The main activities of the embassy order. Ambassadorial order: structure and functions
From under arrest for denunciation of Prince Dmitrovsky. Yuri Ivanovich 1534 - 1536 .
Cases and documents of the Ambassadorial order 1589 - 1706 : about the receptions of ambassadors, including J. Fletcher (neg.) 1589 ; about trips to Russia by foreign military (including those hired by Colonel A. Leslie 1631 - 1633 ), engineers, craftsmen and other specialists and their service; on the trade in Russia of Armenian, Belarusian, Greek, Indian and other merchants, including the painting of foreign merchants in Moscow 1644 ; on granting privileges to foreigners for setting up factories; on the management of the Novomeshchanskaya Sloboda in Moscow; on the issuance of travel letters to merchants and people from captivity and the detention of persons who do not have letters; about ransom from captivity; on the construction and settlement in 1585 - 1593 of Voronezh and Yelets, incl. painting of Yelets boyar children 1593 ; on the transfer to local and monetary salaries of service people of various categories (including service Tatar princes Yusupovs, Tsarevich A. Kaibullin, Bolkhov, Meshchersky, Putivl and Rylsky children of boyar, Russian and Zaporizhzhya Cossacks); about sending Russian students abroad; on the compilation, translation and binding of books in the Order; on the income and expenditure of the treasury, including for the maintenance of foreign embassies 1588 - 1706 ; on the construction and repair of buildings, including the Ambassadorial order on Ilyinka and Pokrovka 1631 - 1696 , courtyards of the Little Russian 1669 - 1698 and Crimean 1682 - 1700 (there is a description 1700 ); on the personnel of the Posolsky and subordinate orders and congress huts, including on the issuance of salaries to English, Greek, German, Persian, Tatar, Turkish, Swedish interpreters and translators 1589 , about the services of A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, about his library and archive 1680 . Detective cases about escapes abroad XVI - XVII centuries., including the architect P. Maly (Fryazin) 1539 .
DOCUMENTS OF THE VLADIMIR, GALITSK, NOVGOROD AND USTYUZH QUARTERS
Cases and documents 1505 - 1704 : on land ownership in Pskov, Solvychegodsk and Ustyuzhensk districts, incl. book. Oleg Ivanovich Olgov Ryazan Monastery 1372 (cop. 1680), Ivan IV of the Pskov Assumption Church "on Zavelichye" 1578 , serf deeds, charters of hundreds according to scribe books and other documents about the lands of the Stroganovs, bishops' houses, Kirillo-Belozersky, Savva-Storozhevsky Zvenigorodsky, Simonov Moscow, Trinity-Sergievsky and other monasteries 1505- 1598 ; on the management and condition of Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Vyatka, Galich, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Pskov, Solvychegodsk, Tver, Tula, Yarensk, etc. 1582 , appointment case
- 235 -
Archimandrite Michael as bishop in Pskov 1589 , documents about the tavern 1652 , monetary 1654 - 1662 and urban 1699 reforms; on the appointment and change of the city administration, its abuses, including the abuses of the Novgorod administration 1593 ; on construction and repair in cities, including fortresses in Vologda, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Smolensk, Gostiny Dvor in Arkhangelsk 1670 - 1674 , Novodvinsk fortress 1701 - 1704 ; on the collection of archery, Polonyanichny, Yamsky, data and quitrent money, customs, tavern and other taxes, including on the collection of request money by K. Z. Minin 1614 ; on land description and population census; on the return for rent and farming of customs, taverns, baths, state-owned mowing, wastelands, fishing grounds and other lands; about townspeople of different categories - their state and city services, auctions, land ownership (including G. L. Nikitnikov, Pankratievs, Sveteshnikovs, Stroganovs, Filatievs, V. G. Shorin, Shustovs), allocating them places for courtyards, shops, workshops, the struggle against the feudal lords for land and taxpayers, the election of representatives to the Zemsky Sobors (including the Sobor of 1648 - 1649), about their self-government and court cases.
The "single record" of the totem ship-bearers is that they should "stand for each other" in front of the governor (cop.) 1653 . Orders to governors, painted and estimated lists of cities, census books of trading premises in the suburbs, customs statutory letters XVII - XVIII centuries. Judicial civil cases of townspeople, monasteries, landowners, Russian and foreign merchants, painting of property and dowry XVII-n. XVIII centuries .
DOCUMENTS OF DIFFERENT ORDERS
Documents of orders: Policeman 1577 - 1578 - letters to the governors of the cities occupied during the Livonian War (Viljan, Derpt, Kokenhausen, Pernov) and their replies on the supply of garrisons, the organization of a pit service, the inspection and repair of fortifications, and the placement of service people in Gapsala; local 1610 - 1678 - cases on the distribution by the government of Prince Vladislav of palace and black lands to the petitions of the boyars and service people of various ranks (including Prince I. S. Kurakin, Prince B. M. Lykov, F. I. Sheremetev), on confiscation possessions from political opponents of Vladislav (including Prince D. M. Pozharsky) 1610 - 1611 , painting of peasant households in the possessions of the highest spiritual and secular feudal lords 1678 ; Gathering of military people 1637 - 1654 - cases of collecting data people and money for them; Pushkarsky 1646 - inventory of cases; Big treasury 1652 - 1660 - statement of income and expenditure; Lithuanian 1654 - 1667 - affairs on the management of Vitebsk, Mogilev, Nevel, Orsha and Polotsk with uu .; Little Russian 1654 - 1705 -
- 236 -
Cases on the appointment of governors in the cities of the Left-Bank Ukraine, on Russian garrisons, etc.; Smolensky 1657 - 1669 - cases of Polish and Lithuanian prisoners of war.
Cases and documents of the Palace, Discharge, Siberian and other orders 1582 - 1705 : on the appointment, change and abuse of governors, including the civil strife of the Mangazeya governors G. I. Kokorev and A. F. Palitsyn 1629 - 1634 ; about popular uprisings, including uprisings in Veliky Ustyug, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov 1648 - 1650 , about the Peasant War led by S. T. Razin 1669 - 1671 (in memory of the exile of the participants in the uprising in the Yaik town 1669 , about sending a serviceman to atamans K. Yakovlev and M. Rodionov with a demand to take action against S. T. Razin 1670 , an extract on the actions of the Razintsy on the Volga and the Caspian Sea 1670 , decree on the direction against the rebels of the regiment A. A. Shepelev 1670 , an unsubscribe from the Totma governor about the danger of an uprising in the county 1671 ), about the Solovetsky uprising 1676 , about the uprising of the peasants of the Simonov Monastery in Yaroslavl district. 1680 ; on the fight against political crimes, including the traitor F. Andronov 1613 , about the investigation of G. V. Talitsky 1700 ; about the fight against "heresies" and schism; about the exile, capture and escape of convicts, including documents about the exile of participants in the "Copper Riot" 1662 and streltsy uprisings 1682 - 1698 to Arkhangelsk, Vyatka, Kevrol, Pustozersk, Kholmogory and Siberia, correspondence of quarterly orders with governors on the maintenance of stocks 1670 - 1674 , paintings of exiles 1671 (Siberia), 1673 (Great Ustyug), 1674 (Kholmogory); about the flight of serfs, townspeople, etc., including the black-eared peasants of the Zaonezhsky churchyards 1647 - 1654 ; about the Votyaks, Karelians, Komi-Zyryans, Lapps, Mordovians, Nenets, Cheremis, Kasimov, Kungur, Romanov and Siberian Tatars and other peoples of the Volga, Urals and North; about government and townspeople artisans (Russian and foreign), architects (including B. Ogurtsov 1625 , O. D. Startseva 1694 - 1697 , bridge builder Elder Filaret 1691 ), painters (including K. I. Zolotarev, L. Kislyansky, I. Maksimov 1626 - 1700 ), watchmakers (including H. Galowey 1626 - 1633 , A. Virachov 1650 - 1672 ), carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, tailors and furriers, bone carvers, etc.; about Moscow settlements, including Barashevskaya 1582 , Yamskikh 1622 - 1702 , Kadashevskaya 1627 - 1701 ; about lands and buildings in Moscow, including an inventory of the boyars' yards (neg.) 1588 , documents on the Old and New money yards 1638 - 1702 , painting courtyards of Moscow settlements 1653 ; on the management of the palace economy, including on the palace Treasury, Ogorodnaya, Sadovaya settlements 1624 - 1701 , about the delivery of animals and birds to the Semenovsky Amusement Yard 1634 - 1697 and Kholmogory cattle for the royal economy 1671 ; on the management of escheated and confiscated estates, including Moscow courtyards and the property of Prince. I. P. Shuisky 1589 , boyars. N. I. Romanova
- 237 -
1652 - 1655 , clerk I. I. Bolotnikova 1668 - 1676 , boyars. A. S. Matveeva 1682 , boyars. book. V. V. Golitsyna 1690/91 , on the collection of income from the patrimony of the book. I. Mstislavskaya 1639 ; about state-owned and private factories and factories (Kashirsky, Olonets and Tula iron-working, potash, brick, etc.), including about Pushechny 1627 - 1702 and pomegranate 1667 - 1680 yards, powder mill 1666 , factories - morocco 1669 - 1674 , paper (on the Yauza River) 1673 - 1676 , silk Z. Paulsen 1686 - 1687 , cloth I. Taberta 1696 , glassworker Ya. Romanova 1699 ; on shipbuilding, including the construction of the ship "Eagle" in the village. Dedinovo Kolomenskogo st. 1669 , ships on the river. Voronezh 1696 - 1697 ; about the wars with the Crimea, Poland, Turkey and Sweden (including the production of ammunition in Ustyuzhna Zhelezopolskaya, about the Moscow elective regiment of A. A. Shepelev, about the Olonets soldier regiments, about regimental musicians - "sipovshchiks", about collecting and the purchase of "fur coats" for soldiers, the search for fugitives, the purchase of weapons abroad); on the Northern War, including the organization of the defense of Arkhangelsk 1701 - 1705 ; on the expenditure of the monetary treasury, including on the construction and repair of the walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin and Kitay-gorod (budget list) 1646 , Cathedrals of the Arkhangelsk 1670 and Basil the Blessed 1674 , Simonova 1682 and Novodevichy 1684 - 1688 monasteries, Kremlin palaces 1685 - 1688 , Ivanovskaya bell tower 1688 , for the maintenance of pharmacies 1671 - 1700 , for the maintenance of the court theater and the training of actors at the school of I.-G. Gregory 1671 - 1705 , for the maintenance of the school of Simeon Polotsky 1676 and Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy 1686 - 1691 .
