Specification acceptance. The meaning of the word concretization in the thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
Various linguists suggest various classifications translation transformations.
So V.N. Komissarov classifies translation transformations into lexical and grammatical transformations. The main types of lexical transformations include the following translation techniques: translation transcription and transliteration:
Kleptocracy-kleptocracy (thieves' elite;
Dorset (`do:sit) - Dorset;
boss - boss;
Tracing is a way of translating the lexical unit of the original by replacing it constituent parts- morphemes or words with their lexical counterparts in the target language. (green revolution - green revolution, mass culture as "mass culture". V.N. Komissarov also identifies lexical-semantic substitutions. The main types of such substitutions are concretization, generalization and semantic development the value of the original unit.
He was at the ceremony - He attended the ceremony. He always made you say everything twice - He always asked again. - reception of semantic development.
The most common grammatical transformations are: division of a sentence, combination of sentences, grammatical substitutions(word forms, parts of speech or sentence members.)
We got under way with a mere breath of wind, and for many days stood along the eastern cost of Java, without any other incident to beguile the monotony of our course than the occasional meeting with some of the small grabs of the Archipelago to which we were bound.-We left the port with a barely noticeable breeze and for long days walked along the east coast of Java. The monotony of our voyage was only occasionally interrupted by encounters with small coasters from the islands to which we were making our way. This is an example of sentence division.
That was a long time ago. It seemed like fifty years ago. - It was a long time ago - it seemed that fifty years had passed. This is an example of combining sentences.
Grammar substitutions is a translation method in which a grammatical unit in the original is converted into a translation unit with a different grammatical meaning.
He left the room with his head held high. He left the room with his head held high.
Another example It is our hope that an agreement will be reached by Friday. - We hope that an agreement will be reached by Friday.
V.N. Komissarov also identifies a third type of translational transformations - this is a mixed type, or as he calls "complex lexico-grammatical transformations." We refer to them: antonymic translation, explication and compensation.
The people are not slow in learning the truth.- antonymous translation.
Explication or descriptive translation is lexico-grammatical transformation, in which the lexical unit of the original language is replaced by a phrase that explicates its meaning, that is, gives a more or less complete explanation or definition of this meaning in the target language. With the help of explications, you can convey the meaning of any non-equivalent word in the original:
"Conservationist" - supporter of environmental protection.
Such is the classification of translation transformations proposed by V.N. Komissarov.
The next classification of translation transformations is the classification proposed by L.S. Barkhudarov. He distinguishes the following types of transformations:
permutations;
Additions;
Omissions.
This kind of division is largely approximate and conditional. These four types of elementary translation transformations are rare in practice "in their pure form" - usually they are combined with each other, taking on the character of complex, complex transformations.
So, permutation as a kind of translational transformation, according to L.S. Barkhudarov, is a change in the location of language elements in the translation text compared to the original text. Elements that can be rearranged are words, phrases, parts complex sentence and independent sentences in the structure of the text. It is known that the word "order" in English and Russian is not the same.
For example: / A suburban train / was derailed / near London / last night /.
1 subject 2 predicate 3 adverb of place 4 adverb of time
The order of the components of the Russian sentence is "directly opposite" to the order of the components of the original English sentence.
Last night / near London / derailed / commuter train.
4 3 2 1
This phenomenon is quite common in translation. AT English text subordinate clause precedes the main, in Russian translation, on the contrary, the main precedes the subordinate clause.
The silver saucer clattered when he replaced the pitcher. - He quickly put down the jug, even the silver stand jingled.
The second type of translation transformations that Barkhudarov singles out is replacements. This is the most common and diverse type of translation transformations. In the process of translation, word forms, parts of speech, sentence members can be replaced. That is, there are grammatical and lexical substitutions. The replacement of parts of speech is the most common example of translation transformations.
At first he hung in his grandfather's room, but soon his grandfather drove him to our attic, because the starling learned to tease grandfather. - At first the bird hung in my grandfather`s room, but soonhe outlawed it to our attic, because in began to imitate him.
There is also the replacement of a verbal noun with a personal verb, the replacement of an adjective with an adverb, and so on.
When replacing members of a sentence, words and groups of words in the translation text are used in syntactic functions other than their counterparts in the original text - in other words, the syntactic scheme of the sentence is restructured. Most common example this kind of syntactic restructuring is the replacement of the English passive construction of the Russian active one, in which the English subject in the Russian sentence corresponds to the addition; the subject in the Russian sentence becomes the word corresponding to the English addition with by; the passive form of the English verb is replaced by the active form of the Russian verb.
