Father hero how many children. How many children does the mother-heroine have? What privileges does the family receive? Medal "Parental Glory"
Artist's view of Kepler 186f.
The planet Kepler 186f, named after the Kepler space probe that discovered it, is 14,000 kilometers in diameter (that's 10 percent more earth). Its orbit lies in the "Goldilocks zone" of the star Kepler 186 - where it is not too cold and not too hot, the temperature conditions of the planet allow the existence of liquid water on its surface. This means that the chances of encountering life there are high.
Last year, there was already information about two planets discovered by Kepler in the habitable zone, but then it was about super-Earths, the mass of which is several times the mass of the Earth. The gravity on these planets is so strong that they are more like Neptune than Earth. Kepler 186f is much smaller and appears to be rock-covered, giving even more reason to call it a second Earth.
Kepler 186f is the first Earth-sized planet found in the habitable zone, said Elisa Quintana, who works at the NASA Research Center in California and the SETI project. “It's the right size and the right distance from the star to look like our planet.
The researchers suggest that Kepler 186f is made up of the same materials as the Earth - iron, rocks, ice and liquid water, although the proportions may differ. The force of gravity on the planet is close to that of the earth. "It's much easier for you to imagine that someone could arrive there and walk on the surface," says Stephen Cain of the University of San Francisco, who also took part in the study.
However, Kepler 186f is not literally a copy of the Earth. The local sun - a red dwarf - is colder than ours, and the year lasts 130 days. The planet is located on the very edge of the "Goldilocks zone", so most of its surface is probably covered with a layer of permafrost.
It's probably Earth's cousin, not a twin sister, says Dr. Barclay.
On the other hand, having a large mass, Kepler 186f probably also has a denser atmosphere, which compensates for the lack of heat. Red dwarfs emit most light in the infrared range, which has a better effect on the ice, melting it more efficiently.
This allows the planet to more efficiently absorb the star's energy and keep it from freezing, said Victoria Meadows, an astrobiologist and astronomer at the University of Washington. - That is why, thanks to the dense atmosphere, the planet is considered potentially habitable, although it receives less light than Mars from the Sun. Interestingly, if the planet turns out to be habitable, photosynthesis will be impossible there.
Kepler 186f receives six times less visible light than Earth, but "there are plenty of terrestrial plants that could do that," Dr. Meadows said.
Astronomers can't tell the exact age of the planet, but red dwarfs are the longest-lived stars in the universe. Life has had a very long time - billions of years - to emerge in this system. However, discussions about new planet will long remain just reflections - it is too far (500 light years from Earth) to be able to look at its surface. Astronomers hope that with time similar planets will be found closer.
The Kepler mission ended last year with the failure of the main equipment, but the analysis of the data it received has already revealed 962 new planets. More than 2800 star systems surveyed by the probe remain for further research.
Humanity has long hoped to find a planet in the sky similar to our own. The first planet not belonging to ours solar system, was
discovered back in 2009. However, according to all the characteristics available to us, it is completely unsuitable for the emergence of life. There was a need for
an apparatus that could constantly observe the starry sky, analyzing all changes. In addition, it was necessary to provide this device with the ability to
constantly observe one section of the sky, which is impossible to do from the surface of the earth. All this led to the launch of the Kepler space telescope in 2009,
which is supposed to look for exoplanets.
Goals
The spacecraft launched by NASA was named Kepler. The planet it was created to search for can be at any distance from our system.
Therefore, the transit method is used to search for exoplanets. It consists in observing a small area of the sky and measuring the brightness of the stars. When past the stars
a planet passes by, the brightness decreases somewhat. It is on this basis that one can find out whether the luminary has planetary-type bodies. To set a period
circulation and the number of planets, it is necessary to observe the star for at least three years. Only after this it can be argued that the brightness of the star decreases exactly according to
cause of an exoplanet passing by.
In addition, there may not be so few planets on which life can be formed or once already formed. That is why Kepler has been operating for so many years and there is no need to stop this project at the present time.
Achievements
To date, more than 400 exoplanets have been discovered using Kepler. All newly discovered ones are given the names of the telescope, with the assignment of a serial number and a letter. The letter shows how many planets the star has.
