What is the history of the settlement of South America? Colonization of North America Colonization of America years.
Mainland North America was deserted at the moment when the Lower and Middle were replaced in the eastern hemisphere, and the Eurasian Neanderthal gradually turned into homo sapiens, trying to live in a tribal system.
The American land saw a man only at the very end of the Ice Age, 15 - 30 thousand years ago (From latest research: ).
Man came to the territory of America from Asia through a narrow isthmus that once existed on the site of the modern Bering Strait. It was from this that the history of the development of America began. The first people went south, sometimes interrupting their movement. When Wisconsin glaciation was coming to an end, and the earth was divided by the waters of the ocean into the Western and Eastern hemispheres (11 thousand years BC), the development of people began who became aborigines. They were called the Indians, the native inhabitants of America.
He called the aborigines Indians Christopher Columbus. He was sure that he was standing off the coast of India, and therefore it was an appropriate name for the natives. It took root, but the mainland began to be called America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, after Columbus' error became apparent.
The first people from Asia were hunters and gatherers. Having settled down on the land, they began to engage in agriculture. At the beginning of our era, the territories of Central America, Mexico, and Peru were mastered. These were the Mayan, Inca (read about), Aztec tribes.
The European conquerors could not come to terms with the idea that some savages created early class social relations, built entire civilizations.
The first attempts at colonization were made by the Vikings in 1000 AD. According to the sagas, Leif, the son of Eric the Red, landed his detachment near Newfoundland. He discovered the country, calling it Vinland, the country of grapes. But the settlement did not last long, disappearing without a trace.
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When Columbus discovered America, the most diverse Indian tribes already existed on it, standing at different stages of social development.
In 1585 Walter Raleigh, favorite of Elizabeth I, founded the first English colony on the island in North America Roanoke. He called her Virginia, in honor of the virgin queen (virgin).
The settlers did not want to do hard work and develop new lands. They were more interested in gold. Everyone suffered from a gold rush and went even to the ends of the earth in search of an attractive metal.
Lack of provisions cruel treatment with the Indians from the British and, as a result, the confrontation - all this put the colony in jeopardy. England could not come to the rescue, as at that moment it was at war with Spain.
A rescue expedition was organized only in 1590, but the settlers were no longer there. Famine and confrontation with the Indians depleted Virginia.
The colonization of America was in question, as England was going through hard times (economic difficulties, war with Spain, constant religious strife). After the death of Elizabeth I (1603) on the throne was James I Stuart who didn't care about the Roanoke Island colony. He made peace with Spain, thereby recognizing the enemy's right to New World. It was the time of the "lost colony", as Virginia is called in English historiography.
This state of affairs did not suit the Elizabethan veterans who participated in the wars with Spain. They aspired to the New World out of a thirst for enrichment and a desire to wipe the nose of the Spaniards. Under their pressure, James I gave his permission to resume the colonization of Virginia.
To make the plan come true, the veterans created joint-stock companies, where they invested their funds and joint efforts. The issue of settling the New World was resolved at the expense of the so-called "rebels" and "loafers". That is how they called people who found themselves homeless or without means of subsistence in the course of the development of bourgeois relations.
In the spring of 1492, the Spaniards took Granada, the last stronghold of the Moors on the Iberian Peninsula, and on August 3 of the same year, three caravels of Christopher Columbus set off from the Spanish port of Paloe on a long voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in order to open the western route to India and East Asia.
Not wanting to aggravate relations with Portugal, the Spanish kings Ferdinand and Isabella initially preferred to hide the real purpose of this trip.
Columbus was appointed "admiral and viceroy of all the lands that he discovers in these seas-oceans", with the right to keep for his own benefit one tenth of all income from them, "whether it be pearls or precious stones, gold or silver, spices and others things and goods.
Biographical information about Columbus is very scarce. He was born in 1451 in Italy, not far from Genoa, in the family of a weaver, but there is no exact information about where he studied and when he became a navigator.
It is known that in the 80s he lived in Lisbon and, obviously, participated in several voyages to the coast of Guinea, but these voyages were not what attracted him.
He hatched a project to open the shortest route from Europe to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean; he studied the work of Pierre d'Agli (which was mentioned above), as well as the works of Toscanelli and other cosmographers of the 14th-15th centuries, who proceeded from the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth, but significantly underestimated the length of the western route to Asia.