He was met by his sister / - His sister met him.
L.S. Barkhudarov also highlights lexical substitutions (concretization, generalization). Specification - is the replacement of a word or phrase in the original language with a broader referential meaning by a word or phrase in the target language with a narrower meaning:
He told me to come right over, if I felt like it. - He ordered me to come at least now, if necessary.
Generalization- a phenomenon opposite to concretization - the replacement of a unit of the original language, which has a narrower meaning, with a unit of the target language with a broader meaning. Here are some examples of generalization:
He comes over and visits me practically everyweekend.- He visits me often, almost every week. This newspaper makesa feature of sports. - In this newspaper sports are given a prominent place.
There are also complex lexico-grammatical substitutions. Antonymic translation, the essence of which is the transformation of an affirmative construction into a negative one or vice versa, a negative one into an affirmative one, accompanied by the replacement of one of the words of the translated sentence in the original language with its antonym in the target language.
I'm not kidding. - I'm serious about it. She wasn't looking too happy. She looked rather unhappy.
The next type of translation transformations is addition. The reason for the need for additions in the translated text is what can be called the “formal non-expression” of the semantic components of the phrase in the original language:
so what? I said. Cold as hell. “Well, what is it?” I ask in an icy voice.
The next type of translation transformations, which L.S. Barkhudarov - omission. This is the exact opposite of adding. When translating, words that are most often semantically redundant, that is, expressing meanings that can be extracted from the text without their help, are most often omitted:
So I paid my check and all. I left the bar and went out where the telephone were.- I paid and went to the machines.
Such is the classification of translation transformations proposed by L.S. Barkhudarov.
In turn, Ya.I. Retzker divides translation transformations into lexical and grammatical transformations. ME AND. Retzker identifies seven types of lexical transformations:
- 1. differentiation of meanings;
- 2. concretization of values;
- 3. generalization of values;
- 4. semantic development;
- 5. antonymic translation;
- 6. holistic transformation;
- 7. compensation for losses in the translation process.
He ordered adrink . - He orderedwhiskey. - meaning differentiation "drink".
Have you had yourmeal ? - You alreadyhad breakfast ? - this is an example of value instantiation.
The treatment turned to be successful and she recovered completely. -Treatment was successful and she made a full recovery - value generalization.
Reception semantic development consists in replacing dictionary correspondence in translation with contextual correspondence logically related to it. This includes various metaphorical and metonymic substitutions:
He gave the horse his head. He let go of the reins. A clear metonymic connection is observed here: the head of the horse and the reins are the replacement of the action by its cause.
ME AND. Retzker also highlights antonymic translation- replacement of any concept expressed in the original with the opposite concept in translation with a corresponding restructuring of the entire statement in order to maintain an unchanged content plan.
The windows of the workshop were closed to keep the cool air. - The windows of the workshop were closed so that hot air would not enter there.
Reception holistic transformation is also a certain kind of semantic development. The internal form of any segment of the speech chain is transformed - from single word to the whole sentence. Moreover, it is transformed not by elements, but holistically.
Never mind. - Nothing, do not worry, do not pay attention.
Holistic transformation- a common technique of lexical transformation in the translation of journalistic material.
The other tasks of the revolution in the South could be left to work themselves out. - The fulfillment of other tasks of the revolution in the South could be left to chance.
Naturally, this technique finds the widest application in the translation of phraseology in the broad sense of the word, that is, colloquial expressions that reflect the specifics of live communication in English. Common greeting How do you do, rethinking, we translate Hello.
Help yourself -- Eat please or Help yourself.
Pushing a neighbor or knocking over a glass through negligence, the Englishman will say: I meant no harm, and perhaps best of all it conveys the Russian I'm sorry, I accidentally. Having greeted a stranger by mistake, an Englishman may say somewhat ceremoniously: It's a case of mistaken identity, but this cannot be expressed otherwise than I'm sorry, I misunderstood or I mistook you for someone else.
Compensation(or compensation for losses) in the translation should be considered the replacement of an incommunicable element of the original with an element of a different order in accordance with the general ideological and artistic nature of the original and where this is convenient under the conditions of the Russian language. In English:
I`ve brought a Christmas present for Dad - in a Russian sentence: This is a New Year's present for dad.
