Levels of higher education in the Russian Federation. Educational levels of higher education
Education system in Russian Federation
According to the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation", the education system includes 2 main types - general and professional education, which in turn are divided into the following levels:
General educationconsists of four levels:
preschool education is provided by licensed institutions for children up to the age of 6 - 7, that is, before they officially go to school.
Primary general education for children aged 7 to 10 includes grades 1-4.
Basic general (incomplete secondary) education for children aged 11 to 15 takes 5 years and includes grades 5-9.
Average total (complete secondary) education students receive in high school high school within 2 years of study - grades 10-11 - and complete it at the age of 17-18 years.
The program of secondary general education is compulsory and is considered mastered after completion of education in 11 grades and passing by each student of the state final certification. Certification is carried out in the form unified state exam(USE) in Russian language and mathematics ( compulsory exams), as well as additional subjects from the list established by law (from 1 or more) at the choice of the graduate. The results of passing are accepted as entrance tests for admission to the university. Graduates who successfully pass the exam receive certificate of secondary general education , and to obtain a certificate it is enough passing the exam in Russian language and mathematics. This gives the holder the right to continue education at the secondary level. vocational education. Access to higher education is provided based on the results of the Unified State Examination with elective exams - the number and subjects are determined by the applicant depending on the requirements of the university in the chosen direction.
Professional education includes 5 levels:
Secondary vocational education can be obtained through two types of programs:
Training programs for qualified workers and employees;
Training programs for mid-level specialists.
Graduates of secondary vocational educational organizations after graduation they receive a diploma of secondary vocational education.
After completing the first type educational program, graduates are granted access to the labor market, as well as the right to continue their education in the second type programs and higher education(subject to secondary general education).
Educational organizations implementing programs of the second type can be both independent educational organizations and structural divisions university. As a rule, in this case, the programs are well coordinated with the programs of universities in the relevant areas.
Currently in Russia there is a multi-stage system higher education , as a subspecies of vocational education, consisting of the following levels:
Higher education - bachelor's degree (240 credits). The bachelor's degree is awarded after completing a 4-year study program. Bachelor's programs are developed in various areas. The bachelor's degree provides applied education, since the holder receives a sufficient amount of professional knowledge, skills and abilities for employment in positions requiring higher education (without specifying the level). However, a bachelor's degree is a condition for admission to master's programs. State final examination includes protection thesis and passing state final exams. After successfully passing the certification, a bachelor's degree is issued.
Higher education - specialty (300-360 credits). The qualification of a specialist in Russia is a legacy of the former single-stage system of higher education and, in its essence, corresponds to a master's degree. Owners get the opportunity for professional activities that require more high level higher education than undergraduate. And they are also given access to master's programs in areas other than those already received in the specialty, and to training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education). The term of study for obtaining the qualification of a specialist is at least 5 years. The state final certification for obtaining the qualification of a specialist includes the defense of a project or thesis and the passing of state final exams. Obtaining the qualification of a specialist is confirmed by a diploma of a specialist. The level of higher education - specialty is equivalent to the level of higher education - magistracy.
Higher education - magistracy (120 credits) is a two-year course focused on for the most part on the research activities(up to 50% study load student) in comparison with the programs of the specialist. But, first of all, the magistracy is an in-depth training in analytical and professional-practical activities in a specific area, including the development of elements of scientific and pedagogical work. The state educational standard defines only General requirements for master's degree programs without setting requirements for the content of education. Universities have the right to independently make decisions on the content of master's programs depending on the specialty, as well as independently establish the admission procedure for applicants (conducting exams, interviews, etc.). Access to master's programs is available to holders of a bachelor's degree, as well as specialist qualifications. Holders of higher education degrees who wish to enter a master's program in another specialty must pass additional examinations that reflect the requirements for passing the chosen master's program. The state final certification for obtaining a master's degree includes the defense of a master's thesis and the passing of state final exams, the results of which are issued a master's degree.
Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education) is carried out based on the results of mastering the programs for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internships. The duration of training is determined by the relevant program and is 3-4 years. The training ends with the passing of candidate examinations and the preparation of a candidate's dissertation. The holders receive an appropriate diploma. Obtaining this level of education does not automatically lead to the award of the degree of Candidate of Sciences, but only increases the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of the holder and provides an opportunity for a deeper and more qualified approach to the creation of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. Also, the development of this level of higher education provides an opportunity labor activity in positions for which Russian legislation defines mandatory requirements (high school teacher, researcher, etc.).
Degrees
The assignment of academic degrees is regulated by the Federal Law of August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” and other by-laws. Academic degrees are not included in the education system, because are the result of official recognition by the state and society of the achievements of the owner in the scientific and research fields of activity. At the same time, the condition for obtaining a scientific degree is the presence of a previous higher education, so they act as a logical continuation of increasing the level of education of the holder and are closely connected with the educational system of Russia.
Traditionally, there are two levels of academic degrees in Russia: PhD and PhD . A scientific degree is awarded to persons who have defended a scientific qualification work (dissertation). Based on the results of a successful dissertation defense, a diploma is issued conferring the degree of candidate of science or doctor of science.
For a degree PhD usually requires 3-4 years of postgraduate study (adjuncture, etc.) after obtaining a specialist or master's degree, preparing a dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a degree. However, obtaining a PhD degree is possible without postgraduate studies. To do this, the holder of a higher education (specialist or master's degree) can be transferred to the appropriate scientific positions and must prepare a dissertation within no more than 3 years. After defending his dissertation, he is awarded the degree of Candidate of Sciences.