However, Columbus failed to interest the Portuguese king in his project. The “Council of Mathematicians” in Lisbon, which had previously discussed the plans of all expeditions, rejected his proposals as fantastic, and Columbus had to leave for Spain, where the project of opening a new route to Asia unknown to the Portuguese was supported by Ferdinand and Isabella.
On October 12, 1492, 69 days after the departure from the Spanish port of Palosa, the Columbus caravels, having overcome all the difficulties of the journey, reached San Salvador (apparently modern Watling), one of the islands of the Bahamas group, located off the coast of the new, not mainland known to Europeans; This day is considered the date of the discovery of America.
The success of the expedition was achieved not only thanks to the leadership of Columbus, but also to the stamina of the entire crew, recruited from the inhabitants of Palos and other seaside cities of Spain who knew the sea well.
In total, Columbus made four expeditions to America, during which he discovered and explored Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti), Jamaica and other islands of the Caribbean Sea, the eastern coast of Central America and the coast of Venezuela in the northern part of South America. On the island of Hispaniola, he founded a permanent colony, which later became the stronghold of the Spanish conquests in America.
During his expeditions, Columbus proved to be not only a passionate seeker of new lands, but also a man who strove for enrichment. In the diary of his first trip, he wrote: “I am doing everything possible to get to where I can find gold and spices ...” “Gold,” he writes from Jamaica, “is perfection. Gold creates treasures, and the one who owns it can do whatever he wants, and is even able to enter human souls into paradise. In order to increase the profitability of the islands he discovered, on which, as it soon turned out, there was not so much gold and spices, he proposed to take slaves from there to Spain: “... And even,” he writes to the Spanish kings, “even slaves die on the way However, not all of them face the same fate.
Columbus was unable to geographically correctly evaluate his discoveries and conclude that he had discovered a new continent unknown to him.
Until the end of his life, he assured everyone that he had reached the shores of Southeast Asia, about the fabulous riches of which Marco Polo wrote and the Spanish nobles, merchants, and kings dreamed.
He called the lands he discovered "Indies", and their inhabitants - "Indians". Even during his last trip, he reported to Spain that Cuba is South China, and the coast of Central America is part of the Malay Peninsula and that south of it there must be a strait through which you can get to rich India.
1. Globe Martin Beheim 1492 (before the discovery of America). 2. Globe of Lenox 1510-1512. (after the discovery of America).
The news of the discovery of Columbus caused great alarm in Portugal.
The Portuguese believed that the Spaniards had violated their right to own all the lands south and east of Cape Bojador, confirmed earlier by the Pope, and ahead of them in reaching the shores of India; they even prepared a military expedition to seize the lands discovered by Columbus.
In the end, Spain turned to the pope to resolve this dispute. With a special bull, the pope blessed the seizure by Spain of all the lands discovered by Columbus. In Rome, these discoveries were evaluated in terms of spreading the Catholic faith and increasing the influence of the church.
The pope resolved the dispute between Spain and Portugal in the following way: Spain was granted the right to own all the lands located to the west of the line passing through the Atlantic Ocean one hundred leagues (about 600 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands.
In 1494, on the basis of this bull, Spain and Portugal divided the spheres of conquest among themselves under an agreement concluded in the Spanish city of Tordesillas; the dividing line between the colonial possessions of both states was established 370 leagues (over 2 thousand km) west of the above islands.
Both states arrogated to themselves the right to pursue and seize all foreign ships that appeared in their waters, to impose duties on them, to judge their crews according to their laws, etc.
But the discoveries of Columbus gave Spain too little gold, and soon after the success of Vasco da Gama, the country was disappointed in the Spanish "Indies". Columbus began to be called a deceiver, who instead of fabulously rich India discovered a country of grief and misfortune, which became the place of death of many Castilian nobles.
The Spanish kings deprived him of the monopoly right to make discoveries in the western direction and that share of the income received from the lands discovered by him, which was initially assigned to him. He lost all his property, which went to cover debts to his creditors.
Columbus, abandoned by everyone, died in 1506. Contemporaries forgot the great navigator, they even gave the name of the mainland he discovered by the name of the Italian scientist Amerigo Vespucci, who in 1499-1504. took part in the exploration of the shores of South America and whose letters aroused great interest in Europe. "These countries should be called the New World ..." - he wrote.
After Columbus, other conquistadors in search of gold and slaves continued to expand Spain's colonial holdings in the Americas.
