Line tactics. Tactics and strategy of European armies of the 18th century
Linear tactics on land were developed in connection with the equipping of armies with firearms and the increasing role of fire in combat. The troops for combat were located in a line consisting of several ranks (their number was determined depending on the rate of fire of the weapon), which made it possible to simultaneously fire from the largest number of guns. The tactics of the troops was reduced mainly to a frontal clash. The outcome of the battle was largely decided by the power of infantry fire.
Linear tactics in Western Europe originated in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in the Dutch infantry, where square columns were replaced by linear formations. It was introduced by the Dutch in the person of Moritz of Orange and his cousins William Ludwig of Nassau-Dillenburg and John of Nassau-Siegen. Raising discipline in the army, as well as improving the training of officers, to which Moritz paid special attention, allowed him to build his army in 10, and later in 6 ranks. In the Russian troops, elements of linear tactics were first used in the battle of Dobrynich (1605). Linear tactics were fully formalized in the Swedish army of Gustav II Adolf in the period Thirty Years' War 1618-1648, and then was adopted in all European armies. This was facilitated by an increase in the rate of fire of the musket and the improvement of artillery. The superiority of the linear battle formation over the old battle formation of columns was finally determined in the battles of Breitenfeld (1631) and Lützen (1632), but at the same time the negative aspects of the linear battle formation were also revealed: the impossibility of concentrating superior forces in the decisive sector of the battle, the ability to act only on an open plain terrain, the weakness of the flanks and the difficulty of maneuvering the infantry, due to which crucial for the outcome of the battle acquired cavalry. Mercenary soldiers were kept in close lines with the help of cane discipline, and when the formation was broken, they fled from the battlefield. Linear tactics received classical forms in the 18th century, especially in the Prussian army of Frederick William I, and then Frederick II, who brought the combat rate of fire of each line to 4.5 - 5 volleys per minute with the most severe drill (this became possible after innovations were made to the design guns - such as, for example, a one-sided ramrod). To eliminate the shortcomings of linear tactics, Frederick II introduced an oblique battle formation (the battalions advanced in a ledge), which consisted of 3 lines of battalions with 3 ranks each. The cavalry was built in 3 lines. Artillery was placed in the intervals between battalions, light guns were introduced moving behind the cavalry, on the flanks and in front of the battle formation. A caret was used. Despite the innovations introduced, the linear tactics of the troops of Frederick II continued to be formulaic and inflexible.
A form of infantry specifically designed to use linear tactics was called line infantry. For about two centuries, line infantry constituted the bulk of the infantry of the countries of Europe.
Linear tactics were also used by some types of cavalry. At one time, heavily armed cavalry (reiters, horse grenadiers and cuirassiers) used linear tactics on horseback (“Reiter system”). Later, dragoons and lancers began to use linear tactics, being on foot in defense. Accordingly, the name "linear cavalry" moved from heavy cavalry to dragoons and lancers. Hussars in the 15th-17th centuries wore armor and often attacked in close formation, but later the hussars turned into light cavalry and stopped using linear tactics. The Cossacks never used linear tactics.
