Chemical periodic table and their pronunciation. Names of chemical elements
He drew on the work of Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavouzier. The first scientist advocated the search for indecomposable chemical elements. 15 of those Boyle listed back in 1668.
Lavuzier added 13 more to them, but a century later. The search dragged on because there was no coherent theory of the connection between the elements. Finally, Dmitry Mendeleev entered the "game". He decided that there is a connection between the atomic mass of substances and their place in the system.
This theory allowed the scientist to discover dozens of elements without discovering them in practice, but in nature. This was placed on the shoulders of posterity. But now it's not about them. Let's dedicate the article to the great Russian scientist and his table.
The history of the creation of the periodic table
periodic table began with the book "Relationship of properties with the atomic weight of the elements." The work was issued in the 1870s. At the same time, the Russian scientist spoke to chemical society countries and sent the first version of the table to colleagues from abroad.
Before Mendeleev, 63 elements were discovered by various scientists. Our compatriot began by comparing their properties. First of all, he worked with potassium and chlorine. Then, he took up the group of metals of the alkaline group.
The chemist got a special table and element cards to lay them out like solitaire, looking for the right matches and combinations. As a result, an insight came: - the properties of the components depend on the mass of their atoms. So, elements of the periodic table lined up in ranks.
The discovery of the maestro of chemistry was the decision to leave voids in these ranks. The periodicity of the difference between atomic masses led the scientist to assume that not all elements are known to mankind yet. The gaps in weight between some of the "neighbors" were too large.
That's why, periodic table of Mendeleev became like a chessboard, with an abundance of "white" cells. Time has shown that they really were waiting for their "guests". They, for example, became inert gases. Helium, neon, argon, krypton, radioact and xenon were discovered only in the 30s of the 20th century.
Now about myths. It is widely believed that chemical table Mendeleev appeared to him in a dream. These are the intrigues of university teachers, more precisely, one of them - Alexander Inostrantsev. This is a Russian geologist who lectured at the St. Petersburg University of Mining.
Inostrantsev knew Mendeleev and visited him. Once, exhausted by the search, Dmitry fell asleep right in front of Alexander. He waited until the chemist wakes up and saw how Mendeleev grabs a piece of paper and writes down the final version of the table.
In fact, the scientist simply did not have time to do this before Morpheus captured him. However, Inostrantsev wanted to amuse his students. Based on what he saw, the geologist came up with a bike, which grateful listeners quickly spread to the masses.
Features of the periodic table
Since the first version in 1969 ordinal periodic table improved many times. So, with the discovery of noble gases in the 1930s, it was possible to derive a new dependence of the elements - on their serial numbers, and not on the mass, as the author of the system stated.
The concept of "atomic weight" was replaced by "atomic number". It was possible to study the number of protons in the nuclei of atoms. This number is the serial number of the element.
20th century scientists have studied and electronic structure atoms. It also affects the periodicity of elements and is reflected in later editions. periodic tables. A photo The list shows that the substances in it are arranged as the atomic weight increases.
The fundamental principle was not changed. Mass increases from left to right. At the same time, the table is not single, but divided into 7 periods. Hence the name of the list. Period is a horizontal row. Its beginning is typical metals, the end is elements with non-metallic properties. The decline is gradual.
There are big and small periods. The first ones are at the beginning of the table, there are 3 of them. It opens a list with a period of 2 elements. Following are two columns, in which there are 8 items. The remaining 4 periods are large. The 6th is the longest, it has 32 elements. In the 4th and 5th there are 18 of them, and in the 7th - 24.
Can be counted how many elements in the table Mendeleev. There are 112 titles in total. Names. There are 118 cells, but there are variations of the list with 126 fields. still remain empty cells for unopened elements that do not have names.
Not all periods fit on one line. Large periods consist of 2 rows. The amount of metals in them outweighs. Therefore, the bottom lines are completely devoted to them. A gradual decrease from metals to inert substances is observed in the upper rows.
