What is the difference between productive and reproductive thinking. And productive thinking
Productive, or creative, is such thinking that generates some new, previously unknown material (object, phenomenon) or ideal (thought, idea) product. Productive, for example, is the thinking of a scientist who conducts a new scientific research and makes as a result of it scientific discovery, a writer who creates a new literary work, an artist who writes new picture, an entrepreneur in whose head a new economic idea is born, a politician who discovers a new political solution, an engineer who invents new car.
Reproductive is thinking that deals with such tasks, the solution of which has already been found by someone. Reproductive thinking, for example, is an artist who redraws a picture of another artist, that is, creating it reproduction. Reproductive thinking is done by people who, in the process of learning, solve any learning problems. Reproductive thinking is also characteristic of those people who, in real life, repeatedly and repeatedly solve typical life tasks. In reproductive thinking, a person follows the already passed, well-known path. As a result of this thinking nothing new is created.
3. Thinking can take place in conscious and unconscious forms. Conscious - conscious mental operations to find a solution. Unconscious - insight, insight, the search for a solution goes unnoticed by consciousness.
FEATURES OF MUSICAL THINKING
J. Combardie wrote: "Music is the art of thinking in sounds."
Musical thinking is found in the ability to think in musical images. Musical thinking is intonational, i.e. operates with musical intonations. We can talk about the musical thinking of the era (baroque or romanticism), style (jazz or rock), composer (characteristic harmonies or intonations).
Practice has proven that in the process of musical education, the listener and performer develops not only reproductive, but also productive thinking: the listener creates new images in the imagination, and the performer creates a new interpretation.
Musician's mind focused mainly on the following:
Thinking through the figurative structure of the work - possible associations, moods and thoughts behind them.
· Thinking about the logic of the development of thought in the features of melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, agogics, form.
· Finding the most perfect ways to embody thoughts and feelings on an instrument or musical paper.
Define the concepts of "emotions", "feelings", "will". Designate the place of emotions and feelings in a person's life. Describe the types of emotional experiences. Tell us about the ways of developing the will.
EMOTIONS, FEELINGS, WILL.
Emotion - immediate experience in the moment.
Feeling- a more complex, permanent, established attitude of a person.
Will- the ability of a person to independently regulate their activities.
The role of emotions and feelings in human life
Emotions is the language of our inner world. They are tell us what meaning various objects, events, relationships with people have for us personally.
Emotions largely influence all of our thoughts and actions., depending on it, we see or, conversely, do not notice something. In joy, we find beauty and harmony everywhere; in grief, everything appears to us in a gloomy light; in anger, it seems that intrigues and obstacles are everywhere.
Emotions govern human actions. For example, they can mobilize us as if giving additional sources of energy. So, a tired worker can feel a surge of strength and work fruitfully for some time from sudden joy, or from great anger. Similarly, emotions can act as a destructive force. For example, in an extreme degree of irritation, it is difficult to focus on something or build a constructive conversation.
Research has shown that Moderately strong emotions produce positive effects, while very intense ones lead to negative results., sometimes to the depletion of energy.
Emotions act as a language of communication. It is through emotions that a mother contacts an infant who is not yet able to speak. Those who truly love each other are also able to communicate without words.
Emotions also help us understand the world. Without interest we cannot assimilate information qualitatively, we cannot master the creative level in the profession. In addition, any of our discovery of the world is accompanied either by joy, or by anxiety, or by disappointment, i.e. intellectual processes are also emotionally colored.
Productive, or creative, is such thinking that generates some new, previously unknown material (object, phenomenon) or ideal (thought, idea) product. Productive, for example, is the thinking of a scientist who conducts a new scientific research and makes as a result of it scientific discovery, a writer who creates a new literary work, an artist who writes new picture.
Reproductive is thinking that deals with such tasks, the solution of which has already been found by someone. Reproductive thinking, for example, is an artist who redraws a picture of another artist, that is, creating it reproduction. Reproductive thinking is done by people who, in the process of learning, solve any learning problems. In reproductive thinking, a person follows the already passed, well-known path. As a result of this thinking nothing new is created.