LINE TACTICS, methods and techniques of warfare, created under the influence of fireballs. weapons and actions in close. orderly and received higher development in the 18th century, in the era of Friedrich Vel. During the spread of fire weapons in tactics, a new doctrine appeared regarding the forms of use of troops (in particular, infantry) in battle. The emergence of this new combat factor made it possible to fight from a distance, to beat the prot-ka from behind the closures, without exposing oneself to the danger of direct cold blows. weapons. The temptation to fight from a distance gradually led to the unwillingness of both sides to get closer, which was expressed in all the battles of the 16th century. (excluding the battles at the Dre), which were in the nature of firearms. duels between armies. nearest the consequence of this was that the battles lost their character. means of tactics, and wars lasted for decades without leading to any results. The desire to return to the battle will decide. character initially led to an increase in pikemen in the army, and then to an increase in kav-rii, i.e., to the desire to solve the battle with a cold blow. weapons, bringing fire down to the role of a means to prepare-nago. Such attempts to return to sound principles soon failed again, due to the small number of people who wanted to serve in the pikemen and the high cost of maintaining the school. Then fans of firearms. weapons began to work in favor of giving fire the importance of a factor that decides the battle. Seeing the futility of a firefight from afar and the need to approach the enemy, they concentrated their efforts on creating and rooting such techniques and methods of combat, which would provide fire with the value not only of preparation, but also of a decisive means. This is possible b. reach only the extreme. the development of its action, i.e., its reduction to the limit. space To do this, I had to go to the rules. firing from lengths. thin lines of infantry, from deployment. building, and then to the exclusive use of this system in battle. T. arr. L.'s tactics were gradually worked out. Already Gustavus Adolphus (beginning of the 17th century) built his soldiers in 3 ranks and thus brought the fire to the point. results Full bloom and higher. the perfection of L. tactics reached in the era of Friedrich Vel. Since in this era the composition of the armies was unsatisfactory in morale. relation, due to the replenishment of troops according to the recruitment system, and therefore all the formations of the troops were given solidarity. form for the convenience of observing the soldiers, then the L. constructions, brought to life in tactics by the passion for firearms. weapons, poured into the form of lengths. closed lines. The small effectiveness of the guns then corresponded to the same somkn-sti. fire, which was used almost exclusively in the form of volleys. For these two reasons (the unreliability of the soldiers in moral terms and the insignificant reality of the solitary fire) and determined the final form of L. constructions in the era of Friedrich Vel., in the form of clumsy. and immobile. closed. lines. (On the forms of building L. combat order and its tactical actions, see. History of military art). The weaknesses of Friedrich's L. tactics were revealed very quickly. The formations for the movement were stereotyped and not flexible, which was especially evident in the big. troops. the masses. The armies could only operate on the plains and not cross. to sweep; the full-length soldiers and close ranks of the advancing units provided excellent targets for shooting, and the troops carried a lot. losses, especially with the improvement of art-rii. The impact force of the weak deployed. lines, when invading the location of the channel, was the weaker, the greater the losses, despite the fact that they were followed by the 2nd line. That is why Friedrich W. intensified his attack. front wing. line. Long, non-rotating. lines of deployed b-news, built shoulder to shoulder, changing the front with difficulty and with weak fires. action towards the flank, became easy prey for the kav. attacks. Exercise in battles. L. order was carried out along the line, and the support of parts of the 1st line was carried out by parts of the 2nd line. The will of the chief was transmitted to the troops by teams. Everything was set in motion at the same time. The very movement of fighting. order was slow and for the success of tact. action was necessary strictly. alignment along the front and in the back of the head: about the lack of elements of battles. order is out of the question. L. tactics, cultivating fire as a decisive factor in the battle, ignored the rest. victory conditions: mobility battles. order, concentration of masses. efforts to decide. point and shelter from fire. A counterbalance to its weaknesses was a tactic that gave preference exclusively to the action of the cold. weapons and almost rejected firearms. action tactics shock, bayonet). Main its structure was columns. Its founders were: Folar (1669-1752) and Menil-Durand. The extremes of these two tactics. schools b. reconciled by marshals Broglio (1718-1804) and Rochambeau (1725-1805), who laid the foundation new school, known as perpendicular tactics, from which the current tactics have subsequently developed. Its essence is the recognition of the need for success in combat to combine cold actions. and fire weapons, but for the best. the use of both should be used for each of the corresponding formations: thin (deployment and shooter chain) - for fire and deep (columns) - for cold strikes. weapons. At the same time, the very structure of the troops has changed in essence: the components of the same organization. units (b-ns in a regiment, companies in a b-not) began to be built not all side by side, in one line, but echeloning one after another and thereby implementing the principle of command and support from the depth (perpendicular to the battle front. order , cm. Tactics). Dominating the battlefields for three centuries (the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries), L. tactics gradually gave way to new ones. techniques and methods of combat. And even in present. deep time (perpendicular) tactics have not completely freed themselves from lin. forms. So, before the publication of the systems. infantry mouth In 1908, in our infantry, the term "combat unit" existed and its special head was allowed, which combined exercises over the line of units performing strike preparation; before the publication of the orders. kav. mouth 1912, our k-tsa knew only L. battles. order, and only this charter introduced the battle to its "sections"; in modern Austro-Hungarian. the statute of formations. infantry services, ed. 1911) feature is the inclination to control along the line (there is still, m. Otc., a developed system of b-on). Finally, the ever-increasing improvement of firearms. weapons in present. time creates the danger of once again deviating to the extreme that characterizes military history, already condemned by history. lawsuit L. tactics, namely: more and more revealed a tendency to recognize fires. combat is a decisive factor in modern times. battles and neglect the rest. e-tami victory. Experience last. wars waged by modern weapon, as if confirming this view. At the same time, the validity is modern. fire forced to accept rare systems, which makes it possible to better use natural. and arts. closing. Gradually, against the general background and within the framework of the perpendicular (deep) tactics, some of its particulars are again reborn into forms of L. tactics, under the influence of the increased significance of fire. So, one has to reckon with L. forms in the shooter. chains. However, these partial rebirths, representing the inevitable concessions to the progress of firearms technology. weapons, can't change deep creatures. tactics as long as its fundamental foundations remain unshakable: control and support from the depths, independence and flexibility of the combat elements. order and until fire is given the importance of a factor deciding the battle.