Pictures of periodic table divided vertically. it groups in the periodic table, there are 8 of them. Elements similar in chemical properties are arranged vertically. They are divided into main and secondary subgroups. The latter begin only from the 4th period. The main subgroups also include elements of small periods.
The essence of the periodic table
Names of elements in the periodic table is 112 positions. The essence of their arrangement in a single list is the systematization of primary elements. They began to fight over this even in ancient times.
Aristotle was one of the first to understand what everything that exists was made of. He took as a basis the properties of substances - cold and heat. Empidocles singled out 4 fundamental principles according to the elements: water, earth, fire and air.
Metals in the periodic table, like other elements, are the very fundamental principles, but from a modern point of view. The Russian chemist managed to discover most of the components of our world and to suggest the existence of still unknown primary elements.
It turns out that pronunciation of the periodic table- voicing a certain model of our reality, decomposing it into components. However, learning them is not easy. Let's try to make the task easier by describing a couple of effective methods.
How to learn the periodic table
Let's start with modern method. Computer scientists have developed a number of flash games that help memorize Mendeleev's list. Project participants are offered to find elements by different options, for example, name, atomic mass, letter designation.
The player has the right to choose the field of activity - only part of the table, or all of it. In our will, also, exclude the names of elements, other parameters. This complicates the search. For the advanced, a timer is also provided, that is, training is carried out at speed.
Game conditions make learning element numbers in the periodic table not boring, but entertaining. Excitement wakes up, and it becomes easier to systematize knowledge in the head. Those who do not accept computer flash projects offer a more traditional way of memorizing a list.
It is divided into 8 groups, or 18 (according to the 1989 edition). For ease of remembering, it is better to create several separate tables, rather than working on a whole version. Visual images matched to each of the elements also help. Rely on your own associations.
So, iron in the brain can be correlated, for example, with a nail, and mercury with a thermometer. The name of the element is unfamiliar? We use the method of suggestive associations. , for example, we will compose from the beginnings of the words "taffy" and "speaker".
Characteristics of the periodic table don't study in one sitting. Lessons are recommended for 10-20 minutes a day. It is recommended to start by remembering only the basic characteristics: the name of the element, its designation, atomic mass and serial number.
Schoolchildren prefer to hang the periodic table above the desktop, or on the wall, which is often looked at. The method is good for people with a predominance of visual memory. Data from the list is involuntarily remembered even without cramming.
This is also taken into account by teachers. As a rule, they do not force you to memorize the list, they allow you to look at it even on the control ones. Constantly looking at the table is tantamount to the effect of printing on the wall, or writing cheat sheets before exams.
Starting the study, let us recall that Mendeleev did not immediately remember his list. Once, when the scientist was asked how he opened the table, the answer was: “I’ve been thinking about it for maybe 20 years, but you think: I sat and, suddenly, it’s ready.” The periodic system is painstaking work that cannot be mastered in a short time.
Science does not tolerate haste, because it leads to delusions and annoying mistakes. So, at the same time as Mendeleev, the table was compiled by Lothar Meyer. However, the German did not finish the list a bit and was not convincing in proving his point of view. Therefore, the public recognized the work of the Russian scientist, and not his fellow chemist from Germany.
In nature, there are a lot of repeating sequences:
- seasons;
- Times of Day;
- days of the week…
In the middle of the 19th century, D.I. Mendeleev noticed that the chemical properties of elements also have a certain sequence (they say that this idea came to him in a dream). The result of the miraculous dreams of the scientist was the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, in which D.I. Mendeleev arranged the chemical elements in order of increasing atomic mass. In the modern table, the chemical elements are arranged in ascending order of the atomic number of the element (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom).
The atomic number is shown above the symbol of a chemical element, below the symbol is its atomic mass (the sum of protons and neutrons). Note that the atomic mass of some elements is a non-integer! Remember isotopes! Atomic mass is the weighted average of all isotopes of an element that occur naturally under natural conditions.
