What is called literary language. Abstract literary language and its varieties
Literary language - processed form is shared mother tongue, which has, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form.
Literary language is always the result of a collective creative activity. The idea of the “fixedness” of the norms of the literary language has a certain relativity (for all the importance and stability of the norm, it is mobile in time). It is impossible to imagine a developed and rich culture of the people without a developed and rich literary language. This is the great social significance of the very problem of literary language.
There is no consensus among linguists about the complex and multifaceted concept of the literary language. Some researchers prefer to talk not about the literary language as a whole, but about its varieties: either about the written literary language, or about the colloquial literary language, or about the language fiction etc.
Literary language cannot be identified with the language of fiction. These are different, though related concepts.
The literary language is the property of all who own its norms. It functions in both written and spoken forms. The language of fiction (the language of writers), although it usually focuses on the same norms, contains a lot of individual, not generally accepted. In different historical epochs and different peoples the degree of similarity between the literary language and the language of fiction turned out to be unequal.
Literary language - mutual language writing of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - the language of official business documents, schooling, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form, more often written, but sometimes oral. That is why the written and bookish and oral and colloquial forms of the literary language differ, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns. (Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. History of the Russian literary language. - M., 1978. - S. 288-297)
There is a difference between the literary language and the national language. The national language appears in the form of a literary language, but not every literary language immediately becomes a national language.
Literary language, supra-dialect subsystem (form of existence) national language which is characterized by such features as normativity, codification, multifunctionality, stylistic differentiation, high social prestige among native speakers of a given national language. The literary language is the main means of serving the communicative needs of society; it is opposed to non-codified subsystems of the national language - territorial dialects, urban koine (urban vernacular), professional and social jargons.
Language norm- a set of rules that regulate the use of language means in speech.
A language norm is not only a socially approved rule, but also a rule objectified by real speech practice, a rule that reflects the laws of the language. systems and confirmed by the word usage of authoritative writers.
The concept of "norm" applies to all levels of the literary language.
- 1. Lexical norms First of all, they assume the correctness of the choice of the word and the appropriateness of its use in the well-known meaning and in generally accepted combinations. Directly related to them is the stylistic, social and territorial stratification of vocabulary (vernacular and professionalism, jargon and dialectisms). In the field of vocabulary, closely connected with the material and spiritual life of society, and therefore exceptionally permeable from the outside different kind extralinguistic influences, the formation and development of norms goes in a complex and not always predictable way. The assessment of the acceptability of a word, the correctness of its use is associated with the ideology, worldview of native speakers, therefore it is here that categorical judgments are most often found, often based on the subjective perception of linguistic facts. The most complete and objective description of lexical norms is contained in authoritative explanatory dictionaries.
- 2. Accent norms provide for the correct placement of stress, which is an important sign of literate, literary speech. Variation and change in accent norms are due to a number of reasons: the influence of territorial dialects ( keta - keta, blizzard - blizzard), interlingual contacts and the influence of a foreign language accent model ( revolver - revolver, industry - industry), socio-professional speech features ( prey - prey, report - report). However, the main factors in the development of stress are reasons of an intra-system nature: the influence of analogy, i.e., the assimilation of individual linguistic facts to a more general structurally similar category of words ( sparkle - sparkle by analogy with whirl, twist, twirl etc.), and a tendency to rhythmic balance, causing the transition of stress in polysyllabic words from extreme syllables closer to the center ( landing stage - landing stage, to accompany - to accompany). The modern Russian literary language is characterized by an increase in the grammatical function of stress. The development of inflective stress ( on the hill - on the hill) eliminates vowel reduction in grammatically significant position thus facilitating word recognition.
- 3. Orthoepic norms suggest correct pronunciation words, which is an important feature of speech culture. The main features of the development of orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language are: a) the elimination of dialectal pronunciation; b) erasing the differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation; c) convergence of pronunciation with spelling ( bile - bile, boring - boring).
4.Spelling norms- these are officially established rules that fix the uniformity of the transmission of speech in writing. A scientific description of the spelling norms of the Russian language was first carried out by Academician Ya. K. Grot. The regulation of spelling is carried out by legislative procedure, as well as by improving spelling dictionaries.
