What does lexicology study? Branch of science that studies vocabulary. General principles and provisions of the methodology of teaching vocabulary Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that studies
Lecture 5
Lexicology, phraseology
The word as the main nominative unit of the language, its differential features.
Lexical meaning of the word and concept.
The lexical system of the language.
The concept of phraseological unit Types of phraseological units.
Lexicology as a branch of linguistics.
Lexicology(gr. lexis– word + logos- doctrine) is a section of linguistics that studies the word as a unit vocabulary language (lexicon) and the entire lexical system (vocabulary) of the language. The term vocabulary (gr. lexikos- verbal, dictionary) serves to designate the vocabulary of the language. This term is also used in narrower meanings: to determine the totality of words used in one or another functional variety of the language (book vocabulary), in a separate work (the vocabulary of "The Words about Igor's Campaign"); you can talk about the vocabulary of the writer (Pushkin's vocabulary) and even one person (The speaker has a rich vocabulary).
Lexicology studies the patterns of functioning and development of the vocabulary of a language, develops the principles of the stylistic classification of words, the norms of literary word usage in its relation to vernacular, questions of professionalism, dialectisms, archaisms, neologisms, normalization of lexicalized phrases.
Lexicology can be descriptive, or synchronous(gr. syn - together + chronos - time), then she explores the vocabulary of the language in its state of the art, and historical, or diachronic (gr. dia - through + chronos - time), then its subject is the development of vocabulary given language. There are also general lexicology, which considers the vocabulary of different languages, reveals general patterns and the functioning of their lexical systems, and private lexicology, which studies the vocabulary of one language. Subject comparative Lexicology is the vocabulary of one language in comparison with other languages in order to discover similarities and differences.
All sections of lexicology are interconnected: data of general lexicology is necessary when studying the vocabulary of a particular language to understand the deep essence of lexical units, their connection with the cognitive structures of consciousness; many lexical phenomena need historical commentary, clarifying the features of their semantics and use; information from comparative lexicology helps to understand many features and patterns of functioning of the vocabulary of a particular language, such as, for example, the common lexical composition, borrowing, interference, and others.
Lexicology occupies an equal place among other linguistic disciplines and is inextricably linked with them, for example, with phonetics: units of lexicology are signs of the connection established by our thinking between the complexes of sounds of human speech and what these complexes are called in the surrounding world, the nomination of objects of reality. Among the linguistic disciplines, lexicology is most closely associated with grammar. In order to accurately determine the meaning of a word, its paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections with other words, its role in the text, need to know grammatical status of this word (part of speech, general categorical meaning, basic morphological features and syntactic function), in turn, the general categorical meaning of one or another part of speech is realized in the private lexical meanings of specific words as vocabulary units. The formation of many grammatical forms of a word directly depends on the characteristics of its lexical meaning, for example, short forms and forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. The compatibility of words in a phrase and a sentence also depends on the characteristics of these words as lexemes.
Zhdanova L. A.
Lexicology (from the Greek lexikós ‘related to the word’ and logos ‘word, doctrine’) is a branch of linguistics that studies the vocabulary (vocabulary) of a language and the word as a vocabulary unit. One of the main tasks of lexicology is the study of the meanings of words and phraseological units, the study of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and other relationships between the meanings of words. The scope of lexicology also includes changes in the vocabulary of the language, reflection in the vocabulary of social, territorial, professional characteristics people who speak the language (they are usually called native speakers). Within the framework of lexicology, layers of words are studied, distinguished for various reasons: by origin (original and borrowed vocabulary), by historical perspective (obsolete words and neologisms), by sphere of use (popular, special, colloquial, etc.), by stylistic coloring(interstyle and stylistically colored vocabulary).
Lexicology as the science of the word, its meaning and the vocabulary of the language
Vocabulary is a set of words of a language, its vocabulary (lexical) composition. Sometimes this term is used in a narrower sense - in relation to individual layers of the vocabulary (outdated vocabulary, socio-political vocabulary, Pushkin's vocabulary, etc.). The basic unit of vocabulary is the word.
