Ancient Rus'. The first chronicler of the Russian land Synodal list of the Novgorod 1 chronicle
senior redoubt
The oldest edition of the Novgorod First Chronicle has been preserved in the only Synodal list - the oldest list of Russian chronicles. A quarter-sheet parchment manuscript is kept in the Synodal Collection of the State Historical Museum, it contains 169 sheets, presumably 136 sheets are lost.
The synodal list is divided into two parts: the first part (l.1-118 - p.15-73) brings the presentation up to 1234 and was rewritten by one scribe or (according to T.V. Gimon and A.A. Gippius) shortly after 1234 year, or (according to B. M. Kloss) in the 1260s. The second part (l.119-166 - p.73-99) covers the events of 1234-1330 and was rewritten around 1330. Further there are postscripts in different handwriting about the events of 1331-1333, 1337, 1345 and 1352 (l.167-169 - p.99-100).
The ratio of the volume of the annals:
- News of 1016-1110 - l.1-7v. (pp.15-19)
- News of 1111-1203 - sheet 7v.-64 (pp. 20-46)
- News of 1204-1234 - fol. 64-118v. (p.46-73)
- Izvestia of 1234-1304 - sheets 119-154ob. (p.73-92), 8 sheets lost
- Izvestia of 1305-1330 - sheet 154ob.-166ob. (p.92-99)
The text earlier than 1016 is lost, presumably it was presented on 16 notebooks, that is, 128 sheets. The text for the years 1272-1299 is lost, presumably was 1 notebook, that is, 8 sheets,
Despite the brevity of the presentation for the events of the 11th century, some NPL information is missing from the PVL:
Under the year 1204 is placed "The Tale of the Capture of Tsargrad by the Friags" (l.64-72, p.46-49). The Battle of Lipica (L.83-86v., pp.55-57) and the Battle of the Kalka (L.95v.-99v., P.61-63) are described in relative detail, as well as the Tatar invasion of 1237-1238 (L. .121-125v., pp.74-77) and the Battle of Rakovor (l.143-146v., pp.85-87). Many large texts, which supplemented the chronicle of the younger version and later chronicles, are still missing here.
Dating of news
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See what the "Novgorod First Chronicle" is in other dictionaries:
Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition
Novgorod first chronicle of the older version- Novgorod First Chronicle (NPL) Russian chronicle, the oldest surviving monument of Novgorod chronicle, reflecting a fairly early stage of its development. Contains numerous important information on the history of Veliky Novgorod and others ... ... Wikipedia
Novgorod sovereign chronicle- Original name unknown ... Wikipedia
Novgorod Fourth Chronicle- The Novgorod fourth chronicle (NIVL, N4L) is an important monument of Russian chronicle writing of the 15th century. This chronicle is usually called the fourth in the order of their location in the 1848 edition, but chronologically it is the second of the surviving ones, and it ... ... Wikipedia
Novgorod Karamzin Chronicle- a monument of Russian annals of the 1st half of the 15th century. Research History Karamzin, which is reflected in its name. Now stored in the National Library of Russia (F.IV.603). The first researcher ... ... Wikipedia
Annals of Novgorod first- - the oldest chronicle of the Novgorod feudal republic, is one of the main sources of our knowledge about culture, life, social political life Novgorod during the period of independence. Although the NIL is based on the local chronicle, which was kept under ... ... Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'
Sofia First Chronicle- (CIL, S1L) the most important monument Russian chronicle, brought to 1418 and laid the foundation for all the all-Russian chronicles of the second half of the 15th and early 16th centuries. Along with the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle (N4L), it goes back to their common source ... Wikipedia
Novgorod Chronicle- The Novgorod First Chronicle The Novgorod Second Chronicle The Novgorod Third Chronicle The Novgorod Fourth Chronicle The Novgorod Fifth Chronicle See also the Sofia Chronicle The Suprasl Chronicle The Novgorod Sophia Code of the Chronicle of Rus' Complete ... ... Wikipedia
Great philosophers have often said that people who do not know their past have no future. The history of your family, your people, your country should be known at least so that you do not have to make the same discoveries, make the same mistakes.