In 1508, two Spanish nobles received royal patents for establishing colonies on the American mainland; the following year, the Spanish colonization of the Isthmus of Panama began; in 1513 conquistador Vasco Nunez Balboa, with a small detachment, was the first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and reach the shores of the Pacific Ocean, which he called " South Sea". A few years later, the Spaniards discovered the Yucatan and Mexico, and also reached the mouth of the Mississippi River.
Attempts were made to find the strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific, and thus complete the work begun by Columbus - to reach the shores of East Asia by the western route.
This strait was searched for in 1515-1516. the Spanish sailor de Solis, who, moving along the Brazilian coast, reached the La Plata River; the Portuguese navigators, who made their expeditions in great secrecy, also looked for him.
In Europe, some geographers were so sure of the existence of this yet undiscovered strait that they put it on maps in advance.
A new plan for a large expedition to search for a southwestern passage to the Pacific Ocean and reach Asia by the western route was proposed to the Spanish king by Fernando Magellan, a Portuguese sailor from poor nobles who lived in Spain.
Magellan fought under the banner of the Portuguese king in Southwest Asia on land and at sea, participated in the capture of Malacca, in campaigns in North Africa, but returned to his homeland without great ranks and wealth; after being denied even a minor promotion by the king, he left Portugal.
Magellan, back in Portugal, began to develop an expedition project to search for the southwestern strait from Atlantic Ocean into the open Balboa "South Sea", through which, as he assumed, it was possible to reach the Moluccas. In Madrid, in the "Council of Indian Affairs", which was in charge of all matters relating to the Spanish colonies, they became very interested in Magellan's projects; the council members liked his assertion that the Moluccas, under the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, should belong to Spain and that the shortest route to them was through the southwestern strait into the "South Sea", which was owned by Spain.
Magellan was absolutely sure of the existence of this strait, although, as subsequent facts showed, the only source of his confidence was the maps on which this strait was plotted without any reason.
Under the agreement concluded by Magellan with the Spanish king Charles I, he received five ships and the funds needed for the expedition; he was appointed admiral with the right to keep for his own benefit a twentieth of the income that the expedition and the new possessions that he added to the Spanish crown would bring. “Since I,” the king wrote to Magellan, “is known for certain that there are spices on the Molucco islands, I send you mainly in search of them, and it is my will that you go straight to these islands.”
On September 20, 1519, five ships of Magellan left San Lucar for this journey. It went on for three years. Having overcome the great difficulties of navigation in the unexplored southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, he found the southwestern strait, later named after him. The strait was much further south than indicated on the maps that Magellan believed. Having entered the "South Sea", the expedition headed for the shores of Asia.
Magellan called the "South Sea" the Pacific Ocean, "because, as one of the expedition members reports, we have never experienced the slightest storm." For more than three months the flotilla sailed across the open ocean; part of the crew, who suffered greatly from hunger and thirst, died from scurvy. In the spring of 1521, Magellan reached the islands off the east coast of Asia, later called the Philippine.
Pursuing the goal of conquering the lands he discovered, Magellan intervened in the feud between two local rulers and was killed on April 27 in a skirmish with the inhabitants of one of these islands. The crew of the expedition, after the death of their admiral, completed this most difficult voyage; only two ships reached the Moluccas, and only one ship, the Victoria, was able to continue on its way to Spain with a cargo of spices.
The crew of this ship, under the command of d'Elcano, made a long voyage to Spain around Africa, managing to avoid meeting with the Portuguese, who were ordered from Lisbon to detain all members of the Magellan expedition. Of the entire crew of Magellan's expedition, unparalleled in courage (265 people), only 18 people returned to their homeland; but "Victoria" brought a large cargo of spices, the sale of which covered all the expenses of the expedition and gave a significant profit.
The great navigator Magellan completed the work begun by Columbus - he reached the Asian mainland and the Moluccas by the western route, opening a new sea route from Europe to Asia, although it did not gain practical importance due to the distance and difficulty of navigation.
It was the first in human history circumnavigation; it irrefutably proved the spherical shape of the earth and the inseparability of the oceans washing the land.
In the same year, when Magellan set off in search of a new sea route to the Motlukk Islands, a small detachment of Spanish conquistadors, who had horses and armed with 13 cannons, set off from Cuba to the interior of Mexico to conquer the Aztec state, whose wealth was not inferior to that of India.
