Connecting vowel e. Compound words
Compound words are words that consist of two (rarely three) roots.. Compound words are formed from the bases of the original words (steam, carry → locomotive), from whole words (sofa, bed → sofa bed).
When forming complex words, connecting vowels are most often used. O and e.
Sometimes compound words are formed without connecting vowels: plastic.
Consider compound words. Which connecting vowel is used after hard consonants, and which is used after soft consonants, hissing and c!
167 . Write down compound words that would have the same roots as in these words. Indicate the conditions for choosing the studied spellings. Which of these compound words appeared later than the others? Make complex sentences with any two written words.
Water, fall. Forest, cut. Porridge, cook. Gas, conduct. Ice, prick. General, live. Atom, walk. Storm, break. Bird, catch. Moon, walk. Way, walk.
168 . Write out compound words indicating the conditions for choosing connecting owe. Then write down the remaining words, denoting suffixes in them.
I..investigator, rain..measures, close..feeder, switch, observer..meter, bee..water, account..tchik, steam..move, language..ved, eye..measures, counter.. tchik, test pilot.
169 . The roots given in the box are most often found in the second part of compound nouns. Pick up and write down 2-3 words with each of them. With two compound nouns, make up sentences that would help you understand the meaning of these nouns.
Difficult words. United o e in compound words. Spelling complex words together and with a hyphen
Compound words are formed by combining two or more bases.
The components of compound words can be interconnected by a coordinating or subordination. With the coordinative method of communication, the bases from which compound words are formed are combined as equals, and between them you can put a union and: prime minister, physical and mathematical.
With a contract method of communication, one basis syntactically depends on the second: rolling (rolling iron), electric welding (welding with electricity), short-term ( a short time), eloquent (expressly), handwritten (write by hand), car repair (repair cars).
The bases of compound words can be connected with the connecting vowels o, e (is) or without them. The letter o is written if the forming stem ends in a hard or hissing consonant: reinforced concrete, man-day, blue-eyed.
The letter e is written if the forming stem ends in a soft consonant: steelmaker. The binder is written after the base, ending in and or an elongated soft consonant: landscape, life-giving. If the first part of such a word is an adjective of a soft group, then b is written before it: Old Russian.
Compound nouns can be written together or with a hyphen.
Compound nouns are written together, formed:
1. Of the two bases with the help of connecting vowels o, e, are: stork, farmer, chaerizka, Novopetrovka, Belopolye, Krasnovodsk.
2. Without connecting vowels
- Verbs in an imperative form and a noun: hemlock, tumbleweed, Tyagnyryadno, Gulyaipole;
- Numerals (written in letters) and a noun: decades, but: 10th anniversary, Tripoli, Pyatigorsk.
Compound adjectives can be written together or with a hyphen.
Compound adjectives are written together, formed from:
1) complex nouns that are written together: reinforced concrete, black earth, Novobelichsky (Novobelichi), Starokonstantinovsky (Starokonstantinov)
2) phrases with a subordinate connection of a combination:
- Noun and adjective: dark-eyed (dark eyes), eastern (eastern Ukraine), Belaya Tserkovskiy (Bila Tserkva);
- Numerals (written in letters) and a noun: five-story, twenty-pyatite;
- Noun and verb: coal crusher, grain harvester;
- Adverbs and adjectives: aforementioned, long-term;
- From several adjectives that form the terms modern Greek (language), compound, ancient German, deaf-blind-mute.
Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1) formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: diesel engine, ex-champion, Pushcha-Vodytsky (Pushcha-Vodytsia), Ivano-Frankivsk (Ivano-Frankivsk);
2) formed from phrases with a coordinative connection: Russian-Ukrainian, resort and sanatorium, but: cunning, malicious;
3) with the first part, which ends in -iko, (-iko): physical and mathematical, chemical and technological;
4) with the first part of the military, military: military air, military industrial. Exception: liable for military service, prisoner of war;
5) which mean additional shades of quality, color: bitter-salty, dark red. Exception: orange, crimson;
6) which mean the names of the cardinal points: southwest, northeast;
7) geographical names, which include the names of the cardinal points: North-Western Front, South-Western Iron, but: North Crimean Canal, Western Lowland, Southern Steppes (according to the general rule of contractual dependence of phrases).
Rice. 2. Nikolay Dobronravov ()
Compound words call people by profession.
commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,
fabulist- writes fables, roots of fables, piss,
beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots -, water -,
plumber- conducts water, roots of water-, water-, prefix pro-,
steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,
birder- catches birds, bird roots-, catch-, the first root ends in c, we write e.
Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words met.
Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was originally a wooden fortress, fenced with a palisade of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all time - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.
Dolgoruky- long arms, roots long-, arms-,
stockade- a fence of closely driven stakes, the roots are part-, count-,
white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,
golden-domed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,
Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.
This is how the transcriptions of compound words were made:
In place of the letters of the connecting vowels O, E, the orthogram: a letter in the place of an unstressed vowel sound.
Why is it called a bird? The redstart is so named for its tail. He is red in color and trembles all the time. Therefore, it seems that the tail flashes with a spark, as if on fire. (See Fig.3)
Rice. 3. Redstart ()
Redfin fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, on the sides are golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Orange eyes, yellow lips. The fish got its nickname for the color of the fins. (According to N. Osipov) (see Fig. 4)
Rice. 4. Rudd ()
A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of its green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox, but it still looks like a tail. (See Fig.5)
Rice. 5. Foxtail ()
Water strider - this is the name of an insect that quickly runs through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance. (See Fig.6)
Rice. 6. Water strider ()
A compound word consisting of two roots mountains- and a tail-. Root words: burn, ponytail.
Compound word, consists of two roots: red- and per-. Root words: red, feathers.
Fox roots, tail. Related words: fox, ponytail.
Roots of water-, measure-. Water, measure.
In the lesson, you learned that words that have two roots are called compound words. Most often, the roots in compound words connect the vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters. The letter o is written after hard consonants, e - after soft consonants and unpaired hard ones: w, w, c. For example, couch potato, pedestrian, birder.
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- M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
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- Solve spelling problems.
Steamy, leaf_pad, porridge_var, cheese_ezhka, one_root, dishwashing, white_mane, scythe_paw, self_made, earth_quake.
- Find difficult words, show their structure.
... Dragonflies fly and dance,
Merry lead a round dance.
A. Tolstoy
People have known for a long time
Fly agaric is inedible.
V. Zhulzhin
- Read an excerpt from V. Astafiev's story. Find difficult words, give a description of their meaning and highlight the roots.
Mukhtar was the spitting image of Trezor in color and article, but differed from him in character. If Trezor is cunning and lazy, then his brother was hardworking, strict, angry, and therefore sat on a chain. And it was bitter for him, free, swift, swift, such a life.
In compound words, letters are used as connecting vowels. O And e . Compound words formed with connecting vowels O And e or the first part of which is a numeral, are written together, for example: oil and gas production, fiftieth anniversary, 2mm.
Connecting vowel ABOUT
After stems into a hard consonant (except and , w And c ) a letter is written O , For example: world O outlook, wave O loving.
In a few compound words, the consonant of the first stem hardens, so the connecting vowel is written O , For example: fable O scribe, blood O appeal.
Connecting vowel E
After the stems on a soft consonant, on th , to a hissing sound and c a connecting vowel is written e , For example: pestilence e swimmer, kra e leading, walking e move, birds e leadership, blue e eyed, big e winged.
In some cases, the ending of the nominative case is preserved in the first word of a compound noun, for example: pastime, pastime, time reckoning.
Note
Words on -ification (electrification, gasification, classification etc.) are not complex. They are formed with the suffix -ification , so they are written with a letter And .
Compound words with numbers
Cardinal numbers in the formation of compound words are used in the form genitive, For example: heels And notch(five years) eleven And meter(eleven meters) fourty A minute(forty minutes).
Numerals one hundred And ninety, being part of a compound word, do not change their form, for example: century, ninetieth birthday.
with a letter O the word is written fourty O leg.
numeral thousand, being part of a compound word, has a connecting vowel e , For example: thousand e anniversary.
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Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels e, o?
- naked
- dragnozhestvo (I will explain - this is about Kshesinskaya, then the meaning of the word will immediately become clear)
- zadolitsya (in the context of the word police, very well, isn't it?)
