The most grandiose man-made landforms on earth. Landforms
Lesson 11-13. Section 3. Relief of the Earth. 7th grade. Authors I.V. Dushina, T.L. Smoktunovich.
"Lesson 11. Planetary landforms"
Planetary landforms
Lesson 11
Class 7
- What is the lithosphere?
- Name the types of the earth's crust
What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust
-Where are the most numerous volcanoes in Eurasia? Explain this fact.
- Show on the map where the lithospheric plates diverge.
-Give examples of the collision of lithospheric plates.
Stable areas of the earth's crust
PLATFORM – ancient stable area of the Earth's crust.
PLATE - a young stable area of the earth's crust.
Platforms correspond to plains, elevated or dining areas.
Give an example on the map
Find ancient platforms
/work in pairs/.
Mobile parts of the earth's crust
- FOLDED AREAS - active, mobile part of the earth's crust.
Working with the atlas: Mountains are divided by age, height. Give examples of mountains.
The area of the most ancient folding - the Baikal (Caledonian) mountains of Transbaikalia, the Brazilian Plateau
Area of ancient folding - Hercynian - Appalachians, Urals, Great Dividing Range
The area of medium folding is the Mesozoic Cordillera, the Himalayas, the mountains of the North-East of Siberia (Verkhoyansky Ridge, Chersky Ridge, Kolyma Highlands), Sikhote-Alin.
Area of new and recent folding. - Cenozoic-Andes, Mountains and highlands of the Alpine-Himalayan belt, Sredinny ridge in Kamchatka ...)
- Working with the map, textbook pp. 50-51. Workbook page 29, task 5,6,7.
Map "The structure of the earth's crust" /work with the map/
Landforms
Fill in the diagram
the largest
ocean trenches
Landforms
Checking
continents
the largest
ocean trenches
ridges
mountains
hollows
large
lowlands
plains
hills
ravines
medium and small
hills
Practical work. /in pairs/ Describe relief South America according to plan
1 . Name the main landforms of the mainland.
2. What tectonic structure is the mainland on?
3. Age and properties of this structure.
4. With what structures and how does it interact, what happens?
5. What landforms correspond to the tectonic structures of South America?
6. What minerals are rich in the mainland, what are the features of their occurrence.
Reflection
- A basic level of- Paragraph 9, questions p.54, complete in the workbook Lesson 10.
- Advanced level - School of Geographer-Country Studies, textbook, p.54.
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"Lesson 12. Patterns of placement of large landforms and useful deposits"
Patterns of placement of large landforms and mineral deposits
Lesson 12
Class 7
- What is a platform?
- What internal and external forces change the relief? Give examples.
- What are minerals?
- Into what groups and on what grounds can they be divided?
Patterns. Workbook, pp. 30-31, task 1,2,34. Atlas work.
On platforms - formed THE PLAINS.
The surface is composed of sedimentary rocks.
Shit- outcropping of crystalline rocks
At the boundaries of the lithospheric plates, where the earth's crust is compressed, MOUNTAINS.
- Name the major plains of the world.
- Name the major mountain systems peace.
- Task: Workbook, p.31, task 5,6,7,8. /work in pairs/
Anchoring
What are the patterns of location of large plains and folded mountain belts?
How are large plains and mountains located relative to each other on the continents? What are the features of the placement of large landforms in Eurasia? What explains these features?
What are minerals? On what grounds are they distinguished?
Where are deposits of igneous minerals usually located?
How are sedimentary minerals formed and where are their deposits located?
What is called regularity? Which of them do you already know?
What parts of the continents are rich in deposits of igneous, which - in deposits of sedimentary minerals? Why?
Reflection
LESSON
I AM IN THE LESSON
Interesting
TOTAL
Boring.
Have worked.
Helped others.
Don't care
Understood the material.
Rested.
Learned more than I knew.
Didn't understand the material.
- Basic level - Paragraph 10, questions p.58. complete the task in the workbook, lesson 11.
- Advanced level - School of Geographer-Country Studies, textbook p. 58, workbook p. 32.