Fragments of office work of the Reprisal Chamber at the Boyar Duma 1681 - 1694 . Fragments of the personal archives of the boyars. book. V. V. Golitsyna (correspondence with deacon E. I. Ukraintsev) 1682 and guest K.P. Kalmykov 1689 - 1700 .
RGADA documents on the history of public service in Russia. XVI - XVII centuries.
The history of Russia, as a strong and powerful state, is inextricably linked with the history of the system of government and administration, the driving force of which was service people who gave all their strength and skills for the good of the Fatherland. Even in ancient times, the combatants of Russian princes served not only in the military field, but also collected tribute in peacetime, assisted the prince in the administration of justice, ruled cities, that is, they performed the duties of future civil officials. As a reward for their service, they were given estates and complained of estates. In the era of Moscow centralization, the grant of patrimony, together with the local system, contributed to the concentration at the disposal of the Moscow sovereigns of both the best service forces of various Russian regions, and many foreigners who came to seek their fortune in the service of Moscow.At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries, the unification of Russian lands around Moscow was basically completed. The formation of the Russian state was accompanied by the gradual construction of the state apparatus, which grew out of the grand ducal court. When appointed to the highest positions in the central and local government apparatus and in the army, localism played an important role, which as a system was formed in the 15th century. According to him, the place of the feudal lord on the service-hierarchical ladder of ranks was determined primarily by his generosity, the merits of his ancestors in the service of the Grand Duke. The abolition of localism in 1682 played important role in the affirmation of the principle of personal service.
With the growth of the territory of the Moscow state, the management system became more complicated, which, in turn, required a qualified approach to solving urgent problems. There was a need to create organs government controlled with certain features. From the personal assignments (orders) of the prince to the boyars, as well as to unborn, but competent clerk officials, orders arose as an organ of the central state apparatus. The history of the emergence of the command system of administration attracted the attention of many prominent historians of Russia (S. M. Solovyov, V. O. Klyuchevsky, S. A. Belokurov, M. N. Tikhomirov, A. A. Zimin, S. O. Schmidt, A. K. Leontiev, N. P. Eroshkin, etc.), but the question of the time of creation of orders is still controversial.
With the expansion of the range of tasks of the prince's confidants (from the beginning of the 16th century), they were given "for writing" smaller officials - clerks, united in a special room - "hut", "courtyard". Such an office, together with the official who headed it, was the core of the future order. They had become by the middle of the 16th century. to permanent central institutions - orders with their own staff and their own office work. The most important orders that existed from the end of the 15th century until the abolition of the order administration at the beginning of the 17th century were the Razryazny, Pomesny and Posolsky.
Almost from the first years of the XVI century. you can trace the service activities of discharge clerks ( See: P. N. Milyukov. The oldest bit book. M., 1901), during which the Discharge Order was formed, which was in charge of military affairs. In particular, the Discharge was supposed to take care of the recruitment and formation of regiments, keep records of all military people in peacetime, set the amount of monetary and local salaries, etc. In addition to exclusively military functions, the Discharge Order dealt with the affairs of the personnel of the state apparatus. This order also kept a personal record of representatives of all noble ranks in the service of the king. And this service was sometimes very difficult, especially for small provincial nobles. For 20-30 years they carried it to the distant borders of the Russian state. Yes, and the capital's nobility was constantly in the "state service."
Providing service people with a local salary, the amount of which was established by the Discharge, was administered by another central order - the Local, which was initiated by the Local hut and the position of the local clerk. Anyone who was determined to serve, submitted a petition to the Discharge Order with a request to allocate a land estate to him. In the Razryad, they made inquiries about him, and then sent a replies or a decree to the Local Order about dissociating a certain amount of land from him.
With the formation of the Russian centralized state, its international relations also increased. This led to the appearance of the post of ambassadorial clerk (1486), and then the Ambassadorial order. Embassy cases, selected by individual countries, currently form one of the most valuable collections of the RGADA. Not only clerks of various articles served in the Ambassadorial Prikaz, but also translators (for written translation) and interpreters (for interpretation). "State service" for them consisted not only in order work. Deacons and clerks of the Posolsky Prikaz participated in embassies as comrades together with ambassadors and envoys, were part of the first Russian residences at foreign courts, the most experienced officials received independent diplomatic missions in the ranks of messengers. The embassy service was not the privilege of only clerks of the Ambassadorial order. His ranks were periodically replenished by clerks of other orders, who had the appropriate knowledge and qualifications.
The source for the formation of the bureaucratic bureaucracy was, first of all, the ordered families, in which children inherited the profession and sometimes even the position of their father - clerk, while the future civil servant studied under the guidance of his father not only writing, but also foreign languages, the intricacies of official work, from love and loyalty to the Fatherland and the tsar were passed from generation to generation. In the absence of provisions and special instructions on the organization of work in orders, continuity contributed to the transfer of administrative experience in the organization of management, which had been accumulated for decades, served as the basis for the activities of officials in orders.
The staff of orders was replenished from the nobility, the children of the clergy, from service people on the instrument and townspeople. Necessary condition service in government was a certain level of education, which they received in the family and in schools at monasteries and churches. Among the clerks and clerks there were well-educated and gifted people. Order officials often possessed literary talent, wrote historical and journalistic essays, and in the performance of diplomatic missions compiled valuable geographical descriptions and maps. In the person of clerks and clerks, a new bureaucracy was created, which had experience, general and special knowledge. As a specialist in the history of the service bureaucracy of the 16th century notes. Doctor of Historical Sciences N. F. Demidova, when recruiting the staff of state institutions, government guidelines played a huge role regarding the environment from which these states were scooped ( See: Demidova N. F. Mandatory schools of primary education in Moscow in the 17th century. M., 1994. S. 52). The most important, from this point of view, is the royal decree, set out in memory in the Discharge Order on December 7, 1640: “Send to all orders of memory, so that the priests and deacon’s children, and living rooms and cloth hundreds of merchants, and all sorts of black hundreds of townspeople, and arable people and their children should not be accepted as clerks "( Russian Historical Library. SPb., 1889. T. 11. No. 3. S. 234). The restrictive policy of the government in recruiting the service bureaucracy on the ground continued throughout the 17th century; during the mass analysis of clerks at the end of the century, only those clerks who belonged to the "clerk's rank" (i.e. were hereditary clerks) were left in the service. Analysis of the Moscow orders of the second half of the century was a certain way of regulating the growth in the number of clerks, their distinguishing feature was a strictly production principle - finding out the professional suitability of an official for order work. Moreover, the government did not consider it necessary to find out the social roots of the Moscow bureaucracy, given, apparently, the fact that it was formed under the direct supervision of the judiciary and the Discharge. All clerks who fell under the decree were supposed to be returned to the composition of the social environment to which their parents belonged. Another source for replenishing the staff of the Moscow orders with highly qualified and educated clerks was the system of transferring employees from local institutions to Moscow.
Already by the middle of the XVII century. the civil (civilian) service stood out from the service, which among the service bureaucracy was regarded as less honorable than service in regiments, military expeditions and embassies. One of the sources for understanding what the service people, officials in orders, invested in the concept of “state service”, in particular, are the oaths published below (“crucifix records”) of allegiance to the Moscow rulers.
Already in the 1598 oath to Tsar Boris Godunov, special inscriptions appeared for palace officials and clerks, which related to the range of their official duties. For the first time, the oath to Boris Godunov was taken not in "domestic temples", as before, but in the Assumption Cathedral. The oath took place for many days in a row from morning to evening - there was no break even during the church service. Muscovites saw in this innovation an insulting violation of traditions, but the custom introduced by Godunov was also established for subsequent times.
The increase and complication of the functions of orders required from their employees an ever higher level of education and special training. Mandatory work required a high technique of calligraphic writing, knowledge of several languages, arithmetic, legal proceedings, that is, something that private and church schools could not give. Undoubtedly, within the walls of orders, "young" clerks learned the wisdom and secrets of order work under the guidance of more experienced officials,
A significant event in the history of education in Russia XVII in. was the opening of the school of Hieromonk Timothy in 1681 at the Moscow printing yard, which, along with the school of the Epiphany Monastery of the Likhud brothers and the Spassky Monastery of Simeon Polotsk, became the predecessor of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, opened in 1687. Direct relation to the organization of these schools and The academies had ecclesiastical authorities. Allocating funds for school affairs, the patriarchal administration recorded their vacation in accounting documents - account books stored in the RGADA. The school of Simeon of Polotsk, formed in the mid-60s, is considered in literature to be specially designed for the training of especially trusted officials of the personal office of the tsar, clerks of the Order of Secret Affairs, the services of this school were also used by the patriarchal administration. The school of Hieromonk Timothy, in contrast to the highly specialized school of Simeon of Polotsk, was open to a fairly wide range of people. It taught "patriarchal and hierarchal clerks and all sorts of ranks of people in the Greek language and literacy."