FEATURES OF MUSICAL THINKING
J. Combardie wrote: "Music is the art of thinking in sounds."
Musical thinking is intonational, i.e. operates with musical intonations. We can talk about the musical thinking of the era (baroque or romanticism), style (jazz or rock), composer (characteristic harmonies or intonations).
Practice has proven that in the process of musical education, the listener and performer develops not only reproductive, but also productive thinking: the listener creates new images in the imagination, and the performer creates a new interpretation.
Musician's mind focused mainly on the following:
Thinking through the figurative structure of the work - possible associations, moods and thoughts behind them
· Thinking about the logic of the development of thought in the features of melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, agogics, form.
· Finding the most perfect ways to embody thoughts and feelings on an instrument or musical paper. “I achieved what I wanted” - this is the final point, in the words of G. Neuhaus, of musical thinking in the process of performing and composing music.
QUESTION 9. Define the concepts of "emotions" and "feelings". Tell us about their role in human life. Name the types of fundamental emotions according to K. Izard. Classify emotional experiences.
We somehow react to everything that surrounds us in this world, what happens in our life - we treat everything in a certain way.
Emotion - immediate experience in the moment.
Feeling- a more complex, permanent, established attitude of a person.
In the process of development, emotions first appear (they are associated with the satisfaction of the infant's basic needs for food, care, security), and then feelings.
Carroll Izard identified 10 fundamental human emotions:
1. Interest-Excitement
2. Pleasure-Joy
3. Surprise
4. Woe-Suffering
6. Disgust
7. Contempt
9. Shame-Shyness
10. Guilt-Remorse
The role of emotions and feelings in human life
Emotions tell us what meaning various objects, events, relationships with people have for us personally.
Emotions largely influence all our thoughts and actions, depending on it, we see or, conversely, do not notice something. In joy, we find beauty and harmony everywhere; in grief, everything appears to us in a gloomy light; in anger, it seems that intrigues and obstacles are everywhere.
Emotions govern human actions. For example, they can mobilize us, as if giving additional sources of energy. Similarly, emotions can act as a destructive force. Studies have shown that moderately strong emotions give a positive effect, and very intense ones lead to a negative result, sometimes to depletion of energy.
Emotions also act as a language of communication. It is through emotions that a mother contacts an infant who is not yet able to speak. Those who truly love each other are also able to communicate without words.
Emotions also help us experience the world. Any of our discovery of the world is accompanied either by joy, or by anxiety, or by disappointment; intellectual processes are also emotionally colored.
CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES
Anyone who is accustomed to observing himself will surely notice how diverse emotional experiences are. In psychology, it is customary to distinguish 2 large groups of emotions and feelings: positive (pleasure, joy, delight ...) and negative (sadness, horror, hatred, grief, fear ...).
Types of emotions: mood, affect, passion
Mood - prolonged emotional state, general emotional background (calm mood or irritated, active or relaxed, upbeat or decadent).
Affect - a stormy short-term flash of feelings that captures the personality completely. In a state of passion the person loses control of himself, he is able to utter words or perform actions for which he will then be embarrassed, ashamed. The affect can accumulate drop by drop: a person endures, endures, but one day there is an emotional explosion of accumulated irritation, fear, resentment, pain.
Passion - the strongest and brightest emotional experience of a person. She has an obsession. Passion can lead to great discoveries, achievements, and catastrophes in a person's life. It gives tremendous energy for feats, but can also become the cause of crime.
Kinds of feelings.
Intellectual Feelings- Feelings associated with human cognitive activity. They arise in the process of educational and scientific work, as well as creative activity in various types of art, science and technology. These are: curiosity, the joy of discovery, the thirst for knowledge, surprise, doubt, humor, irony, sarcasm, cynicism.
Moral feelings - feelings that reflect a person's attitude to the requirements of public morality. They are connected with the worldview of a person, his thoughts, ideas, principles and traditions. These are: love, fellowship, honor, affection, hatred, cowardice, envy, conscience...
aesthetic feelings are feelings that arise in a person in connection with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his aesthetic needs. These include feelings of the beautiful and the ugly, the sublime or the base, and so on.
Thinking as activity.
Characteristics of thinking
Thinking. general characteristics
Thinking is the highest cognitive process; the process of generalized and mediated cognition, which consists in the discovery of relations between objects and phenomena of reality and their transformation.
