What planets did they fly to? Planets that could have life! habitable planets in the solar system
A planet on which life can originate must meet several specific criteria. To name a few: it must be at a distance from the star, the size of the planet must be large enough to have a molten core, and it must also have a certain composition of "spheres" - lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, etc.
Such exoplanets beyond our own solar system, can not only support the life that originated on them, but they can also be considered as some kind of "life oases" in the Universe, if suddenly humanity has to leave their planet. According to the state of development of science and technology today, it is obvious that we have no chance of reaching such planets. The distance to them is up to several thousand light years, and, based on modern technologies, a journey of only one light year would take us at least 80,000 years. But with the development of progress, the advent of space travel and space colonies, there will probably come a time when you can be there for a very short time.
Technology does not stand still, every year scientists find new means of searching for exoplanets, the number of which is constantly growing. Below we show you some of the most habitable planets outside the solar system.
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10Kepler-283c
The planet is located in the constellation Cygnus. The star Kepler-283 is 1700 light-years from Earth. Around its star (Kepler-283) the planet revolves in an orbit about 2 times smaller than the Earth around the Sun. But researchers believe that at least two planets (Kepler-283b and Kepler-283c) revolve around the star. Kepler-283b is closest to the star and is too hot for life to exist.
But still, outer planet Kepler-283c is located in a zone favorable for the maintenance of life forms, known as the "habitable zone". The radius of the planet is 1.8 Earth radii, and the year on it will be only 93 Earth days, which is exactly how much this planet needs to complete a revolution around its star.
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9Kepler-438b
Exoplanet Kepler-438b is located in the constellation Lyra at a distance of about 470 light-years from Earth. It revolves around a dwarf red star, which is 2 times smaller than our Sun. The diameter of the planet is 12% larger than the diameter of the Earth, and it receives 40% more heat. Due to its size and distance from the star, the average temperature here is around 60ºС. It's a bit hot for a human, but perfectly acceptable for other life forms.
Kepler-438b completes a full circle in its orbit every 35 days, which means that the year on this planet lasts 10 times less than on Earth.
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8Kepler-442b
Like Kepler-438b, Kepler-442b is located in the constellation Lyra, but in a different solar system, which is located further in the universe, at a distance of about 1100 light-years from Earth. Scientists are 97% sure that the planet Kepler-438b is in the habitable zone, and every 112 days it makes a complete revolution around a red dwarf, whose mass is 60% of the mass of our Sun.
This planet is about a third larger than Earth and receives about two thirds of our sunlight, which indicates that the average temperature there is about 0ºС. There is also a 60% chance that the planet is rocky, which is necessary for the evolution of life.
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7Gliese 667 Cc
The planet GJ 667Cc, also known as Gliese 667 Cc, lies in the constellation Scorpio, about 22 light-years from Earth. The planet is about 4.5 times more earth, and it takes about 28 days to make an orbit. The star GJ 667C is a red dwarf that is about a third the size of our Sun and is part of a three-star system.
This dwarf is also one of the closest stars to us, only about 100 other stars are closer. In fact, it is so close that people from Earth can easily see this star with telescopes.
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6HD 40307g
HD 40307 is a dwarf orange star that is larger than red stars but smaller than yellow ones. It is 44 light years away from us and is located in the constellation of the Painter. At least six planets revolve around this star. This star is slightly less powerful than our Sun, and the planet that is in the habitable zone is the sixth planet - HD 40307g.
HD 40307g is about seven times the size of Earth. A year on this planet lasts 197.8 Earth days, and it also rotates around its axis, which means that it has a day-night cycle, which is very important when we are talking about living organisms.
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5K2-3d
The star K2-3, also known as EPIC 201367065, lies in the constellation Leo and is about 150 light-years from Earth. It may seem that this is a very large distance, but, in fact, this is one of the 10 stars closest to us that have their own planets, therefore, from the point of view of the Universe, K2-3 is very close.
Around the star K2-3, which is a red dwarf and half the size of our Sun, three planets rotate - K2-3b, K2-3c and K2-3d. The planet K2-3d is the furthest from the star, and it is in the habitable zone of the star. This exoplanet is 1.5 times the size of Earth and makes a complete revolution around its star every 44 days.
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4Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f
More than 1,200 light-years away in the constellation Lyra are two planets, Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f, and they both revolve around the same star. Both planets are candidates for the birth or adoption of life forms, but Kepler-62e is located closer to its red dwarf star. The size of 62e is about 1.6 the size of the Earth and it takes 122 days to revolve around its star. Planet 62f is smaller, about 1.4 times the size of Earth, and makes a complete revolution around the star every 267 days.