Vocabulary is directly addressed to reality, therefore it is very mobile, greatly changes its composition under the influence of external factors. The emergence of new realities (objects and phenomena), the disappearance of old ones leads to the appearance or disappearance of the corresponding words, a change in their meanings. Lexical units do not suddenly disappear. They can be preserved in the language for a long time as obsolete or obsolete words (historicisms, archaisms). New words (neologisms), having become commonplace, fixed in the language, lose the property of novelty. Vocabulary national language always interacts with the vocabulary of other languages - this is how borrowings appear. Changes in the lexical composition occur constantly, so that the exact number of all the words of the language is fundamentally impossible to calculate.
The vocabulary reflects social, professional, age differences within the language community. In accordance with this, various layers of words are distinguished. Different social and professional associations of people, along with the commonly used vocabulary, use limited vocabulary in communication. For example, in the speech of students one can often hear words related to student jargon, people of one profession use special vocabulary specific to this profession - terms and professionalisms. In the speech of a person who speaks a literary language, features of one of the Russian dialects may appear (dialects themselves, or dialects, are studied by the science of dialectology). Such inclusions are qualified as dialectisms. Each language has groups of words with different stylistic characteristics. Stylistically neutral words can be used in any style of speech and form the basis of the vocabulary. Stylistically colored words stand out against their background - they may belong to the “high” or “low” style, they may be limited to certain types of speech, the conditions of speech communication (scientific, official business, book vocabulary, etc.).
The subject of our study is the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language. As noted in the "Foreword", the chronological boundaries of the concept of "modern" are defined ambiguously. In a broad sense, a language from Pushkin to the present day is considered modern, in a narrow sense, its lower limit is pushed back to the middle of the 20th century.
The definition of "literary" also requires clarification. Literary language should not be confused with the language of literature. The concept of "Russian literary language” is opposed to the concept of “national (national) Russian language”. The national (nationwide) vocabulary includes all the vocabulary layers listed above (including dialects, vernacular, jargon). The basis of the literary language is literary vocabulary and phraseology, beyond its scope are vernacular, jargon, dialect words. The literary language is characterized by normalization and codification, that is, the written legitimacy of this norm, which is recorded in normative dictionaries and reference books. The peculiarity of the literary language in general and its vocabulary in particular is that it is not assigned to any limited (territorially, socially, professionally) group of people or a situation of communication. Therefore, the literary language is not just one of constituent parts national language, but the highest form of its existence.
In the dictionary of native speakers, active and passive vocabulary is distinguished. to active vocabulary are the words we know and use. To the passive - words that we know, but do not use in our speech.
With all the diversity and multiplicity of composition, permeability, mobility, internal heterogeneity of the lexical level of the language, it is a well-organized system. The concept of "systematic vocabulary" includes two interrelated aspects. Firstly, vocabulary is included in the general system of the language, correlates with phonetics, morphemics, word formation, morphology, and syntax. Secondly, consistency is inherent in vocabulary and from the point of view of its internal organization. Words are combined into different groups depending on their meaning. Thus, associations of words based on semantic similarities and differences can be distinguished - antonymic pairs, synonymous series. A complex microsystem is polysemantic word. On the basis of a common semantic component, words are combined into groups: for example, the words lake, river, stream, canal, pond, etc. form a group of words with general meaning'water'.
Thus, the meanings of words form a system within one word (polysemy), within the vocabulary as a whole (synonymy, antonymy), within the entire system of the language (links of vocabulary with other levels of the language). The specifics of the lexical level of the language are the orientation of the vocabulary to reality (sociality), the permeability of the system formed by words, its mobility, and the impossibility of an accurate calculation of lexical units associated with this.
Bibliography
For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.portal-slovo.ru/ were used.
The linguistic means themselves, which are the object of phraseology; it is enough to compare the correlations of established terms: phoneme - phonology, morpheme - morphology, lexeme - lexicology (cf. phraseme - phraseology). In the educational and scientific literature attempts were made to define the concept of phraseological object. For example, the following definition is given: “a ready-made whole expression with known and given in advance ...
