What about speech errors. I'm sitting in a kina in the front row in a black coat ...
The word is an important element of our daily life and, in particular, speech. This unit can rightfully be called extremely diverse and voluminous. With its help, we not only give names to phenomena and objects, but also convey our thoughts and feelings. By remembering the main ones, you can avoid them in the future and make your communication style cleaner.
When we decide what word to say, there are several aspects to consider. These, first of all, include stylistic coloring, appropriateness of use and the level of compatibility with other components of the sentence. If you break even one of these rules, the likelihood of saying something wrong will increase significantly.
Watching the value
Examples of speech errors are often associated with the fact that the speaker does not understand the meaning of the word and uses it in a situation that is not suitable for this. So, in the phrase "the fire grew stronger and stronger," the verb was used incorrectly. It has two meanings.
The first of them is “get hot, warm up to a high temperature”, and the second is “excited”. In this situation, it would be much more logical to use the word "flare up." It just conveys the meaning that the author was trying to put into the phrase.
irrelevance
Often, speakers use significant and functional words without taking into account their semantics. Often there are such in the media. Examples of them can be from the category "thanks to the tornado, several thousand people died." The preposition with which this phrase begins should be used only in those situations when we want to say what caused the desired, and not destructive, result.
The nature of this error is hidden in the semantic abstraction of the word from the verb, which gave impetus to its appearance. In the above case, instead of "thanks to" you need to say "due to", "because of" or "as a result".
In any field of activity, speech errors are inevitable. Examples from life are often associated with the choice of words-concepts that have different bases for division. That is, we are talking about a combination of concrete and abstract vocabulary in one context. So, often there are phrases in the style of "we will provide a complete cure for drug addicts and other diseases." If we are talking about an illness, we need to use its name, and not talk about the people who suffer from it. In this situation, it would be correct to use the word "addiction".
Speech lies in wait for us at every step, and their examples can become so rooted in our lives that we may not even notice that we are speaking incorrectly. Such cases include the incorrect use of paronyms. Many people are confused about the concepts of "addressee" (the one to whom we write a letter) and "addresser" (sender, author). To avoid embarrassment, you just need to remember the meaning of such problematic words.
incongruous
Another eternal problem of many people is that they do not follow the phrases they pronounce. After all, when we choose a suitable word, it is necessary to monitor not only its literary meaning. Not all designs can harmoniously combine with each other. To maintain speech balance, it is necessary to take into account semantics, style, grammatical features of words, and more.
You can find a variety of sentences with speech errors. Examples might be something like, "A good father should set an example for his children." In this case, the word "example" should be used.
Synonyms, homonyms, paronyms
Speech errors on television are often associated with the misuse of synonyms. Examples are often associated with the wrong choice of the emotional coloring of the word and the scope of its use: "The CEO made a mistake and immediately set about correcting it." The neutral word "mistake" would be much better for this situation, instead of the chosen jargon.
Homonyms are also often the cause of incorrect statements. If you do not take them out of context, the meaning of such words will be quite clear. But there are cases when they are used in a situation that is absolutely not suitable for this. Having heard the sentence “Now the crew is in excellent condition”, we will not be able to understand who or what it is about: the team or the wagon. In this situation, additional context is indispensable.
Types of speech errors (we will deal with examples a little later) are often associated with the fact that speakers incorrectly use ambiguous words. To avoid such oversights, it is necessary to monitor how appropriate a certain word is for a particular situation.
Context plays a big role in this. It is with its help that you can understand the meaning of many words. An example is "she was so sung." Without additional explanation, it is difficult to understand whether the heroine was carried away by the action performed or simply gained momentum.
Too much or too little
Examples of speech errors are also often associated with lexical incompleteness of the statement. This is a gap in the sentence of a word that logically should be there. Such a blunder is present in the proposal "not to publish on the pages of newspapers and television statements that may cause an aggressive reaction." One gets the impression that the author says "on the pages of television."