Below the table are the lanthanides and actinides.
Metals, non-metals, metalloids
They are located in the Periodic Table to the left of the stepped diagonal line that starts with Boron (B) and ends with polonium (Po) (the exceptions are germanium (Ge) and antimony (Sb). It is easy to see that metals occupy most Periodic table. Basic properties of metals: solid (except mercury); glitter; good electrical and thermal conductors; plastic; malleable; donate electrons easily.
The elements to the right of the stepped diagonal B-Po are called non-metals. The properties of non-metals are directly opposite to the properties of metals: poor conductors of heat and electricity; fragile; non-forged; non-plastic; usually accept electrons.
Metalloids
Between metals and non-metals are semimetals(metalloids). They are characterized by the properties of both metals and non-metals. Semimetals have found their main industrial application in the production of semiconductors, without which no modern microcircuit or microprocessor is inconceivable.
Periods and groups
As mentioned above, the periodic table consists of seven periods. In each period, the atomic numbers of the elements increase from left to right.
The properties of elements in periods change sequentially: so sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), which are at the beginning of the third period, give up electrons (Na gives up one electron: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1; Mg gives up two electrons: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2). But chlorine (Cl), located at the end of the period, takes one element: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5.
In groups, on the contrary, all elements have the same properties. For example, in the IA(1) group, all elements from lithium (Li) to francium (Fr) donate one electron. And all elements of group VIIA(17) take one element.
Some groups are so important that they have been given special names. These groups are discussed below.
Group IA(1). The atoms of the elements of this group have only one electron in the outer electron layer, so they easily donate one electron.
The most important alkali metals are sodium (Na) and potassium (K) as they play important role in the process of human life and are part of the salts.
Electronic configurations:
- Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
- Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
- K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1
Group IIA(2). The atoms of the elements of this group have two electrons in the outer electron layer, which also give up during chemical reactions. The most important element is calcium (Ca) - the basis of bones and teeth.
Electronic configurations:
- Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
- mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
- Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2
Group VIIA(17). Atoms of the elements of this group usually receive one electron each, because. on the outer electronic layer there are five elements each, and one electron is just missing to the "complete set".
The most famous elements of this group are: chlorine (Cl) - is part of salt and bleach; iodine (I) is an element that plays an important role in the activity of the human thyroid gland.
Electronic configuration:
- F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
- Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
- Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5
Group VIII(18). Atoms of the elements of this group have a fully "staffed" outer electron layer. Therefore, they "do not need" to accept electrons. And they don't want to give them away. Hence - the elements of this group are very "reluctant" to enter into chemical reactions. For a long time it was believed that they do not react at all (hence the name "inert", i.e. "inactive"). But chemist Neil Barlett discovered that some of these gases, under certain conditions, can still react with other elements.
Electronic configurations:
- Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
- Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
- kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6
Valence elements in groups
It is easy to see that within each group, the elements are similar to each other in their valence electrons (electrons of s and p orbitals located on the outer energy level).
Alkali metals have 1 valence electron each:
- Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
- Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
- K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1
Alkaline earth metals have 2 valence electrons:
- Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
- mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
- Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2
Halogens have 7 valence electrons:
- F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
- Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
- Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5
Inert gases have 8 valence electrons:
- Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
- Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
- kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6
For more information, see the article Valency and the Table of electronic configurations of atoms of chemical elements by periods.
Let us now turn our attention to the elements located in groups with symbols AT. They are located in the center of the periodic table and are called transition metals.
A distinctive feature of these elements is the presence of electrons in atoms that fill d-orbitals:
- sc- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1 ;
- Ti- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 2
Separate from the main table are located lanthanides and actinides are the so-called internal transition metals. In the atoms of these elements, electrons fill f-orbitals:
- Ce- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 1 5d 1 6s 2 ;
- Th- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 6 6d 2 7s 2
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