Approximate adapted educational program for children with disabilities. Adapted educational program for children with disabilities as a means of implementing an inclusive educational process
A fire extinguisher is a reliable fire extinguisher. Sometimes it is simply irreplaceable: after all, it allows you to achieve an effect in a matter of seconds, like from a barrel of water, and at the same time, they can extinguish not only solid substances, but also liquids and even gases.
However, it is not enough to have a fire extinguisher - you need to know how to use it. And in this article we will look at how to use a fire extinguisher.
How to use the fire extinguisher itself?
How to use a fire extinguisher is usually written on its surface - in the form brief instructions. The general sequence of actions for manual fire extinguishers is as follows:
Powder extinguishers:
Tear off the seal (located on top, on the locking and starting device);
Pull out the pin (located next to the seal);
Release the nozzle of the hose, which is designed to supply the substance, and direct the hose to the combustion source;
Press the substance supply lever and start extinguishing the fire.
Remember: when using a powder fire extinguisher indoors, keep in mind that after its use a cloud of fire extinguishing powder will remain, which greatly impairs visibility and makes it difficult for a person to breathe.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers:
Break the fire extinguisher seal;
Pull out the check;
Position the fire extinguisher socket so that it is directed at the source of ignition;
Press the lever or open the fire extinguisher valve. Start putting out the fire.
Remember: you can’t hold on to the bell with your bare hands, because when carbon dioxide leaves the fire extinguisher, the bell cools down to -70 degrees. Often fire extinguishers are equipped with a convenient handle next to the bell - hold on to it.
When extinguishing a fire in a small enclosed area, be aware that the rapid release of a significant amount of carbon dioxide significantly increases its content in the air, and inhalation of such air can lead to loss of consciousness. Therefore, in such situations, we recommend holding your breath: showing physical activity, a person can hold out for at least 2 minutes, which is enough to use a fire extinguisher.
How to put out fires?
Start extinguishing the fire from the windward side so that the flame and combustion products do not blow on you.
When extinguishing a flat surface, start extinguishing the edge closest to you, then move forward.
When extinguishing burning liquids, start extinguishing from above and move down.
When extinguishing walls, work from the bottom up - after all, the flame moves in the same way.
When extinguishing a gas torch, as it were, cut the base of the flame with a jet of fire extinguishing agent, cut off the torch.
When extinguishing energized electrical equipment, take into account possible consequences. Do not bring the fire extinguisher closer than a meter to the equipment. If the voltage on the equipment exceeds 10 kilovolts, turn off the power.
If there are several people with fire extinguishers, put out the fire together, use all fire extinguishers at once.
After extinguishing the fire, make sure that further combustion is impossible. It would be better if someone was in control of the situation.
Take fire extinguishers to recharge after use.
Remember: when working with a fire extinguisher, the main thing is efficiency. The job of a fire extinguisher is not to put out the fire, but to keep it from flaring up. Therefore, use a fire extinguisher immediately after detecting a fire (if it cannot be extinguished by yourself).
Position fire extinguishers where they are visible and accessible to you and others. Possible sources of fire should be no further than 30-40 meters from the fire extinguisher in warehouses and industrial premises and no further than 20 meters in public buildings.
Mount the fire extinguisher so that it is easy to pick up and at the same time cannot fall. Read the instructions for the fire extinguisher, consider how to use the fire extinguisher.
When working in burning rooms, remember: the main danger is smoke. Due to the high temperature and toxic substances, it quickly disables a person. An ideal option for staying in such places would be a self-rescuer or an insulating gas mask, but if none of this is available, it remains only to hold your breath if necessary, move along the bottom of the room and use a cotton-gauze bandage.
When extinguishing a fire, do not panic. Adequately assess the situation, your capabilities and possible damage to health. It happens that it is better not to risk saving something valuable, but to wait until the firemen arrive. Or vice versa: for the sake of saving valuable property, it is quite possible to neglect light burns. In any case, leave yourself free access to the exit from the premises.
