National Library of the Chechen Republic - Gorky: “I owe everything good in me to books…. “I owe everything good in me to books” ... I owe everything good in me
SLIDE Literary hour
“I owe everything good in me to books”
The life of Maxim Gorky was unusually bright and seems truly legendary. A native of the depths of the people, the writer, already during his lifetime, was perceived by his contemporaries as a major figure in Russian culture, as a worthy successor to the traditions of great Russian literature.
SLIDE“His appearance was very noticeable - tall, lean, slightly stooped, long flat hair thrown back, almost to the shoulders, a small blond mustache and a shaved chin, intelligent, deep, gray eyes and occasionally, in a moment of special affection, a charming smile, slightly noticeable. He usually dressed in a black cloth shirt, belted with a narrow strap, and wore high boots.
SLIDE Video "M. Gorky" (0:17)
SLIDE Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born on March 28, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. He lost his parents early. Alexei almost did not remember his kind, inexhaustible for inventions and cheerful father: his father died, having contracted cholera, caring for Alyosha. The childhood years of the future writer passed in the family of his grandfather - Vasily Kashirin, the owner of a dyeing workshop.
SLIDE Video "Childhood of Alyosha Peshkov" (0:58)
SLIDE A family of 16 lived in a four-room house. Alyosha and his mother Varvara Vasilievna settled in the basement (the lower non-residential floor of a wooden or stone house, intended for household needs). In Nizhny Novgorod, in Gorky's childhood home, a house-museum was created with the authentic furnishings of the Kashirin family.
When the boy was eleven years old, his mother died of pulmonary tuberculosis. The only light phenomenon in early childhood Gorky was his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna, a person of rare spiritual kindness and cordiality. She warmed him with her caress. She introduced Alyosha to the wonderful creations of folk poetry.
SLIDE Grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, kept spiritual purity in the house and forever remained for him "amazingly kind and selfless", a close and dear person. Gorky wrote that all his life he would remember his grandmother with a feeling of love and respect.
Truthfully and vividly, Gorky draws the image of this wonderful woman in the stories "Childhood" and "In People".
SLIDE At that time, the city of Nizhny Novgorod was one of the largest large commercial and industrial cities in Russia. Alyosha from an early age observed the hard life of workers, porters, tramps on the embankment of the Volga River.
SLIDE Grandfather taught Alyosha to read and write from church books - the Psalter and the Book of Hours, and soon the boy had "an invincible desire to alter, distort the verses, pick up other words for them." At the age of seven, Alyosha went to school, but he studied for only a month: he fell ill with smallpox and almost died.
SLIDE Alyosha did not like the school, but he studied well and when he entered the third grade he was awarded books and was given a "Commendation Sheet", on which he made several mischievous signatures. Grandfather, not noticing them, hid the commendation sheet.
After the death of his mother, the grandfather said: “Well, Lexey, you are not a medal, I have no place on my neck, but go to the people ...”, he gave his grandson “to the people” to a shoe store, then as an apprentice to a draftsman. In "people" it was not easy.
SLIDE Whom only Alexey was not in subsequent years: a student in an icon-painting workshop, and an extra in the theater, and a baker, and a loader, and a gardener!
One day the owners went to church, Alyosha put down the samovar and left to clean the rooms. Playing around, the master's child pulled the tap from the samovar. The water flowed out, the samovar broke down, and Alyosha was beaten with a beam of a torch. He had a lot of splinters under his skin, his back swelled up and he had to be sent to the hospital.
SLIDE In the spring, Alyosha ran away from the owners "due to very difficult living conditions" and entered the junior "dishes" on the Dobry steamer, which sailed between Nizhny and Perm. Here, from six o'clock in the morning until midnight, he washed dishes, cleaned knives and forks.
SLIDE The cook of the Dobry steamer, Mikhail Akimovich Smury, was a great reader and forced Alyosha to read aloud. Smury had a whole chest full of books. Cook Smury aroused the boy's interest in books and managed to convey to him a deep respect for the word.
He constantly inspired me: “You read books, they should have everything you need. This is not nonsense! Gorky said.
