What lasts longer is a solar or lunar eclipse. Solar and lunar eclipses
Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser, project 11435, known in the west as "Kuznetsov" class, "Eagle" class or as type 11435, was built at the Black Sea shipyard in Nikolaev. The project was developed on the basis of the previous TAKR "Admiral Gorshkov" (formerly "Baku"), project 11434, which was laid down in 1982, but surpasses it in displacement (58,500 tons compared to 40,000 tons) and has a slightly lower speed (30 knots on compared with 32 for "Admiral Gorshkov".
Aircraft carrier "Admiral Fleet" Soviet Union Kuznetsov (project 1143.5) was laid down in 1985, and the second ship of the same type, Varyag, in 1988, but its construction was not completed.
Project 1143.5 can support submarines carrying ballistic missiles, surface ships and naval missile-carrying aviation Russian fleet. The ship can hit surface, underwater and air targets.
Aviation armament:
The flight deck area is 14,700 square meters and the flight deck is equipped with a 12 degree runway. The flight deck is equipped with aerophones. Two lifts deliver aircraft from the hangar to the flight deck.
The ship has capacity and maintenance capabilities for 16 Yak-41M aircraft (known under the NATO code name "Freestyle") and 12 Su-27K (Su-33) aircraft (NATO code name "Flanker") included in the air connection of aircraft and a connection of helicopters including 4 Ka-27LD (NATO code name Helix), 18 Ka-27PLO and 2 Ka-27S.
Missile weapons
The ship is equipped with Granite anti-ship missiles (surface-to-surface), equipped with 12 launchers. In the west, the Granit missiles are codenamed "Shipwreck" and have a range of over 400 kilometers.
Anti-air missile and artillery weapons include Klinok anti-air missiles with 24 vertical launchers and 192 missiles. This system protects the ship from anti-ship missiles, aircraft, unmanned aircraft and surface ships. The control is carried out using a multi-channel electronically controlled phased array radar. The system includes a control system, an under-deck launcher with four drum-type launchers, each with 8 missiles, and surface-to-air missiles in a containerized launcher. The system can reach a launch rate of 1 rocket every 3 seconds. Four targets can be attacked simultaneously in a 60 x 60 degree arc. The range of destruction is 12-15 kilometers.
The Kashtan anti-aircraft system, manufactured by the Tula Machine-Building Plant, has 4 command and 8 combat modules with 256 anti-aircraft missiles. The system provides protection against "precision" weapons, including anti-ship and anti-radar missiles, aircraft, helicopters and small sea targets. The range of missiles is 1.5 - 8 kilometers. The guns can fire at a rate of up to 1000 rounds per minute at a range of 0.5 - 1.5 kilometers. Anti-aircraft guns - AK630 AD.
Anti-submarine weapons
The ship is equipped with the Udav-1 anti-submarine defense system with 60 anti-submarine missiles. Udav-1, supplied by the Splav Research and Production Association, protects surface ships by distracting and destroying enemy torpedoes. The system also provides protection against submarines, midget submarines, and sabotage assets such as underwater motorcycles. The system has 10 sections and is capable of firing 111SG deep-seated rockets, laying minefields (111SZ) and using distracting projectiles (111SO). The range is up to 3000 meters horizontally and up to 600 meters in depth.
Acoustic and radar equipment
The ship's radars include a radar for detecting air and sea targets, a radar for detecting low-flying targets (detect low-flying aircraft and missiles), a flight control radar, a navigation radar and four fire control radars for the Kashtan air defense system.
The ship's sonar equipment includes a weapon detection and control sonar located in the ship's hull, operating at medium and low frequencies, capable of detecting torpedoes and submarines. The anti-submarine aviation of the ship is equipped with surface target search radar, submersible sonar, submersible buoys and magnetic anomaly detectors.
Ship electronic systems
Shipborne electronic systems include the Combat Information Center and Combat Air Support System. The ship has a navigation system and communications, including satellite communications.
Driving performance
The ship is equipped with 8 boilers and 4 steam turbines, each with a capacity of 50,000 hp, rotating 4 shafts with fixed diameter propellers. The maximum speed is 29 knots, the cruising range at maximum speed is 3800 miles. The maximum cruising range at 18 knots is 8500 miles.
Equipment
The ship's crew consists of 1960 people, including 200 officers. Also, the ship is equipped with 626 people. flight crew, including 40 people. command staff. The ship's 3,857 rooms include 387 cabins, 134 crew quarters with 50 showers, 6 dining rooms, 120 storage rooms and 6,000 meters of corridors and walkways.