Academic degree PhD is awarded after receiving the degree of Candidate of Sciences and can be obtained in two ways, as well as the degree of Candidate of Sciences - by continuing doctoral studies for up to 3 years and preparing a doctoral dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a scientific degree, or without completing training, provided employment in relevant scientific positions for the preparation of a doctoral dissertation for no more than 2 years, its subsequent defense and the award of a doctoral degree.
Hello dear readers!
Our country has a system of continuous education. This is a legal term and it was introduced back in the Soviet years. Continuing education makes it possible to improve the personality in many ways, its development and the realization of spiritual, moral needs, passing through all the existing levels of education in the Russian Federation.
Education regulated by law
On September 1, 2013, Law No. 273 came into force. It seriously changed the perception of educational process. The Bologna system of education used in many European countries was taken as a basis.
According to the new law, there are levels of education in Russia - those stages, steps that every citizen goes through in order to get an education, socialize and master a profession. Some of these levels are optional.
Let's look at them in detail.
Preschool education
This is the first step in the education system, aimed at educating, training, shaping, caring for and improving children.
Programs preschool education implemented in kindergartens. These institutions work with children, taking into account their capabilities and needs. There are combined, general developmental, compensatory, with a bias, education centers.
According to experts, it is the garden that forms the personality, determines the mental and physical features helps the child to enter society.
Preschool education is given to children under the age of 6 years.
General education system
Education in schools consists of several stages and in general represents one of the levels - general education.
Primary general education
AT primary school begin to accept at the age of six and a half years and teach for three years. At this stage, the formation of the personality of the child continues. He is prepared for school, laying basic knowledge and skills (writing, reading, developing logical thinking, teach to build the right relationships with other participants in the educational process.
Basic general education
Having moved to the fifth grade, the student takes a step to the second stage of general education and will have to study until the 9th grade. This is a required step in educational system. During this period, the personality develops diversified, revealing its abilities and inclinations. Schoolchildren are prepared for the development of high school programs, begin work on vocational guidance, and are introduced to physical labor.
Secondary general education
Mastering the program of secondary general education in schools, lyceums, gymnasiums (grades 9-11), children are formed as citizens, participants social processes, show their abilities, self-actualize and self-determine, acquire the knowledge that they will need in life, further study and work.
Primary, general and secondary education is received in general education institutions. Children who have not received a general education are not allowed to the next levels.
Professional education
Secondary vocational. In institutions of secondary vocational education, specialists are trained in areas that meet the needs of citizens and the state. These are all working professions.
Children with a basic or secondary general education can enter the institutions of secondary vocational education (technical schools or colleges).
The term of study for graduates of the 9th grade is 4 years. Those who enter after the 11th grade will have to study for 2 years.
Higher education
Higher professional education. Its goal is to train personnel of all specialties and professions that are relevant to society at the present time. Persons with secondary general or secondary vocational education are allowed to study. At the same time, the law adopted in 2013 provides for several levels of higher education:
Bachelor's degree is the first level, which provides basic knowledge and theoretical ideas in the specialty. The bachelor's degree is awarded after four years of study after passing the exam.
Graduates are issued a diploma of higher education, which spells out a bachelor's degree. For such a person, employment is possible in accordance with the requirements applicable to the position.
The master's degree is the next level after the bachelor's degree. Those who already have a bachelor's degree and wish to deepen their knowledge enter the magistracy. You can also complete a master's degree as a second higher education. The term of study is two years.
Additional education
In our country additional education carry out training of children and adults according to programs of additional education. It is aimed at fulfilling the needs of a person in self-development, the manifestation of their talents, capabilities, the development of additional skills and abilities that other levels of education do not provide.
For children, CPE is most often represented by circles and sections of physical, artistic, scientific, technical, and natural orientation.
Adults receive additional education as part of the training courses.
The education system in the Russian Federation and the USSR are often compared with each other. Of course, some aspects remain the same. But in general, one can observe a number of innovations, without which, in the conditions of the scientific and technical process, the state of the economy, the reassessment of moral and cultural property just impossible.
The modern education system in our country is based on the principles that are used in European countries and has just started its development.
And I want to believe that sooner or later our new Russian system education, like the Soviet one, is recognized as the strongest and most effective.
Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. system domestic education has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of RF were introduced as
In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.
purpose, functions
Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.
The main functions of training are:
- Education of worthy members of society.
- Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the established this society values.
- Ensuring qualified training of young professionals.
- Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.
Criteria of education
An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.
The value of learning in human life
It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New formations in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.
High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since at current situation only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.
Education system
The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:
- Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
- General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
- Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
- Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
- Non-state.
- Additional education.
Principles of the education system
- The priority of universal human values.
- The basis is cultural and national principles.
- Scientific.
- Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
- humanistic character.
- Focus on environmental protection.
- Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
- Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
- Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
- Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.
Types of education
According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:
- Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
- Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
- Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students on this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full-fledged citizen.
- Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. main goal is the training of qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.
According to the nature and direction of education is:
- General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
- Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
- Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.
Levels of education
The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:
- Preschool.
- Initial.
- Main.
- Average.
In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:
- Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
- Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
- Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
- Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a scientific degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. The degree is awarded upon completion of training, dissertation defense and final exams.
According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted as the highest educational institutions other states, which means they give the opportunity to continue studying abroad.
Forms of education
Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:
- in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
- Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final
Subsystems of education
The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.
The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.
Quality of higher education
Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in quality improvement educational services the following can be distinguished:
- Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
- A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
- Low ranking domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.
Problems relating to the management of the education system
- Low wages for education workers.
- Lack of highly qualified personnel.
- Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
- Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
- Low level cultural development the population as a whole.
Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.
Trends in the development of education services
- Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
- Strengthening the orientation of domestic education in a practical direction, which implies the introduction practical disciplines, increase in the number of teachers-practitioners.
- Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
- Promotion of distance learning.
Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state modern society. It is a determining factor in social economic development Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, a slight shift in better side there is. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.