The researchers believe that due to favorable conditions, it is likely that water is present on one or both exoplanets. They can also be completely covered in water, which is good news, as it's entirely possible that this is how Earth's history began. According to one recent study, billions of years ago, the Earth's surface may have been 95 percent covered in water.
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3Kapteyn b
Orbiting the red dwarf Kapteyn is the planet Kapteyn b. It is located relatively close to Earth, only 13 light years away. The year here lasts 48 days, and it is in the habitable zone of the star. What makes Kapteyn b such a promising candidate for possible life is that this exoplanet is much older than Earth, at 11.5 billion years old. This means that it formed just 2.3 billion years after big bang, and it is 8 billion years older than Earth.
Since a large amount of time has passed, this increases the likelihood that life exists there at the present time or will appear at some point in time.
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2Kepler-186f
Kepler-186F is the first known exoplanet with a probable ability to support life. It was opened in 2010. She is sometimes referred to as "Earth's cousin" due to the resemblance. Kepler-186F is located in the constellation Cygnus at a distance of about 490 light-years from Earth. It is an eco-planet in a system of five planets orbiting a fading red dwarf.
The star is not as bright as our Sun, but this planet is 10% larger than the Earth, and it is closer to its star than we are to the Sun. Due to its size and location in the habitable zone, scientists believe it is possible that there is water on the surface. They also believe that, like Earth, an exoplanet is made up of iron, rock, and ice.
After the planet was discovered, researchers looked for emissions that would indicate that extraterrestrial life exists there, but so far no evidence of life has been found.
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1Kepler 452b
Located about 1,400 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus, this planet is referred to as Earth's "big and big cousin" or "Earth 2.0". Planet Kepler 452b is 60% larger than Earth and farther away from its star, but receives about the same amount of energy as we get from the Sun. According to geologists, the planet's atmosphere is probably thicker than Earth's, and it likely has active volcanoes.
The force of gravity on the planet is probably twice that on Earth. For 385 days, the planet makes a revolution around its star, which is a yellow dwarf, like our Sun. One of the most promising features of this exoplanet is its age - it was formed about 6 billion years ago, i.e. it is about 1.5 billion years older than Earth. This means that a sufficiently long period has passed, during which life could have originated on the planet. It is considered the most likely habitable planet.
In fact, since its discovery in July 2015, the SETI Institute (a special institution for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence) has been trying to establish contact with the inhabitants of this planet, but so far has not received a single response message. No wonder, because the messages will reach our "twin" only after 1400 years, and in a good case, in another 1400 years we will be able to receive an answer from this planet.
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Conclusion
It was an article TOP 10 planets on which life can theoretically be supported. Thank you for your attention!
The only planet on which all the possible conditions for the life of people in our understanding have developed is the planet Earth. But people still do not know if they are the only ones in the universe. We offer an overview of 10 planets potentially suitable for human life.
Discovered in 2012, this understudied exoplanet could be considered potentially suitable for human life. It is more than 4 times more massive than the Earth, is located at a distance of 11,905 light years from our planet and is the fourth in its system in terms of distance from the sun-like star Tau Ceti, which is much closer than Venus is located in relation to the Sun, and moves faster than the earth. Potentially, taking into account the temperature indicators, the planet can be inhabited by people. If people lived on this planet, they would enjoy the yellow sun in the sky, and the year would last 168 days.
Located at a distance of 1,743 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Sagittarius, the planet Kepler-283c was discovered in 2014 along with another similar planet. Both planets move in orbit around the star Kepler-283, being at a distance equal to 1/3 of the distance from the Earth to the Sun. The planet Kepler-283c is potentially suitable for human life. Its year is equal to 93 days.
The star EPIC 201367065 is a cold red dwarf, about half the size of our Sun, with three exoplanets orbiting it. It is one of the ten stars around which the planets revolve. The planets orbiting it are named 2.1, 1.7, and 1.5. They are 1.5 times the size of the Earth. The smallest is called EPIC 201367065 d and rotates in an orbit that, judging by the distance from the star, is favorable for the emergence of life. It is at this distance that the planet receives enough light and heat. The composition of these planets is not yet known to scientists, but there is a possibility that their surface is as rocky as on Earth. If so, then the planet EPIC 201367065 d may have water or a similar liquid.
Another planet whose conditions are close to those that support life is the planet Gliese 832 c, located 16 light years from Earth in the constellation of the Crane. The planet revolves around the red dwarf Gliese 832. This is the second potentially habitable planet closest to Earth. Its mass is less than the mass of the Earth, and the year on it lasts 36 days. Although the planet is much closer to its star than the Earth is to the Sun, it receives enough energy from the star. The temperature regime is similar to the temperature on Earth, adjusted for seasonality.