After working on the ship, Alyosha Peshkov again lived with a draftsman, caught birds for sale, then got a job in an icon-painting workshop, worked in a fair theater.
SLIDE Alex was passionate about learning. In 1884, he came to Kazan, hoping to enter the university, but life itself became a university for the young man. He had to work as a loader on the pier, a baker, a bun driver. And yet, the future writer fulfilled his dream - to become a highly educated person. Reading a lot and constantly, Gorky subsequently impressed those around him with his encyclopedic knowledge. To the surprised questions: “How do you know all this?”. Gorky jokingly replied: “How can you not know! And what pride! There are so many wonderful things in the world, and suddenly I, Alexei Maximov, will not know anything. It can't be like that!"
SLIDE The desire to get to know people's lives better made Gorky go on a journey. In the late 1880s, he went on foot through the Lower Volga region, Ukraine, Bessarabia, Crimea, Kuban, and the Caucasus. During his wanderings, he also visited the southern regions of the Oryol province. He worked as a fisherman, cooked, mined salt, served as a night watchman and weigher at railway stations. Wanderings gave the writer the richest reserves of life impressions, which were later reflected in his work.
SLIDE He ended his wanderings in 1892 in Tiflis. Here he entered the railway workshops, wrote his first story "Makar Chudra".
Gorky's first printed work - the story "Makar Chudra" - appeared in the Caucasus in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz". It was signed by a pseudonym - Maxim Gorky.
SLIDE In 1896 he married Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina. They had a son, Maxim, and a daughter, Katya.
SLIDE His ten-room house was called the Gorky Academy. He had many famous people, and the famous Fedor Chaliapin had his own room.
SLIDE Video "Gorky's apartment in Nizhny Novgorod" (1:47)
SLIDE At the beginning of his writing career, Gorky wrote many poems. Masterfully, he composed poems for his literary heroes (there are about 100 such poems).
Eh, wingless man,
You have two legs
Even though you are very big
The mosquitoes eat you!
And I'm quite small
But I eat midges myself.
SLIDE In 1906, due to deteriorating health, Gorky settled for a long time in Italy, on Capri, a small island, where he lived for seven years. Roses bloom here all year round, lemon groves, cypresses, and palm trees grow. The writer was very homesick. Thanks to letters, newspapers, books, Gorky felt "about as if in a Russian county town."
SLIDE In Italy, he worked a lot and fruitfully. He finished the story "Mother", wrote the autobiographical story "Childhood", "Tales of Italy", the plays "Eccentrics", "The Last", the novel "The Artamonov Case". Famous writers, artists, actors came from Russia to Capri to Gorky.
SLIDE Gorky's faithful assistant, often his son, Maxim, was his secretary. Gorky had an adopted son, Zinovy, who later held a high post in the French army.
SLIDE On June 18, 1936, the life of a brilliant writer, the greatest word artist of the 20th century, who had a tremendous impact on the development of all world literature, ended.
His name is: a metro station, a park, a film studio in Moscow, a steamer, streets in different cities.
Gorky's work is close and dear to us, living in the 21st century, as it is imbued with a passionate love for man.
SLIDE Warm friendship connected the great writer with children all his life.
Gorky did a lot of good things for children. He founded the first children's magazine - Northern Lights. He taught children to live together, to study hard, to work cheerfully. He arranged skating rinks and Christmas trees for children with colored electric light bulbs (then it seemed like a miracle) and gifts: a bag with a pound of goodies, boots, a shirt.
Once, in a distant town, a little reader took the story "Childhood" from the library. And just like that, he lost her. Losing a library book is unpleasant and embarrassing. The boy was very upset. Well, I'm just desperate. He didn't know what to do. And, in the end, he wrote a letter to Moscow, the author of the book, Gorky himself. And he told everything as it is. And waited to see what would happen. And after a while a parcel arrived from Moscow. The boy had no acquaintances in Moscow, and he immediately understood that this package was from Gorky. There were two copies of "Childhood" in the parcel. One - to the library, the other - to the boy.
A simple and touching incident speaks of what a sympathetic person Alexei Maksimovich Gorky was. And how kindly he treated the guys.
SLIDE He wrote kind letters to his son Maxim. He liked to joke with his granddaughters - Martha and Daria. Grandfather called them girls, then girls, then girls, then girls, then girls, then girls. That cheerful old women. That is by children. That respected scientist girls.
The story of Gorky's stories and fairy tales for children begins in an unusual way, with an earthquake.
SLIDE In the city of Messina, in southern Italy, thousands of people died. Gorky at that time lived nearby, on the island of Capri. "What can I do for those affected?" - thought the writer. The fame of the writer was already worldwide, his books were distributed around the world. Readers in different countries listened to his word. They knew that he loved people and wished them well. And Gorky turned to the whole world: come to the aid of Italy. The people responded to his call. Money and things began to be sent to Messina.
One day the writer received a letter from Russia written in a child's handwriting. Babies unknown to him from the outskirts of Baku wrote: “Please give our money to ... the writer Maxim Gorky for the Messinians.” The letter was signed "School of scoundrels." Where did these rascals get fifteen rubles from? They earned them themselves. They put on a performance, and tickets were sold to adults. The envelope contained a photograph of the twelve participants in the performance.
Gorky answered the "naughty ones":
“Dear children!
I have received the money you raised for the Messinians and I sincerely thank you for everyone you helped. I sincerely wish for you, good little people, - be as sensitive and responsive to other people's grief all your life as you were in this case. Be healthy, love each other and - do more pranks ....
I firmly press your paws, may they be honest and strong all the days of your life! .. "
Then the children from the "School of naughty" - Borya, Vitya, Gynt, Dima, Fedya, Jeffrey, Zhenya, Irena, Lena, Lisa, Mema, Mary, Nora. Pavel and Elsa each sent a letter to Gorky.
He thanked good little people in a way that only he could thank: with stories, fairy tales, poems.
At the request of the child, Gorky wrote a fairy tale about a sparrow and another fairy tale - "Morning".
SLIDE Gorky usually worked in the morning. And after a noisy breakfast, Gorky went down to the garden. Loved by children and teenagers, he started all sorts of games for them. They played Cossacks - robbers, bast shoes. Even more, Gorky loved costumed entertainment. He dressed up as a sorcerer, then as a pirate, then as a goblin, then as a red-skinned man. Sometimes he turned his jacket inside out, attached colorful wooden spoons, spruce branches to the suit, covered his face with an Aztec tattoo. He stuck a bunch of lingonberries or a bunch of wild strawberries into his pipe. He invented funny grimaces. He infected with childishness not only children, but also adults. And all together, in single file, they drove along the rooms and corridors. When the heat subsided in the evening, Gorky started his favorite game - in the towns. He almost always came out victorious.
Every morning Gorky began with poetry, sometimes comic. Some of the poems were addressed to children. He sent witty poems about the Italian winter to his son.
Every day - rains and storms!
In white foam the whole bay,
Flocks of vicious furies howl.
Salt the mountains with snow.
I'm dying of chills
I'm ready to board Vesuvius!
And - I dream: it would be nice
Tomorrow morning the sun to eat!
But - then whether by nature
Mouth and teeth are given to me,
So that I deprive all nations
Sun, light and spring?
He supplemented his stories and fairy tales with poems.
Cancer lives under stones
Fishtail cancer chews,
The tail is very dry
Cancer does not know the taste of flies.
SLIDE Gorky penetratingly depicted children in his work: the works “Foma Gordeev”, “Troy”, “Childhood”, “Tales of Italy”, “Passion - faces”, “Grandfather Arkhip and Lenka”, “Misha”, “Samovar”, “ About Ivanushka - a fool", "The case with Evseika", "Sparrow".