Now you know how to use a fire extinguisher. We hope that these recommendations will never be useful to you, because a fire is much easier to prevent than to extinguish. However, everyone should know how to use a fire extinguisher, because one day a fire extinguisher can save your life and property.
Instructions for use of CARBON DIOXIDE fire extinguishers (CO2)
- Actions of a Company employee in case of fire or signs of burning (smoke, smell of burning, temperature increase, etc.)
- Stop working;
- Turn off electrical equipment;
- Report the incident by phone 01 or from a mobile phone 112 to the fire brigade, while you must give the address of the object, the place of the fire, your last name;
- Take, if possible, measures to evacuate people, extinguish the fire with primary fire extinguishing equipment, and preserve inventory items.
Comparative characteristics of OP and OU
Characteristic |
OP |
OU |
Principle of operation |
based on the use of excess pressure energy created in the fire extinguisher body |
based on the use of excess pressure energy, which is created in the fire extinguisher body |
Fire extinguishing action |
consists in the mechanical knocking down of the flame and the displacement of oxygen from the combustion zone |
based on cooling the combustion zone and diluting the combustible vapor-gas-air medium with an inert (non-combustible) substance to concentrations at which the combustion reaction stops |
Working temperature range |
from -50 to +50 о С |
from -20 to + 50 о С |
Purpose (fire classes) |
A, B, C, D, E. The specific classes of fires that a particular fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish are indicated on the extinguisher label. |
to extinguish fires of various materials and substances, as well as electrical installations, cables and wires under voltage up to 1 kV. The specific classes of fires that a particular fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish are indicated on the label. |
Features of extinguishing fires and fires.
- Powder ejection time is 6 to 15 seconds.
- When extinguishing fires with powder fire extinguishers, the fire is eliminated as soon as the combustion zone is surrounded by a cloud of powder of the required concentration, in addition, the powder cloud has a shielding property, which makes it possible to approach the burning object at close range.
- At the very beginning of extinguishing, one should not get too close to the source of the fire, because due to the high speed of the powder jet, there is a strong suction (ejection) of air, which only inflates the flame above the source. In addition, when extinguishing from a short distance, scattering or spraying of burning materials with a powerful jet of powder can occur, which will not lead to extinguishing, but to an increase in the area of the fire.
- Powder fire extinguishers are not allowed to extinguish electrical equipment that is energized above 1000 V.
- Powder fire extinguishers should not be used to protect equipment that could be damaged by powder (certain types of electronic equipment, collector-type electrical machines, etc.).
- Due to the high dust content during their operation and, as a result, the sharply deteriorating visibility of the fire and evacuation routes, as well as the irritating effect of the powder on the respiratory system, it is not recommended to use powder fire extinguishers in small rooms (less than 40 cubic meters).
- Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers must not be used to extinguish fires in electrical equipment energized above 10 kV.
- A carbon dioxide fire extinguisher fitted with a metal bell must not be used to extinguish fires in live electrical equipment.
- When using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers of all types, it is forbidden to hold the bell with an unprotected hand, since when carbon dioxide escapes, a snow-like mass is formed with a temperature of minus 60-70 ° C.
- Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should be used in cases where effective fire extinguishing requires fire retardant substances that do not damage equipment and objects (computer centers, electronic equipment, etc.).
- When using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, it must be borne in mind that carbon dioxide in high concentrations in the volume of the room can cause poisoning of personnel, therefore, after using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, small rooms should be ventilated.
- Before using mobile carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, the number of service personnel who are in the room should be limited.
- Pull out the sealed check.
- Direct the bell to the fire, do not take the bell with your hand, because. the temperature during operation will drop to minus 60-70 degrees - you can get burned.
- Open the locking and starting device (press the lever or turn the handwheel counterclockwise until it stops).
- The lever allows you to interrupt the supply of carbon dioxide.