According to Ya.I. Retsker, grammatical transformations consist in the transformation of the sentence structure in the process of translation in accordance with the norms of the target language. The transformation can be complete or partial. Usually, when the main members of the sentence are replaced, a complete transformation occurs, but if only minor members of the sentence are replaced, a partial transformation occurs. In addition to substitutions of members of a sentence, parts of speech can also be replaced.
Here are some examples of grammatical transformations
Long habit has made it more comfortable for me to speak through the creatures of my invention. -Due to a long habit, it is more convenient for me to speak through people I make up.
Adjectives in translation are most often replaced by adverbs. This grammatical transformation is usually associated with the phenomenon of epithet hyphenation common in English fiction:
He stretched a careless hand .- He casually extended his hand. Was not given money. - They gave him money.
or She was offered another post. - She was offered a new position. Such transformations ("passive" - "active") are very common.
These are the features of the classification of translation transformations proposed by Ya.I. Retsker.
So, we have considered three classifications of translation transformations proposed by L.S. Barkhudarov, V.N. Komissarov and Ya.I. Retzker.
Summing up the results of the theoretical part of this work, we came to the following conclusion: the main goal of translation is to achieve adequacy. The main task of the translator in achieving adequacy is to skillfully make the necessary translation transformations so that the translated text conveys as accurately as possible all the information contained in the original text, while observing the relevant norms of the target language.
Based on the generality of the above classifications of translation transformations, we found that transformations can be divided into lexical and grammatical.
In turn, lexical transformations are presented as follows:
- 1. specification of values;
- 2. generalization of values;
- 3. semantic development;
- 4. antonymic translation;
- 5. metonymic translation;
- 6. compensation;
- 7. lexical substitutions.
Grammar transformations:
- 1. addition;
- 2. omission;
- 3. replacement;
- 4. permutation;
- 5. division and association of proposals.
In the process of translation activity, transformations are most often of a mixed type, that is, they are complex, COMPLEX CHARACTER.
translational transformation grammatical wilde
Concretization is the replacement of a word or phrase FL with a broader meaning by a word or phrase TL with a narrower meaning. As a rule, the vocabulary of the Russian language is more specific than the corresponding lexical units. of English language. This has been repeatedly noted by linguists. Specification can be linguistic and contextual (speech). During linguistic concretization, the replacement of a word with a broad meaning by a word with a narrower meaning is due to differences in the structure of the two languages - either the absence in the TL of a lexical unit that has the same broad meaning as the transmitted FL unit, or differences in their stylistic characteristics, or the requirements of grammatical order (the need for syntactic transformation of the sentence, in particular, the replacement of a nominal predicate with a verb, examples of which will be given below).
When translating into Russian, verbs of motion and verbs of speech are concretized: be, have, get, take, give, make, say, come, go, etc.:
At the by-election victory went to the Labor candidate.
The by-election was won by Labor (the candidate from the Labor Party won).
The rain came in torrents.
It poured heavy rain.
‘So what?’ I said. (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye).
Well, so what? I ask.
Didn't tell me to come right over, if I felt like it.
He told me to come at least now, if necessary.
Here are examples of the transformation of a Russian nominal predicate into an English verb, which usually requires specification of the verb be, for example: Not is at school - He studies at school; Not is in the Army - He serves in the army; The concert was on Sunday - The concert took place on Sunday. (one)
As for contextual concretization, it can be determined by the factors of this particular context, most often, stylistic considerations, such as the need for completeness of the phrase, the desire to avoid repetition, to achieve greater figurativeness, visibility, etc. For example:
You could hear him putting away his toilet articles.
You could hear him putting away his soap dishes and brushes.
3.2. Generalization
The method of generalization is the opposite of concretization, because it consists in replacing the particular with a general, specific concept by a generic one. When translating from English into Russian, it is used much less frequently than concretization. This is due to the peculiarity of the English vocabulary. The words of this language often have a more abstract character than Russian words related to the same concept. Here are some examples of generalization:
Doesn't come over and visits me practically every weekend.
He visits me often, almost every week.
Didn't show us this old beat-up Navajo blanket that he and Mrs Spencer"d bought off some Indian...
He showed us a shabby Indian blanket - he and Mrs. Spencer bought it from some Indian ...
The eagle rose higher and began to make circles again.
The bird went up and circled again.