The detachment was led by the Spanish hidalgo Hernando Cortes. Cortes, who came from 11 families of impoverished hidalgos, according to one of the participants in this campaign, "had little money, but a lot of debt." But, having acquired plantations in Cuba, he was able to organize an expedition to Mexico, partly at his own expense.
In their clashes with the Aztecs, the Spaniards, who possessed firearms, steel armor and horses not previously seen in America and instilled panic in the Indians, as well as using improved combat tactics, received an overwhelming superiority of forces.
In addition, the resistance of the Indian tribes to foreign invaders was weakened by the enmity between the Aztecs and the tribes they conquered. This explains the rather easy victories of the Spanish troops.
Having landed on the Mexican coast, Cortes led his detachment to the capital of the Aztec state, the city of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City). The path to the capital passed through the area of Indian tribes who were at war with the Aztecs, and this made the trip easier. Entering Tenochtitlan, the Spaniards were amazed at the size and wealth of the Aztec capital. Soon they managed to treacherously capture the supreme ruler of the Aztecs, Montezuma, and on his behalf begin to rule the country.
They demanded that the Indian leaders subject to Montezuma swear allegiance to the Spanish king and pay tribute in gold. In the building where the Spanish detachment was located, a secret room was discovered, in which there was a rich treasure of gold items and precious stones. All gold things were poured into square bars and divided among the participants of the campaign, and most of went to Cortes, king and viceroy of Cuba.
Soon a great uprising broke out in the country against the power of greedy and cruel foreigners; the rebels laid siege to the Spanish detachment, which sat down with the captive supreme ruler in his palace. With heavy losses, Cortés managed to break out of the siege and withdraw from Tenochtitlan; many Spaniards died because they rushed to riches and took so much that they could hardly walk.
And this time, the Spaniards were helped by those Indian tribes who took their side and were now afraid of the revenge of the Aztecs. In addition, Cortes replenished his squad with Spaniards who arrived from Cuba. Having gathered a 10,000-strong army, Cortes again approached the capital of Mexico and laid siege to the city. The siege was long; during it, most of the population of this populous city died of hunger, thirst and disease. On August 3, 1521, the Spaniards finally entered the ruined Aztec capital.
The Aztec state became a Spanish colony; the Spaniards seized a lot of gold and precious stones in this country, distributed the lands to their colonists, and turned the Indian population into slaves and serfs. "The Spanish conquest," says Engels of the Aztecs, "cut off all further independent development."
Soon after the conquest of Mexico, the Spaniards conquered Guatemala and Honduras in Central America, and in 1546, after several invasions, they subjugated the Yucatan Peninsula, inhabited by the Mayan people. “There were too many rulers and they plotted against each other too much,” one of the Indians explained the defeat of the Maya.
The Spanish conquest in North America did not extend beyond Mexico.
This is due to the fact that in the areas located north of Mexico, the Spanish seekers of profit did not find cities and states rich in gold and silver; on Spanish maps, these areas of the American mainland were usually indicated by the inscription: "Lands that do not generate income."
After the conquest of Mexico, the Spanish conquistadors turned all their attention to the south, to the mountainous regions of South America, rich in gold and silver.
In the 30s, the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, an illiterate man who was a swineherd in his youth, undertook the conquest of the "golden kingdom", the state of the Incas in Peru; about his fabulous riches he heard stories from local residents on the Isthmus of Panama during the Balboa campaign, of which he was a member.
With a detachment of 200 people and 50 horses, he invaded this state, having managed to use the struggle of two heir brothers for the throne of the country's supreme ruler; he captured one of them - Atahualpa, and on his behalf began to rule the country.
A large ransom was taken from Atahualpa in gold things, many times greater than the treasure that the detachment of Cortes took possession of; this booty was divided among the members of the detachment, for which all the gold was turned into ingots, destroying the most valuable monuments of Peruvian art.
The ransom did not give Atahualpa the promised freedom; the Spaniards treacherously put him on trial and executed him.
After that, Pizarro occupied the capital of the state - Cusco and became the complete ruler of the country (1532); he put on the throne the supreme ruler of his adherent, one of the nephews of Atahualpa.
In Cuzco, the Spaniards plundered the treasures of the rich temple of the Sun, and in its building they created a Catholic monastery; in Potosi (Bolivia) they seized the richest silver mines.
In the early 40s, the Spanish conquistadors conquered Chile, and the Portuguese (in the 30s-40s) - Brazil, which was discovered by Cabral in 1500 during his expedition to India (Cabral's ships were on the way to the Cape of Good Hope to the west by the South Equatorial Current).