5. Morphological norms- these are the rules of inflection and word formation, the definition of the generic affiliation of the word, the establishment of the functional specialization of variant word forms. Compared with other language levels, morphological norms are the most formalized and therefore relatively easier to unify and standardize. The fluctuation of morphological norms is caused both by historical reasons (mixing and hybridization of types of declension, conjugation, etc.), and by the influence of enduring intra-system factors: a contradiction between the form and content of language units ( terrible cold and terrible cold), the influence of grammatical analogy ( caplet and dripping- by analogy with the verbs of the 1st productive class of the type: plays, shakes, decides etc.). The morphological norms of the modern Russian literary language are characterized by the dependence of the choice of word form on syntactic constructions (a bowl of soup but usually pour soup) and the acquisition by variants of functional and stylistic differences ( on vacation and colloquial speech on vacation sons and in solemn speech sons). Morphological norms are described in grammars, and fluctuations of forms with the corresponding recommendation are presented in explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of difficulties.
6. Syntactic norms assume proper construction grammatical constructions and compliance with the forms of agreement of the members of the proposal. Fluctuations in the region management (cf.: seek help and help, ask for money and money, afraid of dad and dad, full of courage and courage, production control and over production) are called as external factors(syntactic gallicisms, the influence of related languages, etc.), and intra-system reasons: a) bringing the form and content of a language unit into line; b) semantic and formal-structural analogy; c) semantic transformation of the components of a phrase; d) the appearance of standardized word blocks, leading to a re-decomposition of the structure of phrases.
Literary language and dialects
Pronunciation features are often fixed in nicknames. So, you can hear: “Yes, we call them schemyaki, they are on sch they say; here, for example, shchichasch(now)". The science that studies territorial varieties of language is local dialects, or dialects, is called dialectology(from the Greek dialektos "dialect, dialect" and logos "word, teaching").
Each national language includes a literary language and territorial dialects. Literary, or "standard", they call the language of everyday communication, official business documents, schooling, writing, science, culture, fiction. Its distinguishing feature is normalization, i.e., the existence of rules, the observance of which is mandatory for all members of society. They are enshrined in grammars, reference books and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. Dialects also have their own language laws. However, they are not clearly understood by the speakers of dialects - rural residents, especially since they do not have a written embodiment in the form of rules. Russian dialects are peculiar only oral form existence, in contrast to the literary language, which has both oral and written forms.
A dialect, or dialect, is one of the basic concepts of dialectology. A dialect is the smallest territorial variety of a language. It is spoken by the inhabitants of one or more villages. The scope of the dialect is the same as the scope of the literary language, which is a means of communication for all who speak Russian.
Literary language and dialects constantly interact and influence each other. The influence of the literary language on dialects is, of course, stronger than dialects on the literary language. His influence spreads through schooling, television, radio. Gradually dialects are destroyed, lose their character traits. Many words denoting rituals, customs, concepts, household items of a traditional village have gone and are leaving along with the people of the older generation. That is why it is so important to record the living language of the village as fully and in detail as possible.
In our country, for a long time, a disdainful attitude towards local dialects as a phenomenon that must be fought prevailed. But it was not always so. In the middle of the XIX century. In Russia, there is a peak of public interest in folk speech. At this time, the “Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” (1852) was published, where dialect words were specially collected for the first time, and “ Dictionary living Great Russian language" by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl in 4 volumes (1863-1866), also including big number dialect words. The materials for these dictionaries were actively collected by lovers of Russian literature. Magazines, provincial journals of that time from issue to issue published various kinds of ethnographic sketches, dialect descriptions, dictionaries of local sayings.
The opposite attitude towards dialects is observed in the 30s. our century. In the era of breaking up the countryside - the period of collectivization - the destruction of the old ways of doing business, the family way of life, the culture of the peasantry, that is, all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the village, was proclaimed. A negative attitude towards dialects has spread in society. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to escape, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. A whole generation of rural residents, consciously abandoning their language, at the same time failed to perceive a new language system for them - the literary language - and master it. All this led to the fall language culture in society.