And covered (beginning with a consonant). The combination of 2 vowels in a syllable is a diphthong. Syllables are separated by syllables. Syllables are divided into sounds. 3. Phonology as a scientific discipline. The concept of a phoneme. Phonology (from the Greek phone - sound), a section of linguistics, the science of the sound structure of a language that studies the structure and functioning of the smallest insignificant units of a language (syllables, phonemes). F. is different from ...
Various kinds of oral and written statements, master the skills of independent creative work with a word; speak and write in public. Conclusion So, we have defined the subject of rhetoric as a science, examined the structure of rhetoric, the functions of rhetoric. In the future, apparently, we should expect the transformation of rhetoric as a modern semiotic discipline into a more "exact" science, into ...
Don't need it anymore. Contest-protection 1. Tell me, what a treasure of science and art is to your soul. Why? (Name the advantages of the chosen sphere of activity). 2. Oberіt dvі pozії (on vlasny rozsud). Analyze the stylistic features of lexicology in them. Vidpovid wrap. Gra "Who is smarter?" Give synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms. 1) My thoughts, my thoughts, my children's lives. Virostav you, looking after you. De...
Object and subject of lexicology
Units of the lexico-semantic system
Specificity of the lexico-semantic system
Main problems of lexicology
Sections of lexicology
Literature
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Object and subject of lexicology
Lexicology(gr. lexis'word', lexikos'vocabulary', logos‘teaching, science’) is a section of linguistics that studies vocabulary language (vocabulary) in his state of the art and historical development.
Sections of linguistics that study different tiers of the language system actually have two objects:
unit appropriate level, its nature and properties,
unit system, the relationship between these units.
Objects of lexicology- this is
word as a lexical unit (LU),
vocabulary(vocabulary) as a collection of words, organized, structured in a certain way.
The word is an object of different linguistic disciplines. Each of them considers the word from a certain point of view, i.e. with a common object has its own subject:
studied in phonetics sound side the words,
in morphemic - structure the words,
word formation - ways of education words,
in morphology - grammatical forms and grammatical meanings the words,
in syntax - connection methods words and forms of words into phrases and sentences [SRYA, p. 165].
word like grammatical unit is a system of all its forms with their grammatical meanings; word like lexical a unit, or a dictionary unit, is a formally expressed system of all its lexical meanings [Russian Grammar, p. 453].
In lexicology, the word is considered
in the aspect of its subject-conceptual content
and as a unit of the vocabulary of a language.
Word wing , for example, is of interest here
but as title:
the organ of flight in birds, insects, and some mammals;
the carrier plane of an aircraft or other moving apparatus;
rotating blades of a windmill wheel;
tires over the wheel of a carriage, car, etc.;
side extension, outbuilding;
the extreme (right or left) part of the combat formation;
extreme (right or left) grouping of some organization.
b) how unit of the lexical system, which is in a certain relationship with other lexical units, for example, as part of Class names of body parts of a bird along with words tail, beak etc.
opposition grammatical forms of the word(word form) in the same meaning ( wing, wing, wing...) is insignificant for lexicology. This is the subject of grammar.
On the contrary, the study of the similarity and difference between the semantic variants of the same word in the entire system of their forms ( wing, wing, wing...‘organ of flying’; wing, wing, wing...‘carrying plane’, etc.) is one of the most important tasks of lexicology [SRYA, p. 165].
However, when studying a word in lexicology, it is impossible to completely ignore grammar, since vocabulary and grammar are closely related.
Units of the lexico-semantic system
Word a sound or set of sounds that has meaning and employee name objects and phenomena of reality [SRYASH, p. 165].
It is fixed in the definition iconic nature words and his function.
The word, unlike the phoneme, is sign:
It also has a material side. sound or spelling(phonographic shell),
and the perfect side meaning.
Main function the words - nominative(lat. nominatio ‘naming, denomination’). Most words called objects, their attributes, quantity, actions, processes and are full-fledged, independent.
Words name not only specific objects, but also concepts about these objects that arise in the minds of the speakers.
With a word correlate all language units:
phonemes and morphemes form the structure of a word
phrases and suggestions are made up of words.