In the second half of the XVI century. The Spaniards took control of Argentina.
Thus the New World was discovered and colonial possessions of feudal-absolutist Spain and Portugal were created on the American motherland. The Spanish conquest of America interrupted the independent development of the peoples of the American continent and placed them under the yoke of colonial enslavement.
New history of the countries of Europe and America of the XVI-XIX centuries. Part 3: textbook for universities Team of authors
European colonization of North America
The discovery of North American lands, which resulted in their development by Europeans, occurred at the end of the 15th century. The Spaniards were the first to arrive in America. Until the middle of the XVI century. they led the way in reconnaissance of new territories on the Pacific coast of North America, surveying the California peninsula and large sections of the coastline. In addition to the Spaniards, the main discoveries on the Atlantic coast of North America were made by the British, the Portuguese and the French. In 1497–1498 The Italian Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) who settled in England led two expeditions organized by King Henry VII, during which the island of Newfoundland was discovered and the territory along the northern coast was explored. A couple of years later, the Portuguese discovered Labrador, and the Spaniards explored the coast of Florida. Two decades later, the French managed to penetrate from the coast of Newfoundland deep into the mainland, opening the bay and the river of St. Lawrence.
Over the next centuries, the superiority of England was clear, which, unlike other countries, sought not only to develop natural resources and export them to the metropolis, but also to colonize coastal areas of the territory. At first, Spain stood out among the rival countries of England, firmly entrenched along the shores of two oceans in Florida and Western Mexico and from there advancing towards the Appalachians and the Grand Canyon. Having begun colonization as early as 1566, she founded New Spain, also occupied Texas and California, but subsequently turned her attention to her more profitable colonial territories in Central and South America.
This led to the fact that France became the most dangerous rival for the British in North America. West of the St. Lawrence Valley, she founded the first settlement in Quebec in 1608, began to develop New France(modern Canada) and since 1682 - Louisiana in the river basin. Mississippi.
The Dutch, who earlier than other Europeans gained access to the untold riches of India and created the East India Company in 1602 to control the colonial trade, did not have an urgent need to create numerous colonies also in America. However, the Dutch West India Company nevertheless built the New Amsterdam trading post in the middle part of the Atlantic coast, captured small islands in the West Indies, and also created the first settlements in Brazil, from where the development of this vast territory began.
British colonization North America since the 17th century. accelerated significantly. For 170 years from the moment of the creation of the first British settlements and until the beginning of the era of their independence, the so-called "colonial period" of US history continued. The semi-nomadic North American hunting tribes that the first colonists encountered did not have some of the wealth that the Spaniards discovered from the Incas and Aztecs. When it became clear that there was no gold and silver in the explored territories, but land resources could be of independent value, Queen Elizabeth I Tudor in 1583 was the first of the monarchs to agree to the colonization of American territories. The lands discovered by the British were perceived as ownerless and declared the property of the crown.
The early settlements, founded by sailors and pirates who plundered the wealthy sea caravans of Spain, were used as transshipment bases and temporary shelters. Despite the first unsuccessful attempts, in 1584, one of the queen's favorites, Walter Reilly, ships with settlers were specially equipped. Soon the entire east coast north of Florida was declared British property. The territory was named in honor of the "Virgin Queen" - Virginia. From there, the British gradually moved to the west, to the foothills of the Appalachians. However, the first colonists were able to permanently settle on British lands in the New World only under James I Stuart. All colonies were founded by different groups of settlers independently of each other. Each had its own access to the sea.
In 1620 the Puritans founded New Plymouth. New settlements arose on the coast, gradually uniting into colonies. They served as starting bases for moving deep into the continent and strengthening the power of the British monarchs in North America. New Hampshire arose in 1622, Massachusetts in 1628, Maryland in the south and Connecticut in the north in 1634. A couple of years later - Rhode Island, and three decades later - New Jersey, North and South Carolina. Then, in 1664, all the Dutch settlements in the area of the Hudson River were captured by the British. The city of New Amsterdam and the colony of New Holland were renamed New York. During the Anglo-Dutch War of 1673–1674 an attempt to recapture these lands was unsuccessful.
In the next 18th century English navigators (Alexander Mackenzie, George Vancouver) made important discoveries in the northern part of the mainland in search of an outlet to the Arctic Ocean. Seven Years' War(1756-1763) finally weakened the position of England's European competitors in the New World. Spain lost Florida, and the French had to cede Quebec and Canada (Florida was bought from Spain in 1819 by the United States of America).