- cry-lipped
- golden-eyed
- heartman
- Kash E var (porridge + boil)
- birds E fishing (bird + catch)
- Pesh E walk (walk + walk)
- Rain E measures (rain + measure)
- ardor E sos (dust + suck)
- birds E fishing (bird + catch)
- birds E factory (bird + factory)
- Oil E wire (oil + conduct)
- Vegetable E storage (vegetable + store)
- Put E procession (path + march)
- Myself ABOUT var (self + cook)
- waters ABOUT pad (water + fall)
- Ice ABOUT count (ld + stab)
- Language ABOUT Vedas (language + know)
- Snow ABOUT fall (snow + fall)
- vert ABOUT lt (vertical + fly)
- glass ABOUT cut (glass + cut)
- Concrete ABOUT mixer (concrete + stir)
- Beast ABOUT fishing (animal + catch)
- House ABOUT sit (at home + sit)
birder
meat grinder
baker
potato peeler
shipwreck
copse
mousetrap
housewife
dump truck
snowfall
florist
rock climber
whirlpool
dizziness
concrete mixer
quarry
Solstice, housebuilding, horticultural, wound healing, painkiller, shipbuilding, philanthropy, gratitude, cornerstone, vacuum cleaner, mutual understanding, law-abiding, video, selfless.
The vowel E connects such compound words:
birder,
color rendition,
telecast,
teleconference,
poultry farm,
all terrain vehicle,
solstice,
coffee maker,
earthquake,
courtier.
And the connecting vowel O is in the words:
reinforced concrete,
railway,
double boiler,
pig farm,
bookseller,
gas welding,
sweetener.
Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels e:
- mousetrap;
- navigator;
- a pedestrian;
- mud treatment;
- vacuum cleaner;
- vegetable store;
- steelmaker;
- shipwreck;
- pipeline;
- birder;
- poultry farm;
surveyor.
- fresh-frozen;
- cook;
- birder.
Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels about:
- runner;
- samovar;
- nuclear-powered ship;
- snowplow;
- airplane
- cubic meter;
- starfall;
- new building;
- bark beetle;
- diligence;
- water pipes
- logging;
- namesakes;
- mutual assistance;
- helicopter
- electric polisher.
In fact, there are a lot of words that are formed from two simple ones with the help of connecting vowels. Take just about any simple word for an object and add a word for action to it, and you get a compound word out of it.
It is not interesting to list ordinary everyday words for everyone, so I will give not just examples, but words invented, for example, by the poet Mayakovsky. Some of them have successfully entered our language with you.
So, the connecting letter O:
Connecting E:
Many writers invented their own words, but most of Mayakovsky's words are born in pain, suffered through suffering, they give emotionality and expressiveness to his works.
However, I cannot but mention one more word. It was invented by Saltykov-Shchedrin. Very appropriate for our time - stupidity.
The word birdElov is formed from a bird and to catch;
The word forest harvesting is formed from forest and harvesting;
The word frost-resistant is formed from frost and resistant;
The word vegetable storage is derived from vegetable and storage;
The word leaffall is formed from leaf and fall;
The word earthquake is derived from earth and shaking;
The word chimney is formed from smoke and walk;
The word language Knowledge is formed from language and knowledge;
The word forest-steppe is formed from forest and steppe;
The word icewalk is formed from ice and walk;
The word fisherman is derived from fish and to catch;
The word bird factory is derived from a bird and a factory.
Words with a connecting vowel -o-:
Latin American, North Sea, West Ural, dark-haired, beet grower, short-haired, white marble, helicopter, gas pipeline, iron foundry, mechanical assembly, sulfate, low-grade, steam locomotive, East Slavic, black-browed, pointed, pale-faced, narrow-eyed, forest-steppe, plumber, bread cutter, hay harvester, juicer, legislator, self-esteem, gas cylinder.
Words with a connecting vowel -e-:
love of life, blood supply, oil pipeline, shrew, excavator, Far Eastern, friendly, mud bath, dust collector, cook, vegetable grower, thousand rubles, blue-eyed, Old Russian, millennium, earthquake, potato harvester, steelmaker, horse breeder, stone crusher.
Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -e-
Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -o-
Words with two roots with a connective vowel -e, -o, occur in compound nouns. Such words are spelled together.
For example, a steamboat, electric welding, a reservoir. Here the connecting vowel is -o.
It is written after the bases on a solid consonant. The words can also be attributed here
Connecting vowel -e. It is written after the stems in a consonant soft, hissing and c(pedestrian, heartbeat, farming, weather report, etc.)
There is an exception, after the basis for a soft consonant there can be a vowel -o. For example, - hitching post, (although a horse), range finder, (although far).
Connecting vowel E(word examples):
everywhere,
ubiquitous,
quarry,
solstice.
Connecting vowel O(word examples):
camera,
motorcade,
concrete mixer,
Light-emitting diode,
electric saw,
test Stirrer,
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