is very acute. In the republic, representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North live compactly in 70 settlements in 22 districts, but only in five of them do people communicate with each other in their native language. In the rest, where significant changes have occurred In the traditional way of life of indigenous peoples, native languages are practically lost or taught as a subject, an elective as a second language, and either Yakut or Russian are considered native," he says.
FROM similar problems encountered in the Kamchatka Territory.
"We have eight ethnic groups living in the Kamchatka Territory: Koryaks, Itelmens, Evens, Chukchis, Eskimos, Aleuts, Kamchadals, Olyutors. In educational institutions all native languages are taught, there are subjects about the culture and life of peoples. At a sufficient level, knowledge of languages is maintained among the Koryaks - 20.9% (1655 people), among the Evens - 25.9% (5656 people), among the Chukchi - 32% and Itelmens - 2.5% (84 people)", - says head of department for work with indigenous peoples of the Agency for domestic politics region Eleonora Lysyanskaya. According to her, most of the students master the Koryak, Even, Itelmen and Chukchi languages.
The Institute for the Development of Education of the Sakhalin Region (IROSO) conducted a survey among the Nivkhs - parents of children studying their native language. Only 62 people (26%) out of 232 who took part in the survey know the language of their ancestors well, and only 19% use it to communicate in everyday life.
“In Primorsky Krai, there are known difficulties in teaching children the Udege language. The difficulties are quite natural - the only specialist in the village of Krasny Yar, where the Udege live, does not have a document confirming her knowledge of the language,” complains FEFU professor Alekseeva.
The right to learn one's native language
Senior methodologist of the Khabarovsk Regional Institute for the Development of Education, member of the Council of Elders of the Association of Indigenous Minorities of the North of the Khabarovsk Territory, Nanaika Valentina Shabelnikova believes that today, in the matter of preserving the languages of the indigenous population of the Amur Region and the Far East, important step- the right to learn one's native language is enshrined in the Federal State educational standard. "Educational part standards involves teaching the native language in the amount of 3 hours a week, - she notes. - This is a very significant step from the outside. federal center which effectively guarantees indigenous peoples the right to learn their native languages".
However, the creation educational programs and teaching aids new generation - this is the prerogative of the regional authorities, it requires reliance on their own creative forces and cooperation with teachers of the native language from other regions.
According to the teacher-methodologist, regions can unite and replicate what has already been created, for example, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, to prepare programs and teaching aids. Shabelnikova also noted that last year at the Institute for the Development of Education, courses were created to train specialists in teaching native languages, teachers for them were invited from the universities of the Magadan Region and the North-Eastern Federal University named after Ammosov in Yakutia.
New generation textbooks
The first textbook of the new generation in the Khabarovsk Territory was the primer of the Negidal language (480 Negidals live in the Khabarovsk Territory in the area named after Polina Osipenko, according to the 2002 census, about 150 of them spoke their native language). "This is a publication for children who do not speak the language, for those who want to start learning the Negidal language," said Shabelnikova.
The Negidal primer was issued by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the region as part of the events state program Khabarovsk Territory "Development of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East Russian Federation living in the Khabarovsk Territory" by the publishing house "Private collection" at the end of 2016.
According to Shabelnikova, textbooks for elementary school in all languages, except Oroch, which is not taught because of the impossibility of gathering children for education (the same dispersed, nomadic residence).
The Ministry of Education of the Sakhalin Region noted that in 2016, a set of seven textbooks for studying the Nivkh language was purchased for 2 million rubles. So far, textbooks have been written only for schoolchildren of the first and second grades. The region has created creative Group on the preparation of textbooks for the next classes, so that there is a complete course.
Revival of multilingualism
"The most important thing is to provide conditions in the cultural environment for conveying their language to the peoples of Russia, through cultural creative programs and competitions, recreating a multilingual cultural environment with the participation of small peoples," said Primorsky expert Alekseeva.
Valentina Shabelnikova claims that schoolchildren of other nationalities also show interest in learning the languages of the indigenous peoples, this can be seen in the course of Olympiads in the native language and national culture. She also noted that bilingualism for schoolchildren is also a powerful incentive for the development of thinking.
In Yakutia, linguists express the hope that the revival of native languages will occur due to the development of national literature. “Aksakals are reviving their culture through literature and poetry. Also, according to monitoring data, young people have begun to identify themselves more as representatives of small nations,” Antonina Vinokurova, head of the NEFU Department of Northern Philology, told TASS.
According to Eleonora Lysyanskaya, head of the Department for Work with Indigenous Peoples of the Agency for Internal Policy of the Kamchatka Territory, native speakers are encouraged to study it by competitions for the best training project national languages in schools and creative work in native languages. "Thanks to these events, we hope that we will have young authors, poets who will write, including in their native languages," Lysyanskaya said.
"The more mental images of peoples through the knowledge of languages a person is able to perceive, the more successful, spiritually richer and more interesting he is for the world around him," summed up Professor Alekseeva from Primorye.