The sources of information about the events of the past are official documents of the state level, records of religious, social, educational institutions, preserved eyewitness accounts and much more. Chronicles are considered the oldest documentary source.
The chronicle is one of the genres of Old Russian literature that existed from the 11th to the 17th centuries. At its core, this is a consistent presentation of events significant for history. The records were kept by year, and they could vary greatly in terms of volume and details of presentation of the material.
What events deserved to be mentioned in chronicles?
Firstly, these are turning points in the biography of Russian princes: marriage, the birth of heirs, the beginning of reigning, military exploits, death. Sometimes the Russian chronicles described miracles coming from the relics of the deceased princes, for example, Boris and Gleb, the first Russian saints.
Secondly, the chroniclers paid attention to the description of celestial eclipses, solar and lunar, epidemics of serious diseases, earthquakes, etc. Chroniclers often tried to establish a relationship between natural phenomena and historical events. For example, a defeat in a battle could be explained by the special position of the stars in the sky.
Thirdly, the ancient chronicles told about events of national importance: military campaigns, attacks by enemies, the construction of religious or administrative buildings, church affairs, etc.
Common features of famous chronicles
1) If you remember what a chronicle is, you can guess why this genre of literature got such a name. The fact is that instead of the word "year" the authors used the word "summer". Each entry began with the words "In summer", followed by an indication of the year and a description of the event. If, from the point of view of the chronicler, nothing significant happened, then a note was put - "In the summer of XXXX, there was silence." The chronicler had no right to completely skip the description of this or that year.
2) Some Russian chronicles do not begin with the appearance Russian state, which would be logical, but from the creation of the world. Thus, the chronicler sought to inscribe the history of his country in the general human history, to show the place and role of his homeland in the modern world for him. Dating was also conducted from the creation of the world, and not from the Nativity of Christ, as we do now. The interval between these dates is 5508 years. Therefore, the entry "In the summer of 6496" contains a description of the events of 988 - the Baptism of Rus'.
3) For work, the chronicler could use the works of his predecessors. But he not only included the materials they left in his narrative, but also gave them his political and ideological assessment.
4) The chronicle differs from other genres of literature in its special style. The authors did not use any artistic devices to decorate their speech. The main thing for them was documentary and informative.
The connection of the chronicle with literary and folklore genres
The special style mentioned above, however, did not prevent chroniclers from periodically resorting to oral folk art or other literary genres. Ancient chronicles contain elements of legends, traditions, heroic epos, as well as hagiographic and secular literature.
Turning to the toponymic legend, the author sought to explain where the names of the Slavic tribes, ancient cities and the whole country came from. Echoes of ritual poetry are present in the description of weddings and funerals. Epic techniques could be used to depict the glorious Russian princes and their heroic deeds. And to illustrate the life of the rulers, for example, the feasts they arrange, there are elements of folk tales.
Hagiographic literature, with its clear structure and symbolism, provided the chroniclers with both material and a method for describing miraculous phenomena. They believed in the intervention of divine forces in human history and reflected this in their writings. Elements of secular literature (teachings, stories, etc.) were used by the authors to reflect and illustrate their views.
Texts of legislative acts, princely and church archives, and other official documents were also woven into the fabric of the narrative. This helped the chronicler to give the most complete picture of important events. And what is a chronicle if not a comprehensive historical description?
The most famous chronicles
It should be noted that the chronicles are divided into local, which became widespread during the time of feudal fragmentation, and all-Russian, describing the history of the entire state. The list of the most famous is presented in the table:
Until the 19th century, it was believed that The Tale of Bygone Years was the first chronicle in Rus', and its creator, monk Nestor, was the first Russian historiographer. This assumption was refuted by A.A. Shkhmatov, D.S. Likhachev and other scientists. The Tale of Bygone Years has not been preserved, but its individual editions are known from lists in later works - the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles.
Chronicle in the modern world
By the end of the 17th century, the chronicles had lost their historical meaning. More accurate and objective ways of fixing events have appeared. History began to be studied from the positions of official science. And the word "chronicle" has additional meanings. We no longer remember what a chronicle is when we read the headings “Chronicle of the life and work of N”, “Chronicle of a museum” (of a theater or any other institution).