Since ancient times, it was believed that a solar or lunar eclipse is a sign from above, foreshadowing all sorts of troubles. Therefore, court astrologers had to predict eclipses in advance and interpret what could be expected after them in terms of national security, the economy and the life of the ruler.
It is believed that a person born on the day of the eclipse becomes a hostage to the so-called Saros cycle, that is similar events happen to him once every 18 years and 10 days.
During a lunar eclipse, the psyche of people suffers. The number of suicides is on the rise mental disorders. A feeling of unmotivated anxiety, vague anxiety and even panic "covers" even those who are in ordinary life not subject to such feelings. Intuition - the gift of the Moon - during an eclipse stops working, it seems to be blocked.
How do lunar and solar eclipses affect nature?
Nature also reacts to eclipses - earthquakes and others are possible a week before and a week after natural disasters. The activity of the World Ocean is increasing - it is during eclipses that a greater number of storms and tsunamis occur.
The biggest negative impact solar eclipse brings to those regions in which it can be observed. In such regions, not only natural disasters occur, but economic collapses, the collapse of national currency, increased extremist tendencies, plane crashes and serious car accidents.
Negativity also manifests itself in those geographical points that coincide in sign with the sign under which the eclipse passes (read more about the Moon in the signs of the zodiac in our material). For example, if during the eclipse the Sun is in Pisces, then it is better not to appear near the reservoir, and if in Capricorn, then you should not go to the mountains.
During the days and nights of eclipses, it is especially recommended to engage in spiritual self-improvement, read prayers, meditate, and sing mantras. But it is not worth being in crowded places. Panic and its consequences can be provoked even by someone’s completely innocent joke. Also, do not conduct transactions, make large purchases; surgical intervention in the body is completely contraindicated - again because of its unpredictable consequences.
In light of the foregoing, it is better to keep track of the time of the next lunar or solar eclipse in order to be prepared for unpleasant surprises.
Upcoming eclipses and how to observe eclipses
The next solar eclipses, which will have a special impact on our country and its inhabitants, can be observed in the Northern Hemisphere:
Be careful these days, you can even stock up on amulets to be calmer ...
By the way, the “fatal” total solar eclipse on November 13, 2012 will not be visible on the territory of our country.
A lunar eclipse can be observed without damage to health, but a solar eclipse can cause damage to the eyes. Also in Novgorod Chronicle XIII century, we find a mention of the fact that "from this sign, hardly anyone from a person lost to see." Therefore, it is recommended to look at the eclipse through heavily smoked glass; ordinary sunglasses are not suitable. You can also use several multi-colored glasses, combining them into one, or a film of a photo negative on which there are no light areas. Moreover, a partial eclipse can cause damage to vision no less than a total eclipse.
You can not look at the eclipse through binoculars, through the viewfinder of a video camera and camera, and even more so through the eye of a telescope. Loss of vision may be permanent. Now, in addition to the already listed eye protection, industrial light filters have appeared that allow you to safely admire a rare occurrence. Well, you can draw health and understand what you should pay attention to before the eclipse if you read our health horoscope.
Everyone has seen such an astronomical phenomenon as a solar eclipse at least once in their life. Even in ancient sources, people mentioned it, and today, at least once or twice a year, partial or complete eclipses can be seen all over the Earth. Eclipses occur regularly, several times a year, and even the exact dates of the next ones are known.
What is a solar eclipse?
Objects in outer space are arranged in such a way that the shadow of one can overlap another. The moon provokes a solar eclipse when it covers the fiery disk. At this moment, the planet becomes a little colder and noticeably darker, as if it were evening. Animals and birds are frightened in this incomprehensible situation, plants fold their leaves. Even people used to treat such astronomical jokes with great excitement, but with the development of science, everything fell into place.
How does a solar eclipse happen?
The moon and the sun are at different distances from our planet, so they appear to people to be almost the same size. On the new moon, when the orbits of both cosmic bodies intersect at one point, the satellite closes the luminary for the earthly viewer. A solar eclipse is a bright and memorable astronomical event, but it is impossible to fully enjoy it for several reasons:
- The blackout band is not wide by earthly standards, no more than 200-270 km.
- Due to the fact that the diameter of the Moon is much smaller than the Earth's, you can see the eclipse only in certain places on the planet.
- The so-called "phase of darkness" lasts several minutes. After that, the satellite moves aside, continuing to rotate in its orbit, and the star again "works in the usual mode."
What does a solar eclipse look like?