Respectful and careful attitude to dialects is characteristic of many peoples. For us, the experience of Western European countries is interesting and instructive: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France. For example, in the schools of a number of French provinces, an elective in the native dialect has been introduced, a mark for which is put in the certificate. In Germany and Switzerland, literary-dialect bilingualism and constant communication in a dialect in the family are generally accepted. In Russia early XIX in. educated people, coming from the village to the capital, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, communicating with neighbors and peasants, they often used the local dialect.
Now people who speak a dialect have an ambiguous attitude towards their language. In their minds, the native dialect is evaluated in two ways: 1) through comparison with other, neighboring dialects, and 2) through comparison with the literary language. The emerging opposition of "one's own" (one's own dialect) - "foreign" has a different meaning. In the first case, when “foreign” is a different dialect, it is often perceived as something bad, ridiculous, something you can laugh at, and “own” as correct, pure. In the second case, "one's own" is assessed as bad, "gray", wrong, and "foreign" - the literary language - as good. Such an attitude towards the literary language is quite justified and understandable: in this way, its cultural value is realized.
ODA + features
the presence of a corpus of texts;
1) the presence of writing;
6) prevalence;
7) general use;
8) general obligatoriness;
Literary and national language.
Comparison. Literary is included in the national
Non-literary forms of language, dialects.
The national language is a form of language that exists in the era of the nation.
The national language is a hierarchical integrity within which a regrouping of linguistic phenomena takes place.
National language:
· literary language:
written form (book);
oral form (colloquial);
non-literary forms:
territorial dialects;
social phraseological units;
Prison (argotic vocabulary);
vernacular;
jargon
A dialect is a means of communication between people united territorially (national language + ter. features).
Jargon is a social dialect that is distinguished by specific vocabulary, phraseology, expressive means, without affecting the phonetic and grammatical foundations. The main function is to express belonging to an autonomous social group. ( 18th - 19th century based on loanwords)
Slang ( from eng) is a set of special words or meanings of words, also used in various social groups, but with a short lifetime.
Argotic vocabulary - the language of any closed social group, Not affecting the phonetic and grammatical bases.
Vernacular is a distorted, misused form of lit. language, i.e., in fact, a deviation from the literary language norm. (At all language levels) Opposes all other forms, because it distorts the lexical bases. The main features of colloquialism: carelessness, loss of self-control, fuzzy articulation, the presence of erroneous forms, oversimplification. (oral speech is not the same as vernacular)
The history of the formation of the Russian literary language
Indo-European linguistic unity
Common Slavic 1500 BC - 400 AD
Old Russian language
Beginning of formation 14th century
The special role of the Church Slavonic language
Two elements:
Old Russian language (mostly without writing);
Church Slavonic (mostly bookish);
Many borrowings of different time and source.
A large number of dialects of the Old Russian language.
The Russian language was originally part of the East Slavic language (Old Russian), which was spoken by the East Slavic tribes that formed the Old Russian nationality within the Kyiv state in the 10th century. With the passage of time (Х1У - ХУ centuries), the Russian language stood out from the general group and formed as independent language, along with ukrainian and belorussian.
The ancient Russian language (the common ancestor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian) is reflected in the written monuments. Of the surviving and extant manuscripts, the earliest manuscript belongs to the 11th century (dated - 1057).
Until the XIV century. Old Russian existed as a common language of the ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians. The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. This group includes Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. In addition to the eastern group, among the Slavic languages there is also a southern group (Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian) and a western group of languages (Polish, Slovak, Czech and some other languages). All Slavic languages are closely related, have many common words, and are significantly similar in grammar and phonetics. In the XIV century. there was a separation of this East Slavic language (in connection with the formation of the Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian nation), and since then the Russian language of the Russian people has existed.
From Peter I to the XIX century - the normalization of the Russian language.
Stalinist normalization - Lomanosov.
Later: Ushakov, Vinogradov, Ozhegov...
One can detect the similarity of words in the Indo-European family of languages:
Russian language in the system of languages of the world
Map of language families
Genealogical and typological classifications
language families. Basque language isolated. Japanese isolated. RF (???)