This recently discovered exoplanet has been called Earth's "big cousin". Astronomers were surprised that the conditions of life on it are close to the conditions of life on Earth, but, unfortunately, the days of the planet are numbered. It revolves around a large, bright and old star at the same distance as the Earth. A year on this planet is 385 days, which is only 20 days longer than on Earth. The star around which Kepler-452 b revolves is 1.5 billion years older than our Sun, and on the planet itself is much warmer than on Earth. This means that it receives 10% more energy from its star than the Earth. In addition, it is 1.6 times larger. In this regard, the force of gravity on the planet is greater than on Earth, but people would adapt to these conditions. Scientists are still looking for an answer to the question about the nature of the surface, perhaps it is stone, like on Earth. The planet Kepler-452 b is located at a distance of 1400 light years from Earth. The star around which Kepler-452 b revolves will soon die, and on the planet itself the conditions for life will not be suitable due to a greenhouse effect similar to that on Venus today.
Kepler-62 e is an exoplanet that orbits at a sufficient distance from its star to be considered potentially habitable. The star Kepler-62 is colder and smaller than our Sun. Scientists believe that on this planet, which is located at a distance of 1200 light years from Earth in the constellation Lyra, there may be water, and, therefore, conditions for life. A year on it is equal to 122 days, and the planet itself is 1.6 times larger than the Earth.
Kepler-442 b is an exoplanet that is close in size to the size of the Earth. The year on it lasts 112 days and it revolves around yellow dwarf, Kepler-442. The planet is located at a distance of 1120 light years from Earth in the constellation Lyra. This planet has a 60% chance that its surface is stone. She receives light from her star in the amount of 2/3 of what the Earth receives from the Sun. Scientists are 97% sure that the planet could potentially be habitable, but it still needs to be carefully studied.
Gliese 667C c from the constellation Scorpius, located at a distance of 23 light years from Earth, was discovered in 2011 by American and European astronomers. It is 4 times the size of the Earth, and may have a rocky surface. The planet rotates in an orbit close to its star, which is slightly less than the distance from Mercury to the Sun. A year on the planet is equal to 23 days and 14 hours. In this regard, at first glance, one can doubt that it is suitable for human life, but this is not so. It revolves around a red dwarf, which is smaller than the Sun. This means that the conditions on the planet are almost identical to those on Earth. Although there is one problem. One side of the planet is always facing its star, and the other, respectively, is turned away from it. On the side that is turned to the star, it is very hot for a comfortable human existence. On the other side, it is always cold, even frosty.
There is evidence that Kepler-296 e has dimensions similar to those of the Earth. The planet revolves around the star at a distance that provides optimal conditions for human life. A year on it is equal to 34.1 days.
Discovered in the constellation Lyra at a distance of 470 light-years from Earth, the planet Kepler-438 b is 1.2 times the size of Earth. A year on it is equal to 35.2 days. It revolves around a yellow dwarf and receives 40% more heat from its star than the Earth from the Sun. The planet is 70% rocky. Despite the favorable characteristics of the size, mass, energy level received from the star, this planet is less suitable for human life than the Earth, since it is only 83% similar to our planet.
Space exploration is a great adventure. Its mysteries have always fascinated us, and new discoveries will expand our knowledge of the universe. However, let this list serve as a warning to avid intergalactic travelers. The universe can also be a very scary place. Let's hope no one ever gets stuck in one of these ten worlds.
10 Carbon Planet
The ratio of oxygen and carbon on our planet is high. In fact, carbon makes up only 0.1% of the entire mass of our planet (because of this, there is such a shortage of carbon materials such as diamonds and fossil fuels). However, near the center of our galaxy, where there is much more carbon than oxygen, the planets may have a completely different composition. This is where you can find what scientists call carbon planets. The sky of the carbon world in the morning would be anything but crystal clear and blue. Imagine a yellow mist with black clouds of soot. As you descend deeper into the atmosphere, you will notice seas of crude oil and tar. The surface of the planet seethes with stinking methane fumes and is covered with black mud. The weather forecast is also not encouraging: it is raining gasoline and bitumen (...throw away cigarettes). However, there is a positive aspect to this oil hell. You probably already guessed which one. Where there is a lot of carbon, you can find a lot of diamonds.