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"Lesson 13 Transformation of the relief as a result of human activities"
Relief transformation as a result economic activity human
Lesson 13
Class 7
What internal forces can destroy the Earth's relief? What external forces can destroy the Earth's relief?
But there are guys one more force, maybe even more terrible than natural.
- And now you can guess what kind of power we are talking about.
- In the Ural Mountains there is a mountain called High, but it is only on the map, they often say about it "not a High mountain, but a deep hole."
- What strength are we talking about?
- (the mountain is worked out in such a way that huge quarries gape in its place).
- Mining is carried out both by open and closed methods. Both of them change the surface of the Earth. With the open method, quarries and mountains appear (mounds of waste rock - waste heaps).
- During underground long-term mining of minerals, subsidence (> 6-7 meters) of the earth's surface often occurs on large areas, sometimes failures.
- How would you evaluate human activity in relation to nature in this case, positively or negatively?
- What consequences can this lead to?
- One must always remember...
- The relief changes most strongly during open-pit mining /quarry depth reaches 1-5 km/
- Give examples of landforms created as a result of economic activity.
- What changes in relief have occurred in our area over the past 50 years?
- What are the most grandiose man-made landforms you know?
- Embankments, dams, dikes, canals, cities, etc.
Consolidation / work in pairs /
- Solve the crossword "Lithosphere and the relief of the Earth." Workbook, page 33, task 5.
1. Huge areas of the lithosphere, slowly moving through the mantle.
2. Fire-liquid magma poured onto the Earth's surface.
3. Crushing the rocks of the earth into folds.
4. Scientific assumption.
5. A set of forms of the earth's surface.
6. Deep and long depression at the bottom of the ocean.
7. Dependencies, repetitive connections, constantly operating on Earth.
8. Very large areas of land.
The layer of the earth's crust that is part of both continental and oceanic crust.
Plate, lava, folding, hypothesis, relief, trench, regularity, mainland, basalt.
Reflection
LESSON
I AM IN THE LESSON
Interesting
TOTAL
Boring.
Have worked.
Don't care
Helped others.
Understood the material.
Rested.
Learned more than I knew.
Didn't understand the material.
- Basic level - Paragraph 11, questions p.61. complete the task in the workbook, lesson 12.
- Advanced level - Workbook p.33, task 7. What objects of the lithosphere would you suggest to add to the list world heritage? Why?
- High level - School of geographer-country studies, textbook p. 61.
Recently, I began to pay attention to the numerous information in the media about human intervention in nature. This interference is manifested not only in pollution environment, downsizing various kinds plants and animals, but also in the artificial modification of the relief of our planet. I will tell you about the largest man-made landforms.
Pipe "Mir" in Yakutia
One of the most grandiose man-made landforms, in my opinion, is a huge diamond quarry. It is located in Yakutia near the city of Mirny. Or rather, this city was formed close to the quarry, because it appeared only after the opening of the pipe.
Pipe "Mir" is simply amazing in its size. It is difficult to imagine that its depth is already more than 500 meters, and its diameter is about 1.2 kilometers. In shape, it looks like a huge spiral funnel. The length of the serpentine road from the surface to the bottom of the tube is 8 kilometers. This quarry is so huge that it is even forbidden to fly over it. After all, he is able to suck the plane into himself.
The development of this quarry took place in very difficult conditions. I had to repeatedly undermine the permafrost with dynamite. But people coped with their task and were able to develop the largest diamond quarry, which has already allowed to mine great amount precious stone.
In the future, it is planned to divide the eco-city into three levels inside the funnel:
- farmland;
- forest strip for air purification;
- the upper tier is for human habitation.
White Sea Canal
Another significant man-made landform is the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Yes, yes, the very White Sea Canal. Its length reached 227 km. Moreover, it was developed in record time. It took only 1 year and 9 months.
Its development was carried out by cheap labor - prisoners using only hand tools. Working conditions were so difficult that the construction of the canal claimed the lives of about a hundred thousand people. In those days it was the beginning of the great camp constructions, and now it is one of the most important shipping channels.
Landforms describe all the irregularities of the day surface of various sizes and shapes. The division into groups occurs based on the size of the object. To describe the nature of the surface, the concept of types and relief elements is used.
What are landforms?
The level of the World Ocean is taken as the average level of the Earth's surface. Positive forms rise above the average level, negative forms are below the average level.
The classification of natural landforms is based on their size.
- Planetary - land areas of positive shape (continents); negative forms (oceans).
- On the continents, forms of a smaller scale are described - mountainous countries and lowlands are positive, river beds, lake basins are negative. In the oceans, too, there are negative forms, these are oceanic depressions and deep-sea trenches. Positive forms on the ocean floor are represented by ridges and individual mountain peaks.
Some underwater ridges rise above the ocean level, they are called islands, island arcs, archipelagos.
- The next stage in the selection of smaller forms consists of a description of parts of mountainous countries - ridges, individual peaks, plateaus, gorges. There are hills and ravines within the borders of the lowlands.
- Very small forms - dunes, dunes, sinkholes, caves.
Rice. 1. The dunes of the Sahara.
Anthropogenic landforms
These are landforms created by humans. This includes waste heaps, dams, road embankments, tunnels, quarries, ponds, channels. Artificial forms are created in addition to natural ones, some of them appear as a result of industrial development of the territory.
Rice. 2. Mirny city, Diamond quarry.
Landforms
The types of relief characterize the type of surface. Main types: flat, hilly, mountainous relief.
Typically, this classification is used by builders and the military.
A flat relief is called a slightly rugged type of terrain. By altitude plains are divided into negative (below the ocean level; Caspian lowland, underwater plains) and positive - low (height from 0 to 200 m), elevated (200-500 m), plateaus (above 500 m).
Rice. 3. Central Siberian Plateau.
Hilly relief (medium-crossed type) can be wavy, ravine, stepped, its elements are hills with gentle slopes, hollows.
The mountainous or strongly rugged relief is represented by ridges, individual mountains, passes, gorges, river valleys. The mountains are divided into low (height no more than 1 thousand m, Ural), medium (1-2 thousand m, Carpathians), high (above 2 thousand m, Andes, Pamir). Some experts distinguish an additional group of the highest mountains (above 8 thousand meters, the Himalayas). Often the slopes are steep, close to vertical.
What have we learned?
We learned that main characteristic landforms is their size and position relative to ocean level, from the largest planetary scale to small, important for a particular area. Man-made forms are called anthropogenic. We found out what types of terrain are that display the type of surface.
Topic quiz
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Relief- a set of irregularities of the earth's surface.
The relief is composed of positive (convex) and negative (concave) shapes. The largest negative forms relief on Earth - the depressions of the oceans, positive - continents. These are landforms of the first order. Landforms second order - mountains and plains (both on land and at the bottom of the oceans). The surface of mountains and plains has a complex relief, consisting of smaller forms.
Morphostructures- large elements of the relief of land, the bottom of the oceans and seas, the leading role in the formation of which belongs to endogenous processes . The largest irregularities on the Earth's surface form protrusions of the continents and depressions of the oceans. The largest land relief elements are flat-platform and mountainous areas.
Plain-platform areas include flat parts of ancient and young platforms and occupy about 64% of the land area. Among the flat-platform areas there are low , with absolute heights of 100-300 m (East European, West Siberian, Turan, North American plains), and high raised latest movements crust to a height of 400-1000 m (Central Siberian Plateau, African-Arabian, Hindustan, significant parts of the Australian and South American plains).
mountainous areas occupy about 36% of the land area.
Underwater margin of the mainland (about 14% of the Earth's surface) includes a shallow, flat, as a whole, continental shelf (shelf), a continental slope, and a continental foot located at depths from 2500 to 6000 m. The continental slope and the continental foot separate the protrusions of the continents, formed by the combination of land and shelf, from the main part of the ocean floor, called the ocean floor.