There is a magazine, a film studio, a radio program called Chronicle, and computer game fans are probably familiar with the game Arkham Chronicle.
About the life of the Monk Nestor the Chronicler before he became a resident of the Kiev Caves Monastery, we know practically nothing. We don't know who he was social status We do not know the exact date of his birth. Scientists agree on an approximate date - the middle of the XI century. History has not recorded even the worldly name of the first historian of the Russian land. And he preserved for us invaluable information about the psychological makeup of the holy brothers-passion-bearers Boris and Gleb, the Monk Theodosius of the Caves, remaining in the shadow of the heroes of his labors. The circumstances of the life of this outstanding figure of Russian culture have to be restored bit by bit, and not all gaps in his biography can be filled. We celebrate the memory of St. Nestor on November 9th.The Monk Nestor came to the famous Kievo-Pechersk monastery, being a youth of seventeen. The holy monastery lived according to the strict Studian rule, which the Monk Theodosius introduced in it, borrowing it from Byzantine books. According to this charter, before taking monastic vows, the candidate had to go through a long preparatory stage. Newcomers first had to wear lay clothes until they had learned well the rules of monastic life. After that, the candidates were allowed to put on the monastic attire and proceed to the tests, that is, to show themselves in work on various obediences. The one who passed these tests successfully took the tonsure, but the test did not end there - last step Admission to the monastery was tonsure into the great schema, which not everyone was honored with.
The Monk Nestor went all the way from a simple novice to a schemamonk in just four years, and also received the rank of deacon. A significant role in this was played, in addition to obedience and virtue, by his education and outstanding literary talent.
The Kiev Caves Monastery was a unique phenomenon in the spiritual life of Kievan Rus. The number of brethren reached one hundred people, which was rare even for Byzantium itself. The severity of the communal charter, found in the archives of Constantinople, had no analogues. The monastery also prospered in material terms, although its governors did not care about collecting earthly riches. They listened to the voice of the monastery powers of the world this, he had a real political and, most importantly, spiritual influence on society.
The young Russian Church at that time was actively mastering the richest material of Byzantine church literature. She was faced with the task of creating original Russian texts in which the national image of Russian holiness would be revealed.
The first hagiographic (hagiography is a theological discipline that studies the lives of the saints, the theological and historical and ecclesiastical aspects of holiness. - Ed.) work of the Monk Nestor - "Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed martyrs Boris and Gleb" - is dedicated to the memory of the first Russian saints. The chronicler, apparently, responded to the expected all-Russian church celebration - the consecration of a stone church over the relics of Saints Boris and Gleb.
The work of St. Nestor was not the first among the works devoted to this topic. However, he did not begin to present the history of the brothers according to a ready-made chronicle tradition, but created a text that was deeply original in form and content. The author of "Reading about the life of ..." creatively reworked the best examples of Byzantine hagiographic literature and was able to express ideas that are very important for the Russian church and state self-consciousness. As the researcher of ancient Russian church culture Georgy Fedotov writes, “the memory of Saints Boris and Gleb was the voice of conscience in inter-princely appanage accounts, not regulated by law, but only vaguely limited by the idea of tribal seniority.”
The Monk Nestor did not have much information about the death of the brothers, but as a subtle artist he was able to recreate a psychologically reliable image of true Christians, meekly accepting death. The truly Christian death of the sons of the baptizer of the Russian people, Prince Vladimir, is inscribed by the chronicler in the panorama of the global historical process, which he understands as the arena of the universal struggle between good and evil.
Father of Russian monasticism
The second hagiographic work of St. Nestor is dedicated to the life of one of the founders of the Kiev Caves Monastery - St. Theodosius. He wrote this work in the 1080s, just a few years after the death of the ascetic, in the hope of a speedy canonization of the saint. This hope, however, was not destined to come true. Saint Theodosius was canonized only in 1108.
The inner appearance of the Monk Theodosius of the Caves is of particular importance to us. As Georgy Fedotov writes, “in the person of the Monk Theodosius Ancient Rus' found her ideal saint, to whom she remained faithful for many centuries. Saint Theodosius is the father of Russian monasticism. All Russian monks are his children, bearing his family traits. And Nestor the Chronicler was the man who preserved for us his unique appearance and created on Russian soil an ideal type of biography of the saint. As the same Fedotov writes, “Nestor’s work forms the basis of all Russian hagiography, inspiring feat, indicating the normal, Russian path of labor and, on the other hand, filling in the gaps of biographical tradition with common necessary features.<…>All this makes Nestor's life of exceptional importance for the Russian type of ascetic holiness. The chronicler was not a witness to the life and deeds of the Monk Theodosius. Nevertheless, his life story is based on eyewitness accounts, which he was able to combine into a coherent, vivid and memorable story.
Of course, in order to create a full-fledged literary life, it is necessary to rely on a developed literary tradition, which has not yet existed in Rus'. Therefore, the Monk Nestor borrows a lot from Greek sources, sometimes making long verbatim extracts. However, they practically do not affect the biographical basis of his story.
The memory of the unity of the people
The main feat of the life of the Monk Nestor was the compilation of the Tale of Bygone Years by 1112-1113. This work is a quarter of a century away from the first two literary works of the Monk Nestor known to us and belongs to another literary genre- annals. Unfortunately, the set of "The Tale ..." has not come down to us in its entirety. It was subjected to processing by the monk of the Vydubitsky monastery Sylvester.
The Tale of Bygone Years is based on the chronicle work of Abbot John, who made the first attempt at a systematic presentation of Russian history from ancient times. He brought his story up to 1093. Earlier chronicles are a fragmentary account of disparate events. It is interesting that these records contain a legend about Kyi and his brothers, a short report about the reign of the Varangian Oleg in Novgorod, about the destruction of Askold and Dir, and a legend about the death of Prophetic Oleg. Actually Kyiv history begins with the reign of "old Igor", the origin of which is silent.
Abbot John, dissatisfied with the inaccuracy and fabulousness of the chronicle, restores the years, based on the Greek and Novgorod chronicles. It is he who first introduces "old Igor" as the son of Rurik. Askold and Dir here for the first time appear as the boyars of Rurik, and Oleg as his governor.
It was the set of Abbot John that became the basis of the work of the Monk Nestor. He subjected the initial part of the chronicle to the greatest processing. The original edition of the chronicle was supplemented with legends, monastic records, Byzantine chronicles of John Malala and George Amartol. Great importance Saint Nestor gave oral evidence - the stories of the elder boyar Jan Vyshatich, merchants, warriors, travelers.
In his main work, Nestor the Chronicler acts both as a historian, as a writer, and as a religious thinker, giving a theological understanding national history, which is integral part history of the salvation of the human race.
For St. Nestor, the history of Rus' is the history of the perception of Christian preaching. Therefore, he fixes in his chronicle the first mention of the Slavs in church sources - the year 866, tells in detail about the activities of the saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius, about the baptism of Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga in Constantinople. It is this ascetic who introduces into the chronicle the story of the first Orthodox church in Kyiv, of the preaching feat of the Varangian martyrs Theodore the Varangian and his son John.
Despite the huge amount of heterogeneous information, the chronicle of St. Nestor has become a true masterpiece of ancient Russian and world literature.
In the years of fragmentation, when there was almost nothing to remind of the former unity of Kievan Rus, The Tale of Bygone Years remained the monument that awakened in all corners of crumbling Rus the memory of its former unity.
The Monk Nestor died about the year 1114, having bequeathed to the chronicler monks of the Caves the continuation of his great work.
Newspaper "Orthodox Faith" No. 21 (545)
Novgorod First Chronicle:
In summer 6362 . The beginning of the Rusko land. I live each with my kind in their places and Forward, owning each with their kind.
And there were three brothers: one was named Kii, the second was named Shchek, the third was named Khoriv, and their sister was Lybid. And Kyi sits on the mountain, even now Borichev is taken away, and be with his family; and his brother Shchek is on a mountain of friends, from whom he was nicknamed Shchekovitsa; and the third is Khoriv, from which he was nicknamed Khorivitsa. And having created a city, in the name of his elder brother, and called the name of Kiev. And there was a forest near them and a great forest, and I beat the traps of the beast. And the men are wise and sensible, I call Polyana, and to this day they are kyans; but the trash, eating the lake and the storehouse and the grove, like other trash.
In these times, there was a Caesar in Grechko land, named Michael, and his mother Irina, who also preached the worship of icons in the first week of Lent. At seven Rus' came to Tsargrad in ships, a ship without number; and two hundred entered the Court, doing a lot of evil by the Greek and killing a great peasant. The Caesar, with Patriarch Photius, prayed in the church of the Holy Mother of God Blachernae all night; tatsa of the holy Mother of God the robe is worn out, in the sea it is hardly soaked; but during that time, it’s like silence, and a storm rises, and the Russian ship sinks, and I cast out onto the shore, and returned to my own sy.
To this day, these brethren are bent; and we would offend the Drevlians, and round them up. And most of all I am Kozare on these mountains, sitting all over, and deciding: "Pay tribute to us." Thinking Polyana and throwing a sword from the smoke. And carrying Kozare to his prince and his elders. The prince convoked his elders and said to them: “behold, a tribute to the new.” She decided to him: "from where." He said: "in the forest on the mountains above the Dnieper River." They decide: "what is the essence of the distance." And show them the sword; and deciding the elders of the kozars: “Tribute is not good, prince; we are looking for weapons of a single country, with swords; but these same weapons are both sharp, more swords; these have both on us and on others, and on others Forward. Everything will come true; not from my own will, but from God's command. As if under Pharaoh the Caesars of Egypt, when they brought Moses, and decided the elders of the Pharaoh: “these want to humble the power of Egypt”; like it was; and the Egyptians perished from Moses, and the first was the one who worked for them; so it is with them that they own, and then they themselves own; as it were: the Russian princes rule over Kozary even to this day. Let's go back to the past. And for these, brethren, two Varangians came and called the prince: one had the name Askold, and the other Dir; and the best of the princes in Kiev, and owning the Fields; and besha warriors from the Drevlyany and from the Streets.
In the times of Kiev and Shchek and Khoriv, people of Novgorod, recommendations of Slovenia, and Krivitsi and Merya: Slovens had their own volost, and Krivitsi had their own, and Mere had their own; each owning his family; but Chud is of his own kind; and a tribute to the dayah by the Varangian from her husband for the white of the wind; and even if they beat them, then violence is done by Sloven, Krivich and Meryam and Chudi. And vstasha Slovenia and Krivitsi and Merya and Chyud to the Varangians, and drove out the sea; and start owning your own and setting up cities. And you yourself will fight for yourself, and the army between them will be great and strife, and you will rise hail to hail, and there is no more truth in them. And I decided to myself: "Let's look for the prince, who would own us and dress us by right." Idosha across the sea to the Varangians and rkosha: “Our land is great and plentiful, but we have no outfit; Yes, come to us to reign and rule over us. I chose Z brother from my generations, and girded with me a squad of many and wonderful, and came to Novgorod. And here are the elders in Novgorod, be his name Rurik; and others are sitting on Belozero, Sineus; and thirds in Izborsk, his name is Truvor. And from those Varyag, the finder of those, nicknamed Rus, and from those the word Russian land; and the essence of Novgorod people to this day is from the Varangian clan. In two years, Sineus and his brother Truvor died, and taking power alone Rurik, power to both brothers, and beginning to rule alone.
P.S. In general, this message from the Novgorod I Chronicle (NPL) does not contradict the well-known text of the Tale of Bygone Years (PVL), which tells about the same events. http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/1000dok/povest1.php. However, there are also significant differences, namely:
1. The legendary founders of Kyiv - Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv, turn out to be contemporaries of Rurik, and not princes of the 5th-6th centuries. AD, as it was commonly believed in Soviet historiography, which connected the formation of the Russian state with the "south", with Polyansky Kyiv;
2. 854, and not 862, is named the year of the calling of the Varangians-Ruriks to the NPL. like in PVL. It can be assumed that this contradiction of 2 sources is associated with various systems chronology "from the creation of the world": 5500 and 5508. In this case, we see exactly this difference of 8 years.
At the same time, the date of NPL 854 seems to be more accurate, because removes the contradiction of the PVL that arises when comparing the time of the calling of Rurik and the campaign of Rus' against Constantinople. So PVL refers this event to 866, but according to more reliable Byzantine sources, the campaign of the Rus (it is unlikely that these Rus could be anything other than the Rus-Varangians of the former boyars of Rurik - Askold and Dir) took place in 860. If we We take 854 as the date of Rurik's calling, then everything falls into place: 854. - the calling of Rurik to reign in the early state formation of the unions of the tribes of the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichi (possibly even Dregovichi) and some Finnish tribes, then the withdrawal of part of the Varangians-Rus under the leadership of Askold and Dir to the south, their liberation of the glades from the Khazar yoke and a campaign against the Eastern Roman empire, held in 860.
This, of course, does not mean that the beginning of Rurik's reign refers specifically to the year 854, it is likely that this date is, to a greater or lesser extent, conditional. However, it is important that the assignment of the vocation of Rurik to the 50s of the 9th century, i.e. by the time before the campaign against Constantinople, eliminates the contradictions in the chronology of the PVL, and fully corresponds with the data of Byzantine sources, in partthe sequence of the above events.
1. Chronicle
Any object or concept, before talking about it, needs to be defined somehow. Therefore, when starting to study the history of the Aryan-Slavs and their chronicles, it is worth clarifying the meaning of these terms.
As for the "chronicle", then everything seems to be clear and without explanation. The name itself suggests that in it year after year (summer after summer) the Scribe describes the events known to him.
. And this is done in order not to lose the accumulated knowledge of the ancestors, as well as on the basis of a series of events to replenish this knowledge, clarify it and discover new rules and laws that operate over longer periods of time (than the laws of the ancestors).
In short - the goal of the Chronicle is promotion!
2. History
But the term "History", which replaced the "Chronicle" from the West, requires some clarification.
.
Patroness of History ancient greece was the goddess Clio.
"The name Clio comes from the fact that chanting in poetry gives great glory to those who are praised" (http://history-illustrated.ru/article_2338.html)
This means that the purpose of History is to exalt and glorify individuals, as a rule, military and statesmen, as well as individual (selected) states and peoples!
History, by definition, is not a science, but a place of praise and glorification!
So the task of Clio-History, to describe the sequence of events, all the more objectively in their description, which is expected from it, by design, it is in no way related to sh e n and i have no!
Therefore, there is nothing strange in the fact that in history, cultures and peoples appear from nowhere, and then disappear from nowhere. "From where" and "where" is not a question of history, it is a question of chronicle. The task of History is to praise what is available now!
Why does each nation have its own beauty and history that does not fit in with others ...
Or why, under each leader, History is rewritten anew?
Yes, because stories are designed specifically to praise the leaders. Therefore, every leader of every nation is written with praise!
Substitution, replacement of the Chronicle with History is the biggest scam of all times and peoples!
3. Why is History so attractive?
Why is History so attractive? To whom and what benefits does this replacement give?
This question is best dealt with by individual examples.
AT modern history, for example, there is (the pride of modern Lithuanians!) the state " Great Lithuania". She, being" Great ", managed to expand her possessions to the Black Sea, and then, in alliance with Poland, she played essential role on the world (in the sense of the European) arena. The Lithuanian prince Dovmont successfully ruled Pskov, and so on and so forth.
Greatness all around!
In the annals, it is modestly designated as a Russian-Lithuanian state, in which only ... 8% of Lithuanians (Litvins) lived. And in the Polish Sejm there were constant disputes whether to hold a meeting in Russian or Polish? Not a word about any Lithuanians and the Lithuanian language ...
Feel the difference?
Here's something!
Or more.
In the history of Estonia there is an episode "War in Mahtra", with detailed description developing its strategy and tactics!
And themselves fighting described so trillistically that the Great Patriotic War simply rests ...
And the chronicle confirms this!
According to the annals, up to ... 30 people took part there on each side!
This is what a well-written history means!
In history, you can easily inflate the Great Elephant out of a fly, but in the annals you will remain a fly. This is the main advantage of History.
But in major states such as India or China, more in the price of Chronicles and Traditions. They don’t need to inflate anything; they are elephants without it.
The weaker and frailer a person or people, the more he clings to History.
4. The word "History"
And the very word "History" is read in Cyrillic as: - "I am from the Torah"! What exactly does it mean that it is aimed at exalting and praising the "people from the Torah". Short and concise, precise and specific! You better not say!
This answers many questions like:
- who is primarily interested in replacing the chronicle with laudatory stories
- who writes history?
- who makes history?
- Etc....
And the logical answer: - People from the Torah!
5. People from the Torah!
According to the annals and legends, "people from the Torah" consist of two classes (castes) ..
The lower caste originates (on the maternal line) from the Dravidians and Nagas captured in southern India (castes also originate from there.). You can't take much from them, from prisoners. They themselves are bonded people, deceived like everyone else.
But the upper class is of great interest! This estate - the clergy or, according to the Bible, the tribe of the Levites, is represented there by the Aryan family of "brother" Aron. (Aron = Ar he or Arius he)
This is precisely the genus, and not the tribe, because their belonging is determined according to the principle of the genus. (p o o t u)!
Organizers of the slave system, dreaming of world domination, initiators of almost all wars...
How did they get to this point? How did Aryan culture allow this? And how can they be corrected or restored?
This is the point from which it is useful to look at Aryan History, Chronicles, Myths and Traditions!
And at the same time try to answer and why huge Russia, this elephant of world humanity, forgets its richest Chronicles, and slavishly clings to History, like a pygmy people?
Reviews
I was looking for a period when in Rus' officially, instead of - "chronicles" they began to write - "history". Not found. On this topic, the search engine led to you. Read more questions. In order to leave you a review and ask questions, I had to become the author of "Prose", but I do not do prose.
Presumably, he found out that the reformer Peter, who replaced the summers with the Goths, could become the initiator or simply the conductor of this idea, replacing the chronicle with history, since the very first essay on the history of the Russian state belonged to Lomonosov A.V. At least I haven't found any earlier. Karamzin was already after, but apparently, Karamzin (as a true freemason) caught the meaning of the idea of such a renaming. In his "history" A.V. Lomonosov covers the period of pre-Christian Rus', when the princes were the Slavs and Scythians, and Karamzin began counting from the beginning of the reign of the Jew Vladimir. After all, it is precisely this conclusion that is interpreted in many modern sources? And if this is so, then all the subsequent "Rurikovichs", as such, were not, by blood they were descendants of Prince Vladimir, but not Svyatoslav? In addition, there is a solid foreignness on the maternal side.
Considering your conclusions about the semantic meaning of the word IzToriya, it can be assumed that Karamzin really wrote a continuation of the Torah, developing on the territory of Rus', and was right that before, before Kievan Rus, there was no state? After all, the state is based on Roman slave-owning Law, and in Rus' there was a Power that existed according to Kopnoy and other types of Law.
What am I doing wrong?
Good afternoon, Pavanik!
I am not a historian, so I cannot say what is right and what is wrong.
I just analyzed the words and so (at that time) it happened.
In fact, it seems to me now that the matter is much more complicated there. As far as I understand, "Summers" was considered the time when the year was divided into three parts, into three seasons: Summer, Autumn and Winter.
With the transition to the four seasons, New Year began to count either from the beginning of autumn, from September, or from the beginning of Winter. And before that, our ancestors began the New Year in the spring, with the awakening of Nature, after hibernation, but they also considered it in summer.
History (not IzHoriya) primordially Russian word, and the Torah is also native Russian!
It means "path". It is not correct to replace iHistory and iHistory.
"History" can also be read as Isto-R-ia, or East-Or-ia i.e. Truth speaking. It all depends on what letter it is written through, ("IST", ISTO" were such letters in Rus')
So it's not all that clear...