In total, there are about 5,000 languages in the world.
Related languages are called languages that came out of the same “parent” language. All related languages descending from a common ancestor are called language family.
World languages:
· North Caucasian family of languages;
Indo-European family of languages:
Slavic group of languages:
West Slavic subgroup:
· Polish;
· Czech;
East Slavic subgroup:
· Ukrainian;
· Russian;
Belarusian
South Slavic subgroup:
· Bulgarian;
· Macedonian;
Basque family:
The Basque language
Chinese → Eastern language group → Sino-Tibetan language family
There are about 1000 dialects in the Papuan languages *trollface*
Japanese isolated
Example: the word "house"
Russian language: house
Serbian language: house
Polish language: dom
Journalistic style.
hallmark Publicistic style is considered to be a combination of the opposite in it: standard and expression, strict logic and emotionality, intelligibility and conciseness, informative richness and economy of language means.
The journalistic style is inherent in the periodical press, socio-political literature, political and judicial speeches, etc. It is used, as a rule, for illumination and discussion. actual problems and phenomena of the current life of society, to develop public opinion formed in order to solve them. Let's make a reservation that the journalistic style exists not only in verbal (oral and written) form, but also in graphic, pictorial (poster, caricature), photo and cinematographic (documentary film, television) and other forms.
One of the central functions of the journalistic style of speech is the information function. Realizing it, this style performs another function - the impact on the reader and listener. It is associated with the public upholding of certain ideals, with the conviction of others in their justice and justification.
The journalistic style, unlike the scientific one, for example, is associated with simplicity and accessibility of presentation, often uses elements of appeal and declarativeness.
His verbal expressiveness is manifested in the desire for novelty of presentation, in attempts to use unusual, unhackneyed phrases, to avoid repetition of the same words, turns, constructions, to address the reader or listener directly, etc. Publicism is inherent in public accessibility, because it is intended for the widest audience. The stylistics of journalistic speech allows to implement the mass nature of communication.
Another important manifestation of journalistic style is the use of so-called intellectual speech. It is characterized by strict documentaryism, focusing on the accuracy, verification, objectivity of the facts presented. Such speech, as a rule, is replete with professional terminology, but the use of figurative, metaphorical terms is limited in it. She claims to be analytical and factual in the presentation of the material. The author of the speech seeks to draw attention to the significance of the facts cited, the information published, highlights the nominal, personal, personal nature of the speech. In a word, the stylistic core of intellectual speech is its emphasized documentary and factual accuracy.
critical role emotional means of expression play in the journalistic style of speech. Among them is the use of words with a bright emotional coloring, the use of figurative meaning of words, the use of various figurative means. Epithets, lexical repetitions, comparisons, metaphors, appeals, rhetorical questions are widely used. Proverbs, sayings, colloquial turns of speech, phraseological units, the use of literary images, the possibilities of humor and satire also act as means of emotional expressiveness. Emotional linguistic means act in a journalistic style, combined with figurativeness, logic, evidence.
Art style
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION - AESTHETIC.
If the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.
In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is accessible ONLY to the LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in works of fiction, and all this is achieved. artistic means language.
Funds artistic expressiveness varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are such tropes as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, etc. Tropes - a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in figurative meaning in order to achieve greater artistic expression. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metomia, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.
For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, what are you complaining about insanely - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litote. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.
To expressive means language also includes STYLISTIC FIGURES of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.
Each author has his own unique author's style. For example, when publishing classic literary works often retain the author's neologisms and even the author's obvious grammatical and spelling errors to convey the author's style as fully as possible. Sometimes later they even become a new literary norm.
Conversational style
The colloquial style is mostly spoken, but can also be recorded.
Conversational style features:
Vocabulary is neutral, specific-subject;
· great place occupy words expressive, emotionally colored;
folk phraseology;
Abstract nouns are uncharacteristic;
almost no participles and participles are used;
Simplified syntax: sentences are usually simple, often incomplete;
word order is free, inversion is easily allowed;
intonation with a clearly noticeable transition from rising to falling;
At the same time, colloquial speech is open to various intrusions, including foreign ones. So, a purely colloquial word, like “to act up” and a term, coexists in it. In a conversational style, you can also talk about a business topic, if it is appropriate for the conditions of communication (for example, if friends are talking). The conversational style is not completely homogeneous: it can be neutral speech, colloquial business and familiar. With all the freedom of colloquial style, it still remains the style of the literary language, that is, it does not go beyond the limits of the language norm. Therefore, it has no place for vernacular and other types of profanity.