Disadvantages of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers:
- in high concentrations, carbon dioxide is dangerous to human health;
- the possibility of the appearance of significant thermal stresses in structures when they are exposed to a fire extinguishing agent with a relatively low sub-zero temperature and, as a result, they lose their bearing capacity;
- the possibility of the appearance of static electricity discharges on the socket when the fire extinguishing composition exits the fire extinguisher;
- danger of frostbite in contact with the metal parts of the fire extinguisher or jet;
- strong dependence of the intensity of the output of the fire extinguishing agent on the ambient temperature.
General features of using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers:
Not allowed:
- Operate the fire extinguisher if dents, blisters or cracks appear on the fire extinguisher body, on the shut-off and starter head or on the union nut, as well as if the connections of the fire extinguisher units are leaking or if the pressure indicator malfunctions.
- Place fire extinguishers near heating appliances, allow direct sunlight on cylinders.
- Strike the fire extinguisher or the source of propellant gas.
- When working, direct the OTV jet towards people standing close by.
The principle of operation is based on the displacement of carbon dioxide by excess pressure. When the shut-off and starting device is opened, CO 2 flows through the siphon tube to the socket. CO 2 from a liquefied state passes into a solid (snow-like) state. The temperature drops sharply (up to -70 o C). Carbon dioxide, falling on a burning substance, isolates it from oxygen. |
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ACTIVATION OF THE MANUAL FIRE EXTINGUISHER |
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Every person should know the rules for using a fire extinguisher, as we can all find ourselves in an unexpected and dangerous situation. In principle, the operation of the presented device is not difficult, but it has its own characteristics. For example, you should know when and which fire extinguisher should be used. First, let's look at the types of devices presented.
Types of fire extinguishers
So, there are many classification criteria:
- According to the dimensions of the device are manual, industrial and mobile. They differ in the volume of the cylinder: from 2 to 10 liters or more.
- According to the type of starting device, the fire extinguisher can be pistol or valve. There are also devices that can operate from a constant source of pressure.
- According to the substance contained inside the vessel, there are powder, water, gas fire extinguishers.
Principles of using the device
Before using a fire extinguisher, be sure to understand the principles of its operation. For example, containers with water inside can be used to extinguish solids that burn easily. However, the liquid may contain additional components. They make it possible to extinguish liquid combustible substances. The rules for using a fire extinguisher of the presented type are quite simple: they can only be operated in the situations listed. The fact is that water can enter into chemical reactions with other elements and form substances that are quite hazardous to health.
The rules for using a gaseous fire extinguisher provide for compliance with the only safety rule: you can’t touch the tube in them, as you can easily get frostbite. However, such a device will be useless in cases where those objects are burning that can blaze even without oxygen.
In order to extinguish or air-mechanical fire, a foam fire extinguisher is most suitable. However, it is not recommended to use it if electrical equipment is on fire. Naturally, the device cannot be used to extinguish those substances that can react with water.
Features of using an OU fire extinguisher
In principle, it is not difficult to operate such a device. You just need to follow certain instructions. The rules for using the OS fire extinguisher provide for the following stages of actions:
- To begin with, you should approach the source of ignition at a distance of at least 2-3 meters.
- Now direct the bell exactly towards the flame and hold it as firmly as possible.
- In order for the fire extinguisher to start working, it is necessary to break the seal and the check, which protects the device from automatic operation.
- Now you can open the lock or press the handle. It all depends on the structure of the apparatus.
- After the fire is extinguished, you need to release the handle or tighten the valve.
Reuse of such a device is possible only after a new filling of the cylinder with carbon dioxide.
Features of the use of powder devices
Before using the fire extinguisher of the presented type, you need to read the instruction manual:
- Take the device and go to the fire. In this case, the distance to the flame should not be less than 2 meters.
- In order for the fire extinguisher to start working, remove the seal and protective pin from it.
- Now accurately point the nozzle at the fire, while not touching it, so as not to get injured (frostbite).
- Please note that you should hold the device firmly so that the pressure of the contents of the cylinder does not lead to the fire extinguisher falling out of your hands.