New and old
Many types of speech errors with examples are associated with the use of inappropriate new ones and often the authors unsuccessfully fit them into the context or come up with their own, inappropriate forms. Thus, in the sentence “More than twenty thousand rubles have been allocated this year”, the author’s neologism “patching” means “pit repair”, which cannot be understood without additional context.
Archaisms are words that have gone out of use. You also need to be careful with their use. Some insert them into texts that require the use of neutral vocabulary, not obsolete ones. “Now there is a subbotnik at school” - this is the case when it would be better to say “now” in order to make the text more logical in style.
foreign words
Examples of speech errors also often appear due to the incorrect use of words that came to our country from abroad. Many people manage to throw beautiful phrases of this origin without even fully understanding their meaning and sematic nuances.
"My buying plan is limited because I don't make enough money." This is the case when it was necessary to use a simpler wording like the phrase "runs slower."
Problems with vocabulary
Speech errors in literature, examples of which can be found in many books, are often associated with the wrong choice of vocabulary. These may be dialectisms, vernacular, jargon and phraseological units that are not quite suitable for a particular text. When choosing words from these groups, it is necessary to monitor how harmoniously they fit into the general context. You also need to adhere to one specific style of presentation in the narrative. If we want to say “I met a neighbor at the entrance”, you don’t need to call her “scrapper” (dialectical).
In the sentence “I bought a thin TV”, it is better to use the neutral word “thin” or “bad” instead of colloquial speech, depending on what meaning you put into the text. Otherwise, the addressee of your speech may misunderstand what exactly you are saying.
The professional jargon “steering wheel” is appropriate in the dialogue of drivers, but not in any way in the description of the interior of a new car model by the seller: “The seats and steering wheel are upholstered in genuine leather.” Phraseologisms also cause a lot of difficulties in their correct use: "This person constantly casts pearls in front of pigs." This expression means "to invent, to lie", but without additional context it can be interpreted literally.
The most common mistakes in the exam in the Russian language:
Classification of errors according to FIPI
- Grammatical errors.
- Speech errors.
- Logic errors
- Factual errors.
- Spelling mistakes.
- Punctuation errors.
- Graphic errors.
Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic.
For example:
- slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility- here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;
- no comment go instead of go,more lighter- the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
- pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);
- Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- sentences with participial phrases (1) and with homogeneous members (2) are incorrectly constructed, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.
Unlike grammar, speech errors- these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. For the most part, these are violations of lexical norms, for example:
- Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov;
- They lost their only two sons in the war.
A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.
The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.
Types of grammatical errors:
- Wrong word formation Trudol bim th, above laugh.
- Erroneous formation of the noun form - Many miracles A technology, lack of time I.
- Erroneous formation of the form of the adjective - More interesting, more beautiful.
- Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral - WITH five hundred rubles.
- Erroneous formation of the form of the pronoun - theirs pathos , their children.
- Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
- Violation of agreement - I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.
- Disruption of control - We need to make our nature more beautiful.
Narrates readers. - Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
- Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
Everyone was happy and happy funny. - Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - A country loved And was proud poet.
In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it. - Errors in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover - Reading the text , it feels like...
- Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
- Errors in the construction of a complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
- Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said what am I I do not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.
- Violation of the boundaries of the proposal - When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.
- Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms - freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.
Types of speech errors:
- The use of the word in an unusual sense - We were shocked great acting by the actors.
Thought develops on continuation the entire text. - Non-distinguishing of the shades of meaning introduced into the word by the prefix and suffix - My attitude towards this issue is changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
- Ignorance of synonymous words - IN final The author uses gradation in the sentence.
- The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people A little to another track.
- Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
- Unjustified use of colloquial words - These people always succeed cheat others.
- Violation of lexical compatibility - Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
- The use of superfluous words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us through artistic means.Young boy, Very beautiful.
- The use of single-root words in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is being told about real events.
- Unjustified repetition of the word - Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of the deed.
- Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
- Bad use of pronouns This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to art style.I immediately had a picture in his imagination.
Typical grammatical errors (K9)
This errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:
- Mistakes in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);
- Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);
- Errors in the use of real and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);
- Errors in the formation of gerunds: Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);
- Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author was wrong(norm: here);
These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.
Typical ones include grammatical and syntactical errors :
- Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
- Errors associated with the use of particles, such as unnecessary repetition: It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist; separation of the particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed in front of those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems in total.(the restrictive particle "everything" must come before the subject: "... only two problems");
- Unjustified omission of the subject (ellipsis): His courage, (?) to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text;
- Incorrect construction of a compound sentence: The author of the text understands the mind not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also the concept of “smart” was associated with the idea of freethinking.
Typical speech errors (K10)
These are violations associated with the underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech stamps; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, stationery, non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; ambiguity not eliminated by the context.
The most common speech errors include:
- Non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look in the "Philosophical Dictionary"(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "on" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or stealthily look somewhere, look to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, governs a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
- Mistakes in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known a synonym is mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes considerable space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us.(in this case instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And linguistic word impresses also requires a synonymous replacement);
- Mistakes in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motive makes us think(the antithesis requires accuracy when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words "cheerful" and "major" are not antonyms;
- The destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Don't put your finger in the mouth of this certainly talented writer Zoshchenko, just let the reader laugh.
Logic errors
Logic errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.
- comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence;
- as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.
Composition-text errors
- Unsuccessful start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...
- Mistakes in main body.
- Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
- Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.
- The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.
- Unsuccessful ending. Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.
Factual Errors
Factual Errors- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)
- Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples.
- Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.
- Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.
- Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.
Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors
When checking literacy (K7-K8), errors are taken into account
- On the learned rules;
- Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
- in exceptions to the rules;
- in writing a capital letter in compound proper names;
- in cases of separate and continuous spelling not with adjectives and participles,
- acting as a predicate;
- in writing And And s after prefixes;
- in difficult cases of distinction not and neither ( Where did he go! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. Nobody else…; none other than…; nothing else…; nothing more than...etc.);
- in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
- in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;
It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If the mistake is repeated in the same word or in the root of words with the same root, then it is considered as one mistake.
- Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
- The concept of similar errors does not apply to punctuation errors.
- Errors are not considered to be of the same type for such a rule, in which, for clarification
- recurring(repetition in the same word or in the root of single-root words is considered as one mistake)
Spelling mistakes
- In word transfer;
- Letters e / e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
- Uppercase or lowercase letters
- in names associated with religion: M (m) aslenitsa, R (r) Christmas, B (b) og.
- with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomov and Oblomov).
- in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling of surnames with first
- parts don, van, sept... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
- Continuous / hyphen / separate spelling
- in names, with in compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, walk-city paperweight, but beef stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
- on rules that are not included in the school curriculum. For example: to spill, to scold behind the eyes, to match, on the run, in installments, to back down, to a curiosity, to the touch, in the wings, to put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, loosely);
Punctuation errors
- A dash in an incomplete sentence;
- Separation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
- Commas with restrictive-excretory revolutions;
- Distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting or highlighting them with commas;
- In the transfer of the author's punctuation;
Graphic errors
Graphic errors- various methods of shortening words, the use of spaces between words, various underlining and font selections. These include: various typos and misprints caused by the inattention of the writer or the haste of writing.
Common graphical errors:
- The omission of letters, for example: the whole novel is based on this conflict (follows: is built);
- Permutation of letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
- Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(should: legendary);
- Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions ...(should: even).
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Modern linguists approach the definition of the concept of “speech error” in different ways: they understand a speech error as an unsuccessfully chosen word, and an incorrectly constructed sentence, and a distorted form of a word, and in general any case of deviation from existing language norms.