SLIDE Video "Gorky's Tales" (1:55)
SLIDE But passionately loving children, the writer was demanding of them, did not forgive laziness, illiteracy. Having published in the newspaper the illiterate letter he received from Penza schoolchildren, he wrote: “It is a shame for the 4th grade students to write so illiterately, very ashamed! And it is necessary that you, as well as those glib sluts and careless people like you, be ashamed of your inability to clearly express your thoughts and your ignorance of grammar. You are no longer small, and it’s time for you to understand that your fathers and mothers do not work heroically so that children grow up ignorant…”. At the same time, the writer spared children's pride: “Guys, I publish your letter in the newspapers, but I don’t name your names because I don’t want your comrades to cruelly ridicule you for your illiteracy”
SLIDE Clip "Samovar" (2:26)
SLIDE You guys, those who today read Gorky's stories, fairy tales, poems written for children, should think about his words: "Live together ..." and know - these are his gifts for sensitivity and responsiveness.
With great interest, I read the correspondence of Lyubov Rzhevskaya "In order to read the classics, one must work with one's soul", published in the newspaper "Vedomosti" dated December 5, 2003. The topic, in my opinion, is really important and relevant. Indeed, why do schoolchildren, even in high school, read little classical literature today?
I will not make a big discovery if I say that adults, too, are paying less and less attention to classic works of fiction.
Somehow, after the end of the book fair, which works on Saturdays at the Chkalov Palace of Culture in Novosibirsk, I saw a book by Yuri Olesha "Favorites" lying on the lawn, which contains his wonderful works: a novel for children "Three Fat Men", several stories and unique notes "Not a day without a line." People walked by, dozens of people.
What is happening to us? The easiest way to explain everything is laziness, a loss of interest in those moral principles that the classics contain.
I remember that during the years of study at the university I heard from a teacher, they say, give you only detectives. But now I understand that detectives are different. One thing is the work of Agatha Christie, Georges Simenon, where the characters, psychology actors, and quite another - books that are baked at the speed of cakes in a pan and fill the counters. Bare facts gleaned from court records or invented by lawyers. Lack of spirituality, horror stories, vulgarity. Why read this, maybe it's better not to read at all? Next to such literature, I would put the so-called romance novels, the authors of which aim to tickle the nerves of readers.
Answering the question: why people began to read less, the outstanding writer Chingiz Aitmatov recently said in a radio conversation that this is the trend of the era. Globalization permeates every pore of life. People sit for a long time in front of TV screens, computers. Of course, at the same time they receive a certain emotional charge. But the book should never be forgotten, because it is the foundation of culture. A book, and even more so a good one, has been and must remain a constant and reliable companion of a person.
Learn to read books early age as soon as the kids comprehend the alphabet. Everyone loves cartoons. But there is also Chekhov's Kashtanka, Leo Tolstoy's Phillipok, the Little Mermaid and The Snow Queen Hans Christian Andersen.
When I saw the publication about which in question in the article - "All works school curriculum in summary", I remembered how we studied Russian and foreign literature. Works were read throughout the semester. But on the eve of the exams, it turned out that only a third of them had overcome. After all, one "Life of Klim Samgin" by Maxim Gorky has several volumes, or the epic "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy! If then, during my student days, there was such a book, I probably could have used it. But only to pass the exam or test. Quite another thing is reading for yourself, for the soul.
Over the past few years I have re-read the collected works of L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, A. Kuprin, V. Hugo, N. Gogol and others. Now I. Goncharov's "An Ordinary Story" is on my desk, and before that I finished reading his "Oblomov". Goncharov's "Cliff" is next in line. I appreciate in classical works high morality, the struggle of true feelings, answers to many questions that concern me, beautifully written dialogues, monologues and landscape details. Each of these works enriches, makes you think about what is happening in society, who surrounds you, what is the meaning of life. Indeed, classical works are often more modern than current ones. Let me also remind you of Gorky's statement: "All the good that is in me, I owe to books ...".
In the days spring break in the Ognev-Maidan library a week of children'sbook titled "Everything good in me I owe to books."
A real holiday for our children was the opening of the Children's Book Week at Mir. Yulia Kukushkina, Irina Perekhodtseva, Elena Shelina were awarded diplomas for their active participation in the regional poster competition and book trailers "Let's read Gorky!" .
For young readers literary hour dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer A. M. Gorky. The children got acquainted with the work and biography of our fellow Nizhny Novgorod A. M. Gorky, learned about his childhood, about his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna Kashirina. Guys p got acquainted with kind, instructive and funny tales: “Sparrow”, “Samovar”, The Case with Evseika”, “About Ivanushka the Fool.