Thinking begins where sensory knowledge is insufficient. The thinking process is designed to take a person beyond his past experience.
Based on the definition, thinking has a number of specific features:
1. Reflection of reality wears generalized character.
2. Indirect knowledge of reality. Thinking is built on the basis of sensory reflection of the world (sensation and perception). Thinking is mediated by the word. It proceeds based on the knowledge and experience available to a person (mediated by memory). We can make judgments about the subject without direct interaction with them, and by analyzing indirect situations - cognition using auxiliary means.
3. Thinking is always connected with the solution of the problem. that arose in the process of cognition or practical activity. Thinking always begins with a question, the answer to which is the goal of thinking.
4. Thinking is inextricably linked with speech. This is reflected in the fact that thoughts are always clothed in speech form, even when there is no sound form. We think in words, we cannot think without speaking the words. Despite the close interaction of thinking and speech, they are not the same thing. To think is not to speak aloud or to oneself.
Thinking is closely related to action., because action is the primary form of existence of thinking
In psychology, there are several approaches to the problem of classifying the types of thinking. Depending on the conditions of cognitive activity, they are divided into:
realistic - arises as a result of the normal functioning of consciousness; focused on the real logic of the world (real reflection of the world);
autistic - thinking based on internal logic (personal logic), moving away from social reality into internal experiences;
emotional – desire-driven thinking.
Mental activity is carried out through specific operations:
1. Comparison - mental comparison of objects and phenomena in order to establish similarities and differences between them.
2. Analysis - this is a mental division of an object or phenomenon into its constituent parts, the allocation of specific elements, features and properties in it.
May be:
simple(reduced to identifying single features of a cognizable object);
difficult(reduced to identifying a whole set of characteristic features and relationships).
3. Synthesis - an operation opposite to analysis, which is expressed in the mental combination of individual elements, parts and features of a cognizable object into a single whole.
Analysis and synthesis are closely interconnected.
4. abstraction - mental distraction from secondary features, parts and highlighting only the most essential features and properties of the object being cognized.
5. Specification - a mental transition from the general to the particular, an operation opposite to abstraction.
6. Generalization - highlighting properties and characteristics common to a certain group of objects or phenomena.
7. Classification - division and subsequent unification of cognizable objects or phenomena according to some criteria (grounds).
8. Systematization - also division and subsequent unification, but not of individual objects of knowledge (as in classification), but of their groups and classes.
All these operations cannot manifest themselves in isolation, out of connection with each other. Each of the mental operations can be considered as a corresponding mental action.
Qualities that ensure the productivity of mental activity:
1. Depth- is determined by the degree of penetration into the essence of the phenomenon.
2. Latitude- is determined by the possibility of attracting knowledge from various fields to solve this problem. However, a paradox arises: with an increasing flow of information, deepening into some area of knowledge inevitably leads to a narrowing of its boundaries.
3. Flexibility of mind- consists in the ability to change the path (plan) for solving problems outlined at the beginning, if it does not satisfy the conditions of the problem that are gradually isolated in the course of its solution. The opposite qualities are stereotyped and inert.
4. Template and inertia- create psychological barriers that make it difficult to find new solutions in familiar situations. They prevent you from seeing the unusual in the familiar.
5. Speed of thought- manifested when it is required to make a decision in a very short time. (Going to the blackboard - many are lost, as a result of which negative emotions slow down their thinking).
6. Curiosity of thought– the need to always look for the best solution.
7. Creation- the ability to find an original solution to both old and new problems.
8. criticality- the ability of a person to correctly evaluate himself and others. The basis for the development of critical thinking is the deep knowledge and experience of a person.
9. Such qualities as quickness and inquisitiveness of thought, creativity and criticality together form cleverness quality, which in turn is closely related to self-reliance.
10. Independence- the ability to see unsolved problems, to formulate them in an original way, to find new ways of solving, to consistently defend the position taken.
Do you have trouble solving complex problems? Can't think of a single creative idea? So you are using the wrong area of the brain. What contributes to the manifestation of creativity and non-standard approach to simple problems? thinking. It helps people create something or find a simple way out of a difficult situation. Read all the details about it below.