- Now press the lever or unscrew the valve. Close or release the locking mechanism only after the fire has been eliminated.
- If there are other sources of flame, the device can be used again.
In what cases can not use the powder device?
There are situations in which the use of this device is unacceptable. The rules for using fire extinguishers OP provide for the impossibility of their operation in such cases:
- if you need to extinguish those objects that can burn without the help of oxygen;
- if the electrical network or device has ignited;
- to extinguish any antique valuables, paintings or books (they may be damaged in the process of extinguishing the fire).
Some nuances of using and storing a fire extinguisher
It is possible to determine a sufficiently large number of features of the application of the presented device. For example, if you are extinguishing a flame with several types of fire extinguishers, then you should not point them at each other. In any situation, it is necessary to maintain a certain distance from the flame during extinguishing. This is especially true for burning chemical substances or products that flare up easily, as well as electrical appliances that are energized.
The rules for using a fire extinguisher provide certain time continuous operation of the device, which ranges from 2 to 14 seconds. The period is indicated on the information label. During extinguishing, the cylinder must be kept strictly upright. Otherwise, you will not be able to use all the internal material of the vessel.
Use is limited indoors, as it causes strong dustiness. The same applies to carbon dioxide devices, because they are able to reduce the already small amount of oxygen in the building. After using the device, it must be sent for recharging, even if there is still a charge inside.
What should not be done during operation and storage of the device:
- do not allow any damage and dents to appear on the body of the device;
- you can not hit the balloon;
- Do not use a fire extinguisher if it has a manufacturing defect or malfunction of the locking mechanism;
- in no case do not recharge or disassemble the device yourself;
- after use, a fire extinguisher unsuitable for work should be disposed of;
- you can not use the device for those purposes that are not related to extinguishing fire;
- during the elimination of the source of ignition, it must not be directed towards people.
Fire extinguishing is carried out mainly by professional fire fighting units. However, every citizen must be able to eliminate fires and, if necessary, participate in the fight against fire.
There are three main ways to extinguish a fire:
Cooling a burning substance, for example, with water;
Isolating it from air access (earth, sand, blanket);
Removal of combustible substance from the combustion zone (pumping of combustible liquid, dismantling of combustible structures).
It is necessary to start fighting a fire from the area where the fire can endanger people's lives, cause the greatest damage, cause an explosion or collapse of structures.
When extinguishing a fire, it is necessary, first of all, to stop the spread of fire, and then extinguish it in places of the most intense burning, giving a jet not to the flame, but to the burning surface. When extinguishing a vertical surface, the jet must first be directed to its upper part, gradually descending. A small hearth of fire in the house should be filled with water or covered with a dense wet cloth.
In the conditions of developing fires, it is necessary to take measures so that the fire does not spread to an adjacent part of the building or to neighboring buildings. To do this, disassemble the fragments of burning structures, remove them from the combustion zone. Remove combustible materials from fire paths. Burning outer surfaces are extinguished with water. Window casings are extinguished both outside and inside the building. First of all, you need to extinguish the curtains, curtains, curtains to prevent the spread of fire inside the room.
A fire in the attic can quickly take on large dimensions, so extinguishing the fire there must be done first.
If furniture catches fire, water should be distributed over the largest possible area covered by fire. Inflamed bedding should be poured with plenty of water without removing it from the bed, and then taken out and finished extinguishing there.
When saving people during a fire, use the main and emergency entrances and exits, stationary and portable ladders. When leaving a smoky room, put on a half a dozen or a handkerchief moistened with water.
When extinguishing fires in rural areas, it is necessary to take into account some features. For example, a livestock building caught fire. First of all, you need to take the animals to a safe place, as far as possible from the source of the fire. If stocks of hay, straw are stored nearby, do everything so that the fire does not spread there. In the event of a fire of straw, sheaves stacked in stacks or stacks, the flame is first knocked down, for which the stack or stack is first poured with a scattered stream of water, and then, starting from above, with a powerful stream. After the burning stops, the stack or stack is dismantled, the burnt hay or straw is scattered to the sides and watered.