9. Neptune
On Neptune, you can feel the winds reaching such terrifying speeds that they can be compared to a jet engine jet. Neptune's winds carry frozen clouds of natural gas past the northern edge of the Great dark spot- a hurricane the size of the Earth, the wind speed in which is 2400 kilometers per hour. That's twice the speed needed to break the sound barrier. Such strong winds are naturally far beyond what a person can withstand. A person who somehow ended up on Neptune would most likely be quickly torn to pieces and forever lost in these cruel and incessant winds. It remains a mystery where the energy that fuels the fastest planetary winds in the solar system comes from, given that Neptune is located so far from the Sun, sometimes even further than Pluto, and that Neptune's internal temperature is quite low.
8. 51 Pegasi b (51 Pegasi b)
This giant gas planet, nicknamed Bellerophon (Bellerophon) - in honor of the Greek hero who owned the winged horse Pegasus, 150 times larger than the earth and mostly consists of hydrogen and helium. Bellerophon is roasted by his star to a temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius. The star around which the planet revolves is 100 times closer to it than the Sun is to the Earth. For starters, this temperature causes the appearance of the strongest winds in the atmosphere. The hot air rises and the cold air goes down in its place, which generates winds reaching speeds of 1000 kilometers per hour. Such heat also causes the absence of water evaporation. However, this does not mean that it does not rain here. We have come to the most important feature of Bellerophon. Highest temperatures allow the iron contained in the planet to evaporate. When iron vapors rise, they form clouds of iron, similar in nature to terrestrial clouds of water vapor. Just do not forget one important difference: when it rains from these clouds, it will be red-hot liquid iron pouring directly onto the planet (...don't forget your umbrella).
7. COROT-3b
COROT-3b is the densest and heaviest exoplanet known to date. In size, it is approximately equal to Jupiter, but its mass is 20 times greater. Thus, COROT-3b is about 2 times denser than lead. The scale of the pressure exerted on a person stranded on the surface of such a planet would be unimaginable. On a planet with a mass of 20 Jupiters, a person would weigh 50 times what they weigh on Earth. This means that an 80 kilogram man will weigh as much as 4 tons on the COROT-3b! Such pressure will break a person's skeleton almost instantly - it's the same as if an elephant sits on his chest.
6. Mars
On Mars, a dust storm can form in just a few hours, which will cover the surface of the entire planet in a few days. These are the largest and most violent dust storms in our entire solar system. Martian dust funnels easily exceed their Earth counterparts - they reach the height of Mount Everest, and the winds rush in them at speeds of 300 kilometers per hour. After its formation, a dust storm can last for several months until it completely disappears. According to one theory, dust storms can reach such large sizes on Mars due to the fact that dust particles absorb solar heat well and warm up the atmosphere around them. The heated air moves towards colder regions, thereby forming winds. A strong wind kicks up even more dust from the surface, which in turn heats up the atmosphere, causing more wind to form and the circle to continue anew. Surprisingly, most dust storms on the planet begin their lives in a single impact crater. The Hellas Plain is the deepest crater in the solar system. The temperature at the bottom of the crater can be ten degrees warmer than at the surface, and the crater is filled with a thick layer of dust. Differences in temperature cause the formation of wind, which picks up dust, and the storm begins its further journey around the planet.
5. WASP-12b
In short, this planet is the hottest planet of all discovered at the moment. Its temperature, which provides such a title, is 2200 degrees Celsius, and the planet itself is in the closest orbit to its star, compared to all other worlds known to us. Needless to say, everything known to man, including the person himself, in such an atmosphere would instantly ignite. In comparison, the surface of the planet is only twice as cold as the surface of our Sun and twice as hot as lava. The planet also revolves around its star at an incredible speed. It completes its entire orbit, located only 3.4 million kilometers from the star, in one Earth day.
4. Jupiter
Jupiter's atmosphere is home to storms twice as large as Earth itself. These giants, in turn, are home to winds that develop speeds of 650 kilometers per hour, and colossal lightning, which is 100 times brighter than terrestrial lightning. Beneath this intimidating and dark atmosphere is an ocean 40 kilometers deep, consisting of liquid metallic hydrogen. Here on Earth, hydrogen is a colorless, transparent gas, but in the core of Jupiter, hydrogen turns into something that has never been on our planet. On the outer layers of Jupiter, hydrogen is in a state of gas, as well as on Earth. But with immersion in the depths of Jupiter, the pressure of the atmosphere increases dramatically. Over time, the pressure reaches such a force that it "squeezes out" the electrons from the hydrogen atoms. Under such unusual conditions, hydrogen turns into a liquid metal that conducts electricity and heat. It also begins to reflect light like a mirror. Therefore, if a person were immersed in such hydrogen, and a giant lightning flashed above him, he would not even see it.