Successful colloquial speech prevents conflicts, greatly contributes to the adoption of optimal decisions, the establishment of the desired moral climate in the family and the team.
We emphasize that the colloquial (colloquial-everyday) style fully performs the function of communication. Along with the domestic environment, it is most widely used also in professional field. In everyday life, the conversational style is manifested both in oral and written form (notes, private letters), in the professional sphere - mainly in oral form.
The everyday situation of communication, especially dialogic, is characterized by an emotional, primarily evaluative reaction. Such communication is characterized by the unity of its verbal and non-verbal manifestations.
The conversational style is also characterized by a sensually specific nature of speech, the absence of strict logic and inconsistency of presentation, discontinuity, the predominance of emotional and evaluative information content, frequent manifestations of violent expression, and the personal nature of speech. All this, of course, has a tangible effect on the functioning of the language units serving the colloquial style, i.e. on the general direction of their use.
The colloquial style is characterized by active operation with lexical, syntactic and grammatical synonyms (words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning; constructions that match in meaning).
Literary language. Its main features.
ODA + features
The literary language is an exemplary, standard, codified, processed form of the national language:
the presence of a corpus of texts;
processing and codification;
universal nature of use;
stylistic differentiation;
Literary language - the national language of writing, the language of official and business documents, school education, written communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form (written and sometimes oral), perceived by native speakers given language as exemplary. Literary language is the language of literature in the broadest sense. The Russian literary language functions both in oral form and in written form.
Signs of literary language:
1) the presence of writing;
2) normalization is a fairly stable way of expression that expresses the historically established patterns of development of the Russian literary language. Normalization is based on the language system and is fixed in the best examples of literary works. This method expressions are preferred by the educated part of society;
3) codification, i.e. anchored in scientific literature; this is expressed in the presence of grammatical dictionaries and other books containing the rules for using the language;
4) stylistic diversity, i.e. variety of functional styles of literary language;
5) relative stability;
6) prevalence;
7) general use;
8) general obligatoriness;
9) compliance with the use, customs and capabilities of the language system.
The protection of the literary language and its norms is one of the main tasks of the culture of speech. Literary language unites the people in terms of language. The leading role in the creation of the literary language belongs to the most advanced part of society.
The literary language must be generally understandable, i.e. accessible to all members of society. The literary language must be developed to such an extent that it can serve the main areas of human activity. In speech, it is important to follow the rules of the language. Proceeding from this, an important task of linguists is to consider everything new in the literary language from the point of view of correspondence general patterns language development and optimal conditions for its functioning.
Instruction
Literary language in a broad sense is understood as a stable form commonly used by a certain group of people. Signs of the literary are stability and normative fixation, universal validity for all members of the language group, as well as the presence of established styles. As the highest form, literary speech develops over time, being processed by "professionals" of the word - writers, authors of written and oral heritage.
Today, the national language is called literary, however, in the era of feudalism, borrowed ones (often of a completely different structure than oral forms) were used as a written language (in books, religious texts, documents). Thus, the countries of Europe used Latin, the southern and eastern Slavs used Old Church Slavonic, and the Koreans used classical Chinese. Gradually, national languages saturated with dialectisms (products of local speech practices) began to be used as written languages. Arriving at the official clerical institutions, the norms of the language were gradually consolidated and became the rules not only for written, but also for oral speech.
Some researchers tend to associate the formation of the literary language exclusively with the written tradition of the people. This is largely characteristic of the Ukrainian national language, which was first formed in literature, later spreading in journalism, official business and everyday speech. However, the rich heritage of oral folk art often has a serious influence on the formation of norms.