For children from kindergarten"Snowflake" literary game"Poet from the Land of Childhood"dedicated to the anniversary of the Russian writer and poet S. Mikhalkov. Young readers got acquainted with the biography, with cheerful and kind poems by S. Mikhalkov, remembered all the familiar verses: “What do you have”, “Mimosa”, etc. They listened to the familiar fairy tale for children “Bunny - Znayka”.
Connoisseurs of children's books made a "Journey in the ocean of wonderful books", where they showed good knowledge of the works of K. I. Chukovsky, N. Nosov, S. Mikhalkov and other writers. They collected portraits of characters from familiar and favorite books, solved sea riddles. Remembered their favorite works, participated in a quiz, guessed fairy-tale riddles. Familiarize yourself with the books on display book fair"Lovers of Book Treasures".
It's great to make something interesting, useful or beautiful with your own hands! And it's not at all necessary to be a Master for this - there are simple and affordable technologies. Librarian
M.V. Dryakhlova held a master class "Flower motifs", where children with great pleasure using colored paper, glue and scissors, they were able to make bright and original flower cards with their own hands.
Librarian of the Ognev-Maidan rural library
M. V. Dryakhlova
In 1923, the Glavlit-Prosvet of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR issued an "Instruction on the revision of the book composition of libraries and the removal of counter-revolutionary and anti-fiction literature." This instruction was signed by N.K. Krupskaya, former chairman of Glavlitprosveta, and deputy head of Glavlit P.I. Lebedev-Polyansky. Attached to the instructions was an "Index on the Withdrawal of Counter-Revolutionary and Anti-Artistic Literature from Libraries Serving the Mass Reader." Somehow the pamphlet got to Gorky, who lived in Freiburg. From a letter to Khodasevich dated November 8, 1923:
<...>Nadezhda Krupskaya and some M. Speransky are forbidden to read: Plato, Kant, Schopenhauer, Vl. Solovyov, Ten, Ruskin, Nitche, L. Tolstoy, Leskov, Yasinsky (!) and many more similar heretics. And it is said: "The department of religion should contain only anti-religious books." All this is allegedly by no means an anecdote, but published in a book called: "Index on the Withdrawal of Anti-Artistic and Counter-Revolutionary Literature from Libraries Serving the Mass Reader." Above the line I have written "as if" to believe it, because I still cannot force myself to believe in this spiritual vampirism and will not believe it until I see the "Index". The very first impression I experienced was that I began to write a statement to Moscow about my withdrawal from Russian citizenship. What else can I do if this atrocity turns out to be true? If only you knew, dear V. F., how desperately difficult and hard it is for me!<...>
<...>I recently wrote you a long letter, full of complaints and curses against my monstrous homeland. I did not send this letter, not wanting to lead you into the chaos of my indignation (...) The letter was caused by one of the tragic vulgarities that are being committed in Russia - I call that tragic vulgarity - what Jan Hus called "sancta simplicitas". The fact is that Lenin's wife, a naturally stupid person, suffering from Graves' disease and, therefore, hardly mentally normal, compiled an index of counter-revolutionary books and ordered them to be removed from libraries. The old woman considers the works of Plato, Descartes, Kant, Schopenhauer, Spencer, Mach, the Gospel, the Talmud, the Koran, the books of Hippolyte Taine, V. James, Gefding, Carlyle, Maeterlinck, Nitschsche, O. Mirbeau, L. Tolstoy and several dozen more to be such books. the same "counter-revolutionary" writings.
Personally for me, a man who owes all his best to books and who loves them almost more than people, for me this is the worst thing that I have experienced in my life, and the most shameful thing that Russia has ever experienced. For several days I lived in the state of a man ready to believe those who say that we are returning to the darkest years of the Middle Ages. I had a desire to renounce Russian citizenship, telling Moscow that I could not be a citizen of a country where crazy women legislate. This would probably have been greeted with laughter and certainly would not have corrected anything. I wrote harsh letters to the “three nobles”, but to this day I have not received any answers from the nobles.<...>