When an earthly satellite obscures a heavenly body, the latter from the surface of the planet looks like dark spot with a bright crown on the sides. The fireball is closed by another, but of a smaller diameter. A pearl-colored radiance appears around. These are the outer layers of the solar atmosphere, not visible at normal times. The "magic" lies in one moment, which can only be caught from a certain angle. And the essence of a solar eclipse is in the shadow falling from the satellite, which blocks the light. Those in the eclipse may see the full eclipse, others only partially or not at all.
How long does a solar eclipse last?
Depending on the latitude at which a potential terrestrial viewer is located, he can observe the eclipse from 10 to 15 minutes. During this time, there are three conditional stages of a solar eclipse:
- The Moon appears from the right side of the star.
- It passes along its orbit, gradually obscuring the fiery disk from the beholder.
- The most dark period- when the satellite completely obscures the luminary.
After that, the Moon departs, revealing the right edge of the Sun. The glowing ring disappears and becomes light again. The last period of a solar eclipse is short, lasting an average of 2-3 minutes. The longest recorded duration of the full phase in June 1973 was 7.5 minutes. And the shortest eclipse was visible in 1986 in the north Atlantic Ocean when the shadow obscured the disk for only one second.
Solar eclipse - views
The geometry of the phenomenon is amazing, and its beauty is due to the following coincidence: the diameter of the star is 400 times larger than the moon, and from it to the Earth is 400 times further. Under ideal conditions, you can see a very "accurate" eclipse. But when a person looking for a unique phenomenon is in the penumbra of the moon, he notices partial obscuration. In total there are three types of eclipses:
- Total solar eclipse - if the darkest phase is visible to earthlings, the fiery disk is completely closed and there is a golden crown effect.
- Private, when one edge of the Sun is obscured by a shadow.
- An annular solar eclipse occurs when the earth's satellite is too far away and a bright ring is formed when looking at the luminary.
How dangerous is a solar eclipse?
A solar eclipse is a phenomenon that has both attracted and terrified people since ancient times. Understanding its nature, there is no point in being afraid, however, eclipses really carry colossal energy, which sometimes poses a danger to people. Doctors and psychologists consider the impact of these phenomena on the human body, arguing that hypersensitive people, the elderly and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. Three days before the event and three days after the event, health problems such as:
- headache;
- pressure surges;
- exacerbation of chronic diseases.
What not to do during a solar eclipse?
From a medical point of view, looking at the sun during an eclipse is very dangerous, because the sun produces a large amount of ultraviolet radiation (and during an eclipse, the eyes are not protected and absorb dangerous doses of UV radiation), which is the cause of various eye diseases. Astrologers also talk about the impact of a solar eclipse on people's lives and their behavior. Experts in this field do not recommend starting new business during this period in order to avoid failures, taking on something spontaneously and making difficult decisions on which further fate. From what you should not do during a solar eclipse, we can distinguish:
- alcohol and drug abuse;
- conflict resolution, as people become more irritable;
- performing complex medical procedures;
- participation in mass actions.
When will the next solar eclipse be?
In ancient times, the moment when the luminary would disappear behind the lunar disk could not be predicted. Nowadays, scientists name the exact dates and places where it is best to look beyond the eclipse and the moment of the maximum phase, when the Moon completely covers the fiery disk with its shadow. The calendar for 2018 is as follows:
- Partial dimming will be visible in Antarctica, southern Argentina and Chile on the night of February 15, 2018.
- On July 13, at southern latitudes (in Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica), one can observe a partial closure of the Sun. The maximum phase is 06:02 Moscow time.
- The nearest solar eclipse for residents of Russia, Ukraine, Mongolia, China, Canada and Scandinavia will come on August 11, 2018 at 12:47.
Solar eclipse - interesting facts
Even people who do not understand astronomy are interested in: how often a solar eclipse happens, what causes it, how long this outlandish phenomenon lasts. Many facts about him are known to everyone and surprise no one. But there is also interesting information about the eclipse, known to few.
- Observe the situation when the fiery disk is completely hidden from the eyes, in all solar system only possible on earth.
- At any point on the planet, eclipses can be seen on average once every 360 years.
- The maximum area of overlapping of the Sun by the lunar shadow is 80%.
- In China, data were found on the first recorded eclipse, which happened in 1050 BC.
- The ancient Chinese believed that during an eclipse, the "solar dog" eats the Sun. They began to beat the drums to drive the celestial predator away from the luminary. He should have been frightened and returned the stolen to the sky.
- When a solar eclipse occurs, the lunar shadow moves across the surface of the Earth at a tremendous speed - up to 2 km per second.
- Scientists have calculated: after 600 million years, eclipses will stop completely, because. the satellite will move away from the planet at a great distance.