The general use and general validity of the basic norms distinguishes the literary (national) language from regional, professional dialects, jargons, which are used by limited groups of speakers. In this case, the norm is considered in two ways. On the one hand, it fixes the language by imposing a certain standard on its speakers. On the other hand, language is a product of speech practices, therefore it is in constant development, change.
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It is customary to call Russian literary a language that is used in written works created by Russian-speaking authors. Accordingly, the history of the emergence of this type of language begins with the first book.
Origin in Russia Slavic writing, and hence the literary language, which is called Old Slavonic by modern linguists, began with Cyril and Methodius. The Greek brothers, who arrived in Russia from the city of Thessaloniki, were fluent in the language of their new homeland, which helped them compose the first Slavic alphabet and translate into Church Slavonic from Greek the Old and New Testament.
Thus, the forerunner of the Russian literary language, thanks to the religious brothers from Greece, was the language of the Slavic Church, originating from the ancient Bulgarian. With the development of writing, which at first consisted of translations and rewriting of religious books, this language absorbed more and more from Russian colloquial speech with its variety of dialects. Since each copyist sought to add something of his own to the book, uniform language norms were soon needed to regulate the creation of written documents. In 1596, the Ukrainian-Belarusian writer Lavrentiy Zizaniy (Tustanovskiy) published the first Church Slavonic grammar in Vilna. A little over twenty years later, Archbishop of Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mstislav Meletiy Smotrytsky, who published a great work, made his contribution to the Old Slavonic literary language. This "Grammar", which gave a system of cases, was used by writers for the next two centuries.
Several more centuries passed before secular rather than ecclesiastical literary works began to appear in Russia. They were all written in the same mixed church-folk Slavic language. The famous Tale of Bygone Years, created by the chronicler Nestor and his followers, as well as The Tale of Igor's Campaign and Vladimir Monomakh's Teachings, are among the first fiction books.
The second birth of the Russian literary language is considered to be the stage of reforms of Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov, who in the 18th century
LITERARY LANGUAGE, supra-dialect subsystem (form of existence) national language which is characterized by such features as normativity, codification, multifunctionality, stylistic differentiation, high social prestige among native speakers of a given national language.
The literary language is the main means of serving the communicative needs of society; it is opposed to non-codified subsystems of the national language - territorial dialects, urban koine (urban vernacular), professional and social jargon.
The concept of a literary language can be defined both on the basis of the linguistic properties inherent in a given subsystem of the national language, and by delimiting the totality of carriers of this subsystem, separating it from the general composition of people who speak this language. The first way of definition is linguistic, the second is sociological.
V.V. Vinogradov. Literary language (philology.ru)
Literary language - the common language of writing of a people, and sometimes several peoples - language of official business documents, school education, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form, more often written, but sometimes oral. That is why the written and bookish and oral and colloquial forms of the literary language differ, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns.
It is difficult to point to another linguistic phenomenon that would be understood in such a different way as the literary language. Some are convinced that the literary language is the same public language, only "polished" language masters, i.e. writers, artists of the word; supporters of this view primarily have in mind the literary language of modern times and, moreover, among peoples with a rich artistic literature.
Others believe that the literary language is written language, bookish language opposing living speech, spoken language. The basis of this understanding is the literary languages with ancient writing (cf. the recent term "newly written languages").
Still others believe that the literary language is a language that is generally significant for a given people, in contrast to the dialect and jargon, which do not have signs of such general significance. Proponents of this view sometimes argue that the literary language can exist in the pre-literate period as the language of folk verbal and poetic creativity or customary law.
Kolesov VV Old Russian literary language.- L .: Publishing house Leningrad. un-ta, 1989.
Long disputes as to whether the modern Russian literary language is based on Church Slavonic or Russian, with scientific point views are pointless both in essence, and in content, and in terms of references to authorities.
Obnorsky's hypothesis is a continuation and development of Shakhmatov's theory in new historical conditions, when, on the basis of an in-depth study of Russian dialects (started by Shakhmatov) and historical development of the Russian language, the real significance of church texts in the formation of the Russian literary language became clear. The object of study also expanded: for Shakhmatov it was mainly phonetics and grammatical forms, while for Obnorsky - grammatical categories, semantics, style. AT last years this point of view is thoroughly argued (Filin, 1981; Gorshkov, 1984) and does not need to be defended. There is no alternative.