- FAR EAST
(eng. Far East French. Extreme Orient), a territory in the east of Asia, on which the eastern part of the Russian Federation (Russian Far East) is located, ... - FAR EAST
Vostok", a literary, artistic and socio-political magazine, an organ of the Khabarovsk branch of the RSFSR SP (it is a continuation of the magazine "On the Line", which was closed in 1941). Published in ... - FAR EAST in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
East (eng. Far East, French. Extreme Orient), the general name of the states and territories located in East Asia. By D.V. usually ... - FAR EAST GEOGR.
geographical name that has come into use in last years when the attention of Europeans was drawn to the fate of China. This name is commonly referred to... - FAR EAST NEWSPAPER in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
social and literary newspaper, published in Vladivostok since 1893, twice a week, ed.-ed. E. A. and V. A. ... - FAR EAST in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? a geographical name that came into use in recent years, when the attention of Europeans was drawn to the fate of China. This name is usually... - FAR EAST
D'alny ... - FAR EAST in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(eng. Far East, French. Extreme Orient), the territory in the east of Asia, on which the eastern part of the Russian Federation (Russian Far East), ... - FURTHER
665690, Irkutsk, ... - FURTHER in the Directory Settlements and postal codes of Russia:
658253, Altai, ... - FURTHER in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
431531, Republic of Mordovia, … - FURTHER in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
347553, Rostov, ... - FURTHER in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
309979, Belgorod, ... - EAST in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
694201, Sakhalin, ... - EAST in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
692183, Primorsky, ... - EAST in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
627555, Tyumen, ... - EAST in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
416210, Astrakhan, ... - EAST in bible encyclopedia Nicephorus:
The word east is used in Palestine in general in relation to a distant country, lying in an easterly direction from Palestine (Is. 45:11). At… - EAST in the Literary Encyclopedia:
see "Russian magazines ... - FURTHER in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
city in China, see ... - EAST in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
sailing warship. Built in 1818; displacement 900 tons. In 1819-21 under the command of F. F. Bellingshausen on the "Vostok" and the sloop ... - EAST in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
east point, one of the four main points of the horizon (cardinal points), located to the right of the observer, facing north. … - FURTHER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
- FURTHER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -ya, -her. 1. Same as distant (in 1 value). distant areas. Long range aviation. On the distant approaches (also ... - FURTHER
LONG-TERM ORDER, characteristic of crystals, strict repeatability in all directions of the same structural element(atoms, groups of atoms, molecules… - FURTHER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
FAR EAST (English Far East, French Extreme Orient), terr. in V. Asia, on which the east is located. part of Russia (Russian D.V.), ... - FURTHER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
FAR, see Dalian ... - EAST. in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"EAST. AFRO-ASIAN SOCIETIES: HISTORY AND MODERNITY", scientific. journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1955, Moscow. Founders (1998) - Department of the problems of the world economy and ... - EAST in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"VOSTOK", sailing military. sloop. Built in 1818; displacement 900 tons. In 1819-21 under the command. F.F. Bellingshausen on "V." and sloop... - EAST in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"VOSTOK", a series of single space ships for flights in near-Earth orbit. According to the program "B." studied the possibility of space. human flight, conducted scientific. … - EAST in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"VOSTOK", ros. polar station in the region of Yuzh. geomagnetic pole in Vost. Antarctica, at high 3488 m, 1250 km from … - EAST in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VOSTOK (point of the east), intersection point of math. horizon with the celestial equator, lying to the right (in the middle between the points N. and S.) from the observer, ... - FURTHER in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
- FURTHER
yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes"flax, yes" flax, yes "flax, yes" flax, yes "flax, yes" flax, yes "flax, yes" flax, yes "flax, ... - EAST in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
east "to, east" ki, east "ka, east" kov, east "ku, east" kam, east "to, east" ki, east "com, east" kami, east "ke, ... - EAST in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-a, only ed. , m. 1) That part of the horizon where the sun rises. A ruddy dawn covered the east, in the village across the river ... - FURTHER
- EAST in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
‘sides of the horizon’ Syn: rest ... - FURTHER in the Russian Thesaurus:
‘distance’ Syn: distant, distant, distant Ant: … - EAST in the Russian Thesaurus:
‘sides of the horizon’ Syn: stop (special … - FURTHER in the Dictionary of synonyms of Abramov:
see distant || no far... - FURTHER
distance Syn: distant, distant, distant Ant: ... - EAST in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
sunrise, mizrach, ... - FURTHER
adj. 1) Having a large extent (opposite: near). 2) Distant, distant (opposite: close). 3) Ascending to a common ancestor is no closer than ... - EAST in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
m. The territory or countries located east of the states ... - EAST in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
m. 1) a) One of the four countries of the world. b) The side of the part of the horizon where the sun rises. 2) Direction, side, opposite... - FURTHER in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin.
- EAST in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
East'ok, -a and (Asian countries) East'ok, -a; Far East, Near East, Middle East (territories in … - FURTHER in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- EAST in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
East, -a and (Asian countries) East, -a; Far East, Middle East, Middle East (territories in … - FURTHER in the Spelling Dictionary.
- EAST in the Spelling Dictionary:
east'ok, -a and (Asian countries) east'ok, -a; far east, near east, middle east (territories in ...