Astronomical knowledge is an interesting part of the general knowledge necessary for a person to understand what is happening in environment. We direct our eyes to the sky whenever dreams take possession of the mind. Sometimes some phenomena strike a person to the core. We will talk about such in our article, namely, what a lunar and solar eclipse is.
Although today the disappearance or partial concealment of the luminaries from our eyes does not cause such superstitious fear as among our ancestors, a special halo of mystery of these processes remains. Nowadays, science has facts that can be used to explain this or that phenomenon simply and easily. We will try to do this in today's article.
and how does it happen?
A solar eclipse is one that occurs as a result of the fact that the Earth's satellite eclipses the entire solar surface or part of it facing observers located on the ground. At the same time, it is possible to see it only during the new moon period, when the part of the Moon turned to the planet is not completely illuminated, that is, it becomes invisible to the naked eye. We understood what an eclipse is, and now we will find out how it happens.
An eclipse occurs when the Moon is not illuminated by the Sun from the side visible on Earth. This is possible only in the growing phase, when it is near one of the two lunar nodes (by the way, the lunar node is the point of intersecting lines of two orbits, solar and lunar). At the same time, the lunar shadow on the planet has a diameter of no more than 270 kilometers. Therefore, the eclipse can be observed only in the place of the shadow band. In turn, the Moon, rotating in its orbit, maintains a certain distance between it and the Earth, which at the time of the eclipse can be completely different.
When do we observe a total solar eclipse?
You have probably heard about the concept of a total eclipse. Here we once again clearly define what a total solar eclipse is and what conditions are needed for it.
The shadow of the Moon falling on the Earth is a kind of spot of a certain diameter with a possible change in size. As we have already said, the diameter of the shadow does not exceed 270 kilometers, while the minimum figure approaches zero. If at this moment the observer of the eclipse finds himself in a dark band, he has a unique opportunity to become a witness to the complete disappearance of the Sun. At the same time, the sky becomes dark, with the outlines of stars and even planets. And around the previously hidden solar disk, the outline of the crown appears, which is impossible to see at normal times. A total eclipse lasts no more than a few minutes.
The photographs of this unique phenomenon presented in the article will help to see and realize what a solar eclipse is. If you decide to observe this phenomenon live, you must observe safety measures regarding vision.
With that, we finished the information block, in which we learned what a solar eclipse is and what conditions are necessary to see it. Next, we have to get acquainted with the lunar eclipse, or, as it sounds in English, lunar eclipse.
What is a lunar eclipse and how does it happen?
A lunar eclipse is a cosmic phenomenon that occurs when the Moon falls into the shadow of the Earth. In this case, as with the Sun, events can have several options for the development.
Depending on several factors, a lunar eclipse can be total or partial. Logically, we can well assume what this or that term characterizing a particular eclipse means. Let's find out what a total lunar eclipse is.
How and when does a planetary satellite become invisible?
Such an eclipse of the Moon is usually visible where at the appropriate moment it is located above the horizon. The satellite is in the shadow of the Earth, but the total eclipse is not able to completely hide the Moon. In this case, it is only slightly shaded, acquiring a dark, reddish tint. This is because, even being completely in the shade, the lunar disk does not cease to be illuminated by the sun's rays passing through the earth's atmosphere.
Our knowledge has expanded with facts about the eclipse of the moon. However, that's not all possible options eclipse of the satellite by the earth's shadow. The rest will be discussed later.
Partial lunar eclipse
As with the Sun, the obscuration of the visible surface of the Moon is often incomplete. We can observe a partial eclipse when some part of the Moon is in the Earth's shadow. This means that when part of the satellite is eclipsed, that is, it is obscured by our planet, then its second part continues to be illuminated by the Sun and remains well viewed by us.
A penumbral eclipse, which differs from other astronomical processes, will seem much more interesting and unusual. About what is a penumbral eclipse of the Moon, we will talk further.
Unique penumbral lunar eclipse
This type of eclipse of the Earth's satellite occurs a little differently than partial. From open sources or already from our own experience, it is easy to learn that there are areas on the surface of the Earth where the sun's rays are not completely obscured, which means they cannot be a shadow. But there is no direct sunlight here either. This is the penumbra area. And when the Moon, which has fallen into this very place, is in the penumbra of the Earth, we can observe a penumbral eclipse.
When entering the penumbral region, the lunar disk changes its brightness, becoming a little darker. True, such a phenomenon is almost impossible to notice and recognize with the naked eye. This will require special devices. It is also interesting that the dimming can be more noticeable from one edge of the Moon's disk.