When extinguishing fires in a grain warehouse, the flame is first knocked down, and then the grain is watered with a spray jet. After that, the grain is shoveled, separating the burnt from the unburned.
EXTINGUISHING SAFETY
They are extremely important. Everyone who fights fire must comply with them. For example, in a smoky and burning room, one should not move alone. The door to a smoky room must be opened carefully so that a quick influx of air does not cause a flash of flame. To get through the burning rooms, you need to cover your head with a wet blanket, thick cloth or outerwear. In a heavily smoky space, it is better to move by crawling or bending over with a bandage moistened with water put on the nose and mouth. Do not use water to extinguish flames of gas, flammable liquids and electrical wires.
PREVENTION AND SAFETY MEASURES
In houses (apartments), preventive measures are reduced to cleaning yards and all premises from combustible debris, freeing stairwells, corridors and attics from bulky and flammable objects. Providing buildings with primary fire extinguishing equipment and water supplies. If you have your own house - have barrels of water, sand in a box or a separate pile. Invest in a fire extinguisher. It should hang in a prominent and convenient place.
In the countryside. The area where livestock buildings are located must be thoroughly cleared of hay and straw. Furnaces, stoves, chimneys, electrical wiring must be kept in good working order and periodically checked. Gates and doors from rooms should open outwards. In winter, steps, thresholds and floorings should be cleared of snow and ice. Passages in the premises, exits and the entire territory must be freed from foreign objects in order to ensure the free exit of animals in case of fire. Install fire extinguishers in and around the premises.
Provide dryers for grain and other products with fire-fighting equipment, fire extinguishers and water. Especially carefully monitor the removal of dust from the equipment.
In the room where agricultural machinery is stored, all machines with an independent running gear should be placed in front of other machines in the direction of travel and towards the gate. Bulky inventory should be stacked so that it does not interfere with the exit from the premises.
Basic rules of fire safety. Do not store cans of gasoline or other flammable liquids. Don't smoke in bed. Keep matches away from children. Do not place flammable objects near the TV (especially color TV). Do not leave it switched on for a long time and unattended. Check the electrical wiring. Do not connect several household electrical appliances, especially large power ones, to one socket. Do not heat paints, varnishes, mastics, tar on an open fire - they quickly flare up. When cooking, remember that many fats ignite on their own when heated to 450°. Burning oil and fat must not be extinguished with water. This will spread the fire throughout the kitchen. Use a wet rag.
In the event of a fire, call immediately « 101» or "112", state clearly what is on, the address and your last name.
Department for Occupational Safety and Non-Occupational Injuries
administration of labor and social protection of the population
Leninsky district Kharkiv City Council
Under fire conditions, people can be in buildings, on the street, in shelters, at an enterprise, in a forest, field, etc.
The danger to people in case of fire is high air temperature, smoke, concentration of carbon monoxide and other harmful products of combustion, as well as the possible collapse of building structures and structures.
During continuous and massive fires, high temperature and smoke can be dangerous in the gaps of buildings, in courtyards, on the street, in the forest and other places.
If the visibility in the smoke zone becomes less than 10 m, then you should not enter this zone if possible, because it is dangerous. Smoke and high temperatures are especially dangerous in basements and on the upper floors of buildings.