The term "literary language" in its origin turns out to be associated with the concept of "literature", and in its etymological understanding - "based on the letter", that is, on the letter, in fact, the written language. Indeed, the medieval literary language is only the language of writing, a collection of texts for literary purposes. All other features of the literary language follow from this abstract definition through the term and therefore seem logical and understandable.
The diverse terms that have accumulated on the subject of study are, in fact, only an attempt to get out of the vicious circle of formal logic: to regard the signs of a concept as signs of a non-existent object, and to define the object through the same signs of the concept. Literary - non-literary, written - oral, folk - cultural (even cult, in the latter case there are many synonyms), processed - raw, as well as polysemantic and therefore indefinite in meaning - system, norm, function, style. The more such definitions (which seem to clarify our idea of the object), the more the concept of "literary language" is emptied: the introduction of each subsequent one increases the content of the concept so much that it reduces its scope to the limits of insignificance.
Of the many definitions that exist in science, the definition of the literary language as a function of the national language seems to be the most acceptable; consequently, the literary "language" is a literary variety of the use of the Russian language, and not an independent language (Gorshkov, 1983). Such an understanding of the literary language lies in line with the Russian scientific tradition and is determined by the historical approach to the problem of the literary language. At the same time, it explains the development of various spheres of "cultural speaking", justifying the existence of the very term "literary language" - since the latter is indeed a typical form of the existence of a folk (national) language, and not speech in the narrow sense of the word. Historically, there has been a displacement of colloquial forms by more and more improved "cultural" forms of the language; the selection of linguistic forms as the structure of the native language develops and constitutes the content of this historical process.
Literary language is the basis of speech culture (Rhetoric - distedu.ru)
The literary language is the highest form of the national language. It is the language of culture, literature, education, means mass media. It serves various areas human activity: politics, science, legislation, official business communication, everyday communication, international communication, press, radio, television.
Among the varieties of the national language (vernacular, territorial and social dialects, jargons), the literary language plays a leading role.
The main features of the literary language:
- processing (a literary language is a language processed by masters of the word: writers, poets, scientists, public figures);
- sustainability (stability);
- mandatory for all native speakers;
- normalization;
- availability of functional styles.
D. A. Golovanova, E. V. Mikhailova, E. A. Shcherbaeva. Russian language and culture of speech. Crib
(LIBRUSEK - lib.rus.ec)THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE
Literary language is the national language of writing, the language of official and business documents, school education, written communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form (written and sometimes oral), perceived by native speakers of this language as exemplary. Literary language is the language of literature in the broadest sense. The Russian literary language functions both in oral form and in written form.
Signs of literary language:
1) the presence of writing;
2) normalization is a fairly stable way of expression that expresses the historically established patterns of development of the Russian literary language. Normalization is based on the language system and is fixed in the best examples of literary works. This mode of expression is preferred by the educated part of society;
3) codification, i.e. fixed in the scientific literature; this is expressed in the presence of grammatical dictionaries and other books containing the rules for using the language;
4) stylistic diversity, i.e., the variety of functional styles of the literary language;
5) relative stability;
6) prevalence;
7) general usage;
8) general obligation;
9) compliance with the use, customs and capabilities of the language system.
The protection of the literary language and its norms is one of the main tasks of the culture of speech. Literary language unites the people in terms of language. The leading role in the creation of the literary language belongs to the most advanced part of society.
Each of the languages, if it is sufficiently developed, has two main functional varieties: the literary language and live colloquial speech. Alive colloquial speech each person masters early childhood. The assimilation of a literary language occurs throughout the development of a person, right up to old age.
The literary language should be generally understandable, that is, accessible to perception by all members of society. The literary language must be developed to such an extent that it can serve the main areas of human activity. In speech, it is important to observe the grammatical, lexical, orthoepic and accentological norms of the language. Proceeding from this, an important task of linguists is to consider everything new in the literary language from the point of view of compliance with the general laws of the development of the language and the optimal conditions for its functioning.