So we have finished the second main block of our article. Now we can easily explain ourselves what a lunar eclipse is and how it happens. But Interesting Facts about solar and lunar eclipses do not end there. Let's continue the topic by answering some questions related to these amazing phenomena.
What are the most common eclipses?
After all that we have learned from the previous parts of the article, the question naturally arises: which of the eclipses are we more likely to see in our lives? We will also say a few words about this.
Unbelievable, but true: the number of eclipses of the Sun is greater, even though the Moon is smaller in size than After all, knowing what an eclipse is and why it occurs, one might think that the shadow from a larger object is more likely to block a smaller one than vice versa. Based on this logic, the size of the Earth allows you to hide the lunar disk in no time.
Nevertheless, it is the eclipses of the Sun on the planet that happen more. According to the statistics of astronomers and observers, for seven eclipses there are only three lunar, solar, respectively, four.
The Reason for the Amazing Statistics
Drives closest to us heavenly bodies, Sun and Moon, in the sky in diameter are almost the same. This is the reason why solar eclipses can occur.
Usually, eclipses of the Sun fall on the period of the new moon, that is, when the Moon approaches its orbital nodes. And since it is not perfectly round, and the nodes of the orbit move along the ecliptic, during favorable periods, the disk of the Moon on the celestial sphere can be either larger or smaller, or even equal to the solar disk.
In this case, the first case contributes to a total eclipse. The decisive factor is the angular. At the maximum size, the eclipse can last up to seven and a half minutes. The second case implies complete shading for only seconds. In the third case, when the disk of the Moon is smaller than the solar one, a very beautiful eclipse occurs - annular. Around the dark disk of the Moon we see a shining ring - the edges of the solar disk. This eclipse lasts 12 minutes.
Thus, we have supplemented our knowledge of what a solar eclipse is and how it occurs with new details worthy of amateur researchers.
The eclipse factor: the location of the luminaries
An equally important reason for an eclipse is the uniform arrangement of the heavenly bodies. The Moon's shadow may or may not hit the Earth. And sometimes it happens that only a penumbra from an eclipse falls on the Earth. In this case, you can observe a partial, that is, an incomplete eclipse of the Sun, which we already talked about, even when we talked about what an eclipse of the Sun is.
If a lunar eclipse can be observed from the entire night surface of the planet, from which the circumference of the lunar disk is visible, then a solar eclipse can be observed only when you are in a narrow band 40-100 kilometers wide on average.
How often can you see eclipses?
Now that we know what an eclipse is and why there are more of them than others, one more exciting question remains: how often can these amazing phenomena be observed? After all, in our lives, each of us heard only one news about the eclipse, a maximum of two, someone - not a single one ...
Despite the fact that a solar eclipse occurs more often than a lunar eclipse, it can still be seen in the same area (remember the strip with an average width of 40-100 kilometers) only once every 300 years. But a total lunar eclipse, a person can observe several times in his life, but only if the observer has not changed his place of residence throughout his life. Although today, knowing about the blackout, you can get anywhere and by any means of transport. Those who know what a lunar eclipse is will certainly not stop at a hundred or two kilometers of travel for an incredible spectacle. Today there are no problems with this. And if suddenly you received information about the next eclipse in some place, do not be lazy and spare no expense to get to the place of maximum visibility at the moment when you can observe the ongoing eclipse. Believe me, no distance can compare with the impressions received.
Upcoming visible eclipses
You can learn about the frequency and schedule of eclipses from the astronomical calendar. Besides about significant events like a total eclipse will definitely be talked about in the media. The calendar says that the next solar eclipse visible in the capital of Russia will take place on October 16, 2126. Recall also that the last eclipse in this area could be observed more than a hundred years ago - in 1887. So the inhabitants of Moscow will not have to observe a solar eclipse for many more years. The only opportunity to see an amazing phenomenon is to go to Siberia, to Far East. There you can observe a change in the brightness of the Sun: it will only darken a little.
Conclusion
In our astronomical article, we tried to explain clearly and briefly what an eclipse of the Sun and Moon is, how these phenomena occur, how often they can be seen. The conclusion of our research in this area: the eclipse of various celestial bodies occur according to different principles and have their own characteristics. But understanding some of the details necessary for the average person's full knowledge of the environment is very important.
Today, thanks to advanced science and technology, the luminary that went out for a while no longer frightens at all, but remains just as enticingly mysterious. Today we know what a lunar and solar eclipse is and what they bring us. Let now interest in them be purely cognitive as a rare outlandish phenomenon. Also, in the end, we wish you to see at least one eclipse with your own eyes!