When rescuing victims from a burning building, observe the following rules:
- if you need to go through a burning room to save people, cover your head with a wet blanket, a piece of dense fabric or a coat (cloak);
- open the door to a smoky room carefully, otherwise a quick influx of fresh air will cause a flash of flame;
- through a heavily smoky room it is better to move crawling or crouching;
- when looking for victims, call them; remember that small children, out of fear, often hide under the bed, in the closet, hide in the corner and other places; find them and save them;
- when evacuating the victim from a burning building, try to cover him with some kind of blanket;
- if your clothes catch fire, do not try to run - this will inflate the flame more, it is better to lie down on the ground and, rolling, try to bring down the flame;
- when you see a person whose clothes are on fire, throw a coat, raincoat or some kind of cover over him and press it tightly, this will limit the access of air and stop the burning faster; if the victim has burns, apply bandages and send him to the nearest medical center;
- when extinguishing a fire, use fire extinguishers, water, sand, earth, blankets, etc. Fire extinguishing agents are first supplied to the places of the most intense burning, while not on the flame, but directly on the burning surface;
- if a vertical surface burns, water must first be supplied to the upper part;
- extinguish a fire in a smoky room with a spray jet, as it contributes to the deposition of smoke and a decrease in temperature;
- flammable liquids are best extinguished with foaming compounds, by filling with sand or earth, and also by covering small foci with a heavy blanket, clothing, etc.;
- household items and clothes should be extinguished with water from a container or with a fire hydrant, and in winter they can be thrown out into the street and extinguished with snow;
- small fires in the house can be extinguished by tightly covering the fire with a blanket (preferably wet), as well as using water, fire extinguishers, etc .;
- extinguishing the insulation of live electrical wires is carried out only after their preliminary de-energization (unscrew the plugs, turn off the breaker),
Learn how to properly use fire extinguishers.
The figure shows a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, which, when extinguishing a fire, must be brought as close as possible to the source of combustion, point the socket at the fire and open the shut-off valve by turning the handwheel counterclockwise to failure. The ejected foam mass should cover the burning surface until the combustion stops. To avoid frostbite, be careful not to hold the bell with your bare hand.
The figure shows a foam fire extinguisher. To activate it, you need to lift the handle up and throw it to failure, this will open a glass with an acid solution.
Then, in order to mix (react) the acid with the alkaline solution, turn the fire extinguisher upside down. Direct the resulting foam jet onto the burning surface (in the absence of a jet, clean the spray and shake the fire extinguisher).
For actuating the internal fire hydrant in buildings it is necessary to open the cabinet door, roll out the sleeve connected to the tap and the barrel, open the valve by turning the handwheel counterclockwise and direct the water jet to the combustion source.
Extinguishing forest ground fires when the ground cover burns - grass, deadwood, logging residues, it can be done by improvised means by flooding the fire with branches, burlap and other objects, as well as throwing earth on the fire.
Riding fires, when the fire spreads over the tops of the trees, they are extinguished by arranging barrier strips along the path of the spread of fire or by launching oncoming fire from any boundary (rivers, clearings, roads, etc.).
To stop the spread of underground (peat) fires ditches are torn off to the depth of the mineral layer or groundwater. When extinguishing underground fires, you should be careful not to fall into the burnt ground and burnt trees fall on you.
Get out of the wildfire zone you need to windward, using open spaces (glades, clearings, roads, rivers, etc.), as well as areas of deciduous forest.
Extinguishing small caliber incendiary bombs, discovered immediately after their fall, is carried out by dropping them from roofs and attics with a shovel, tongs or a hand dressed in a canvas mitten onto the ground or immersing them in a barrel (bucket) with water.
Bunches of burning napalm that have fallen on clothing can be extinguished by tightly covering the burning place with a sleeve, hollow clothing, wet clay or sand. If a large amount of a burning mixture gets into the victim, it is necessary to cover it tightly with clothes, pour plenty of water or immerse the affected area in water, cover it with sand or earth. When there are no means of extinguishing and no one to help, you can bring down the flames by rolling on the ground.
Extinguishing incendiary mixtures with additives of white phosphorus or sodium, which ignite spontaneously in a normal environment, is made by isolating them from air access with sand, earth, a dense cover (cloak, coat, blanket, etc.) or by applying a bandage; moreover, sodium is quenched with dry means, and phosphorus with wet ones.
After the incendiary mixture is extinguished, apply clean, dry bandages to the burnt areas of the body and direct the victim to the medical center.
Remnants of the incendiary mixture adhering to the burnt body and burnt clothing should not be removed: an infection can get into the burn wound.
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