The first teachers of the Academy were the Greek brothers Ioannikei and Sofroniy Likhud, who arrived in Moscow from Turkey in 1685 on the recommendation of the Eastern Patriarchs. The Likhud brothers taught all subjects, they also compiled textbooks on grammar, rhetoric, psychology, physics, etc. The Academy was located in the Zaiko-Novospassky Monastery in Kitay-Gorod. The most diligent and zealous students of the Academy received awards from the tsar, and at the end of the course they complained about ranks and were assigned to the noble class. Representatives of many well-known boyar and clerk families entered the Academy, especially after the decree of Peter I that boyars and other officials should send their children to the Likhuds to learn the Italian language.
The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was the largest cultural and educational center in Russia in the last quarter of the 17th - early 18th centuries.
The Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in the funds of state institutions contains the main documents on the history of the formation and evolution of the Russian public service from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. Day after day, the records management of state institutions recorded evidence of the appointments and movements of officials, their requests for awards, the level of knowledge and vocational training.
The RGADA documents published below are part of an extensive source base for studying not only general problems of the civil service, but also particular issues of education, professional training, personal initiative and ethics of employees. Texts are published with the preservation of the spelling of the authors; the words in square brackets have been restored in meaning.
The publication was prepared by N. Yu. BOLOTINA.
№ 1
Oath (crucifixion) to Boris Godunov with inscriptions for clerks in orders and clerks of "ambassadorial and discharge"
I kiss this holy and life-giving cross of the Lord on that, on everything, therefore to me, my sovereign, my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and his tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya Grigoryevna and their children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor Borisovich of All Russia and the princess Grand Duchess Aksinya Borisovna and whose children to them henceforth, God will give the sovereign to serve and straighten up about everything without any tricks, because in this record it is written to your stomach according to this kiss of the cross, and I will not teach the language to my sovereign and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his queen and Grand Duchess Mary and the children of sovereigns to your prince and prince Fedor and princess and grand duchess Aksinya serve and straighten this cross-kissing, or some other famously doing past this cross-kissing and do not awaken on me the mercy of God and the most pure Mother of God and the great Russian miracle-workers Peter and Oleksei and Jonah and all the saints and do not wake me the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Iev of Moscow and All Russia and metropolitans and archbishops and bishop ovs and archimandrites and abbots and the entire consecrated ecumenical council, neither in a dress, nor in anything else, do anything dashing or spoil it, don’t give a dashing potion and roots, and don’t tell me to give a dashing potion and give roots, but who will teach me a potion and give a dashing root or someone will teach me to speak, so that over my sovereign, the tsar and the Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and over the queen and the great
Princess Marya and over their children their sovereigns over Tsarevich Prince Fyodor and over Tsarevna Grand Duchess Aksinya, what dashing thing he wants to do or who wants to spoil it, and I can’t listen to that person in any way and don’t take the potion and roots from that person, and even my own people and with department and with every dashing potion and root, do not send sorcerers and sorcerers and sorcerers and sorcerers and do not get for the state tsar and grand duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and for tsaritsino and tsarevich and tsarevna for every dashing, so do I have the sovereign of my tsar and grand duke Boris Fedorovich All Russia and its Queen and Grand Duchess Mary and their royal children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya, do not spoil the legacy with any witch's dreams and do not send any dashing down the wind with the department and do not lure the trace, with which deeds are no cunning.As sovereign king and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his Empress and Grand Duchess Marya and their children Tsarevich Prince Fyodor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya wherever they go or where they go and don’t wipe me out with magic and with any evil intention and magic don’t intend and don’t do any deeds or that by cunning for this kissing on the cross, and whoever wants to think or do such a witch's work, and then I will know about that person and tell my sovereign to his great king and great. to Prince Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or his boyars or neighbors, and don’t hide it from me in any way, but tell me really without any tricks, but I’ll tell you or from the side I’ll hear from some person who will teach me to think about such an evil deed and plot against the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and over his Tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya and over their children over Tsarevich Prince Fedor and over Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya for every dashing or whoever wants the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia or his tsarina and Grand Duchess Mary and their children Tsarevich Prince Fedor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya with root and dashing potion and sorcery and magic and marvel and spoil that one and bring it to my sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or to his boyars or to neighbor people really without any tricks for this kiss on the cross, and don’t hide it for me with no business or trick, but they won’t be able to catch it and tell me about that person to the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia or his boyars or neighbors, to whom the word should be conveyed to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia or to his great boyars or to close people really without any tricks on this cross kiss.
So I pass by the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his tsarina and Grand Duchess Mary and their children of their sovereigns Prince Fedor Borisovich of All Russia and the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and those children whom God will give them as sovereign ahead, Semion Bekbulatova 1 and his children and no one else in the Muscovite state and do not want to see or think or think with him the truth, be friends or refer to Semion Bekbulatov or letters or words do not order any dashing or deeds or any cunning for this kissing of the cross, but who should I he will learn to talk about it or someone will learn to think and think with someone that Semyon or his son or someone else will be planted in the Muscovite state, but then I will know or hear from anyone, and I will seize him and bring him to the sovereign, the king and the great to Prince Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or to his sovereign boyars or to close people, but tell me about it really, without any tricks, out of unfriendliness, I won’t start on anyone, but out of friendship I’m not out of self-interest, but what I hear or see about what dashing about Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and about his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and about their royal children thank the sovereign to your tsar and the Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or his sovereign boyars or neighbors, and do not do this to me in any way by any cunning for this kiss of the cross.
And where is my sovereign, the Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his Tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya and their royal children Tsarevich Prince Fedor Borisovich of All Russia and Princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya order to be in their royal service and I, being in his sovereign service to the sovereign to serve and straighten your tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia without any tricks and treason, do not commit and do, and do not do any dashing and on the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and on his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and on their royal children, on the tsarevich, on Prince Fedor and on the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya, and whom God will give them children, sovereign in advance, neither to think nor think, and not to bring anyone to him or semetis and not unite for any dashing and crowd and conspiracy and all dashing intent do not come, but where will I know the osprey or the evil intent on the sovereign of his tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and on his queen and Grand Duchess Ma and on their children, on Tsarevich Prince Fedor and on the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya, what a dashing intention and with those people who will be in that crowd and in every evil intention will appear to me until death. So I don’t come to the sovereign tsar’s and the Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia, the boyar of my neighbors and to all kinds of people with a crowd and a conspiracy and all dashing and evil intentions, don’t come and don’t intend and don’t kill, and don’t order anyone to kill any person to death by which cunning according to this cross-kissing.
So to me from the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his queen and Grand Duchess Mary and from the royal children of their sovereigns from Tsarevich Prince Fedor and from the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya to another sovereign, neither to the Turks nor to the Caesar to the Lithuanian King Zhigimont and to other kings neither to the Spanish nor to the French nor to the Czech nor to the Danish nor to the Ugric nor to the Svean king and to Anguilla and to others neither to the Germans nor to the Crimea nor to Nagai nor to the other peoples that the states cannot leave or it’s hard for me and no one can commit treason, but where is my sovereign and the tsar and grand duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and his royal children, prince prince Fedor and princess and grand duchess Aksinya order to be in their sovereign service in which city in the campaign to be, and to me from my sovereign. Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and from his tsarina and Grand Duchess Mary and from their children from Tsarevich Prince Fedor and from Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya you can’t leave for any state and city regiments can’t go to any state for that reason.
So where is my sovereign and the tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia orders to be at some order or in court, and being at his sovereign’s affairs, I really do not strive for friendship to anyone, but for hostility, do not take revenge on anyone. And let me rule my sovereign, my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and his tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya and their tsar’s children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya, and whom God will give them children, the Sovereign in advance, and their lands of good desire in everything really and to your belly according to this cross kiss. (...)
And here is the deacon's attribution of all orders.
And that the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia granted me, ordered me to be in the dyatsekh, and I, being in his sovereign affairs, to the sovereign of his Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his Empress and Grand Duchess Marya and their children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor Borisovich of all Russia and the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and those children whom God will give them sovereigns in advance, want good things in everything and do all sorts of things and judge really, don’t strive for anything in friendship, and don’t take revenge on anyone for hostility and all sorts of sovereign treasuries and do not steal money, and take care of sovereign treasuries, and the sovereign treasury is by no means served by anything [Inserted above the line: to nothing], and do not take promises and commemorations from anyone from anything, and do not carry the secret affairs of the sovereign and all sorts of things to anyone and do not tell and rule me to the sovereign, your tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and their children, Tsarevich Prince Fyodor Borisovich of All Russia and Princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and whom God will give them children before the Sovereign and their lands of good desire in everything really and to their stomachs according to this kiss of the cross. [...]
And this is an assignment to embassy up to the rank clerk.
So, being with his sovereign tsar’s and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia at the embassy and at the rank cases, do all sorts of things really and to anyone of the sovereign’s embassy and rank secret and all sorts of things Russian to every person and foreigner do not carry and do not say anything in any way nor any cunning for this cross-kissing. And where will my sovereign, the Tsar and the Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia, send me his royal affairs with ambassadors or envoys or messengers to the Caesar or to the Pope and to the French and to the Danish and Sveian king or to other states in which any states and me, being a state affair, to hunt with zeal according to his royal order and not bring those sovereign affairs to anyone or do nothing past the sovereign decree and with whom foreigners do not refer to any famously and do not talk with them about the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and about his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and about their royal children, about Tsarevich Prince Fyodor Borisovich of All Russia and about the Princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and about their states, no dashing and embassy affairs and news of any and all sovereign affairs, do not tell anyone any business nor any cunning and to his stomach according to this cross kiss. [...]