Line tactics on land
Linear tactics on land were developed in connection with the equipping of armies with firearms and the increasing role of fire in combat. The troops for combat were located in a line consisting of several ranks (their number was determined depending on the rate of fire of the weapon), which made it possible to simultaneously fire from the largest number of guns. The tactics of the troops was reduced mainly to a frontal clash. The outcome of the battle was largely decided by the power of infantry fire.
Linear tactics in Western Europe originated in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in the Netherlandish infantry, where square columns were replaced by linear formations. In the Russian troops, elements of linear tactics were first used in the battle of Dobrynich (1605). Line tactics were fully formalized in the Swedish army of Gustav II Adolf during the Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648, and then was adopted in all European armies. This was facilitated by an increase in the rate of fire of the musket and the improvement of artillery. Gustav II Adolf increased the number of musketeers to 2/3 of his infantry, completely abandoned deep formations and switched to a formation of 6 or less lines. The superiority of the linear battle formation over the old battle formation of columns was finally determined in the battles of Breitenfeld (1631) and Lützen (1632), but at the same time, the negative aspects of the linear battle formation were also revealed: the impossibility of concentrating superior forces in the decisive sector of the battle, the ability to act only on an open plain terrain, the weakness of the flanks, and the difficulty of maneuvering the infantry, which made the cavalry decisively important for the outcome of the battle. Mercenary soldiers were kept in close lines with the help of cane discipline, and when the formation was broken, they fled from the battlefield. Linear tactics received classical forms in the 18th century, especially in the Prussian army of Frederick William I, and then Frederick II, who brought the combat rate of fire of each line to 4.5 - 5 volleys per minute with the most severe drill (this became possible after innovations were made to the design guns - such as, for example, a one-sided ramrod). To eliminate the shortcomings of linear tactics, Frederick II introduced an oblique battle formation (the battalions advanced in a ledge), which consisted of 3 lines of battalions with 3 ranks each. The cavalry was built in 3 lines. Artillery was placed in the intervals between battalions, light guns were introduced moving behind the cavalry, on the flanks and in front of the battle formation. A caret was used. Despite the innovations introduced, the linear tactics of the troops of Frederick II continued to be formulaic and inflexible.
A variation of the infantry specifically designed to use linear tactics was called line infantry. For about two centuries, line infantry constituted the bulk of the infantry of the countries of Europe.
Linear tactics were also used by some types of cavalry. At one time, heavily armed cavalry (reiters, horse grenadiers and cuirassiers) used linear tactics on horseback (“Reiter system”). Later, dragoons and lancers began to use linear tactics, being on foot in defense. Accordingly, the name "linear cavalry" moved from heavy cavalry to dragoons and lancers. Hussars in the 15th-17th centuries wore armor and often attacked in close formation, but later the hussars turned into light cavalry and stopped using linear tactics. The Cossacks never used linear tactics.
In the sailing fleet
An example of linear tactics is the Battle of Copenhagen (1801).
In the 19th century, the advent of explosive shells ("bomb cores") led to a gradual abandonment of linear tactics, as new shells pierced the sides of battleships, and stationary ships that exposed the sides became easy targets. Last time linear tactics (no longer in their pure form) were used during the Crimean War.
Navy in the 20th century
In 1899, the British Admiral Fisher suggested that when firing, one should be guided by splashes from falling shells. However, this required the unification of artillery (to avoid confusion in determining the bursts of shells of the main caliber and medium-caliber artillery), centralized fire control from a single general ship post and the spread of electric drives, which accelerated the guidance of heavy guns. Now only the lead ship could carry out sighting, and those following in the wake were guided by bursts of its shells. Such alignment of ships in a wake column (line) resembled the linear tactics of ancient sailing ships and also received the name of linear tactics. This tactic was used during World War I and several times during World War II.
In Russia, 20th-century ships intended for line-fighting were called battleships and battlecruisers. However, attempts to put battlecruisers in line with battleships exposed them to great danger due to weak protection.
Links
see also
- Linear frigate
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Big Encyclopedic DictionaryTheory and practice of preparing and conducting combat in linear combat formations with an even distribution of troops (fleet forces) along the front; existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. in all European armies and navies. To late XVIII in. replaced by column tactics and… … encyclopedic Dictionary
The theory and practice of preparing for and conducting combat in linear combat formations (see battle formations) with an even distribution of troops (naval forces) along the front, which existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. Received development in connection with the equipping of armies with firearms ... ...
Line infantry is a type of infantry that formed the basis of land armies from the middle of the 17th to the middle of the 19th century. Line infantry appeared in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Swedish king Gustav Adolf significantly lightened the musket and supplied it with ... ... Wikipedia
- (aster.). The actual distance between two celestial bodies. Linear measure. A measure of length used to measure width, length and height. Linear perspective. A branch of mathematics that lays down rules about the relative size of objects that are ...
A measure of length. Linear perspective, the correct shortening of lines and outlines of the subject, according to the laws of perspective. Battleship, the largest warship. Line troops, regular troops. Linear system. Five parallel lines, on which ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Military (Greek taktiká the art of building troops, from tásso I build troops), component military art (cf. Military art), including the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat (See Battle) by formations, units (ships) and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
line tactics- (Linear tactics) linea tүzіlgen ұrys tәrtіpterіn paidalanuғa negіzdelgen ұrysty zhүrіzudіn theory and practice. Liniyalyk tacticanyn zhekelengen elementteri Batys Europa memleketteri men Reseide XV XVI ғasyrlarda paida bulgan. Batys… … Kazakh Explanatory Dictionary of Military Affairs
Line tactics, theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat in linear battle formations with an even distribution of troops (naval forces) along the front, which existed in the 17-18 centuries (centuries) Developed in connection with equipping armies with firearms and increasing the role of fire in battle. The troops for combat were located in a line consisting of several ranks (their number was determined depending on the rate of fire of the weapon), which made it possible to simultaneously fire from the largest number of guns. The tactics of the troops was reduced mainly to a frontal clash. The outcome of the battle was largely decided by the power of infantry fire.
L. t. in Western Europe originated in the late 16th and early 17th centuries (century) in the Dutch infantry, where square columns were replaced by linear constructions. In the Russian troops, elements of L. t. were first used in the battle at Dobrynichakh (1605). The full design of L. t. received in the Swedish army of Gustav II Adolf in the period Thirty Years' War 1618-1648, and then was adopted in all European armies. This was facilitated by an increase in the rate of fire of the musket and the improvement of artillery. Gustav II Adolf increased the number of musketeers to 2/3 of his infantry, completely abandoned deep formations and switched to a formation of 6 or less lines. The superiority of the linear order of battle over the old battle formation of columns was finally determined in the battles of Breitenfelde (1631) and Lützen (1632), but at the same time, the negative aspects of L. t. were also revealed: the impossibility of concentrating superior forces in the decisive sector of the battle, the ability to act only on open flat terrain, the weakness of the flanks and the difficulty of maneuvering the infantry, due to which the cavalry acquired decisive importance for the outcome of the battle. . Mercenary soldiers were kept in close lines with the help of cane discipline, and when the formation was broken, they fled from the battlefield. Lightning received its classical forms in the 18th century, especially in the Prussian army of Frederick II, who brought the combat rate of fire of each line up to 2-3 volleys per minute with the most severe drill. To eliminate the shortcomings of the battalion, Frederick II introduced an oblique battle formation (the battalions advanced in a ledge), which consisted of 3 lines of battalions with 3 ranks each. The cavalry was built in 3 lines. Artillery was placed in the intervals between the battalions, on the flanks and in front of the battle formation. Despite the perfection that had been achieved, the L. t. of the troops of Frederick II continued to be stereotyped and inflexible. Russian commanders of the 18th century - Peter I, P. S. Saltykov, P. A. Rumyantsev, A. V. Suvorov, adhering to L. t., were looking for new ways of fighting. Peter I created a reserve in a linear order of battle, Rumyantsev began to use loose formation and squares. Suvorov, along with the linear battle order, introduced columns, used squares, loose formation, and a combination of all these forms of combat formation of troops. By the end of the 18th century L. t. exhausted its capabilities, the French, Russian, and then other armies switched to a new tactic based on a combination of columns and loose formation. (Cm. Military art. )
L. t. until the end of the 18th century. dominated also in the Navy (navy). Ships to guide sea battle lined up, the outcome of the battle was decided by a frontal collision and simultaneous firing from the guns of most ships. At the end of the 18th century in the Navy (navy) they switched to a new one - maneuvering tactics, the foundations of which were laid by the Russian admirals G. A. Spiridov and F. F. Ushakov. (Cm. naval art. ) AT modern conditions the term L. t." usually used when clumsy battle formations are meant, their lack of depth, even distribution of forces along the front, inability to maneuver with a change in the situation, etc.
I. I. Kartavtsev.
Line tactics linear tactics
theory and practice of preparing for and conducting combat in linear combat formations with an even distribution of troops (fleet forces) along the front; existed in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in all European armies and navies. By the end of the XVIII century. replaced by the tactics of columns and loose formation, in the WFM - by maneuvering tactics.
LINE TACTICSLINEAR TACTICS, theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat in linear battle formations with an even distribution of troops (fleet forces) along the front; existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. in all European armies. To con. 18th century replaced by the tactics of columns and loose formation, in the Navy - by maneuvering tactics.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
- linear polarization
- linear form
See what "linear tactics" is in other dictionaries:
Line tactics- Linear tactics - theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat in linear battle formations with an even distribution of troops (fleet forces) along the front, which existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. (see video example). Contents 1 Linear tactics on land 2 ... Wikipedia
Line tactics- LINEAR TACTICS, ways and means of conducting combat, created under the influence of the passion of fire. weapons and actions in close. system and received the highest development in the XVIII century, in the era of Friedrich Vel. In the period of distribution of fire. weapons in ... ... Military Encyclopedia
Line tactics- methods of warfare in the 17th and 19th centuries, based on the use of ships stretched into a wake column. It arose during the transition from a galley fleet to a sailing fleet and was due to the location of guns on sailing ships along the sides. Linear tactics ... Marine dictionary
LINE TACTICS- The theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat in linear combat formations with an even distribution of troops (naval forces) along the front; existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. in all European armies. To con. 18th century replaced by the tactics of columns and loose formation, in the Navy ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Line tactics- The theory and practice of preparing for and conducting combat in linear battle formations with an even distribution of troops (fleet forces) along the front, which existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. Received development in connection with the equipping of armies with firearms ... ...
Line Infantry- Line infantry is a type of infantry that formed the basis of land armies from the middle of the 17th to the middle of the 19th century. Line infantry appeared in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Swedish king Gustav Adolf significantly lightened the musket and supplied it with ... ... Wikipedia
LINEAR DISTANCE- (aster.). The actual distance between two celestial bodies. Linear measure. A measure of length used to measure width, length and height. Linear perspective. A branch of mathematics that lays down rules about the relative size of objects that are ...
LINEAR MEASURE- a measure of length. Linear perspective, the correct shortening of lines and outlines of the subject, according to the laws of perspective. Battleship, the largest warship. Line troops, regular troops. Linear system. Five parallel lines, on which ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Tactics- military (Greek taktiká the art of building troops, from tásso I build troops), an integral part of military art (See Military art), including the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat (See Battle) by formations, units (ships) and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
line tactics- (Linear tactics) linea tүzіlgen ұrys tәrtіpterіn paidalanuғa negіzdelgen ұrysty zhүrіzudіn theory and practice. Liniyalyk tacticanyn zhekelengen elementteri Batys Europa memleketteri men Reseide XV XVI ғasyrlarda paida bulgan. Batys… … Kazakh Explanatory Dictionary of Military Affairs