Of the hundreds discovered, several may well be habitable, Kepler showed. Planet 186f, for example, was at one time seriously considered the "twin" of the Earth. However
at the present time we cannot be sure of the real suitability of all discovered planets. After all, among other things, in order to be able to assert
what is suitable for life, it is necessary to study the set of really suitable ones. We have the opportunity to study only one planet, for sure
habitable Earth. There is very little of this material. But on the basis known facts, scientists believe that for the emergence of any life
liquid water is required. This parameter made it possible to introduce such a concept as the "habitable zone" - here are the planets on which, thanks to
favorable distance from the star, maybe liquid water. In this zone, water has a chance not to evaporate or freeze. The presence of liquid also depends on the brightness
stars, and from the remoteness of the planet itself from the luminary.
Second earth
What needs to be further clarified in order to claim that Kepler has been discovered, be that as it may, we cannot give such information
maybe. It was created only to detect the very presence of an exoplanet. However, we know for sure that the characteristics of the planet can be completely different.
For example, even a discovered gas giant cannot be a guarantee that there is no water on it. After all, he may well have a satellite with a suitable atmosphere.
Many factors are responsible for the likelihood of the emergence of life known to us: the presence of satellites, the distance from the star, the activity of the luminary, the presence of an unstable
stars in the neighborhood, giant planets in the star system. Based on the data known to us, scientists suggest that life can arise, first of all, on those
planets that are as close as possible to our own - revolving around a sun-like star in a similar orbit, having a similar mass, age,
radius and other parameters. With so many demands for a “second Earth,” the discovery of planets that are similar to the Earth causes strong emotions.
scientists and laymen. Currently, two exoplanets have been discovered that require closer attention, as they may well be the ones for which the Kepler astronomical satellite was created. Planet 186F and 452b.
Kepler 186f
186f Kepler - the planet was discovered in April 2014. Despite its considerable remoteness, quite a lot was found out about it: it revolves around a red dwarf with a frequency of 130 Earth days, larger than the earth on 10%. It orbits around the outer edge of the habitable zone. The statement of astrophysicists was greeted with enthusiasm, immediately a lot of ordinary people and even quite respected publications began to assume appearance planets, its characteristics and the bonuses that the Earth could receive from such a "sister". However, over time, scientists managed to bring dreamers back to reality.
In order to say exactly how likely life is on the planet, it is necessary to have much more data. For example, one needs to find out whether
atmosphere, its composition, composition and nature of the planet itself, surface temperature and many other characteristics. We currently do not have the equipment
capable of finding out all the factors of interest to us at such a huge distance. However, in the 2020s, it is planned to launch a similar mechanism into orbit,
for a detailed study of exoplanets.
How long does it take to fly to the planet Kepler 186f? Well, she is practically next to us - only some 400
Kepler 452b
It is located a little further away from us - at a distance of 1400 light years. The star around which this probable "double" of the Earth revolves is similar to our Sun.
The orbit of Kepler 452b is almost identical to Earth's. A day is equal to our 385 days. significantly larger than the Earth - the radius is 60% larger. In this way,
if the density of this planet is the same as that of the Earth, then it will weigh 4 times more, which will lead to greater gravity - 1.5 times. The age of the star system, in
which "lives" the planet of interest to us, 6 billion years, against 4.5 - the age of our Sun.
Could there be life on this planet? Maybe. But maybe not. Until there is accurate and modern equipment that will allow us to study the planets,
located at such vast distances, we will not be able to say exactly what this and others are, we will not be able to see photos of the planet Kepler 452b and others like it.
Tenderness and affection, love and care are associated with a person dear to the heart. Mom for many is the closest and native person who will understand under any circumstances, accept in any conditions and forgive any mistakes.
This is a man with a huge heart, ready for self-sacrifice for the sake of his children. In addition to grateful smiles and mutual love children, which are considered the most expensive reward for a woman, she is supposed to honorary title and from the state. In which case a woman modern society can count on a special status? How many children does the mother-heroine have to raise, and not just give birth to for this?
The history of the title
For the first time, the need to note the merits of a mother who is able to give birth, raise and meekly give her children to the state was felt at the end of the Second World War, back in 1944. The Soviet leaders, without suspecting it, established a high rank and the order “Mother Heroine”, which is due to this, on July 8. According to the Orthodox calendar, it is considered Valentine's Day, which is also celebrated as Family Day. The latter is venerated in memory of the saints of Murom, Peter and Fevronia, known for their fidelity and love for each other, who withstood despite prohibitions both during their life and after their death.