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Beginning of European colonization of North America
Remark 1
At the end of the 15th century, Europeans discovered North America. The Spaniards were the first to reach the shores of America.
For half a century they dominated the Pacific coast of the continent. They were able to explore the California Peninsula and numerous areas of the coastline. The Atlantic coast of North America was mastered by the British, French and Portuguese.
In 1497-1498, an Italian from England, Giovanni Caboto, led two expeditions. He discovered the island of Newfoundland and explored the areas along the north coast. By the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese discovered Labrador, the Spaniards mastered the coast of Florida. The French moved inland, reaching the Gulf and the St. Lawrence River.
At this time, England was a leader in the development of the economy and the development of maritime space. She was the first to not only export the natural resources of open lands to the metropolis. She chose to colonize coastal areas.
Spain became the main rival of England in the colonization of new lands. The Spaniards gained a foothold in Florida, having mastered the shores of two oceans, and advanced from western Mexico to the Appalachians and the Grand Canyon. By the end of the 16th century, Spain founded New Spain, captured Texas and California. These territories were not as profitable as the lands in Central and South America, so Spain soon turned its attention to the latter.
France remained a dangerous competitor to Great Britain in North America. The French founded a settlement in Quebec in 1608 and began to explore Canada (New France). In 1682, they established colonies in Louisiana, developing the Mississippi River basin.
The Dutch did not seek to gain a foothold on the American continent. Having gained access to the vast wealth of India, they created the East India Company in 1602. Following the trends of the times, the Dutch founded the West India Company. This company founded New Amsterdam, settlements in Brazil and captured part of the islands. These territories served as a base for the development of new lands.
British colonization of North America
In the 17th century, the process of British colonization of North America accelerated:
- in 1620 the English Puritans laid out New Plymouth;
- in 1622 New Hampshire was founded;
- Massachusetts built in 1628;
- Maryland and Connecticut were laid out in 1634;
- in 1634, the settlement of Rhode Island appeared;
- North and South Carolina, New Jersey founded in 1664.
In the same year, 1664, the British pushed the Dutch out of the Hudson River basin. The city of New Amsterdam and the Portuguese colony of New Holland received a new name - New York. Dutch attempts in 1673-1674 to recapture the territories occupied by the British were unsuccessful.
Remark 2
Almost 170 years from the founding of the first English settlements to the achievement of independence came to be called the US colonial period.
The British, having reached the North American coast, met here only hunting tribes. Their level of development did not match the level and wealth of the Incas and Aztecs, whom the Spaniards met in America. The British did not find gold and silver here, but they realized that the main value of the new lands was their land resources. British Queen Elizabeth I approved in 1583 the colonization of American territories. All newly discovered lands were declared by the British to be the property of the English crown.
The British used another way to secure the new lands. They used the first settlements of sailors and pirates as transshipment bases or temporary shelters. In 1584, by order of the Queen, Walter Reilly led a caravan of ships with settlers. Quite quickly, the east coast of northern Florida became British property. The new lands were named Virginia. From Virginia, the British moved to the foothills of the Appalachians. The English colonists settled in the New World independently of each other, trying to have their own access to the sea.
In the 18th century, European powers weakened their influence in North America. The Spaniards lost Florida, the French lost Canada and Quebec to England.