Definition
Productive thinking is about solving problems. Creative thinking - that's what designers call it. These are the ones who can turn their imagination on and off at will. But thinking is not so simply arranged as to be controlled by an effort of will. In fact, no one knows exactly how the brain functions. But scientists were able to systematize and write down the processes that, in their opinion, occur in the gray matter at the time of the birth of thought. These stages are called processes and stages of creative thinking.
Any person is faced with the fact that from time to time he needs to turn on creative thinking. For example, when a friend asks you a simple question: "What superpowers would you have if you were a superhero?" It is difficult to give a definite answer to this question if you have never thought about it before. Therefore, one has to turn on the imagination, imagine and analyze an unreal situation.
Formation
Productive thinking is the process of generating creative thought. And what is involved in its formation?
- Memory. To come up with something, you need to have a knowledge base. Look at young children who endlessly ask mothers: "What is this?" Only by gathering visual images, a person can use his imagination. The more experience and knowledge a person has, the easier it will be for him to invent or imagine something.
- Thinking. In order for a creative thought to be able to creep into the head, a person must think and reason. Only due to the fact that a person can draw parallels between several areas of knowledge and make logical connections, the generation of creative thought is possible. The more often a person thinks, the better his thinking will be developed.
- Imagination. In order to think creatively, you need to use your imagination. The more often you use it, the better it will work. A child fantasizes worse than an adult. Parents get to compose fairy tales on the go. Children, on the other hand, need time to make up any unreal story. The more a child listens and reads fairy tales, the faster his fantasy will work.
- Intuition. The experience of the events experienced leaves an imprint on a person. Intuition is information that a person has transferred from his consciousness to the subconscious. It works only when the experience gained tells a person what to do in a given situation.
- Personal outlook. All people think differently for the reason that each person is a unique individual. Education, upbringing, communication environment and personal preferences leave an imprint on the structure and logic of thinking.
stages
The origin of thought is a complex process. What is the emergence of an idea? In productive thinking, this is the transformation of an abstract image into something concrete. There are several stages of creative thinking.
- The emergence of an idea. Before making another invention, the master must sit and think about who needs to make life easier this time and with what exactly. Usually ideas for inspiration are taken from the surrounding space. Observant persons can see a lot of interesting things even for a short walk from home to work.
- Awareness of the idea. Once a thought has been formulated, it must be considered. For example, an engineer decided to make life easier for builders, but did not figure out how. At this stage, he must think of mechanisms that will help people in their work. Eventually the engineer will come up with the idea of building a crane.
- Working on an idea. When a thought has taken its first shape, it needs to be concretized. In the case of a crane, the engineer will need to draw up drawings, sketches and diagrams of the future machine.
- Solution. Idea sketches are formed and reworked. At this stage, the thought took shape. and the inventor becomes clear what and how to do next.
- Execution. The last step is bringing the idea to life. It should be noted that a thinker, engineer, designer, etc. does not always embody his idea with his own hands. Most often, specialists are hired for this purpose, who will do all the dirty work.
Kinds
What is the difference between productive and reproductive thinking? In the first case, the formation of a creative idea takes place. A person invents something new that did not exist before him. In the second case, a person does not invent anything. He can solve the problem, thanks to his existing knowledge and skills. What are the types of productive thinking?
- Theoretical. Its essence lies in the fact that a person will think about solving the problem. No action will be taken. All creativity that will be used in the process of work will be a manifestation and synthesis of acquired experience and knowledge.
- Visual. Thinking, the process of which can be traced, is characteristic of visual people. Such persons cannot think in their heads; it is easier for them to depict everything on paper. Visual thinking is often used in design offices to allow different people to work together on the same project.
- figurative. In order for a person to be able to invent something, he will use the previously accumulated knowledge. The path of his thinking will be easy to trace through the images that will form the basis of the idea.
- Natural. It is not always possible to structure thinking. Chaos is always characteristic of creative individuals. Some people do not accept any systems, and this is reflected not only in their lifestyle, but also in the way they think.
Peculiarities
Creative productive thinking, although it is considered unsystematic and illogical, nevertheless, in order to qualify it, some features were derived.