This gives reason to some scholars to say that the word is central unit of language.
Since the word is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, the term word polysemantic and indefinite: they denote
and words like vocabulary units(linguistic units);
and words like units of speech, text(words in specific meanings and specific grammatical forms).
For example, in a sentence Man is man's friend
three words in specific grammatical forms
and two words as dictionary units: human and friend[Kodukhov, p. 184].
The word is called unambiguous words, and individual meanings ambiguous words.
To designate these different objects in lexicology, more precise terms are used.
The most general term is lexical unit(LE)
Lexical unit is a unit of the lexical level of a language that has bilateral nature, grammatical arrangement and performing nominative function.
Term lexical unit is generic in relation to terms lexeme and lexico-semantic variant:
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lexeme lexico-semantic
lexeme(gr. lé xis ‘word, expression’) is a unit of the lexical level of the language, which is a collection all forms and meanings of one word[≈ LES, p. 257; ERYA, p. 207].
Those. lexeme is bilateral unit 1 :
lexeme = –––––––––––––––––––––––
plan of expression
Term lexeme usually used only in relation to words significant parts of speech.
Lexico-semantic variant(LSV) is one of the lexical meanings of a lexeme, expressed by a phonographic shell.
Otherwise: LSV– a lexeme in one of its meanings. Those. LSV is also bilateral unit. LSV of one lexeme
differ in their lexical meanings (LZ)
and coincide in form (sound and graphic expression).
For example, sleeve –
piece of clothing that covers the arm short sleeves);
offshoot of the main riverbed ( right arm of the Volga);
hose for supplying liquids, bulk or viscous substances, gases ( firehose).
All these values are related semantic derivatives(native speakers are aware of the connection between these meanings), so word identity is not violated.
lexeme is a system of interconnected LSV:
lexeme = LSV 1 + LSV 2 + LSV 3
If the word definitely, it is represented one LSV:
stomp‘noise, sounds from kicks while walking’.
Term "lexical unit" also used in relation to lexeme, and in relation to LSV if there is no need to differentiate them.
LE, lexeme and LSV are language units, because represent set of meanings and forms.
AT speeches these abstract units are implemented in specific units, because selected every time one meaning and one the form:
Dress with shortsleeves .
Concrete implementation lexemes or LSV in speech (text) is called:
lex(a) (the term is not very common),
word form- a word in a certain grammatical form (the term came from grammar),
word usage is a relatively new term.
The term lexicon (gr. lexikos - verbal, dictionary) is used to denote the vocabulary of the language. This term is also used in narrower meanings: to determine the totality of words used in one or another functional variety of the language (book vocabulary), in a separate work (the vocabulary of "The Words about Igor's Campaign"); you can talk about the vocabulary of the writer (Pushkin's vocabulary) and even one person (The speaker has a rich vocabulary).
Lexicology (gr. lexis - word + logos - teaching) is a section of the science of language that studies vocabulary. Lexicology can be descriptive, or synchronic (gr. syn - together + chronos - time), then it explores the vocabulary of the language in its current state, and historical, or diachronic (gr. dia - through + chronos - time), then its subject is the development of the vocabulary of a given language.
All words of the Russian language are included in its lexical system, and there are no words that would be outside it, perceived separately, in isolation. This obliges us to study words only in their systemic connections, as nominative units, one way or another related to each other, close or identical in some respects, but in some ways opposite, dissimilar.
The characterization of a word can be more or less complete only if its various systemic connections are established with other words that are included with it in certain lexico-semantic groups.