The most complete definition of speech errors and shortcomings is given in the works of Doctor of Sciences Professor Taisa Alekseevna Ladyzhenskaya, a leading specialist in the field of rhetoric and culture of speech. By her definition, speech error- "This is a violation of the requirements correctness speech, and speech defect– “this is a violation of the recommendations related to the concept good speech, that is, rich, precise and expressive. In other words, if it is impossible to say (write) like this, this is a speech error, and if it is possible in principle to say (write) like this, but it will be inaccurate, meager and inexpressive, this is a speech defect.
Test yourself: you may find that you make (or don't, which is very gratifying!) mistakes in speech and writing.
TO speech errors T.A. Ladyzhenskaya includes the following:
- Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word, the use of the word in an unusual sense. (He back began to command! Right : again, again. The fire is getting bigger fired up blazed. Right: flared up.)
- Mixing of aspect-temporal forms of the verb. (In water jump rats , ran lapwings - a mixture of time. Right: jump, run or jumped, ran. When came december, the weather is sharp changes - mixing of species . Right : or came, changed or comes and changes.)
- Poor use of pronouns, resulting in unclear or ambiguous speech ( When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry. It is not clear who did not cry, the boy or the father: say He it is possible and about that, and about another. Right: Saying goodbye to father, boy didn't cry. Or like this: When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry(this is if we want to say that the father was crying).
- Unjustified use of colloquial and dialect words. (Kolya walked behind. Right: behind, behind.)
- A mixture of paronyms. (I was told to stay at home, but I across refused. Right: flatly refused . This person leads festive life. Right: celebrating life.)
- Pronominal doubling of the subject. (Olya - She was the youngest in the family. Correct: Olga was the youngest in the family.)
TO speech defects All experts refer to the following:
1. Violation of the order of words in a sentence. ( The dog helped to dig snow with its paws and muzzle for people. A narrow strip only connects the island with the coast.)
2. The use of an extra word. (He will come in the month of January. Better so: He will come in January. All guests received memorable souvenirs. Required: All guests received souvenirs. Souvenir already means " memorable gift».)
3. Indistinguishability of shades of the meaning of synonyms or words that are close in meaning. (The team lost and the goalkeeper was returning home with dull head. You need it like this: ... with drooping head. Yesterday I was sadly. Had sad.)
4. Violation of the compatibility of words (Soldiers fulfilled the oath. The oath cannot be fulfilled, it is possible take an oath, be true to one's oath, A execute Can promise, mission, assignment, order.)
5. Unjustified repetition of the same word within a sentence or in adjacent sentences. ( Birds birds about to touch the water. Better this way: Birds hovered over the river low, low, it seemed that They they are about to touch the water.) Note, however, that repetition is not always an indicator of a speech defect. It can enhance the author's thought, give it a special emotional coloring. Compare: In life, there is some level of happiness that we count from, as we count from sea level. (D.S. Likhachev)
6. The use of words next to or close to the same root, or a tautology. (This happening with me happened in summer. Better like this: case happened. watchman guarded at night and sleep during the day. It is better to replace one of the two words: or the watchman worked or he guarded. Today hunt something reluctance. Suggest your edits to this sentence.)
Larisa Fominykh
Grammar or speech error?
The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in the creative work of students is dictated by existing norms. The first type of errors is an integral part of the literacy assessment, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During the verification of USE essays (part C), they must also be distinguished. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.
A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.
A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.
Consider main types of grammatical errors.
I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.
II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:
1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;
2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;
3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;
4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;
5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.
6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle by; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;
7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;
Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:
1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave
2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;
4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:
a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;
b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;
c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);
5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;
6) participial phrases: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.
7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; the use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; "stringing" the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.
8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.
However, one should keep in mind the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to make it more expressive or highlight thoughts: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.
9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.
The main types of speech errors
Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, inexpressiveness of speech, indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work testifies to the poverty of the student's speech .
1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...
2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.
It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In the Russian folk language, there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do their job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)
Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may consciously resort to tautology:
Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)
The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)
I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)
3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and cold weather; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;
4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;
5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;
7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;
8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;
9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;
10) unjustified repetition of the same words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. AND were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.
Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:
Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)
Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)
11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.
12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.
To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:
Grammatical errors | Speech errors |
1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; sign for life; | 1) the use of the word in an unusual meaning: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about Petrel. |
2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; wait; theirs; | 2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly replenishes his horizons; |
3) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and does not talk to me; | 3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. The increase in crime has increased by five percent. |
4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read; | 4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds; |
5) violation of agreement between the subject and the predicate: Mankind is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus push and make noise. | 5) unjustified repetitions of the word in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go to the forest. The guys went into the forest along the field road. |
6) errors in the use of participial and adverbial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books makes life more interesting. | 6) Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty. |
7) errors in the construction of complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river. | 7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin courts Olga. |
8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we appreciate your contribution to the region's economy. | 8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began to work on the collective farm. |
Training tasks
1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.
1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.
2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.
3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.
4. And we made a new swing in our yard!
5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.
6. These plans need and deserve all support.
7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.
8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.
9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.
10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.
11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.
12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kyiv bursa.
2. Find speech errors, determine their type.
1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.
2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”
All people, at least once in their lives, make speech errors. The examples number in the thousands, especially when it comes to the Russian language, which is known to be rich and diverse. But you need to speak competently, therefore it is better to engage in the development of your speech. For your own development, you should find out what types of speech errors exist and what you need to do to avoid using them.
Speech and its specificity
Speech is an abstract category that cannot be perceived directly. It is also an important indicator of human culture, thinking and, of course, intelligence. By talking, you can learn many things, understand the complexities associated with society, nature, and convey the information received in a communicative way. But everyone makes mistakes - both in oral and in speech. And in order to achieve perfection in terms of knowledge of the Russian language, it is necessary to recognize all mistakes - from stylistic to speech. And to begin with, I would like to touch on the topic of concepts. What are they in Russian? This is a deviation from the existing ones. You can live in peace without knowing about them, but how effective such a person’s communication with the rest will be is a question. It just might be misunderstood.
Pronunciation
It is worth briefly listing the types of speech errors that exist in the Russian language. So, these are pronunciation, lexical, phraseological, stylistic, spelling, morphological, punctuation and, finally, syntactic. The first of these include those errors that are made due to violations of orthoepy. The most common speech errors in Russian. If a person says the word “poshti” instead of “almost”, confuses stresses (“alcohol” - “alcohol”), reduces “thousand” to “thousand” - this means that he allows such blots that are shameful for a native speaker.
Lexicology
Speaking about the types of speech errors, it is impossible not to pay attention to lexical ones. They are also quite common. These include those blots that occur due to the use of phrases or words in a meaning that is unusual for them. the morphemic form of words is distorted, as well as the rules of semantic agreement. By the way, in lexicology there is also a classification of speech errors. There are three types. The first is the mixing of those words that are close to each other in meaning. Some manage to express themselves in this way: "I will stand on foot." The second type is a mixture of those words that are close in sound. It occurs quite often: single - ordinary, clarinet - cornet, escalator - excavator, etc. And finally, the third type of errors is the confusion of words that are close both in sound and in meaning. Often they confuse the addresser with the addressee, and the student with the diplomat. It is impossible not to say about the "author's" errors. To be more precise, about writing non-existent words. For example, “Georgian”, “motor”, “heroism”, etc.