In fact, already from the first trip of Columbus and acquaintance with the natives of the islands of the West Indies, a bloody history of interaction between the native inhabitants of America and Europeans began to take shape. Caribs were exterminated - allegedly for their commitment to cannibalism. They were followed by other islanders for refusing to perform slave duties. The first witness of these events, the outstanding humanist Bartolome Las Casas, was the first to tell about the atrocities of the Spanish colonialists in his treatise “The Shortest Reports on the Destruction of the Indies”, published in 1542. The island of Hispaniola “was the first where Christians entered; here the beginning of the extermination and death of the Indians was laid. Having devastated and devastated the island, the Christians began to take away the wives and children from the Indians, forced them to serve themselves and used them in the most bad way ... And the Indians began to look for means by which they could throw the Christians out of their lands, and then they took up arms ... Christians on horseback, armed with swords and spears, mercilessly killed the Indians. Entering the villages, they did not leave anyone alive ... ”And all this for the sake of profit. Las Casas wrote that the conquistadors "came with a cross in their hand and an insatiable thirst for gold in their hearts." Following Haiti in 1511, Diego Velazquez conquered Cuba with a detachment of 300 men. The natives were destroyed mercilessly. In 1509 an attempt was made to establish two colonies on the coast of Central America under Olons de Ojeda and Diego Niques. The Indians objected. 70 of Ojeda's companions were killed. Died from wounds and diseases and most of Nikuez's companions. The surviving Spaniards near the Gulf of Darien founded a small colony "Golden Castile" under the leadership of Vasco Nunez Balboa. It was he who, in 1513, with a detachment of 190 Spaniards and 600 Indian porters, crossed the mountain range and saw the wide Gulf of Panama, and beyond it the boundless southern sea. Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama 20 times, built the first Spanish ships to sail in pacific ocean discovered the Pearl Islands. The desperate hidalgo Francisco Pizarro was part of the detachments of Ojeda and Balboa. In 1517, Balboa was executed, and Pedro Arias d "Aville became the governor of the colony. In 1519, the city of Panama was founded, which became the main base for the colonization of the Andean Highlands, about the fabulous wealth of whose countries the Spaniards were well aware of. In 1524-1527 In 1528, Pizarro went to Spain for help, returned to Panama in 1530, accompanied by volunteers, including four of his half-brothers. Alvarado and Almagro fought through the ridges and valleys of the Andes.The prosperous state of the Incas with a highly developed general culture, the culture of agriculture, handicraft production, water conduits, roads and cities was defeated, untold riches were captured.The Pizarro brothers were elevated to a knighthood, Francisco became a marquis In 1536, he founded the new capital of the possession, Lima. war and the destruction of the recalcitrant.
In 1535 - 1537. a detachment of 500 Spaniards and 15,000 porter Indians under the leadership of Almagro made a very difficult extended raid through the tropical part of the Andes from ancient capital Inca Cusco to the city of Co-kimbo south of the Atacama Desert. During the raid, about 10 thousand Indians and 150 Spaniards died from hunger and cold. But more than a ton of gold was collected and transferred to the treasury. In 1540, Pizarro commissioned Pedro de Valdivia to complete the conquest of South America. Valdivia crossed the Atacama Desert, reached the central part of Chile, founded a new colony and its capital Santiago, as well as the cities of Concepción and Valdivia. He ruled the colony until he was killed by the rebellious Araucans in 1554. southern part Chile was surveyed by Juan Ladrillero. They passed the Strait of Magellan from west to east in 1558. The contours of the South American mainland were determined. Attempts were made to deep reconnaissance in the interior of the mainland. The main motive was the search for El Dorado. In 1524, the Portuguese Alejo Garcia with a large detachment of Guarani Indians crossed the southeastern part of the Brazilian plateau, went to the tributary of the Parana River - the river. Iguazu, discovered a grandiose waterfall, crossed the Laplata lowland and the Gran Chaco plain and reached the foothills of the Andes. In 1525 he was killed. In 1527 - 1529. S. Cabot, who at that time was in the service in Spain, in search of a "silver kingdom" climbed high up La Plata and Parana, organized fortified towns. The townships did not last long, and no abundant silver deposits were found. In 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro, with a large detachment of 320 Spaniards and 4,000 Indians from Quito, crossed the eastern chain of the Andes and went to one of the tributaries of the Amazon. A small ship was built and launched there, a team of 57 people, led by Francisco Orellana, was supposed to scout the area and get food. Orellana did not return back and was the first to cross South America from west to east, sailing along the Amazon to its mouth. The detachment was attacked by Indian archers, who were not inferior in courage to men. The myth of Homer about the Amazons received a new registration. Travelers in the Amazon for the first time met with such a formidable phenomenon as a pororoka, a tidal wave that rolls into the lower reaches of the river and can be traced for hundreds of kilometers. In the dialect of the Tupi-Guarani Indians, this stormy water shaft is called "amazunu". This word was interpreted by the Spaniards in their own way and gave rise to the legend of the Amazons (Sivere, 1896). The weather favored Orellana and his companions, they also made a voyage by sea to the island of Margarita, on which the Spanish colonists had already settled. G. Pizarro, who did not wait for Orellana, with a thinned detachment, was forced to storm the ridge again in the opposite direction. In 1542, only 80 participants in this transition returned to Quito. In 1541 - 1544. Spaniard Nufrio Chavez with three companions again crossed the South American mainland, this time from east to west, from southern Brazil to Peru, and returned back the same way.