Literary language is not only the language of writers, but also a sign of an intelligent and educated person. Unfortunately, people not only do not own it, but not everyone knows about its existence, including some modern writers. The works are written very in simple terms, jargon and slang are used in large quantities, which is unacceptable for the literary language. For those who want to master the language of poets and writers, the signs of the literary language will be described.
Definition
Literary language is the highest form of language, which is opposed to vernacular, jargon, dialectisms. Some experts oppose it to the colloquial form, because they consider it to be a written language (for example, in the Middle Ages they only wrote in the literary language).
This form is considered a historical category, because this category is formed in the process of language development. The literary language is an indicator of the level of national culture, because works are created and cultured people communicate in it.
There are many definitions: some are built from a linguistic point of view, others use delimitation with the help of native speakers of this language. Each definition is correct, the main thing is that you know how to distinguish it from other categories. Below the concept of signs of a literary language will be given.
The formation of a cultural language form
The basis of the literary language is the dialect, which is dominant in the political, economic and cultural center of the state. The basis for the Russian language was the Moscow dialect. The Church Slavonic language served as a great influence on the formation of this species. The first written translations into our language were Christian books, which later affected the formation of the language. For a long time, learning to write took place through the church, which undoubtedly influenced the cultural written language.
But one should not combine the literary language and the artistic one, because in the first case it is a broad concept that includes the variety with which works are written. The signs of a literary language are its strict standardization and accessibility for everyone, while some authors works of art insufficient knowledge of the literary form of the language in the broadest sense.
How to determine the language of writers
The cultural form of speech does not tolerate excessive use of slang words, clericalism, speech stamps, and vernacular. There are norms that allow you to keep the purity of the language by providing a language standard. These norms can be found in grammar references and dictionaries.
There are main features of the literary language:
Literary language as part of the national
Each language has its own national limits, so it reflects everything cultural heritage his people, his history. Due to ethnic features, each language is unique and original, has characteristic folk features. The national and literary languages are closely interconnected, which creates unlimited possibilities for the language. But it is still possible to distinguish the signs of the national literary language.
The form under consideration, along with the national one, also includes the use of non-literary styles. Every nation has its own dialect. The Russian is divided into North Russian, Central Russian and South Russian. But some words for various reasons fall into the literary language. They will be called dialectisms. Their use is permissible only from the point of view of style, that is, it is considered possible in a certain context.
One of the types of the national language is jargon - these are words used by a certain group of people. Its use is also possible in the literary language, jargon was especially widely used in Russian literature in the post-Soviet period. Their use is strictly regulated by literary norms:
- characterization of the hero;
- with proof of the appropriateness of use.
Dialect is another feature of the national language, which is typical for people living in the same territory or united on a social basis. In literature, dialect words can be used in the following cases:
Signs of the modern Russian literary language
In the traditional sense, the language has been considered modern since the time of A. S. Pushkin. Since one of the main features of the literary language is the norm, you should know what norms the modern one is based on:
- stress norms;
- orthoepic;
- lexical;
- phraseological;
- word formation;
- spelling;
- punctuation;
- grammatical;
- syntactic;
- stylistic.
The literary language is characterized by strict observance of all norms in order to preserve the entire cultural heritage. But the modern literary language has problems associated precisely with the preservation of the purity of the language, namely, the large use of devalued vocabulary (foul language), a large number of borrowings, and the frequent use of jargon.
Functional style views
As it was written above, its stylistic diversity belongs to the features of the literary language.
- Written and bookish speech, which is divided into official business, journalistic and scientific.
- Artistic speech.
The colloquial form of speech was not included here, because it does not have strict regulation, that is, one of the main features of the literary language.
Russian literary language in the late 20th - early 21st centuries.
The processes taking place in a language are a natural phenomenon, because it is not a static unit. It also changes and develops along with society. In the same way, new signs of the literary language have appeared in our time. Now the media is becoming an influential sphere, which forms new functional language features. With the development of the Internet, a mixed written and spoken form of speech begins to develop.
The literary language performs a very complex and important task: to preserve the accumulated knowledge, to unite the entire cultural and national heritage and to pass everything on to new generations, while maintaining national identity.