3.3. Reception of lexical addition
Both lexical and grammatical transformations often require the introduction of additional words. The introduction of additional words is due to a number of reasons: differences in the structure of the sentence and the fact that more concise English sentences require a more detailed expression of thought in Russian. The absence of the corresponding word or the corresponding lexical-semantic variant of the given word is also the reason for the introduction of additional words in the translation.
Here are some examples from translations of fiction:
“Wouldn’t you like a cup of hot chocolate before you go?”
Will you drink a cup of hot chocolate on the road?
The conductor came around for old Mrs Morrow's ticket,
The conductor came in to check Mrs. Morrow's ticket.
Additions during the translation process can be caused by other reasons. One of them is the syntactic restructuring of the sentence structure during translation, during which it is sometimes necessary to introduce certain elements into the sentence. So, when translating into English, in order to convey the “communicative division of a sentence”, in some cases it turns out to be necessary to introduce a subject into the English sentence, which is absent in the original Russian sentence:
In 1958 the first recordings were made.
In 1958 that orchestra made its first recordings.
In the 1930s, preparations began for the construction of a hydroelectric station near Samara.
In the 1930’s the Soviet Union launched preparations for the building of a hydro-power project near Samara.
Subject nouns added in English sentences are determined by broad context factors. Additions in these cases, in principle, could be avoided, but this would require the use of a passive construction in the translation, which would make the English text stylistically heavier.
Often, lexical additions are conditioned by the need to convey in the translated text the meanings expressed in the original by grammatical means. For example, when transferring English forms plural of nouns that do not have this form in Russian. Thus, workers of all industries should be translated as workers in all industries. Wed See also: defenses, modern weapons, etc. For example:
There are other philosophies of the past which give strong support to the Humanist position. (C. Lament, The Philosophy of Humanism)
There are other philosophies (or: currents, theories) of the past that strongly support the concept of humanism.
Of particular difficulty are attributive combinations consisting of combinations “noun + noun”, as well as “adjective + noun”. The latter are terminological in nature.
For example: pay claim (pay offer) demand (offer) to increase wages, wage strike strike demanding higher wages, gun license certificate for the right to carry weapons, oil countries oil producing countries, etc.
The correct choice of the semantic component added to the Russian translation requires knowledge of extralinguistic factors.
Sometimes additions turn out to be due to purely stylistic considerations:
She never used scent, and she had always thought it rather fast, but Eau de Cologne was so refreshing. (S. Maugham, Before the Party)
She never perfumed herself, considering this a sign of a certain frivolity, but cologne is another matter, it is so pleasantly refreshing.
Among other methods of translation transformation, many scholars single out concretization. And despite the differences in views on which of the types this technique belongs to and how to call it (not everyone classifies concretization as a lexical transformation, A.D. Schweitzer, for example, called it a hyponymic transformation), the essence of this technique by different authors similar. What is its meaning, and how the technique is implemented in practice, will be discussed in this article.
In the process of translation, one often encounters the fact that the vocabulary of the Russian language is more specific than its similar lexical units in the English language. Therefore, the concretization technique has become widespread, the essence of which is to replace a word that has a rather lengthy meaning in the source language with a word with a more specific meaning.
The prevailing distribution over contextual concretization is linguistic concretization, in which the replacement of a word with a broad meaning for a word with a narrower one is determined by differences in the structure of the two languages. The reasons for these discrepancies may also be the absence of a lexical unit in the target language, the meaning of which is as detailed as in the source language. Differences can also be contained in stylistic characteristics or in the requirements of grammatical order, for example, in the urgency of syntactic transformation in the form of replacing a nominal predicate with a verb.
In most cases, when translating into Russian, specification is subject to English verbs speech, as well as verbs of motion, such as: say, be, have, get, take, give, make, come, go, etc.:
At the by-election victory went to the Labor candidate. - The Labor Party candidate won the by-election.
The rain came in torrents. - It rained heavily.
"So what?" I said. (J. Salinger "The Catcher in the Rye"). - Well, so what? I ask.
Didn't tell me to come right over, if I felt like it. (J. Salinger "The Catcher in the Rye") - He ordered me to come at least now, if necessary.
Here you can provide examples of changing a Russian nominal predicate into an English verb, which always requires a definition of clarity for the verb be:
She is at school. - She goes to school.
The concert was on Sunday. - The concert took place on Sunday.
Not in the Army. - He serves in the army.