Semantic agreement
Violation of the meaning of a sentence by introducing an inappropriate word into it is also a common speech error. Examples can be taken from everyday life: "I raise this toast." You can’t say that, because “raise” means to move something. A toast is solemn words. There is no way to lift them up. Therefore, in this case, it is better to either replace “toast” with the word “glass” or, instead of “raise”, say “I pronounce”. In both cases, it will be both competent and logical. By the way, using the same example, you can understand how to identify a speech error and what needs to be done to avoid it altogether. Before pronouncing a phrase, the correctness of which is in doubt, one should remember the meaning of the words involved in its construction. As in the case of the given example. Tautologies and so-called pleonasms are also often found in speech. The latter include combinations of two words that are completely identical. The most striking example is the phrase “huge metropolis”. Better to say "big city". After all, “megalopolis” is translated like that, so there is no need to add the definition of “huge” here. By analyzing, in this way, everything that you want to say, you will be able to avoid a lot of mistakes. In addition, such training develops speech and thinking. And finally, a tautology. Everything is simple here: “I saw the video”, “I shot arrows”, “I set the task”, “I did the job”, etc. Synonyms save here - you can replace one word with another - and the phrase will already look more logical.
Morphological and syntactic illiteracy
Sentences with speech errors related to morphological ones can be heard every day - in the market, in the subway, on the street, in the store. We are talking about the wrong formation of a word. For people who speak Russian well, such “pearls” cut their ears. For example, “play the piano”, “it was cheaper there”, “one jeans”, “that towel”, etc. In this case, you just need to memorize the words so as not to use them in the wrong form. are in the wrong combination of words. “Reading Yesenin made a huge impression” - here a logical question arises, did they read his works, or did Sergei Alexandrovich himself read? Or, for example, such a sentence: “There are a lot of cans on the shelf” - this is an obvious wrong agreement. And there are many such examples. Some people say this by accident, in a hurry, others out of ignorance. In any case, it is worth correcting yourself so that the interlocutor does not consider his opponent to be illiterate.
Writing rules
Grammar and speech errors people make not only in the process of live communication. Many allow blots during correspondence, reporting, writing texts. These include Their person admits because he does not know how to transfer, write or abbreviate words. They forget to put two “nn” instead of one, instead of “o” they write “a”, they neglect soft signs in the endings of verbs with “sh”. Errors can be minor (for example, a person missed a letter by missing a key), but there are also outright absurdities. There was even a case when a schoolboy made four mistakes in the word “hedgehog”, writing “iosh”. However, this is a child who is just learning, and when adults, accomplished individuals make absurd blots, this is at least strange. Therefore, you need to monitor your speech so that, as they say, you do not get into a mess.
Logic in speech
Our speech should be logical - everyone knows this. Therefore, one must try not to violate the cause-and-effect relationships, not to skip a link in one's explanations, not to rearrange parts of the sentence, and, of course, not to "run" ahead of one's thoughts. To communicate clearly, you need to present information in such a way that the interlocutors can learn it. It is not so difficult, you just need to concentrate on your thoughts.
Extended classification
Many speech errors were considered, examples of which clearly show what exactly this or that shortcoming is. But in fact, there are many more types of such “blots”, the extended classification of speech errors, respectively, is more voluminous. Take, for example, errors consisting in the unjustified use of certain words. “Thanks to you, he got sick” - sentences like this are very common. The use of the word "thanks" here is impossible, since it carries a completely different emotional connotation. And sometimes people make mistakes that even sound funny. For example, “Gogol’s “Nose” is filled with deep meaning” or “Two horses drove into the yard. These were the sons of Taras Bulba” - pronouns are used very unsuccessfully. By the way, the poverty of human vocabulary can also be attributed to speech errors. This is usually explained by his small vocabulary. He often uses the same words, repeats a lot. This, too, must be avoided.
Speech development
Having considered those and finding out the nature of their occurrence, one can understand that speaking competently is not so easy. But almost every person wants to express himself in such a way that he is understood. To do this, you need to constantly work on yourself and your speech, developing it. How to prevent speech errors? To do this, you need to read fiction, visit exhibitions, museums and theaters, talk with smart and educated people. All this is necessary to expand your vocabulary and gain experience in terms of the use of certain words. By the way, a parallel can be drawn between this development of speech and the study of a foreign language. After all, everyone knows that a person, getting into the language environment, assimilates it better. In this case, the same thing - by communicating more with literate people and devoting time to cultural events, you can become more educated.