Island arc zone - transitional zone of the ocean bed. The actual ocean bed (about 40% of the Earth's surface) is mostly occupied by deep-water (average depth 3-4 thousand m) plains, which correspond to oceanic platforms.
Morphosculptures- elements of the relief of the earth's surface, in the formation of which the leading role belongs to exogenous processes . The work of rivers and temporary streams plays the greatest role in the formation of morphosculptures. They create widespread fluvial (erosion and accumulative) forms (river valleys, gullies, ravines, etc.). Glacial forms are widespread due to the activity of modern and ancient glaciers, especially the sheet type (the northern part of Eurasia and North America). They are represented by valley-mitrogs, "ram's foreheads" and "curly" rocks, moraine ridges, eskers, etc. In the vast territories of Asia and North America, where permafrost rock strata are widespread, various forms of permafrost (cryogenic) relief are developed.
The most important landforms.
The largest landforms are the protrusions of the continents and the depressions of the oceans. Their distribution depends on the presence of a granite layer in earth's crust.
The main landforms of land are mountains And plains . Approximately 60% of the land is occupied plains- vast areas of the earth's surface with relatively small (up to 200 m) elevation fluctuations. According to the absolute height, the plains are divided into lowlands (height 0-200 m), hills (200-500 m) and plateaus (above 500 m). By the nature of the surface - flat, hilly, stepped.
Table “Relief and landforms. Plains.
Mountains- elevations of the earth's surface (more than 200 m) with clearly defined slopes, soles, peaks. By appearance mountains are subdivided into mountain ranges, chains, ridges and mountainous countries. Separate mountains are rare, representing either volcanoes or the remains of ancient destroyed mountains. Morphological mountain elements are: base (sole); slopes; peak or ridge (near ridges).
sole of the mountain- this is the border between its slopes and the surrounding area, and it is expressed quite clearly. With a gradual transition from the plains to the mountains, a strip is distinguished, which is called the foothills.
slopes occupy most of the surface of the mountains and are extremely diverse in appearance and steepness.
Vertex- the highest point of the mountain (mountain ranges), the pointed peak of the mountain - the peak.
Mountain countries(mountain systems) - large mountain structures, which consist of mountain ranges - linearly elongated mountain uplifts intersecting with slopes. The points of connection and intersection of mountain ranges form mountain nodes. These are usually the highest parts of mountainous countries. The depression between two ridges is called a mountain valley.
uplands- sections of mountainous countries, consisting of heavily destroyed ridges and high plains covered with destruction products.
Table “Relief and landforms. Mountains"
Mountains are divided into low (up to 1000 m), medium-high (1000-2000 m), high (more than 2000 m). According to the structure, folded, folded-block and blocky mountains are distinguished. By geomorphological age, young, rejuvenated and revived mountains are distinguished. On land, mountains of tectonic origin predominate, in the oceans - volcanic.
Volcano(from lat. vulcanus - fire, flame) - a geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, along which earth's surface lava, ash, combustible gases, water vapor and rock fragments erupt. Allocate active, dormant Andextinct volcanoes. The volcano is made up of four main parts : magma chamber, vent, cone and crater. There are about 600 volcanoes all over the world. Most of of which is found along plate boundaries, where red-hot magma rises from the Earth's interior and erupts to the surface.
typical volcano is a hill with a pipe passing through its thickness, called the vent of a volcano with a magma chamber (magma accumulation area), from which the vent rises. In addition to the vent, small channels with magma, called mudflows and dikes, can also depart from the magma chamber. When a magma chamber creates high pressure, up the vent rises and is thrown into the air a mixture of magma and hard stones - lava. This phenomenon is called volcanic eruption . If the lava is very thick, it can solidify in the vent of the volcano, forming a plug. However, enormous pressure from below explodes the cork, spewing large blocks of rock called volcanic bombs high into the air. After each volcanic eruption, the lava solidifies into a hard crust. Volcanic hills with steep slopes are called conical, with gentle slopes - shield. Modern active volcanoes: Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Avachinskaya Sopka (Kamchatka, Russia), Isalko (El Salvador), MaunaLoa (Hawaii), etc.