The use of the method of contextual or verbal specification occurs in cases where it is necessary to complete a phrase, when it is necessary to avoid repetition, achieve greater expressiveness, etc. That is, in situations where changes are dictated by purely stylistic considerations. For example:
You could hear him putting away his toilet articles. (J. Salinger "The Catcher in the Rye") - He could be heard putting away his soap dishes and brushes.
Generalization
The exact opposite of concretization is generalization. The essence of this technique is the replacement of a specific concept by a generic one, a particular concept by a general one. Due to the fact that the words of the English language are more abstract than similar Russian words, when translating from English into Russian, generalization is much less used than concretization. However, it is not complete without its use, for example:
The eagle rose higher and again began to circle above the ground. The bird went up and circled again.
...Does not come over and visits me practically every weekend. “…He visits me often, almost every week.
...Didn't show us this old beat-up Navajo blanket that he bought off some Indian...
Concretization is the replacement of a word or phrase FL with a broader meaning by a word or phrase TL with a narrower meaning. As a rule, the vocabulary of the Russian language is more specific than the corresponding lexical units of the English language. This has been repeatedly noted by linguists. Specification can be linguistic and contextual (speech). During linguistic concretization, the replacement of a word with a broad meaning by a word with a narrower meaning is due to differences in the structure of the two languages - either the absence in the TL of a lexical unit that has the same broad meaning as the transmitted FL unit, or differences in their stylistic characteristics, or the requirements of grammatical order (the need for syntactic transformation of the sentence, in particular, the replacement of a nominal predicate with a verb, examples of which will be given below).
When translating into Russian, verbs of motion and verbs of speech are concretized: be, have, get, take, give, make, say, come, go, etc.:
At the by-election victory went to the Labor candidate.
The by-election was won by Labor (the candidate from the Labor Party won).
The rain came in torrents.
It poured heavy rain.
‘So what?’ I said. (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye).
Well, so what? I ask.
Didn't tell me to come right over, if I felt like it.
He told me to come at least now, if necessary.
Here are examples of the transformation of a Russian nominal predicate into an English verb, which usually requires specification of the verb be, for example: Not is at school - He studies at school; Not is in the Army - He serves in the army; The concert was on Sunday - The concert took place on Sunday. (one)
As for contextual concretization, it can be determined by the factors of this particular context, most often, stylistic considerations, such as the need for completeness of the phrase, the desire to avoid repetition, to achieve greater figurativeness, visibility, etc. For example:
You could hear him putting away his toilet articles.
You could hear him putting away his soap dishes and brushes.
This type of modification consists in replacing a word or phrase FL with a broader meaning by a word or phrase TL with a narrower meaning. Many Spanish words have a wide semantics that covers the meanings of a number of Russian words. Such, for example, are verbs of motion, lexemes iniciativa, acción, manifestación, problema. Therefore, when translating, it is necessary to specify the meaning of the word, which requires the translator to have good extralinguistic knowledge, understanding of the text and situation. So, for example, when we read the following Spanish sentence: A pesar del buen ritmo del proceso, no hay que echar todavía las campanas a vuelo, we should be aware of what exactly in question, since proceso can refer to any process. In this case, we are talking about the peace process.
When translating another fragment of the main text of the lesson, namely Sus palabras se vieron confirmadas a mediados de noviembre, one should specify the meaning of the Spanish noun palabras and translate it as "warnings".
When using the technique of concretization, the translator is sometimes forced to "lengthen" the TP, for example:
Otras decenas de miles participaron en actos similares. - Tens of thousands Spaniards participated in such demonstrations.
The concretization was achieved by introducing a new word "Spaniards" into the PT and was caused by stylistic considerations.
3. Compensation for translation from Spanish into Russian. Differences in the norms of compatibility, ways of describing the extralinguistic situation, the usual characteristics of languages can cause certain part information of the text in FL is omitted by the translator in the PT or is not fully transmitted to them. In order to compensate for such a semantic loss, the translator must “transfer” the omitted information to another place in the TP or express it by other linguistic means. The possibility of compensation in translation is due to the fact that the true adequacy of the translated text to the source text is manifested not at the level of an isolated statement, but at the level of the text.
In this regard, an adequate translation into Russian of the Spanish expression atreverse a tirar la primera piedra is possible if we use the method of compensation: “to dare to be the first to throw a stone” (in Russian one cannot say “throw the first stone” without distorting the essence of this phraseological phrase) . (See the translation commentary “Translation of phraseological units”, p. 201 for more details.)
B. Tips for the translator
1. Translation of periphrastic combinations with a verb quedar. Combinations of the verb quedar with impersonal forms of the verb convey different aspectual shades. Such phrases should be translated into Russian by a verb with a prefix, a phrase with the verbs “accept, start” or descriptive means, for example:
Tres son los acuerdos parciales que quedan por suscribirse. - It remains to sign three agreements on specific issues.
La lucha ha quedado signada por la huelga general.– The struggle was marked by a general strike.
2. Transmission in Russian of the meanings expressed by the Spanish forms of the future tense. In addition to expressing an action that should happen in the future, the Spanish forms of the future tense have other functions, in particular, they denote a hypothetical action in the present and past tense aspects. To convey this meaning in the PT, it is necessary to enter the words of the modal assessment "maybe", "probably", "probably" or use the subjunctive mood of the verb "to be able":
Si no hay sobresaltos, en 1997 este castigado país habrá dejado atrás 36 años de guerra civil. - If there are no surprises, then in 1997 this long-suffering country, perhaps, will leave behind 36 years of civil war.
¿Quien sera? - Who could it be?
3. Designation of dates in Spanish and Russian texts. Different periods of time (such as months) are denoted in Spanish as follows:
When designating months and days of the week, próximo indicates the next month or day of the week, and último (pasado) indicates the last day or month in relation to the given one, regardless of the calendar framework of the year or week. Thus, el pasado enero in the main text of this lesson means "January of this year" (that is, 1996, the events of which are discussed in this text). In October 1998 we would say:
The expression en lo que va (falta) del año (siglo, mes, lustro, semana) means that the event referred to happened (is happening) in the period of time that has not yet ended, indicated by the period indicated in the phrase, for example:
Hubo dos guerras mundiales en lo que va del siglo.– During the century there were two world wars.
4. Dar. Phrases with the verb dar are translated into Russian in different ways, depending on the compatibility norms of the Russian language:
dar impulso | give impetus | |||
dar una replica | fight back | |||
dar permiso | permit | |||
dar interests | bear interest | |||
dar a conocer | inform | |||
dar comienzo | initiate | |||
Dar las gracias | thank | |||
confirmar | confirm | |||
firmar | approve | |||
firmar | to sign | |||
mostrar | show | |||
demostrar | prove | |||
probar | prove | |||
aprobar | approve | |||
5. Confirmar. Spanish verbs with the same root in many cases express different lexical meanings, for example:
6.Direction."Management". Synonyms for this lexeme in Spanish are: jefatura, autoridades, equipo gobernante, equipo dirigente, gobernación, cúpula ("top"). Correspondences of the word "leader" are dirigente, gobernador, jefe, líder. The words tirano, cabecilla, gorila, used mainly in the Spanish language of Latin American countries, have a sharply negative connotation.
In the meaning of "dominance", "prevalence" in Spanish, the nouns dominio, predominio, supremacía, dominación are used.
7. Terreno."Region, sphere, direction". Synonyms - esfera, ámbito, sentido, dominio, campo, aspecto.
D. Text exercises
1. Find in the main text of the lesson the Spanish equivalents of the following expressions:
as a result of complex five-year negotiations, where the last preliminary agreements must be signed before the 12th, today's agreement means a ceasefire, a return to civilian life, as a token of gratitude, a peacemaking process, determine a schedule for the implementation of agreements, in the presence of fifty heads of state, the rights of Indian peoples, reduction by one third of the army, it is too early to ring all the bells, give an unexpected impetus to the negotiations, there are forces in the country associated with the most reactionary circles, be prepared for, boycott the peace process, sow panic among landowners, general amnesty, leave numerous political crimes.
2. Translate at a fast pace by ear:
accidentadas conversaciones - make peace before the end of 1996 - los últimos acuerdos previos - Norwegian capital - el alto el fuego
definitivo - three agreements remain to be signed on specific issues - reformas constitucionales y el régimen electoral - return to civilian life - las partes volverán después a México - leaders partisan movement- fijar el calendario del cumplimiento de los acuerdos - to suspend the offensive - reforzar el consenso nacional - to reduce by a third the personnel of the army - luchar contra la subversión - to warn repeatedly - echar las campanas a vuelo - in mid-November - reunirse personalmente con la cúpula guerrillera - six hundred foreign delegations - queda pendiente un tema.