3. Pluto
(Note that Pluto is no longer considered a planet) Don't let the image fool you - this is not a winter wonderland. Pluto is a very cold world where frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane cover the planet's surface like snow for most of Pluto's year (approximately 248 earth years). These ices are transformed from white color to pinkish brown due to interaction with gamma rays from deep space and the distant Sun. On a clear day, the Sun provides Pluto with about the same amount of heat and light as the Moon gives the Earth on a full moon. At Pluto's surface temperature (-228 to -238 degrees Celsius), the human body would freeze instantly.
2. COROT-7b
Temperatures on the side of the planet facing its star are so high that they can melt rock. Scientists who modeled the atmosphere of COROT-7b believe that the planet most likely does not exist volatile gas ( carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen), and the planet is made of something that can be called a molten mineral. In the atmosphere of COROT-7b, such weather events are possible during which (unlike terrestrial rains, when water droplets collect in the air) whole stones fall onto the surface of a planet covered with a lava ocean. If the planet still doesn't seem uninhabitable to you, it is also a volcanic nightmare. According to some indications, scientists believe that if the orbit of COROT-7b is not perfectly round, then the gravitational forces of one or two of its sister planets can push and pull on the surface of COROT, creating a movement that warms up its interior. This heating can cause strong volcanic activity on the planet's surface - even stronger than on Jupiter's moon Io, which has more than 400 active volcanoes.
1. Venus
Very little was known about Venus (its dense atmosphere does not transmit light in the visible region of the spectrum) yet Soviet Union did not launch the Venus program during the space race. When the first automatic interplanetary spacecraft successfully landed on Venus and began transmitting information to Earth, the Soviet Union achieved the only successful landing on the surface of Venus in human history. The surface of Venus is so changeable that the longest time that one of the AMS has endured was 127 minutes - after which, the device was simultaneously crushed and melted. So what would life be like on the most dangerous planet in our solar system, Venus? Well, a person would almost instantly suffocate on the toxic air, and even though the gravity on Venus is only 90% of Earth's, the person would still be crushed by the sheer weight of the atmosphere. The pressure of the Venusian atmosphere is 100 times the pressure we are used to. Venus' atmosphere is 65 kilometers high and so dense that walking on the planet's surface would feel no different than walking 1 kilometer deep underwater on Earth. In addition to these "pleasures", a person would still quickly catch fire due to a temperature of 475 degrees Celsius, and over time, even his remains would be dissolved by high concentration sulfuric acid that falls as precipitation on the surface of Venus.
Mankind has long dreamed of colonizing other planets, but many people forget that only on Earth are ideal conditions created for human life. Next, you will find out how long a person is able to live on other planets of the solar system.
Mercury
Life time: 0.001 second
The temperature on the planet ranges from -180 to +430 ° C: a person (in a spacesuit, or without it) will either burn alive here or freeze to death. But, purely theoretically, it is still possible to build a base on this planet - at the poles, in the region of eternal night. In addition, if you dig tunnels inside Mercury, then the surface will protect a person from radiation. In theory. In practice, hardly anyone will check ...
Life time: 0.94 seconds
Actually, it’s even difficult to say what will destroy a person first: the atmosphere of Venus is 98% carbon dioxide, the pressure is 92 times greater than the earth’s, and, as if this is not enough, clouds of sulfuric acid envelop the entire planet. The biblical hell could well be located here - only eternal torment would be replaced by instant death.
Lifetime: several days in a light spacesuit
Mars is the first candidate for a large-scale relocation of all mankind. But you can't do without terraforming: the atmosphere here is 95% carbon dioxide, and the radiation is so high that it can kill a person in a few days.
Life time: 0.03 seconds
The presence of at least some life on Jupiter is unlikely: before us is a gas giant. Most likely, a person who got here will simply suffocate in ammonia fumes.
Life time: 0.03 seconds
Another gas giant that leaves no hope for the astronaut who landed here. Even without taking into account the composition of the atmosphere and other things - the wind on Saturn blows at a speed of 1800 km / h: you will simply be torn apart.
Life time: up to several days
The only planet where there was a man. The moon is quite hospitable when compared with other planets. Here, however, there is no atmosphere, no magnetic field, which means that the radiation is very high. Nevertheless, an astronaut in a spacesuit is able to survive on its surface for up to several days.
Life time: 0.001 seconds
Uranus is enveloped in a shell consisting of a hot and dense liquid, a mixture of water, ammonia, and methane. Actually, a person will not even have time to land here, but will almost instantly dissolve without a trace, along with the spacesuit.
Life time: 0.05 seconds
This giant, whose atmospheric composition is very similar to Uranus, blows the strongest winds in the solar system. They reach 2,300 meters per second, which, of course, is deadly for humans.
Life time: less than a moment. Even if somehow it turns out to fly and land))