Initially, the question was how many children the heroine mother should give birth to and raise to her feet in order to receive a distinctive title. The plans were to reward communist women who gave birth and raised more than 10 children, one from each friendly republic of the USSR. But there were none, because those who took care of so many children were not up to joining the party and not up to party worries.
Which woman was the first to receive the status?
It was not for nothing that they remembered mothers at the end of the war. Considering huge losses needed to improve the demographic situation in the country.
Worthy contenders were looking for all over the country. The award ceremony was timed to coincide with the anniversary of the revolution. Orders were awarded to those mothers who, after giving birth and raising more than 10 children, lost their sons and daughters at the front. The first woman to receive the order was Aleksakhina Anna Savelyevna, who had 12 children, 8 of whom fought for their homeland at the front, and four of them laid down their heads in battle. This order was given to the State historical Museum children of Anna Savelyevna. In the funds of the museum, if you wish, you can look at the first award in the state. The award took place in the Kremlin with all honors. The greatest joy for the family was the increase in living space in the barracks, where a large family lived. After the war, a year later, they were given as many as two rooms, allowing them to settle in spacious apartments, but you can’t call their life easy: the time was hungry and difficult.
What benefits did women have in the past?
A woman was awarded an honorary title if the youngest child reached the age of one, and all older children had to be alive at the time of assigning a special status. In Soviet times, women with many children were entitled to tangible assistance, and this applied not only to those who had the title of “mother-heroine”. How many children did it take to raise for this?
With the birth of the third child, the state already supported the family. This includes good benefits for children and an increase in maternity leave. And also this registration out of turn in a nursery and a reduced fee for kindergarten, free meals at school.
BUT awarded with the order women retired five years earlier, had free travel to public transport on retirement and significant benefits in paying utility bills. A separate living space is the main privilege of heroine mothers, to which they had the right to claim even after their older children reach adulthood. No one dared to remove such a woman from the queue for housing, so she was guaranteed to receive the apartments provided by the state.
How the heroine mother's work is celebrated today
The last awarding of the order took place on November 14, 1991. With the collapse of the USSR, they forgot about the merits of mothers and preferred to forget about the benefits for them for a long time. In some regions, they tried to single out women who decided on such a feat of motherhood, marking them with a medal "For Merit to the Fatherland" or the Order of Friendship. But they did not give benefits and did not reflect the main essence of high rank.
How many children does the mother-heroine have today? What is the cost of educating worthy citizens? Understanding the relevance of issues within modern Russia, legislators drew attention to the demographic situation and the invaluable role of a woman who selflessly devotes herself to motherhood. The Order of the Mother Heroine was not returned, however, a new award for heroic parents exists in modern Russia - this is the Order of Parental Glory. Attached to it is also a certificate of honor. But is this enough?
How many children does a mother-heroine have to have in Russia to get the status?
Established in 2008, a new honorary state award is due to parents who raised 4-7 children. These may not necessarily be born children; adopted children are also taken into account. The Orthodox community also contributed and established the Order of Saints Peter and Fevronia of Murom, since 2007 it has been honoring worthy in six categories. This award is given to mothers whose children have become heroes of Russia, as well as whole families, teams and outstanding personalities who have made a huge contribution to strengthening the institution of the family in Russia.
What are the benefits and rights of modern heroine mothers?
Mothers who have taken on the difficult task of raising and caring for large families around the clock enjoy benefits that do not exist in all regions. Local self-government bodies in a number of areas provided for:
Discount on utilities from 30%;
free travel in public transport;
registration out of turn of the child in the nursery preschool;
for those who want to organize their own business (farm, small commercial enterprise), tax exemption is provided for a certain period of time, and in the future you can count on loyal taxation, an interest-free loan for the development of the enterprise;
subsidies, benefits in the construction of housing.
But the main help is maternity capital, which allows a woman to reasonably manage funds that can become the foundation of a woman’s financial independence. On how wisely she manages this opportunity, her future prosperity depends.
Status "mother-heroine": privileges in Ukraine
How are things in Ukraine? Women who have given birth or adopted, in accordance with the legislation of the country, 5 or more children and raised them up to 6 years of age, have the right to count on pension maintenance for special services to the state, and upon reaching the age of 8 children - on the honorary title "Mother Heroine" which is confirmed by the head of state. Able to make happy the mother-heroine how many children? Ukraine is a country in which the role of a mother of many children in society is deeply respected. Such women are entitled to:
a one-time remuneration in the form of a tenfold subsistence minimum in the state;
providing housing in the first place;
can count on a 25% supplement to the basic pension;
for early retirement, but with a reservation, if the length of service is at least 15 years;
at the age of 58, social assistance in the amount of 100% of the subsistence minimum, which a woman has the right to count on in the absence of the necessary length of service and loss of working capacity.