Take, for example, the adjective red. Its main meaning in modern Russian is "having the color of one of the primary colors of the spectrum that comes before orange", "the color of blood". In this sense, red is synonymous with words such as scarlet, crimson, crimson, red; it has no antonym. In the four-volume dictionary of the Russian language, the second meaning of this word is also given: red (only in full form) - "extreme leftist in political convictions." In this case, the word is in synonymous series: red - left, radical; has antonyms: right, conservative. The third meaning is relatively recent: "pertaining to revolutionary activity", "associated with the Soviet system." Synonymous relations of words also change: red - revolutionary, Bolshevik, and antonymous: white - White Guard - counter-revolutionary. The fourth meaning of the word (like all subsequent ones) is given with a stylistic mark: outdated poetic - "good, beautiful, beautiful". It is in this meaning that this word appears in the combination Red Square (the name of the square was given in the 16th century). The fifth meaning - folk-poetic: "clear, bright, light" - is preserved in combinations red sun, spring-red. And the fourth and fifth meanings in the dictionary are interpreted with the help of synonyms; one can also name antonyms to them: 1) ugly, plain, unsightly; 2) pale, colorless, dull. The sixth meaning appears only in the full form of the adjective and is given with the obsolete mark - " front, honorary" - the red porch. In our time, it has become significantly archaic and therefore is not perceived surrounded by synonyms and antonyms, but retains its meaning only in stable combinations is the red corner - "the corner in the hut where the icons hang."
So the semantics of a word (gr. sema - a sign) determines its place in the lexical system of the language.
The same word, characterized by various signs, can be attributed to several structural-semantic categories. So, red is on a par with words that name colors (yellow, blue, green), and belongs to the category of quality adjectives. The proximity of meanings allows us to build the following word-formation series: red, red, reddish, redness, blush; paint, paint, beautiful, decorate, beauty.
More on the topic 13 Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. The word and its meaning.:
- The subject and tasks of lexicology. Connection of lexicology with other linguistic disciplines. The main directions in the study of vocabulary.
- The place of the lexical system in the "system of systems". Vocabulary features.
- The word as the basic unit of the language in general and the unit of the lexical system in particular. Word signs. Word definition problems.
- Slov-nie (C) as a branch of linguistics: subject area, tasks, research aspects and place in the system of linguistic disciplines.
- 8. Subject of lexicology. The word as the basic unit of lexicology. Aspects of word analysis, word in explanatory dictionaries.
Lexicology (from the Greek lexikos - related to the word and logos - teaching) is a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of the language, its vocabulary.
The subject of lexicology is the word. And its object is the definition of the word as the basic unit of the language.
The main tasks of lexicology are:
Clarification of the connection between the meaning of the word and the concept, the allocation of different types of meanings of words;
Characteristics of the lexico-semantic system, i.e. identification of the internal organization of language units and analysis of their relationships (the semantic structure of the word, the specifics of distinctive semantic features, the patterns of its relations with other words, etc.);
Establishment various kinds systemic relations that exist within different groups of vocabulary, the definition of those objective (including syntactic) indicators that unite words (in certain meanings).
Lexicology studies the stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary, separate thematic and lexico-semantic groupings of words, their relationship with each other and the ratio of units within these groupings. From the point of view of stylistic differentiation, words, firstly, can belong to certain functional types of speech. Secondly, there are a significant number of words in the language that give speech a “high” or “lowered” character.
In addition, in lit. language includes words that retain dialect coloring, and in artistic literature (ch. arr. for the purposes of speech characteristics characters) slang words and expressions are also used.
Exploring the vocabulary of a language in its systemic connections, the lexicologist takes into account that, being the designations of objects and phenomena of extralinguistic reality, words naturally reflect the connections that exist between objects and phenomena of reality itself. At the same time, words are units of the language and between them there are actually linguistic connections: they are combined into certain lexical-semantic groups, in each language in their own way segmenting certain segments of reality (for example, in Russian - the names of hills: mountain, hill, hillock, mound, hill, etc., verbs of motion: go, ride, fly, swim, crawl, etc. - do not find full correspondence in other languages).
One of the main tasks of lexicology is to clarify those semantic oppositions that exist between different words, incl. synonymous and antonymous; it is the opposition of the meanings of different words that makes it possible to single out the essential semantic features that determine the given meaning of the word (for example, the common semantic element for the words mountain and hill is “hill”, which allows them to be compared; the essential differential feature for them is the sign of size).
In lexicology, stable combinations of words are also studied, which are dissected names of individual objects and phenomena of reality and are the equivalent of a word. These combinations refer to phraseology, which is included in lexicology as one of its sections (some researchers, however, consider it an independent section of the science of language).
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