RGADA. F. 156. Op. 1. D. 78. L. 1-9, 17, 18, 21, 22. Original.
№ 2
Assignment to the oath to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich for clerks of the Ambassadorial order
First half of the 17th century
Kissing record of the Ambassador's order by clerk.
Yaz, imrek, kiss [Further crossed out: this] holy and life-giving cross of the Lord [Inserted above the line: great] Sovereign to his Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia [Inserted above the line: Autocrat] and the Empress Empress and Grand Duchess Evdokeya Lukyanovna and their sovereign children, the Blessed Tsarevich Prince Alexei Mikhailovich and the Blessed Princess and Grand Duchess Irina Mikhailovna and the Blessed Princess and Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna and the Blessed Princess and Grand Duchess Tatyana Mikhailovna, and whose children henceforth God will give them sovereign on then serve me as your sovereign, and want to be straight and good in everything really without any tricks [Inserted above the line: before his death], and it’s hard for me to them, my sovereign, not to want in anything and some tricks that you can’t fix, don’t do and don’t think about [Inserted above the line: volume] who cares. And what am I, imryak, according to the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia, by decree ordered [Further crossed out: to me] be [Further crossed out: in the Ambassadorial order, in the order of the Grand Palace] at his state affairs in clerks and me [Further crossed out: to me], being at the evo sovereign [Inserted above the line: embassy and secret all sorts of things, do not tell anyone and do not carry, crossed out: and don't tell anyone] and that the sovereign’s treasury does not lend to anyone and is not self-interested, and in income and expenditure, write money and all kinds of income really without reduction and without increase, and do not ascribe a surplus to the expenditure, and in everything in the sovereign’s treasury look for profits, and which sovereigns [Inserted above the line: embassy] and secret deeds will be ordered, or from whom I hear or see, and I about that [Inserted above the line: therefore] do not say anything to anyone and do not carry it through, and in all their state health from all danger, protect this kiss.
So, my name, in court cases and in all kinds of criminal cases, tell the truth and do not be friends with friends, but don’t put an enemy in anything and don’t start anything on your own, but where I hear or tell the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia and on their empress the queen and grand duchess Evdokeya Lukyanovna and on their sovereign children of all kinds of people, or a conspiracy or some other kind of evil intent, and for me to tell those people about it to the sovereign or evo sovereign boyars and neighbor people really, but you can’t hide it and in vain don't mess with anyone.
And where does the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia command me, name, to be in his sovereign service, and I will therefore serve his sovereign to serve and straighten up and want goodness in everything [Inserted above the line: really] without any cunning and without the sovereign’s decree, do not refer to any business with anyone and do not stick to theft with any business, and do not change to the Crimea and Lithuania and the Germans and to other states, do not leave [Inserted above the line: and with his sovereign enemies instead of crossed out: and with the sovereign's enemies] not to be known, and without the sovereign's decree, about any deeds by letters and words and by no letter, do not refer, but do everything really according to this kiss of the cross.
Yaz, name, I kiss this holy and life-giving cross [Inserted above the line: Lord's] on that, on everything, as in this entry, it is written according to that to me and do everything really and until the death of my stomach according to this kiss on the cross.
RGADA. F. 159. Op. 1. D. 870. L. 1-5. Draft.
№ 3
Case on the petition of the godfathers 2 Ivan Petrov and Nikifor Fofanov about rewarding them for their service
December 1614
Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia is beaten with a brow by your serfs by your sovereign krechatniks Ivashko Petrov and Mikiforko Fofanov. Sent, sir, we are your serfs for your tsar's service in the Crimea from the Krechets with your tsar's ambassador with Prince Grigory Kostentinovich with Volkhonsky and with Diyak with Peter and Ovdokimov 3 . And your sovereign’s gerfs brought you to the Crimea great, and going to the Crimea, we serfs your horses fell off and skinned themselves, now we have reached your serfs [In the text: breathed] from the Crimea on foot and naked with Prince Ivan Volkhonsky. Merciful Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of All Russia, perhaps we are our lackeys for our service and for our wear royal salary an increase to our old money and for the exit, as God informs you sovereign. King, sovereign, have mercy, perhaps.
Summer 7123rd (1614) December on the 20th day. According to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, I decree the memory of the deacon of the Duma Peter Tretyakov and Sava Romanchukov, in the Order of the Grand Palace 4 to the boyar to Boris Mikhailovich Saltykov and to the deacon to Ivan Bolotnikov and his comrades. In memory, behind your Savina's inscription, it is written: it was ordered to write out from the verstalnovo list that Ivan Petrov and Mikifor Fofanov, a baptist, have a mixed salary, and send that extract to [Text break, probably: us] in the Ambassadorial order. And in the Order of the Grand Palace, in the list of courtyard people of the current 123rd (1614/15) year, it is written: salary to Ivan Petrov [Inserted above the line: old] crossbred three hundred and fifty four, and monetary fifteen rubles, and Mikifor Fofanov in the past in the 120th] (1611/12) year, according to the typesetting of boyar Boris Mikhailovich Saltykov and clerks Ivan Bolotnikov with his comrades, a salary of again crossbred two hundred and fifty four, and money ten rubles.
Skrepa: Diac Patrekey Nasonov.
I salute the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, baptismalists Ivan Petrov and Mikifor Fofonov. They were sent to the sovereign's service in the Crimea with gyrfalcons, the sovereign's ambassadors with Prince Grigory Volkonsky and the clerk with Peter Ovdokimov, and the sovereign's gyrfalcons brought them to the Crimea great. And in the Crimea, de going by horses, they fell down, and they themselves came out of the Crimea on foot and naked.
And the sovereign, the tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia, would grant them with his sovereign salary, a mixed addition and a cash salary, as God informs the sovereign.
And written out as an example.
Last year, in the 114th (1605/06) year, gyrfalcon workers were sent to Kizylbashi 5 with Prince Ivan Romodanovsky Ostafey Sychov and Mikhailo Paskin, and they came from Kizylbash last year in the 118th (1609/10) year. And the sovereign’s salary was given to them in addition to their old salary for service and for exit:
Ostafei Sychov. The sovereign's salary was given to him to 350 honors ... [Text break] four... [Text break] to 14 rubles 4 rubles.
Michael Paskin. The sovereign's salary was given to him to 200 cheti 50 cheti, money to 8 rubles 2 rubles.
And in the memory from the Order of the Grand Palace, attributed to the deacon Patrekey Nasonov of the current 123rd (1614/15) year, it is written: the baptist of the old cross-breed and cash salary to Ivan Petrov 350 four, money is 15 rubles, to Mikifor Fofonov the cross-bred salary is 250 four, money 10 rubles .
Lands for the Crimean service were written [The text is illegible, possibly: given] Ivan Petrov 50 four, money 4 rubles, and 5 rubles for service and good cloth. Mikifor Fofanov 50 four, money 2 rubles and medium cloth.
RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1.1613. D. 1. L. 27-30. Script.
№ 4
Decree memory of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich on the transfer of the interpreter from Kazan to Moscow in the Ambassadorial order
Summer 7149 (1640) - December 5th [day]. By decree of the Sovereign and Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, I will decree the memory of the boyar Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov and the clerk Fyodor Panov and Sergei Makeev. The Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia ordered to take [Inserted above the line: from Kazan to Moscow] to his sovereign's business in the Ambassadorial order to translators [further in the text it is crossed out: from Kazan] Tatar Dzhana Alei Abyz. And according to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, the decree to the boyar Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov and the deacon Fedorov Panov and Sergei Makeev, order the sovereign’s letter to be sent to Kazan to the boyar and governors to Prince Ivan Ondreevich Golitsin and comrades, and order that Kazan Tatar Dzhan Alei Abyz send from Kazan to Moscow on carts.
On l. 1 entry: "The sovereign's memory was sent with the interpreter from Grigory Pensky."
RGADA. F. 141. 1640 D. 52. L. 1. Original.
№ 5
An entry about clerks who were promoted to the rank for the "Riga Service", serving in Moscow in orders
Complained to the clerks after the Riga services and now in Moscow in orders, but they have never been to the services after that. In Reitar 6 Grigory Bogdanov; at the Ondrej Selin Palace, Denis Savlukov; in Rozboynoye 7 Dmitry Shipulin; in the Local Andrey Ansimov; in the Grand Parish Ivan Yartsev, Ivan Cherneev; in Chelobite 8 Matvey Lvov; in the Armory 9 Bogdan Orefiev; in Monastyrsky 10 Andreyan Erokhov, Philip Ortemiev; in Zemsky 11 Afonasey Bashmakov; in Kamenny, the warrior Bulychov, from the palace clerks, was in Pskov; in the Ustyug couple Alexander Anisimov; in the Kostroma couple Ivan Chistago; in the New Quarter 12 Larion Ivanov; at the salt distribution Mikita Yadin, Osip Karpov, Bogdan Efimov; out of work Peter Malygin, Mikita Naumov, Isai Dubinin, Mikifor Velikosenskaya, Alexander Alekseev.
RGADA. F. 210. Op. 9. Moscow table. D. 350. L. 351-352. Script.
№ 6
Petition of the clerk of the order to the Galician couple of Vasily Nikitin 13 on the award of his salary for service in the regiments and the order
After 1664/65
The Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of all the Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, is beaten by your serf by order of the Galician couple, clerk Vaska Nikitin. I work for you, the great sovereign, I am your serf at your great sovereign’s affairs in Moscow in orders and at your great sovereign’s services since 7159 (1650/51), and at your great sovereign’s services I was your servant, with the boyar and governors with Prince Boris Andreevich Repnin with comrades in 7170 (1661/62) and in 7171 (1662/63) in the Novgorod regiments, and in 7172 (1663/64) and in 7173 (1664 / 65) Godeh in Belegorod.
Well, I, your serf, have been sent to Ozov for your great sovereign affairs, and your great sovereign’s salary is thirty rubles to me, your serf’s salary, and I’m not verstan your serf with a mixed salary. The merciful Sovereign, the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, Autocrat, perhaps I was his servant for my clerk work and services, the Sovereign led me with a local salary to set how you inform the great and merciful Sovereign of everything. Tsar sovereign, have mercy, have mercy.
RGADA. F. 210. Sevsky table. Stb. 254. L. 210. Original.
№ 7
Service record of the translator of the Ambassadorial order Fyodor Fedorov
September 7180 (1671) on the 10th [day]. The interpreter Fyodor Fyodorov told the Ambassador's order. Last year, in the year 7170 (1662/63), when the ambassador of the King of England visited the great sovereign in Moscow 14 , and at that time I was near the city of Arkhangelsk, and at the same time from Moscow to the city of Arkhangelsk a sovereign letter was sent to the governor, ordered to find an Arkhangelsk translator and interpreter of the Aglian language from the city. And at that time, the voivode, Prince Osip Ivanovich Shcherbatoy, took me as an interpreter to the Aglian ambassador and sent me with him as an ambassador to Moscow, and how I arrived with him as an ambassador to Moscow, and at that time I was taken to the Ambassador’s order as an interpreter and made me stern ten money a day, and an annual salary of ten rubles, and I was ordered to stand by that ambassador at the prefix until my vacation, and I was ordered to escort that ambassador to the border of Sweden. And how I came back to Moscow, seeing off the ambassador, and I was given the sovereign's letter to Vologda, ordered to take my fiancé and children to Moscow, and to be in the Ambassador's order in interpreters, and I was sent to serve overseas in the land of Aglin with envoys as a steward with Vasily Yakovlevich Dashkov for the clerk with Dmitry Shipulin 15 . And in another row I was sent to serve in the same in the Aglin and Galan lands with Mikhail Golovin, who was sent with Mikhail 16 , and for those services I have not been granted anything to the daily feed and to the annual cash salary, and I have been serving in the Ambassadorial Office as interpreters since 7172 (1663/64). That is my story, and Artyushka Kurganov wrote the story according to Evo Fedotov at the command of the Ambassador to the order of the hay squeaker.
RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1671. D. 30. L. 1. Original.
№ 8
Entry in the Ambassadorial Order on the professional unsuitability of clerks
The clerks, who are not fit for the Ambassadorial order, are bad at writing, and they do not go to the order, but a theft has been announced between them.
Parsley Orekhov - 6th
Afonka Sheshenin - not Verstan
Ivashko Toropov - not verstan [Crossed out in the text: Mishka Belyaninov - not verstan]
July 7181 (1673) on 21 de [day] by decree of the great sovereign of the roundabouts Artemon Sergeevich Matveev 17 , listening to this letter, he ordered those clerks, for their laziness and swindle, to refuse the order, so that there would be no fornications from them in the future. And to tell Mishka Belyaninov if he won’t learn to go and sit in the order, or learn to hold on to some trickery, and he’ll be set aside to be with the punisher, and tell all the clerks of a lesser article, so that they sit in the order without laziness and don’t hold on to anything bad.
RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1672. D. 18. L. 117. Original.
№ 9
The case on the petition of the clerk of the Ambassadorial order P. Belyaninov 18 , who taught Tsarevich Fedor Alekseevich "cursive writing", on the issuance of a grain salary
The Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, is beaten by your serf, the son of your great sovereign, the noble sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Feodor Alekseevich of all Great and Small and White Russia, teacher Pamfilko Belyaninov. In the past, sovereign, in the year 7180 (1671/72), by your sovereign grace, it was indicated to me by your servant give yours the great sovereign's salary in cash and holiday money and bread for the year 7180 (1671/72) against the first articles of the Ambassador's order of clerks. And to me, your servant, your great sovereign, the salary of the cash salary and holiday money for the 7180th (1671/72) year from the Novgorod order were issued in full, but the grain salary was not given. The merciful Sovereign, the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of all Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, perhaps I was his serf, the Sovereign sent me his great Sovereign's grain salary last year in 7180 (1671/72) against the Posolsky order of the clerks to issue the first articles. Lord, have mercy.
And in the Ambassadorial Order it was written out.
In the last year of November 7179 (1671), on the 21st, by decree of the Grand Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat was taken to the son of Evo Sovereign, to the rightful Sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Feodor Alekseevich of all Great and Small and White Russia of the Ambassador to the order of the clerk Pamfil Belyaninov to teach his sovereign Tsarevich cursive writing from the first place. And the salary of the great sovereign, Pamphilus, was, as he was in the clerk, 60 rubles, and festive 5 and 6 and 7 rubles for the holiday. Yes, in the past, in the 7180th (1671) year of October, on the 10th day, the great sovereign of Posolsky granted the order of the clerks of the great sovereign with his salary again against their salaries. And the first place was awarded to the clerk 60 four rye, oats, too. And by decree of the great sovereign of his great sovereign, the salary of the son of his sovereign, the blessed sovereign, tsarevich and grand duke Feodor Alekseevich, to the teacher Pamfil Belyaninov for the 7179th (1671/72) year, the salary is 60 rubles and the holiday money was issued from the Novgorod order in full, against the same as it was given to him, as he was in the clerks.
And the great sovereign, the tsar and the grand prince Alexei Mikhailovich of all Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, Pamfil Belyaninov beats with his forehead. Last year, in the year 7180 (1671/72), by his sovereign grace, he was instructed to give his great sovereign a salary in cash and holiday money and bread in the year 7180 (1671/72) against the first articles of the Posolsky order of clerks, and to him de great sovereign, the salary of the cash salary and holiday money for the 7180th (1671/72) from the Novgorod order were issued in full, but no grain salary was given.
And the great sovereign would have granted, ordered his great sovereign to give him a grain salary for the last year 7180 (1671/72) against the Posolsky order of the clerks to issue the first articles.
On the 16th day of the summer of 7181 (1673) of January, on the 16th day, the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All the Great and Small and White Russia, Autocrat, I decree to the steward and colonel and head of the Moscow archers Yury Petrovich Lutokhin and the deacon Ivan Kazarinov was granted by the great sovereign the tsar and the great Prince Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, Autocrat of the teacher of the son of his sovereign, the blessed sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Feodor Alekseevich of All Great and Small and White Russia Pamfil Belyaninov, ordered him to give his great sovereign a grain salary on the last on the 7180th (1671 / 72) year fifty-five four rye, oats, too, in an acceptable measure. And according to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All the Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat will decree the steward and colonel and head of the Moscow archers Yuri Petrovich Lutokhin and the deacon Ivan [Kazarinov] to do about this.
On l. 67 entry: "By decree, as a brother of money in salaries."
On l. 68 entry: "For the attribution of the clerk Yuryev Pozdyshev given to Pamfil himself."
RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1672. D. 18. L. 68. Original.
№ 10
An entry in the account book of Patriarch Joachim about the issuance of salaries to Hieromonk Timothy and the Greek Manuel Grigoriev 19 for the training of service officials in the Greek language
His Holiness the Patriarch granted in the Cross Chamber 20 Hieromonk Timothy and Greek Manuil Grigoriev, who at the Printing House teach students of the patriarchal and hierarchal clerks and all sorts of ranks of people the Greek language and literacy, two rubles each, a total of four rubles. Yes, as a disciple of their most holy partyarch, a clerk, and all sorts of ranks of people, forty people for osmi altyn, two dengas each, a total of ten rubles. Given to the reception of Ivashka Veshnyakov. The treasurer, Elder Paisius of Siyskoy, brought that money to the Holy Patriarch in the Chamber of the Cross, and about the note of that money for the expenditure of the treasurer’s litter.
RGADA. F. 235. Op. 2. D. 105. L. 241-241v. Script.
№ 11
Entries in the account book of the Patriarchal State Order 21 on the visit of Patriarch Joachim to schools at the Epiphany and Spassky monasteries
September 3rd day. His Holiness the Patriarch went to the Epiphany Monastery, which is behind Vetoshny row, to inspect where to build a school for teaching students Greek book writing [...]
According to the decree of His Holiness the Patriarch and according to the litter on the petition of the treasurer of the elder Paisius of the Siysky district of the Suzdal district of the village of Ivanovsky, the peasant Vaska Ivanov bought from him for the guest house of the Printing House a school student Vaska Ivanov with a companion of twenty people for shirts of linen canvas two hundred arshins. And for those canvases, Vaska gave him money per arshin, a total of six rubles. Ivashk Neustroev received the painting on the canvases of the students in a luxurious pillar under the petition of the peasants: Vasily Ivanov took the money, at his command, painted from Putivl, Uspensky priest Mikhail Filipav.
June 3rd day. His Holiness the Patriarch went to the Spasov Monastery, which is in China behind the Icon Row, to inspect the place where to build stone ceilings for the student to learn Greek book writing.
And in that monastery, by decree of His Holiness the Patriarch, a student of the Slavic teachings, who are studying with the monk Selyvestre, Ivan Semyonov and his comrades twenty-three people each shti money, a total of twenty-three altyns. Ivashka Neustroev gave that money as a student to the reception, and the treasurer, the elder Paisiy of Siyskoy, fixed the decree on their note for expenses.
RGADA. F. 235. Op. 2. D. 118. L. 153, 272v.-273. Script.
№ 12
Extracts from the account book of the Patriarchal order on the organization of schools at the Nikolaevsky and Spassky monasteries in Moscow
December 1687
According to the painting behind the litter of the treasurer of the elder Paisius of the Siysky cloth row to the trading man Parfen Sergeyev, that he, by decree of the most holy patriarch, was bought for a new stone school, which was built in the Nikolaevsky Monastery behind the Icon row on the upholstery of the place of the most holy patriarch, which was placed in that school, cherry cloth measuring eight arshins ten vershoks, and for the upholstery of the pulpit, on which that place was placed and on the chairs at which the students study, in addition to the old cloth, in addition, half of the Anbur green cloth. And for those cloths, Parfyon gave him twenty rubles for three altyns, two money for an arshin, for a total of six rubles, one altyn with money, and for half, five rubles and a half; wallpaper eleven rubles seventeen altyn five money. [...]
According to a letter from the treasurer of the elder Paisius of Siysky Icon row to the merchant Mikhail Frolov, which was bought from him for a new stone school, which was built in the Spassky Monastery behind the Icon row, in which students learn Greek book writing, shti sheet icons on paints, in two deesis, three icons per deesis, and eleven different icons, including five icons of the Savior, three images of the Most Holy Theotokos of Iver, the image of the Most Holy Theotokos of the Don, the image of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos, the image of the Three Ecumenical Hierarchs. And for those icons to Michael for a deesis with an icon case, two rubles per deesis for eleven different icons, eleven altyns per icon; total three rubles twenty one altyn. In total, he gave Mikhail for the above icons seven rubles and twenty-one altyns. [...]
In the current year of 1687, in the month of December, it was bought in the Spasskaya Monastery for a stone school business that in China, the city, in the lower three floors, three oak tables, twenty-five altyns were given, in the large shelf, a lime table on chiseled legs, twenty-three altyns were given: two money; in the same big fee to steal ties with minium thirteen pounds, given for a pound for osmi money; oil and drying oil for six altyns for four money, from dyeing ten altyns were given to hire carpenters to remake the table that was brought from the Printing Yard, where students study Russian literacy, and those ovens shutters, and at the top of the teachers to create a gate than to carry water up and firewood. Twenty-six altyns were given for the work of the stove-makers from the repair of ten stoves that were repairing the stoves at the school, a ruble was given. Carpenters were hired at the top of the teachers to rally the skewed boards in all closets, they also made shutters to ten windows, they also made a closet; they need a ruble fifteen altyn for their work. Carpenters were hired in the lower and middle floors to make four tables, and a large bench of four fathoms, and four small ones, and a closet; given for work twenty-six altyn four money. Four large glass windows were repaired, sixteen altyn four money were given for the work from the repair. In total, according to this painting for the above, seven rubles. [...]
RGADA. F. 235. Op. 2. D. 127. L. 334 rev.-335 rev., 348 rev.-349. Script.
№ 13
Diploma of Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich to the steward and voivode Ya.
... Prince Yakov Grigorievich Kozlovsky. In the past year, in 7186 (1677/78), by the nominal decree of the brother of our great sovereigns of blessed memory, the great sovereign tsar and grand prince Feodor Alekseevich of all Great and Small and White Russia Autocrat and by the selection of the steward, who is now our okolnichi, Vasily Savich Narbekov Yes, the clerk Artemy Volkov was ordered in Temnikovo in the clerk's hut to be a clerk to the indicated number of the clerk's rank, and not an old clerk's tax people and not a priest's child and grandchild. And now, the great sovereign has done it to us knowing that in Temnikovo in the order's hut, old, taxy posat people and priests' children and grandchildren, ten or more, are sitting as clerks. And how will our great sovereigns receive a letter from you, and you would have ordered in Temnikovo in the order’s hut to be the clerk of the specified number according to the analysis of your clerk’s rank, and not to the heavy old peasant people and not to the priest’s children and grandchildren. Yes, he ordered those hard-working ancient people to be written to the tax as before, and he ordered the priestly children and grandchildren to be at the churches of God in the clerks. And how many people will be left and whoever names, he made a book with a genuine cleansing, and about that he wrote to us as a great sovereign, and that book and an answer ordered to submit in the order of the Kazan court 22 to our handsome prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsin 23 with comrades. Written in Moscow in the summer of 7197 (1689) June on 11 de [day].
On about. l. 1 entry: “In Temnikov, our stolnik and governor, Prince Yakov Grigorievich Kozlovsky”, “7197 (1689) the year of July on the 20th day”, “I watched Matyushka Buinakov”.
RGADA. F. 1167. D. 1851. L. 1. Without beginning. Script.
№ 14
The case on the petition of the clerk of the Ambassadorial order M. Rodostamov 24 about an increase in salary for work of high skill
The Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich of all the Great and Small and White Russia The autocrats are beaten by your serf of your state Ambassadorial order, clerk Mishka Rodostamov. I have been working in the Ambassadorial Prikaz since 7191 (1682/83) with my brother in a row, and besides that, I write sheets, and your great sovereigns’ salary is a salary of 100 rubles for me, 100 of rye bread, oats, too, yes for holiday for three rubles. And others, my lords, my brothers, who do not even write on the sheet, they have been given higher salaries, and I have been reduced. Merciful great sovereigns, tsars and grand dukes John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich of all the Great and Small and White Russia Autocrats, please me, your serf, order the sovereigns for my clerk work and for a sheet letter to make their great sovereigns salary in addition, that you are a great sovereign and God will inform me. Great sovereigns, have mercy.
And it was written out in the state Embassy order.
In the past, in the year 7191 (1683) of July, on the 27th day, by decree of the great sovereigns, the clerk Mikhail Rodostamov was ordered to be the top printing house in the Ambassadorial order in the clerks. And the great sovereigns of monetary and grain salaries were given him a new salary: money 12 rubles, rye bread 12 four, oats, too, festive 2 rubles and a half for a holiday, And in the past in 7196 (1687/88) year, by decree of the great sovereigns he was Michael in their great sovereigns' service with an envoy with Prokofy Voznitsin 25 at residence in Poland. And for that parcel, they gave him a salary from the great sovereigns to the new cash salary of 12 rubles, plus 3 rubles. And how he arrived from that parcel and he was given an addition to the cash salary for 15 rubles 3 rubles, for bread for 12 four rye, oats also 6 four rye, oats also; for the holidays half a ruble for the holiday. In total, he now has a salary of 18 rubles, rye bread 18 four, oats, too, festive 3 rubles for a holiday, and salt 5 pounds.
And the Grand Sovereign, the Tsar and the Grand Duke John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich of all the Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat of the State Ambassadorial Order of the clerk Mikhail Rodostamov, beats his brow, he has been working in the Ambassadorial Order since 7191 (1682/83) with his brother in a row Yes, he writes sheets in addition to his brothers, and their great sovereigns’ salaries are 18 rubles, rye bread 18 four, oats, too, and festive 3 rubles for a holiday, and other brothers who don’t even write on a sheet , more salaries were made, and he was condemned against them. And so that the great sovereigns granted him, ordered for his work and for the sheet letter to give their great sovereigns a salary in addition to the salary, as God informs them about it as a great sovereign.
And written out to him as an example.
Last year, in 7191 (1682/83), the great sovereigns were given the salary of the state Ambassadorial order to the clerk Nikita Alekseev 26 , Leonty Payusova 27 for ordered work to their former salary of 5 rubles per person, bread against money.
Yes, in the year 7193 (1683/84) the great sovereigns were given salary additions to the salary for official work to clerk Ivan Cheredeev 28 3 rubles, Mikhailo Volkov 29 6 rubles; bread for both against money, but for Ivan there are festive rubles for the holiday.
In 7195 (1686/87), the great sovereigns were given a salary to the clerk Ivan Cheredeev for orderly work in addition to the previous salary of 11 rubles 4 rubles, bread against money, and he was ordered to give this addition to the reduced salaries in order.
In 7195 (1686/87), the same year, great sovereigns were given a salary to clerk Ivan Ratkov for the Polish embassy service and for order work, in addition to the salary of 13 rubles, 6 rubles, bread against money, but festive ones, and with the former, 3 rubles and a half for the holiday.
In 7197 (1688/89) the great sovereigns were given salaries to clerk Mikhail Larionov 30 for command work to the salary of evo to 13 rubles 5 rubles, bread 5 four rye, oats, too; Yes, according to the same extract, he was given an addition for the parcel that he was with the King of England, with the elector of Brandenburg, with the Prince of Aran at the Galan stats, and with Prince Florensky with the deacon Vasily Posnikov 6 rubles, bread against money. In total, he was given an addition of 11 rubles, bread against money, and a ruble for the holiday money for the holiday, two pounds of salt. In the year 7200 (1691/92), the great sovereigns were given a salary to the scribe Stepan Chasovnikov for the Don parcel to the salary of evo to 27 rubles 5 rubles.
And according to the certificate in the Ambassador's order and with the salary book of the clerk of the salary of the clerk Nikita Alekseev, money is 40 rubles, bread against money, and holidays for specified holidays at 5 and 6 and 7 rubles for the holiday, salt 9 pounds.
Write out that now we will pay clerks Mikifor Velyakov, Ivan Ratkov, Mikhail Volkov, Mikhail Larionov.
In the salary book of the past 7200 (1691/92) it is written. Great Sovereigns of the salary of the Ambassadorial order, we will clerk cash salaries: 30 rubles to Nikifor Venkov 31 , 19 rubles each Ivan Ratkov, Mikhailo Volkov, 24 rubles Mikhailo Larionov. And bread is against money for everyone.
On September 30, the great sovereigns granted Posolsky to the order of the clerk Mikhail Rodostamov. They ordered him to give his great sovereigns salaries [for orderly work and a seat and for a sheet letter that he wrote many of their great sovereigns letters to different states and to the hetman to Ivan Stepanovich many articles] [Placed in square brackets in the text] to the former salary of three rubles, and the grain salary of rye and oats is to be paid to him against his salary. And give him an allowance in order to the retired clerk salary.
RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1692. D. 6. L. 1-7. Script.
№ 15
Statement of the distribution of clerks for service in orders and regiments based on the results of the "analysis"
In the Posolsky Prikaz, clerks were left for official affairs: the old ones: Maxim Alekseev, Ivan Gubin; middle class and young: Ivan Ratkov, Ivan Favorov, Lev Volkov, Lavrentey Protopopov [Names crossed out: Vasily Stepanov, Alexander Simanov, Boris Kartsov].
And in the Big Regiment of the boyar and governor Alexei Semenovich Shein 32 sent: Stepan Chasovnikov, Averkey Leontiev, Semyon Ivanov, Dmitry Sartakov, Alexei Alekseev, Ivan Avramov, Mikhaila Avramov, Kirilo Kovyrshin, Yakov Voznitsyn, Vorfolomey Polkov, Gavrilo Derevnin [Strikethrough: Nikita Maksimov].
The clerks to the Order of Little Russia were left: the old ones: Ivan Cheredeev, Petr Kurbatov [Strikethrough: Kondrat Nikitin]; middle class and young: Grigory Yudin, Ilya Nikiforov, Andrey Nikitin, Ilya Sivtsov, Ivan Yuriev.
Order of Great Russia: Vasily Zhadaev.
And in the Big Regiment of the boyar and governor Alexei Semenovich Shein and his comrades were ordered to be.
Old: Great Russian and Little Russian orders: Kondrat [yu] Nikiti [well], Vnifatya Panfeniev, Boris Alekseev, Ivan Petrov. Middle class and young: Alexei Menshikov, Grigory Bogdanov, Fedot Rogov, Afonas Inekhov, Osip Gavrilov, Stepan Frolov, Vasily Bogdanov, Fyodor Borisov, Timofey Khokhlov, Ivan Inekhov, Kondrat Fedorov, Andrey Pavlov, Boris Bautin, Mikhail II, Fadey Bogdanov.
Volodimersky and Galitsky orders of clerks were left in those orders for one person to the old clerk in the order: Semyon Nikitin, Andrey Ivanov, and with them one person of young clerks: Ivan Prokhorov, Stepan Vetlitsky. And those orders of clerks were sent to the regiments: Kozma Zhuravlev, Vasily Alekseev, Pyotr Pomortsov, Yakov Davydov, Larion Dobrynin, Yakov Lazarev, Andrey Stepanov.
From Ustyug order, we will clerk, who, according to the order, are in the service of the great sovereign: the old ones: Vasily Tabuntsov, Vasily Protopopov; young: Boris Zykov, Ivan Gordeev, Vasily Bulatnikov, Grigory Eliseev, Alexey Gorodetskoy, Danilo Protopopov, Semyon Fokin, Yakov Nikitin, Gavrilo Klimontov, Petr Ivanov, Ivan Vetlutskoy, Luka Mezhaev, Vasily Kozlov, Nikita Chizhev, Mikhailo Istomin.
Yes, in the order left for official cases: the old ones: Ivan Ipatiev, Timofey Osipov; young: Tikhon Petrov, Maxim Ivanov, Stepan Turcheninov. The clerks ordered the same: Ivan Gusev is ill, Ivan Shchotkin is in the parcel.
By order of the Principality of Smolensk, clerks were sent to the regiments on Khodynka: Grigory Bogdanov, Kuzma Soviets, Artemey Zolotoy, Andrey Slobodin, Yegor Chistoy, Grigory Slobodin, Stepan Bezsonov, Ivan Bogdanov, Pimin Krapivin, Dmitry Surovtsov, Andrey Minin.
In parcels from Moscow for sovereign affairs: Leontey Berezin, Mikita Zverev.
The order left: Grigory Surovtsov, Ivan Gramotin, Timofey Shishlyaev, Mikhailo Belikov.
Yes, Dmitry Ermolaev remained in Moscow due to illness.
The painting of Novgorodsky by order of the scribes who were sent to the service of the great sovereign: Ivan Isakov, Ivan Bogdanov, Artemy Zykov, Filimon Fomin, Andrey Ievlev, Ivan Stepanov, Fyodor Trunev, Ivan Ivanov, Dementei Kavalov, Luka Kirilov, Pyotr Shibaev, Alexei Ivanov, Anisim Vasiliev , Sergey Denisov, Alexander Stragorodtskoy, Sidor Ptitsyn, Vasily Malchanov, Grigory Petrov, Grigory Feofanov, Grigory Grekov, Fedosey Ryakhovskaya, Mikhailo Volodimerov.
Yes, the old clerks were left for official affairs: Fedor Kishmutin, Ivan Stolbitskoy; young: Trifon Yalmenev, Dementey Treskin; yes sick: Grigory Shibaev, Stepan Brekhov.
RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1698. D. 16. L. 5-12. Script.
How did the work of the Posolsky Prikaz, which was essentially the Russian “Ministry of Foreign Affairs” in the 16th-17th centuries, proceed?
The most important issues of foreign policy were decided by the tsar together with the Boyar Duma. Reception and seeing off of foreign embassies, negotiating, sending Russian diplomats abroad and much more - everything was done "according to the sovereign's decree and the boyar verdict." The most complex, "secret" cases, the sovereign previously discussed in a narrow circle of the most trusted persons - in the Middle Duma.
The task of the Ambassadorial Order was to implement the decisions of the supreme power in everything related to foreign policy. He was also in charge of cases related to the residence of foreign merchants and artisans in Russia, the ransom of prisoners, and some others. Later, the Posolsky Prikaz began to perform the functions of other departments. He managed some cities, was in charge of the post office, the court, the collection of customs and tavern revenues, etc.
But still, diplomacy was given a central place in the work of the Ambassadorial Order, and it was headed by people who had experience in the diplomatic field or in the order itself. Viskovaty's successors already bore the title of duma clerks, that is, they were members of the Boyar Duma. They enjoyed broad powers, were present at the “sitting” of the sovereign with the boyars, made reports on the work of their department, and had the right to express their opinion. In the 17th century the head of the Ambassadorial Department was given the state seal, he was given the title of "the royal great seal and the guardian of the state's great embassy affairs." Since in Russia the authenticity of any letter from time immemorial was certified by a seal hanging from a cord, the title of “printer” was considered important and honorable. Duma embassy clerks (or otherwise - "judges") enjoyed great prestige and influence at court. In the second half of the XVII century. some of them sometimes pursued an independent policy, independent of the Boyar Duma. The deputies of the Duma clerks were the second clerks, their "comrades" (i.e., assistants). Some of them eventually became the leaders of the Ambassadorial order.
AT Ancient Russia orders were called central government bodies. They were also called chambers and courtyards, huts and palaces, thirds and quarters. It is assumed that the orders state institutions arose involuntarily, and the first mention of them in this role is found in 1512 in a letter sent to the Vladimir Assumption Monastery by the Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III.
A certain number of people were ordered to do some specific things - this is how the definition of "order" appeared. The newly established orders acted on behalf of the sovereign and were the highest government places. Complaints about their actions were considered only by the king or the royal duma. Orders are the initial stages of the current ministries.
Origin and purpose
The embassy order arose in 1549 under Ivan IV. It existed until 1720. The Code of Laws of 1550 Ivan the Terrible introduces management, which was designed to provide for state needs. For almost 200 years, the framework of this system was preserved and was replaced only under the Great Reformer Peter I. The duties of the newly created order included relations with other states, ransoms and the exchange of prisoners, and supervision of certain groups of "service people", for example, the Don Cossacks.
Main functions
The embassy order also dealt with the administration of some lands in the south and east of the state. His responsibility included sending Russian missions abroad and receiving foreign missions. Foreign merchants were subordinate to him, during the entire time of their stay on our territory.
The preparation of the texts of international negotiations was also imputed to the duties of the order. He exercised control over the diplomatic missions.
Organ structure
Initially, the Ambassadorial order consisted of a duma clerk, under whose command were his "comrade" (deputy), 15-17 clerks (the lowest administrative rank) and several interpreters (translators). At the head of the newly created institution was the Order Clerk, also known as the Ambassador Clerk. Deacons in those days were called civil servants (in addition to clergymen), in particular, heads of orders or junior ranks in
Structure is gaining weight
The first Ambassadorial order was headed by Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatov, who before this appointment had served as an ambassador, a duma clerk, and was a custodian state seal. He was at the head of the order until his death in 1570. With the growth of the international weight of Russia, the importance of the Ambassadorial Order also increased, its staff increased significantly - in 1689, 53 clerks instead of 17 and 22 translators plus 17 interpreters (interpreter) served in it.
By the end of the 17th century, the Ambassadorial order gained so much strength that it became one of the most important constituent parts the central state apparatus of Russia. In this century, he has gone from the Chancellery for Foreign Relations to a state structure with significant independence and the broadest powers.
Milestones
The entire period of the existence of the Ambassadorial Order can be conditionally decomposed in accordance with three epochal intervals of that time. This is the Time of Troubles, the restoration of the Russian monarchy under Mikhail Romanov, the first Russian tsar from this dynasty, and the heyday of statehood that came under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
Outstanding Representatives
From 1621, Ivan Tarasevich Gramotin, the then head of the Ambassadorial Department, began to prepare systematic information for the tsar on the state of affairs in other countries. They drew from periodicals countries, as well as from the observations and findings of ambassadors. These Vestovye Letters were essentially the first Russian newspaper. It is necessary to say a few words separately about this eighth chapter of the Ambassadorial Order. He began his career as a clerk, and three times under different kings he held the highest post of the Ambassadorial Department. AT Troubled times he was one of the most prominent political figures.