Titles and awards today: Order of Parental Glory
Thoroughly figuring out and answering the question of how many children the mother-heroine has (after all, Russia is a country that cares about its future, where issues of family education in large families are relevant and it is important to solve them at the state level), it is important to note the following.
The modern insignia - the Order of Parental Glory, is intended for two parents, obliging them to equally make efforts to raise children. The monetary award that is attached to the title is good help for family budget. But it is not enough in Russia today to have 7 or more children to obtain a status, because the procedure for processing documents for obtaining such a title is not easy. It is necessary to collect a whole package of documents confirming the right to proudly wear such an order. It is legitimate on the part of the state to cut off unreliable parents who do not educate, but only produce children into the world. But parents conscientiously fulfilling their paternal duty do not have enough free time to spend it on collecting documents confirming their decency. Therefore, not many parents who deserve the award received it today.
Ranks are good, but what is the real support of the state?
Mother-heroine in Russia, even with a new order, needs the support of the state. No wonder legislators started talking about the return of privileges for this category of citizens. After all, round-the-clock work and endless care is a feat that must be taken into account and, in addition to an extraordinary place for a child in kindergarten, it is necessary to think about the rest of the mother herself, who should be personally rewarded, at least with a health trip to the resort.
A woman who gives so much warmth and tenderness should herself be fully gifted, because her contribution to the cause of the state is great, so benefits for heroine mothers should be discussed today. And the state will receive a return, because prosperous children, with the care of a responsible mother, will soon regularly pay taxes and benefit, contributing to the prosperity of the country.
Nothing can compare with the emotions that literally overwhelm a woman after the birth of a child.
After all, to give life to a tiny creature that has been developing and growing under the heart for 9 months, in fact, is happiness in its purest form, shared with mothers and the state. At the same time, given that raising even one child, as well as providing for all his needs, is not easy enough, a number of preferences have been established at the legislative level for women who, within the framework of the law, are heroines due to the birth of more than 4 children.
The history of the title
Even at the beginning of the last century, it was the norm for ordinary families to raise from 8 to 10 children, and this despite the fact that there were no comfortable dwellings, no quality children's things, no complete food ration, not to mention kindergartens, which were far from accessible. everyone. Of course, it was not easy to feed such a number of babies, as well as to provide for their daily needs, but the parents tried, which in fact, after several decades, was expressed in caring for the elderly mother and father from grown-up children.
Naturally, the state could not stand aside and, in gratitude for the birth of 10 children or more, as well as their worthy upbringing, established in 1944 the first motherhood award - "Mother heroine". This distinctive sign in the form of an order was provided in order to increase the demographic level and, accordingly, the birth rate, which not only significantly decreased during the war years, but was also difficult due to the death of many young people during the war years who could not become parents.
Also, with the introduction of this award, women recognized as a heroine received not only a letter from the Presidium of the Armed Forces, but also a number of benefits, such as material order in the form of an increased amount of benefits, and household, in particular, the same extraordinary admission of babies to children. gardens and improving housing conditions by obtaining apartments from the state. It should be noted that women received the honorary title not only for children born to her personally, but also for those adopted, but on the condition that at least 10 children were raised, in general, and by the time the honorary title was received, the youngest was at least a year old, and the rest of the children were alive.
Naturally, with the collapse of the USSR, many of the privileges sunk into oblivion, including the honorary title of Mother Heroine, which, in view of the nuances of legislation, was valid only at the time of the union, and after the formation of the Russian Federation, it was leveled, as well as a number of benefits, which during the existence About half a million mothers were able to receive this award.
For the Mother Heroine award, see the following video:
Modern analogue awards
In Soviet times, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Armed Forces of 1944, in addition to the Order of the Mother Heroine, some more awards, namely:
- Medal of motherhood 1 and 2 degrees for raising 6 and 5 children, respectively;
- Order of "Maternal Glory" 1-3 degrees for the birth of 9 to 7 children.