- Knowledge of logical operations. Only a person who knows how to think and will use logic in his projects can claim to be a creative thinker. A creative person must somehow interpret and present any of his brainchild to the audience and the people around him.
- The presence of novelty. Creative thinking will not be creative unless there is something non-standard in it. It is the presence of novelty that distinguishes reproductive thinking from productive thinking.
- Understanding rational things. A person must not only use logic, but also understand what he does and why he creates. Doing something just to do something is a great stupidity.
- Knowing how to create harmony. Any creator must adhere not only to logic and common sense, but also to the elementary laws of beauty that operate in his area of competence. For example, an artist cannot paint a picture without using any rules of composition.
Quality
Productive thinking in psychology is divided into several categories:
- Width. When a person thinks about something, she can cover with her inner vision the entire field of knowledge that is available on this issue.
- Depth. A person does not spray himself, he concretizes his task and tries to look at the root of the problem.
- Rapidity. All people think differently. Someone is used to using a creative approach to solve everyday problems, while someone turns on the imagination only when there is an urgent need for it.
- criticality. A person should always look objectively at the product of his thinking. Criticism is what helps a person develop and work on mistakes.
Processes
Have you ever wondered what happens in the brain when you try to imagine or imagine something? The processes of productive thinking that scientists have identified:
- Analysis. A person always thinks about a problem or an idea before giving it a go.
- Comparison. When an idea or a problem has acquired a more or less understandable shape, it is compared with the experience already available to the individual.
- Synthesis. Ideas are created at the intersection of what has already been seen and fantasy. Through the fusion of these two forms, new thoughts emerge.
- Generalization. A person gathers all the knowledge and ideas together to see what can be made from this set.
- Specification. When the material is prepared and the idea is formed, it is concretized and worked out.
Development
Some people may complain that they have a poor imagination. The development of productive thinking is not higher mathematics. Parents must engage in this process in order to raise a healthy and intelligent child. How can imagination be developed? One of the easy ways is to write fairy tales. A person can invent fables or tell stories, but arrange them in an unusual way.
The development of creative thinking contributes to the creative process. If you want to become more creative, think about where your knowledge and skills can come in handy. Start writing music or pictures, sculpt, dance or sing. All this helps to engage the right half of the hemisphere.
Examples
What is the result of productive thinking? An example of this approach is any creative specialty. For example, take the work of a designer. These people must make daily efforts to generate ideas that did not exist before them. The result of their creativity are logos, business cards, corporate styles and all kinds of graphic design of sites.
Reproductive thinking, being less productive, nevertheless plays an important role in both cognitive and practical human activity. On the basis of this type of thinking, the solution of problems of a structure familiar to the subject is carried out.
Reproductive thinking is of great importance in the educational activities of schoolchildren. It provides an understanding of new material in its presentation, the application of knowledge in practice. The possibilities of reproductive thinking are primarily determined by the presence of an initial minimum of knowledge in a person; as studies have shown, it is easier to develop than productive thinking, and at the same time plays a significant role in solving new problems for the subject. In this case, it appears at the initial stage, when a person tries to solve a new problem using methods known to him and is convinced that familiar methods do not ensure his success. Awareness of this leads to the emergence of a "problem situation", i.e. activates productive thinking, which ensures the discovery of new knowledge, the formation of new systems of connections, which later will provide him with the solution of similar problems.
Awareness of the solution path found by the subject, its verification and rationale are again carried out on the basis of reproductive thinking. Thus, real productive (and its highest level is creative) activity, the process of independent cognition of the surrounding reality, is the result of a complex interaction between reproductive and productive types of mental activity. The basis for the division into reproductive and productive thinking, as already noted, is the degree of novelty for the subject of the knowledge obtained in the process of thinking. Creative thinking, on the other hand, should be regarded as an "extreme point", the highest degree of manifestation of productive thinking, distinguished by objective novelty, originality of its product.
The results of many years of research, analysis of pedagogical experience and literature data served as the basis for identifying a number of psychological and pedagogical principles, which, we believe, are an important component of the system of developmental education, education that has a significant impact on the intellectual development of students.
1. The principle of problematicity.
2. The principle of harmonious development of various components of thinking.
3. The principle of the formation of algorithmic and heuristic methods of mental activity,
Let us describe these principles in more detail.
The principle of problematicity, responding to the specifics of productive thinking - its focus on the discovery of new knowledge, is the main, leading principle of developmental learning. Problem learning is such learning, in which the assimilation of knowledge and the initial stage of the formation of intellectual skills occur in the process of a relatively independent solution of a system of tasks-problems, which proceeds under the general guidance of a teacher. new elements of knowledge, ways of operating it, master the ways of cognition, which expands their capabilities in solving even more complex problems. This active independent activity leads to the formation of new connections, personality traits, positive qualities of the mind, and thus to a microshift in their mental development. (24, p.38)
CAMBODIA, (Kingdom of Cambodia), a state in the South-East. Asia, in the south of the Indochina peninsula. 181 thousand km2. Population 9.3 million (1993); St. 80% Khmer. Urban population 12% (1989). The official language is Khmer. Most believers are Buddhists. Constitutional monarchy, the head of state is the king. The constitution provides for a unicameral National Assembly as the legislative body. Administrative-territorial division: 19 provinces (khets) and 2 cities of central subordination. The capital is Phnom Penh. It is washed by the waters of the Siamese Hall. Most of the surface is lowland in the lower reaches of the river. Mekong; in the west - the Kravan mountains (height up to 1813 m). The climate is tropical monsoon. Temperatures 26-30 °C. Precipitation 750-2000 mm per year. The main river is the Mekong; lake Tonle Sap. Tropical forests, savannas. Angkor National Park, several reserves. In 1-6 centuries. on the territory of Cambodia - the state of Funan, in the 9-13 centuries. Khmer empire Kambuja-desha - a large state of the South-East. Asia. In the 14-19 centuries. repeatedly invaded by Siamese troops. In 1863, France imposed a protectorate treaty on the kingdom of Cambodia (the country's official name in 1863-1976), which was replaced in 1884 by a treaty that effectively turned it into a colony of France. In 1940-45 under Japanese occupation. In 1951, the People's Revolutionary Party of Cambodia (CRP) was formed. The upsurge of the liberation struggle forced France on November 9, 1953 to withdraw its administration and troops from the country. In 1957, a law on neutrality was passed. In March 1970, right-wing forces carried out a coup d'état and created the so-called. Phnom Penh regime. The popular masses launched a struggle against the regime: in April 1975, Phnom Penh and the territory of the entire country were liberated, but the leftist Khmer Rouge group seized power. In January 1979, patriotic forces overthrew the anti-people regime. In 1991, an agreement was signed in Paris on a comprehensive political settlement in Cambodia. In 1993, a new constitution was adopted, the monarchy was restored, and the Kingdom of Cambodia was proclaimed, headed by King Norodom Sihanouk. Cambodia is an agricultural country. Agriculture employs 85% of the able-bodied population. 16% of the territory is cultivated, of which approx. 1/2 under rice; cultivate corn, cassava, legumes; from industrial crops - tobacco, sugar cane, jute, rubber plants, olives, spices. Livestock. Fishing. Wood harvesting. Industry for the processing of agricultural raw materials, wood, fish. Auto and tractor assembly, metalworking, ship repair, cement, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, timber and paper enterprises. Electricity generation 70 million kWh (1990). Handicrafts. The length (1988) of railways is 649 km, of roads 14.8 thousand km. Main ports: Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville. Exports: rubber, timber, fruit, black pepper, fish. Main foreign trade partners: Vietnam, Russia and countries of Eastern Europe, Japan, etc. Monetary unit - riel.
TERESA (Teresa) (mother Teresa) (in the world Agnes Gonja Boyadzhiu, Bojaxhiu) (b. 1910), founder (1950, India) and abbess of the Catholic Order of Mercy. In various countries, she founded schools, medical centers, shelters for the poor. Nobel Peace Prize (1979).
OPHIOLITES, a complex of ultrabasic and basic intrusive (dunites, peridotites, pyroxenites, gabbro), effusive (hyperbasite) and sedimentary (mainly deep-water deposits) rocks; presumably considered as relics of the oceanic crust of the geological past, moved to the margins of the continents.