Povytya
The structure of the order was divided into departments in charge of office work on territorial grounds (povytya). There were five in total. The functions of the Ambassadorial Order, according to these five administrative parts, were distributed as follows - the first part included the countries of Western Europe - England and France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Papal State. The second povity dealt with relations with Sweden, Poland and Wallachia (the south of modern Romania), Moldova, Turkey and the Crimea, Holland, Hamburg.
Relations with Denmark, Brandenburg and Courland were dealt with by the 3rd branch in the order, which was in charge of the office work of these countries. Persia, Armenia, India and the Kalmyk state were under the jurisdiction of the 4th povyt. The last fifth was in charge of relations with China, Bukhara, Khiva, the Zhungar state and Georgia.
The volume of work is growing
From the very moment when the Ambassadorial Order was established, he was charged with general management foreign policy countries. Since the second half of the 17th century, the following orders are directly subordinate to him - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Smolensk and Little Russia. The archive of the most important external and internal political documents accumulated over time was also stored here.
Heads of the order
With the growth of the international significance of Russia, the clerk of the Posolsky Prikaz is replaced by a representative of the highest feudal class of the country - the boyar, and since 1670 the institution itself has been called the "State Order of the Embassy Press".
During the entire existence of the Ambassadorial Order, 19 leaders have been replaced as its head. The last was the earl and the first chancellor Russian Empire, an associate of Peter the Great As a result, the Embassy Office was created, which in 1720 was replaced by
5. ACTIVITIES OF THE AMBASSADOR'S ORDER ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE OF MOSCOW AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES
A. Establishment of diplomatic relations with European countries and regular peaceful (diplomatic or tributary) relations with the countries of the East
Over the entire 150-year history of its activity, the Posolsky Prikaz established relations with 10 new European states and 8 Asian ones, while before the formation of the Posolsky Prikaz, relations were established with 18 countries in just 70 years, that is, in half the period.
If we take into account that out of 10 countries that entered into relations with Russia during the period of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, only 5 can be considered real countries with which the Ambassadorial Prikaz “worked” (since the Order of Malta could not be considered a “country”, and Bavaria, Hanover , Genoa and Sardinia can actually be recorded in the assets of the Ambassadorial Office of Peter I, and not the apparatus of the Ambassadorial Prikaz), it must be admitted that the Ambassadorial Prikaz was almost ... inactive. In Asia, the quantitative results of the activities of the Ambassadorial Order in establishing diplomatic relations with new countries look even more discouraging: if we exclude the puppet semi-states, semi-colonies, which were absorbed by Moscow half a century later, then Persia and Georgia remain, relations with which were maintained extremely irregularly and became permanent only with XVIII century, i.e. outside the chronological framework of the activities of the Ambassadorial order.
These quantitative results of the work of the Ambassadorial Order allow us to draw a conclusion about the nature and direction of the activity of this department. The department, of course, did not sit idle, but worked at full capacity and even, as we know from the documents, with great tension. But main task Russian diplomacy was the control and monitoring of relations with foreign countries, and not the encouragement of these relations, not their development and stimulation. On the contrary, the task was to keep relations with any power within rigid, strictly defined limits. And the observance of these rules was vigilantly monitored by the clerks and the clerk of the Foreign Ministry.
Another important task of Russian diplomacy was the gradual gathering of powers, the tireless acquisition and annexation of new territories to the Russian state. In this matter, Russian diplomats showed exceptional zeal, perseverance and purposefulness, consistency and patience, and often selflessness, that is, the best, brightest state and human qualities. This fact cannot but be noted and emphasized, because the monument to the activity of the diplomats of the Ambassadorial Order is Russian state, Russia as a great power.
For decades, sometimes even half a century, for centuries, they stubbornly, persistently pursued their goal, without forcing events in order to prevent any mistake, which was always considered an unforgivable mistake in Russian diplomacy. Better less, but better, you drive more quietly - you will continue - these are the principles that were seriously guided by the Ambassadorial Order, never striving for quick, but transient and ephemeral success, for external effects. So, for example, the complete annexation of the tribal states of the Ob region - a task that seemed to be "doomed" to success in advance - nevertheless dragged on for 50 years, but went exceptionally smoothly, without any excesses; the annexation of Georgia (Kakheti, Kartaliniya, Imereti) took more than a century, but it took place in full agreement and unity with the ruling circles and estates of this state, with the consent and approval of the entire Georgian people.
It was in this truly bee, painstaking work of collecting and incorporating new territories into the Russian state that the meaning and historical meaning throughout the activities of the Posolsky Prikaz as a foreign policy department.
Particularly indicative is the activity of the Ambassadorial Order in relation to European countries. It is an excellent illustration of the working methods of this institution.
If we carefully look at the above table, we will notice that the establishment of relations with new European countries during the period of the existence of the Ambassadorial Order was always preceded by lengthy, preliminary, “probing” negotiations, often dragging on for years. They talked about whether it is possible and worth recognizing the foreign state that turned to the king with a request to enter into diplomatic relations. Often, such an appeal was generally followed by a sharp rebuke from the Moscow boyars, who declared on behalf of the tsar that it was “unhandy”, unprofitable, unnecessary for our state to enter into relations with someone.
The embassy order found out, checked and rechecked with all the means available at that time whether this kingdom-state, which asked to enter into relations with Russia, was solid, and whether “acquaintance” with it would lower the dignity of the Muscovite kingdom and its tsar.
As a result of this captious, strict policy, Moscow established relations with such countries as Great Britain (as it began to be called from the time of the Tudors!), Holland - at that time the possession of Spain under Philip II and Isabella of Spain - that is, with two largest states Europe of that time, politically strong and economically extremely useful for relations with Russia. As for their political orientation, the reactionary regime of Philip II in Europe (covering Spain, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Milan, Belgium and the Netherlands) needs no special "presentation", its historical significance is well known.
With regard to the "small" states - Tuscany and Switzerland - and here the Moscow diplomats showed themselves completely up to par, not making a mistake in choosing friends. Tuscany and Switzerland responded to the principle of "small spool, but expensive." These were the best training centers for highly qualified specialists in Europe at that time. It was from here that the military, engineers, architects, builders, artisans, doctors, scientists, artists, artists were recruited into the Moscow State, used both directly as specialists in their profession and as teachers preparing Russian specialists in the same industry.
At the same time, countries such as Courland, which Moscow diplomats did not consider at all to be a state, because its territory was only equal to two counties (Mitavsky and Goldingensky), and its head was not at all a noble person, but an impoverished grandson of the former Livonian germeister Gotthard Kettler, a longtime enemy of the Russian state, were not at all needed by Russia as "friends", but could become, if they were "caressed", unprofitable freeloaders. And therefore, Moscow diplomats forced Duke James I for 11 years to persuade the clerks of the Ambassadorial Order to send them valuable gifts and other “commemorations” so that they would only put in a good word about him and his duchy before His Royal Majesty.
So “poor relatives” and other “unprofitable” states that were unnecessary “for business”, but only able to increase the number of foreign counterparties, were sifted out as empty ballast for Russia’s foreign affairs by the vigilant diplomats of the Ambassadorial Order. They did not pursue the size of the diplomatic corps at all and did not think about expanding the staff of their department, modestly working to maintain relations with three dozen countries, which was quite enough then.
The main direction of the work of the Posolsky Prikaz was to prevent the infiltration of various Western "seditions" into Russia, to isolate foreigners in Russia and Russians from foreigners, and also to collect military, political and economic data on the situation in the countries of Europe and Asia.
Only under Peter I, even before the complete liquidation of the Ambassadorial Order, did a change occur in the previous methods of work and in the principles of establishing diplomatic relations with foreign countries. Peter 1 introduced foreign policy a lot of subjectivism and voluntarism, regardless of the old Russian traditions. He established diplomatic relations with everyone who either asked for it or was personally familiar to him in one way or another. That is why, already in the first years of his reign, he established relations with a mass of petty German monarchs, whom he met during his stay and raids in Western Europe (we don’t even indicate them, because most of these “states” simply disappeared from the political map after Northern wars and especially after the Napoleonic wars in late XVIII - early XIX in.). It is precisely because of these qualities of Peter I that among the “friends” of Russia or countries that have diplomatic relations with it, there was any “rogue” like the decrepit Republic of Genoa, the semi-puppet “kingdom” of Sardinia and Sicily, sandwiched between the Austrian Empire and Prussia, Bavaria or the tiny Order of Malta , relations with which could only tickle the pride of such monarchs as Peter I and his "great-grandson" Paul I. The old clerks of the Ambassadorial Order would not allow establishing relations with such countries. Under the old tsars, for all their supposedly slavish subordination to the will of the sovereign, they (i.e., the apparatus of the Posolsky Prikaz) possessed the ability to force the monarch to make only those decisions that were traditional for Russian diplomacy, and had the full opportunity, with facts in hand, to prove all the disadvantages recognition of the country that was not needed, useless or even harmful to Russia.
Peter the Great broke this tried and tested, faultless, albeit terribly routine, slowly operating machine. During his lifetime, he removed professional diplomats from decision-making in foreign affairs. But this practice did not last long - only a quarter of a century.
The Collegium of Foreign Affairs, which replaced the Ambassadorial Order soon after the death of Peter I, turned, as we will see below, into a body with sovereign power planning, building and deciding in principle all foreign policy affairs, not at all taking into account the weak-willed German monarchs on the Russian throne. Moreover, all the affairs of the Collegium were decided not at all collectively, but absolutely single-handedly by the most powerful and strongest person in this Collegium - its head or his deputy. And he was guided exclusively by the historical interests of Russia, although it also happened that along the way, but without violating state interests, this or that chancellor also decided his personal affairs (for example, A. I. Osterman, A. P., Bestuzhev-Ryumin, N. I. Panin).