That is, in fact, motherhood for half a century was rewarded on the very high level and was encouraged through a number of preferences, which were canceled with the collapse of the USSR and, accordingly, were not applied for more than 15 years until the adoption of Presidential Decree No. 775 in 2008 on the establishment of the Order of "Parental Glory", through which women are currently rewarded for the birth and upbringing of children in the Russian Federation. By the way, in 2010, Decree No. 1099 established another award, namely Medal of the Order of Parental Glory.
It is worth noting that, unlike the previous legislation on the remuneration of motherhood, applied in Soviet times, the current law provides for gratitude for the upbringing of children not only for the mother, but also for the father , given that the birth of babies, as well as their upbringing, is the responsibility of both parents, and not just the mother.
Another innovation was the strict selection of families that can qualify for the agreed gratitude at the state level, because previously certain conditions, except for the number of children, were not established in the law, in contrast to the present.
So, in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 1099, parents can only apply for an honorary title and order subject to the following conditions:
- stay in an officially registered marriage;
- creating favorable conditions for children, which imply a healthy lifestyle, spiritual and physical development, as well as an appropriate level of care and concern for all the needs of babies, both their own and those adopted;
- reaching the youngest child, at least 3 years of age;
- upbringing of adopted crumbs for at least 5 years.
Another significant difference should be noted, namely the number of families that are presented for the award. After all, earlier in the days of the USSR, more than 10 thousand women a year received the honorary title "Mother Heroine", while at the moment we are talking only about two families per region. And even then, after a thorough check of the living conditions, maintenance and satisfaction of all the needs of the children, from clothing and diet, and ending with cultural development in the form of visiting museums, exhibitions and water parks.
Family size
In 2008, with the issuance of Decree 775, parents were initially eligible for benefits for raising four or more children However, in view of the fact that a third of the families fell under the agreed parameters, it was rather difficult to carry out the selection.
It was also taken into account that the birth and upbringing of 4 children, in comparison with a large number of babies, is much more difficult to implement both in the moral and material sense, in connection with which the need to amend this act arose.
In particular, since 2010 Decree No. 1099 has established that Order of Parental Glory can only be assigned to those parents in whose family bringing up at least 7 kids, and with the condition that all children at the time of selection and execution of documents are alive and youngest child reached 3 years old. At the same time, if one or more of the seven children died as a result of the performance of military duty or died in connection with the receipt or illness, the parents do not lose the right to receive the order, given that their child, in fact, fulfilled his public duty towards the Russian Federation .
But expect to receive Medals of the Order of Parental Glory in pursuance of the stipulated Decree, parents may, on whose support there are 4 or more children, but on the condition that the family is complete, self-sufficient and, one might say, exemplary, in view of the observance of all criteria for the upbringing and provision of children with proper upbringing, and material benefits, and cultural and moral development.
At the same time, both in relation to applicants for the order, and for the medal, the order multiple conditions apply. In particular:
- Applicant families must necessarily be citizens of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, have supporting documents of birth of a Russian type;
- cannot reside outside of Russia;
- must be a complete and perfect family.
Award procedure
Of course, not all families, even with 7 children, can qualify for state awards in view of the list of criteria that are approved by the Letter of the Presidential Administration No. AK-3560.
In particular, parents are presented for the award based on the request of the local authorities , to which is attached the following package of documents:
That is, in fact, the above documents must confirm that children are not only kept in ideal conditions, but also brought up in love and care, and also fully develop in all respects from intellectual to moral.
Wherein can't claim for an order or medal, parents who:
- were deprived or limited in parental rights;
- gave the children to state support;
- have a criminal record or other problems with the law.
The above package of documents is submitted for consideration already at the regional level to specially created commissions that study the data provided and make a decision after 30 days. Then the decision of the commission with a petition and confirming data of consistency is submitted for consideration in the form of a presentation to the President through authorized representatives of the regional level.
Over the next 3 months, the rules for presenting awards to parents are being developed, according to which the whole family is invited to an official meeting and receive the order or medal "Parental Glory" already in Moscow.
Benefits and allowances
In most cases, families with many children strive to receive the Order of Parental Glory, not at all because this gratitude is the highest state award, but in connection with the benefits that come with it. So, in pursuance of Decree No. 775, the award is attached one-time allowance in the amount of 100 thousand rubles, which is paid in the manner approved by Resolution No. 1438.
Also considering that already with three children, the family is recognized, but already at the local level, parents are offered a number of social benefits, in particular:
The solemn presentation of these orders in St. Petersburg is shown in this video: