What does not apply to world heritage. world natural heritage
Before we present you with a list of countries with the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites, let's understand what they are.
- Is a masterpiece of human creative genius;
- Proves significant mutual influence of universal values in a certain historical period or cultural space;
- Is unique or exclusive to a culture and/or civilization that exists or has disappeared;
- It is an outstanding example of architectural landscape design, illustrating an important period in human history;
- Is an outstanding example of traditional human settlements or human interaction with the environment;
- The object is directly related to historical events, or cultural traditions, religious beliefs, artistic or literary works and is of great global importance.
World Heritage Sites fall into three categories:
- cultural, i.e. Man-made are mainly architectural monuments.
- created by nature, such as rock formations or caves, lakes, rivers and waterfalls
- mixed, i.e. created jointly by nature and man - for the most part, these are various parks and gardens.
Natural objects have their own selection criteria - for example, a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and aesthetic value.
In the US, there are Native American heritage sites, such as Taos Pueblo, an ancient Indian settlement. These are also structures created in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the Statue of Liberty.
In addition, the United States has several world heritage sites created by nature. These include the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Park. In total, there are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United States.
Russia made it to this top due to its rich and varied history and colossal territory. Among the objects of cultural heritage of Russia are the Moscow, Novgorod and Kazan Kremlins, the historical centers of St. Petersburg and Yaroslavl.
Also in Russia there are as many as 10 natural heritage sites, including the famous Lake Baikal and the Golden Altai Mountains.
The United Kingdom has many cultural heritage sites created, in particular, during the period of the Roman imperial occupation. Many of them are connected with events affecting the global history of Europe. Of these, the Fortified Frontier of the Roman Empire and the Tower of London are especially famous.
India is the birthplace of the most ancient earthly civilizations, which has seen the rise and fall of many empires and royal dynasties, as well as several world religions - Sikhism, Hinduism and Buddhism. India has several world heritage sites created by nature - caves and national parks.
The most famous cultural heritage sites in India are royal palace Taj Mahal and cave temples located on Elephanta Island.
Mexico was home to two of the oldest civilizations that lived in the New World before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries- Aztec and Maya. It was also where the earliest settlements of European colonists in the New World were located.
Mexico's World Heritage Sites include the historic center of Puebla and the ancient pre-Spanish cities of Teotihuacan, Chichen Itza and El Tajin.
During its long history Germany was both part of the Holy Roman Empire and the center German Empire. Hence the large number of cultural heritage sites. The most famous of them are Wartburg Castle and Cologne Cathedral.
As in the case of Germany, the history of France is closely connected with the Roman Empire. At one time, the Frankish tribes lived as part of the Empire. Later, however, France itself became a powerful monarchy.
So it is not surprising that in France many objects are classified as world heritage. First of all, this is Notre Dame Cathedral and the Palace of Versailles.
Of the 45 sites, 3 are located outside of Europe - for example, the Garajonay National Park, located on the island of La Gomera. This is due to the fact that Spain still retained some of the land acquired during the era of colonization.
In Spain itself, the most famous objects are the Roman city walls of Lugo and Burgos Cathedral.
China is home to the world's oldest civilizations and many cultures that still live and have disappeared. There are many cultural heritage sites in China, including the Great Wall of China.
But there are also a dozen natural heritage sites in China. One such place is Karst deposits in South China.
Finally, most of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in Italy - the birthplace of the Holy Roman Empire, the Christian and most of the figures of the Renaissance. Among the objects of cultural heritage of Italy are the historical centers of Rome, Naples, Florence, Castel del Monte and Villa Del Casale.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Owning a UNESCO World Heritage Site
World Heritage Sites make a significant contribution to the tourism industry, and hence the economy, of the countries that own them. They tend to be the most attractive for tourists visiting these countries.
This means more tourists, and therefore more money attracted by this industry. However, ownership of World Heritage properties comes at a high cost. The government of a country that owns a world heritage site has to spend a lot of money on the repair, protection and maintenance of these attractions.
This can create big problems for a given country, especially during difficult economic periods.
Beautiful shots from all corners of our Motherland, which depict the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia.
World heritage sites included in the special list of UNESCO are of great interest to the entire population of the planet. Unique natural and cultural objects make it possible to preserve those unique corners of nature and man-made monuments that demonstrate the richness of nature and the possibilities of the human mind.
As of July 6, 2012, there are 962 sites on the World Heritage List (including 745 cultural, 188 natural and 29 mixed), located in 148 countries of the world. Among the objects there are individual architectural structures and ensembles, for example - the Acropolis, the cathedrals in Amiens and Chartres, the historical centers of cities - Warsaw and St. Petersburg, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square; and there are whole cities - Brasilia, Venice, along with the lagoon and others. There are also archaeological reserves - for example, Delphi; national parks - Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Yellowstone (USA) and others. The states on whose territory the World Heritage sites are located undertake obligations to preserve them.
In this photo selection you will see 29 objects from different parts of our planet that are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
1) Tourists inspect the Buddhist sculptures of the Longmen Grottoes ("Dragon Gate") near the city of Luoyang in the Chinese province of Henan. There are more than 2,300 caves in this place; 110,000 Buddhist images, more than 80 dagobas (Buddhist mausoleums) containing relics of the Buddhas, as well as 2,800 inscriptions on the rocks near the Yishui River, a kilometer long. For the first time Buddhism in China was introduced in these places during the reign of the Eastern Han Dynasty. (China Photos/Getty Images)
2) Bayon Temple in Cambodia is famous for its many giant stone faces. There are over 1,000 temples in the Angkor region, ranging from nondescript piles of brick and rubble scattered among rice fields to the magnificent Angkor Wat, considered the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored. More than a million tourists visit them every year. (Voishmel/AFP - Getty Images)
3) One of the parts of the archaeological site of Al-Hijr - also known as Madain Salih. This complex, located in the northern regions Saudi Arabia was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List on July 6, 2008. The complex includes 111 rock burials (1st century BC - 1st century AD), as well as a system hydraulic structures dated to the ancient Nabatean city of Hegra, which was the center of caravan trade. There are also about 50 rock inscriptions dating back to the Donabatean period. (Hassan Ammar/AFP - Getty Images)
4) The waterfalls "Garganta del Diablo" ("Devil's Throat") are located on the territory of the Iguazu National Park in the Argentine province of Misiones. Depending on the water level in the Iguazu River, the park has from 160 to 260 waterfalls, as well as over 2000 varieties of plants and 400 Iguazu National Park was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Christian Rizzi/AFP - Getty Images) #
5) The mysterious Stonehenge is a stone megalithic structure, consisting of 150 huge stones, and located on the Salisbury Plain in the English county of Wiltshire. This ancient monument is believed to have been built in 3000 BC. Stonehenge was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Matt Cardy/Getty Images)
6) Tourists stroll by the Bafang Pavilion in the Summer Palace, Beijing's famous classical imperial garden. The Summer Palace, built in 1750, was destroyed in 1860 and rebuilt in 1886. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1998. (China Photos/Getty Images)
7) The Statue of Liberty at sunset in New York. "Lady Liberty", which was presented to the United States by France, stands at the entrance to New York Harbor. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Seth Wenig/AP)
8) "Solitario George" (Lonely George), last live giant turtle of this species, born on the island of Pinta, lives in the Galapagos National Park in Ecuador. She is now approximately 60-90 years old. The Galapagos Islands were originally inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, but in 2007 they were marked as endangered. (Rodrigo Buendia/AFP - Getty Images)
9) People skate on the ice of the canals in the Kinderdijk Mills area, a UNESCO World Heritage site near Rotterdam. Kinderdijk has the largest collection of historic windmills in the Netherlands and is one of the top attractions in South Holland. Decoration with balloons of the holidays passing here gives a certain flavor to this place. (Peter Dejong/AP)
10) View of the Perito Moreno Glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park, in the southeast of the Argentinean province of Santa Cruz. This place was listed as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in 1981. The glacier is one of the most interesting tourist sites in the Argentinean part of Patagonia and the 3rd largest glacier in the world after Antarctica and Greenland. (Daniel Garcia/AFP - Getty Images)
11) Terraced gardens in the northern Israeli city of Haifa surround the golden-domed Shrine of the Bab, the founder of the Baha'i faith. Here is the world administrative and spiritual center of the Baha'i religion, the number of professing which in the world is less than six million. The site was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 8, 2008. (David Silverman/Getty Images)
12) Aerial photography of St. Peter's Square in. According to the World Heritage website, this small state contains a unique collection of artistic and architectural masterpieces. The Vatican was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Giulio Napolitano/AFP - Getty Images)
13) Colorful underwater scenes of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. This thriving ecosystem hosts the world's largest collection of coral reefs, including 400 coral species and 1,500 fish species. The Great Barrier Reef was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981. (AFP - Getty Images)
14) Camels rest in ancient city Petra in front of Jordan's main monument, Al-Khazneh or the Treasury, believed to be the sandstone tomb of a Nabataean king. This city, located between the Red and Dead Seas, is at the crossroads of Arabia, Egypt, and Phoenicia. Petra was added to the World Heritage List in 1985. (Thomas Coex/AFP - Getty Images)
15) Sydney Opera House - one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is a symbol of Sydney and one of the main attractions of Australia. The Sydney Opera House was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2007. (Torsten Blackwood/AFP - Getty Images)
16) Rock paintings made by the San people in the Dragon Mountains, located in the east of South Africa. The San people lived in the Drakensberg area for thousands of years until they were destroyed in clashes with the Zulus and white settlers. They left behind incredible rock paintings in the Dragon Mountains, which were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2000. (Alexander Joe/AFP - Getty Images)
17) General view of the city of Shibam, located in the east in the province of Hadhramaut. Shibam is famous for its incomparable architecture, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Program. All houses here are built of clay bricks, about 500 houses can be considered multi-storey, as they have 5-11 floors. Shibam is often referred to as "the oldest city of skyscrapers in the world" or "Desert Manhattan", it is also the oldest example of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction. (Khaled Fazaa/AFP - Getty Images)
18) Gondolas near the Grand Canal in Venice. The Church of San Giorgio Maggiore is visible in the background. Island Venice is a seaside resort, a center of international tourism of world importance, a venue for international film festivals, art and architectural exhibitions. Venice was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1987. (AP)
19) Some of the 390 abandoned huge statues of compressed volcanic ash (moai in the Rapa Nui language) at the foot of the Rano Raraku volcano on Easter Island, 3700 km from the coast of Chile. Rapa Nui National Park has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage Program since 1995. (Martin Bernetti/AFP - Getty Images)
20) Visitors walk along the Great Wall of China in the Simatai area, northeast of Beijing. This largest architectural monument was built as one of the four main strategic strongholds in order to defend against the invading tribes from the north. The 8,851.8 km long Great Wall is one of the largest construction projects ever completed. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1987. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP - Getty Images)
21) Temple at Hampi, near the South Indian city of Hospet, north of Bangalore. Hampi is located in the middle of the ruins of Vijayanagara - former capital Vijayanagara empire. Hampi and its monuments were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Dibyangshu Sarkar/AFP - Getty Images)
22) A Tibetan pilgrim rotates prayer mills on the grounds of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet's capital. The Potala Palace is a royal palace and Buddhist temple complex which was the main residence of the Dalai Lama. Today, the Potala Palace is a museum actively visited by tourists, remaining a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists and continuing to be used in Buddhist rituals. Due to its enormous cultural, religious, artistic and historical significance, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. (Goh Chai Hin/AFP - Getty Images)
23) The Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Peruvian city of Cusco. Machu Picchu, especially after receiving the UNESCO World Heritage status in 1983, has become a center of mass tourism. The city is visited by 2,000 tourists per day; In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800. (Eitan Abramovich/AFP - Getty Images)
24) Buddhist pagoda Kompon-daito on Mount Koya, in the province of Wakayama, Japan. Mount Koya, located east of Osaka, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004. In 819, the Buddhist monk Kukai, the founder of the Shingon school, an offshoot of Japanese Buddhism, was the first to settle here. (Everett Kennedy Brown/EPA)
25) Tibetan women walk around the Bodhnath Stupa in Kathmandu - one of the most ancient and revered Buddhist shrines. On the sides of the tower crowning it, "Buddha's eyes" inlaid with ivory are depicted. Kathmandu valley with a height of about 1300 m is a mountain valley and a historical region of Nepal. There are many Buddhist and Hindu temples here, from the Boudhanath stupa to tiny street altars in the walls of houses. locals It is said that 10 million Gods live in the Kathmandu Valley. The Kathmandu Valley was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1979. (Paula Bronstein/Getty Images)
26) A bird flies over the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum-mosque located in the Indian city of Agra. It was built by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth. The Taj Mahal was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1983. The architectural marvel was also named one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World" in 2007. (Tauseef Mustafa/AFP - Getty Images)
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27) Located in northeast Wales, the 18km Pontcysillte Aqueduct is an Industrial Revolution civil engineering feat completed in the early years of the 19th century. More than 200 years after its opening, it is still in use and is one of the busiest sections of the UK canal network, handling around 15,000 boats a year. In 2009, the Pontkysilte aqueduct was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "a milestone in the history of civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution." This aqueduct is one of the unusual monuments to plumbers and plumbing. (Christopher Furlong/Getty Images)
28) A herd of moose grazes in the meadows of Yellowstone National Park. Mount Holmes, on the left, and Mount Dome are visible in the background. In the Yellowstone National Park, which occupies almost 900 thousand hectares, there are more than 10 thousand geysers and thermal springs. The park was included in the World Heritage program in 1978. (Kevork Djansezian/AP)
29) Cubans drive an old car along the Malecon in Havana. UNESCO inscribed Old Havana and its fortifications on the World Heritage List in 1982. Although Havana has expanded and has a population of over 2 million, its old center retains an interesting mixture of baroque and neoclassical monuments and homogeneous ensembles of private houses with arcades, balconies, wrought iron gates and patios. (Javier Galeano/AP)
In Russia, a lot of monuments and cultural heritage are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Now we will introduce you to some of them.
All these monuments and places are under the strict protection of the UN, UNESCO and a number of other organizations related to culture, science and education.
Moscow Kremlin and Red Square
Any resident of Russia knows what the Kremlin and Red Square are. Any tourist and resident of our vast country first of all when he comes to Moscow visits these memorable places. UNESCO took these sites under protection in 1990.
This monument reflects the entire centuries-old history of Moscow and Russia in general. Also on the territory of the Kremlin there are unique objects of the foundry art of Russia: the Tsar Bell, which weighs more than 200 tons and is 6.6 m in diameter, and the Tsar Cannon with its mass of 40 tons.
Lake Baikal
Baikal, a unique natural monument of Eastern Siberia, was included in the UNESCO heritage list in 1996. The lake is the deepest in the world and contains 19% of the reserves fresh water planets. When viewed from a height, the lake resembles a crescent moon, covers an area of over 3 million hectares and is fed by more than 300 rivers and streams.
Lake Baikal is one of the most picturesque
The water in the lake has a high oxygen content, and due to its transparency, it is possible to see a depth of up to 40 m. The age of the ancient lake is especially impressive - more than 25 million years, the complete isolation of which contributed to the development of a unique ecosystem in it.
Natural Park "Lena Pillars"
Included in the UNESCO National Heritage List in 2012, Lena Pillars Park is a place where priceless finds of the inhabitants of the Cambrian period were discovered. The park is located in the center of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) near the coast of the Lena River, occupying 1.27 million hectares.
"Lena Pillars" - a unique natural monument
The park is inhabited by 12 species of fauna listed in the Red Book. Due to its antiquity, the park is of particular interest for geology: the natural monument is distinguished by its relief, dotted with caves, stone spiers, towers and niches.
The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost
The unique architectural complex of wooden architecture of the XVIII-XIX centuries was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1990 and is an ensemble of two wooden churches and a bell tower in Karelia.
Kizhi churchyard is the epitome of Russian architecture
It houses the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum with many objects of wooden religious architecture, including an eight-winged windmill from 1929 and the Church of the Transfiguration, built without a single nail.
Novgorod historical monuments
The architectural complexes of Veliky Novgorod and its environs were included in the UNESCO National Heritage List in 1992. The cultural objects include such significant Orthodox buildings of antiquity as the Znamensky, Antoniev, Yuryev, Zverin monasteries, as well as the churches of the Nativity of Christ, the Savior on Nereditsa, the Novgorod Kremlin Detinets.
Monuments of Veliky Novgorod - UNESCO heritage site
Nature Reserve Wrangel Island
The reserve was included in the UNESCO list in 2004. The unique protected area is known for its almost untouched natural ecosystem dominated by the largest population of polar bears, walruses, more than 50 species of birds.
Wrangel Island is famous for its pristine ecosystem
The territory of the reserve is located beyond the Arctic Circle, including Wrangel and Gerald Islands and the waters of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas. Despite the harsh conditions of the waters of the Arctic, more than 400 species of plants predominate.
curonian spit
The famous sand spit stretches for 98 km with a maximum width of up to 3.8 km, located on the dividing line between the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. The natural attraction was included in the UNESCO heritage list in 2000 and is interesting for its unique anthropogenic landscape, which is represented by a variety of reliefs - from deserts to swampy tundras.
The Curonian Spit serves as a resting place for migratory birds
The braid has great value during migration from 10 to 20 million birds and serves as a haven for them during their rest. Only here you can find dunes up to 68 m in height, the width of which sometimes reaches 1 km.
Novodevichy Convent in Moscow
Since 2004, the monastery has been included in the UNESCO list, which since 1524 has been one of the defensive structures of Moscow. In 1926, on the site of the monastery, a historical and household historical Museum, and in 1980, the residence of the Metropolitan of Krutitsy and Kolomna was placed. In 1994, the convent was officially approved.
Previously, the Novodevichy Convent housed a historical museum.
Komi Forest
Recognized as the most virgin forests in Europe with a total area of 32,600 sq. km, which belong to the territory of the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and occupy part of the YugydVa National Park.
The forest area of Komi is famous for its virgin forests.
Protected by UNESCO since 1995. Forests are distinguished by the diversity of flora and fauna, and many plant species are on the verge of extinction and are listed in the Red Book.
Kamchatka volcanoes
Volcanoes of Kamchatka are considered part of the Pacific volcanic ring of fire of the planet and have been under the protection of UNESCO since 1996. Particularly impressive are the surrounding landscapes with unique nature and biological diversity.
The number of volcanoes in Kamchatka is more than a thousand
Project work "World Heritage of Russia"
Prepared by the teacher primary school
Tagibekova Faiza Tagirovna
Research objectives:
- introduce the objects of natural and cultural heritage of Russia;
-show all the greatness and beauty of the natural and cultural heritage of Russia;
- to instill love for the Motherland and the environment.
Project objectives:
- to cultivate feelings of respect for nature and pride in their homeland;
-develop cognitive activity in students, to form a persistent interest in the subject;
- to form a careful attitude to the natural and cultural heritage.
Fundamental question:
Can humanity learn lessons?
What is World Heritage?
What was the origin of the World Heritage Organization?
What do people do to save these objects for posterity?
When did Russia join this organization?
What objects of Russia are included in the World Heritage List?
Project result:
Strong knowledge on the topic "World Heritage of Russia".
People realized that due to ill-conceived economic activity the whole world may lose priceless treasures. The idea arose to announce the most
outstanding sights of nature and culture as a World Heritage Site subject to mandatory protection. This is how the World Heritage List was born. It is run by the authoritative international organization UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
In 1972, the UNESCO organization adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). The USSR ratified the convention on March 9, 1988. The main purpose of World Heritage is to make known and protect properties that are unique in their kind. The states in whose territory the World Heritage sites are located assume the responsibility for their conservation.
Like most countries of the world, Russia supported the idea of creating a World Heritage List. Now it includes a number of objects of nature and culture of our country. Every year the UNESCO World Heritage List is replenished.
UNESCO attractions in Russia
Russia is a unique country. In terms of territorial area, it ranks first in the world, in terms of population - ninth. As of 2012, there are 25 specially protected objects in Russia. Fifteen of them have the status of a cultural landmark, the remaining ten are of a natural nature. Six out of fifteen UNESCO cultural sites in Russia are labeled "i", that is, they belong to the masterpieces of human civilization. Four out of ten natural sites have the highest aesthetic criterion "vii".
UNESCO sites in Russia
The nature of the country is distinguished by a variety of plant and animal forms: northern mosses and lichens coexist in it with southern palm trees and magnolias, the coniferous forests of the taiga make up a striking contrast with the steppe crops of wheat and sunflower. The climatic, natural and cultural diversity of Russia has led to interest in it both on the part of its own and foreign citizens. Natural and man-made attractions, river cruises and rail travel, beach and health, sports and extreme tourism make the country attractive for all categories of tourists. The main sights of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Anyone who wants to discover a great country can start by getting acquainted with twenty-five natural and man-made objects that have a cultural, historical or ecological degree of world significance. UNESCO List and is compiled in order to preserve and show modern man the entire depth of our common civilizational heritage.
1. Historic center of St. Petersburg
The northern capital of Russia was included in the UNESCO List as part of 36 monuments located not only in St. Petersburg itself, but also in its neighboring cities - Pushkin and Shlisselburg. The palace and park ensembles of the villages of Gatchina and Strelna, the Koltuvskaya and Yukkovskaya uplands, the Lindulovskaya grove and the Komarovskoye village cemetery - all this makes up one huge cultural and natural formation, territorially and historically connected with the northern capital of Russia. St. Petersburg itself is represented in the UNESCO List by the historical center and the old part of the city of Kronstadt, the Pulkovo Observatory and the palace and park ensembles of Peterhof, the Shuvalovsky Park and the Vyazemsky estate, local fairways and numerous city highways.
2. The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost
Built in the 18th-19th centuries in Kizhi, two wooden churches and a bell tower were included in the UNESCO List in 1990. The cultural heritage of Karelia is known throughout the world for the Church of the Transfiguration, built, according to legend, without a single nail. Since the middle of the 20th century, the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum has been functioning on the basis of the Kizhi Pogost. Along with the ancient primordial buildings, it includes objects of wooden religious architecture brought in and built in the immediate vicinity - for example, an eight-winged windmill built in 1928. The wooden fence of the ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard was reconstructed in 1959 in accordance with the principles of organizing traditional churchyard fences.
3. Moscow Kremlin and Red Square
The symbols of the whole country and era - the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square - are among the most significant cultural sights of Russia and the whole world. It seems that there is no person on Earth who does not know what they look like. Most foreigners visiting Russia first go to Red Square. The Moscow Kremlin is one of the oldest architectural monuments in Russia. Its majestic walls and numerous towers, its Orthodox cathedrals and palace buildings, its squares and gardens, the Armory and the Kremlin Palace of Congresses reflect the centuries-old history of the country. Adjacent to the northeastern wall of the Kremlin, Red Square is known not only for the Mausoleum and the Eternal Flame, but also for the numerous events organized on it recently. Victory parades, concerts dedicated to the Independence Day of Russia, New Year's skating rinks - all this can be afforded by one of the largest pedestrian areas in Moscow.
4.Novgorod historical monuments
Veliky Novgorod and its surroundings were included in the UNESCO list with more than ten cultural sites of a predominantly religious nature. Znamensky, Zverin, Anthony and Yuriev Monastery, the Church of the Nativity on the Red Field, the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, John the Merciful and the Annunciation on Myachina and many other Orthodox buildings belong to ancient periods Russian history and are unique architectural complexes. The Novgorod citadel (that is, the Kremlin) and the part of the city related to it are interesting from the point of view of historical and architectural heritage.
5. Solovetsky Islands
The Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery was built in the 20-30s of the 15th century. It is spread over four islands of the Solovetsky archipelago. The Solovetsky Islands cultural and historical ensemble includes the main monastery, Voznesensky and Savvatievsky skete, St. Isaakovskaya, Makarievskaya and Filippovskaya hermitages on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island, Sergievsky skete on Bolshaya Muksalma island, Trinity and Golgotha-Crucifixion skete and Eleazarova hermitage on Anzer and Andreevskaya deserts and stone labyrinths on the Big Zayatsky Island. In Soviet times, the Solovetsky Special Purpose Correctional Camp, the largest in the USSR, operated on the monastery territory. Monastic life became possible here only at the end of 1990.
6.White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal
Eight architectural monuments of ancient Russian architecture, mostly of a white stone character, were included in the UNESCO list in 1992. All of them are located on the territory of the Vladimir region and belong to Orthodox culture Russia. There are three UNESCO-protected sites in Vladimir: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals erected in the 12th century, as well as the Golden Gates. In Suzdal, there is the 12th-century Kremlin with the Nativity Cathedral and the Spaso-Efimievsky Monastery built in the 16th-17th centuries. The village of Bogolyubovo is known to Orthodox pilgrims for the Palace of Andrei Bogolyubsky and the magnificent Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha is the first white stone building in northeastern Russia.
7. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
Built in the 16th century, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord is the first stone Orthodox church to use a tent instead of a classic dome. According to legend, it was erected on the occasion of the birth of Ivan the Terrible. The place for the temple was chosen on the right bank of the Moskva River, famous for its miraculous key. The Church of the Ascension of the Lord has the appearance of a centric tower temple, rising above the ground to a height of 62 meters. The architectural design of the church shows features of the early Renaissance. In a circle, the temple is surrounded by a two-tiered gallery-gullbishche.
8. Trinity - Sergius Lavra.
The Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra was founded by St. Sergius of Radonezh in 1337. Currently, it is the largest Orthodox male monastery in Russia. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra is located in the center of Sergiyev Posad, a city in the Moscow region. The designation "lavra" indicates the crowdedness, multi-population of the monastery. The architectural ensemble of the monastery consists of fifty buildings of various functional purposes. Among them there are Orthodox cathedrals, and numerous bell towers, and royal palaces. In the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Boris Godunov and members of his family found their last shelter.
9. Komi Forest.
The virgin forests of Komi are known as the largest untouched forests growing in Europe. They occupy an area of 32,600 square kilometers in the north of the Ural Mountains, within the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and the Yugyd Va National Park. According to their composition, the Komi forests belong to the taiga ecosystem. They are dominated by coniferous trees. Western part forests fall on the foothills, eastern - on the mountains themselves. The forest area of Komi is distinguished by the diversity of not only flora, but also fauna. More than two hundred species of birds live here, rare species of fish are found. Many forest plants are protected.
10. Lake Baikal.
For the whole world, Baikal is a lake, for the people of Russia, who are in love with a unique natural object, Baikal is a sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake on the planet and, at the same time, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water in terms of volume. The shape of Baikal has the shape of a crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters with an average depth of 744. Baikal contains 19 percent of all fresh water on the planet. The lake is fed by more than three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water is distinguished by a high content of oxygen. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer near the surface. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent that it allows you to see in depth at a distance of up to forty meters.
11. Kamchatka volcanoes.
Volcanoes of Kamchatka are part of the Pacific volcanic ring of fire - a large chain of the main active volcanoes of the planet. Unique natural sites were included in the UNESCO List in 1996, along with adjacent territories, characterized by scenic views and biological diversity. The exact number of volcanoes on the peninsula is unknown. Scientists talk about several hundred and even thousands of objects. About thirty of them are classified as active. The most famous Kamchatka volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest volcano in Eurasia and the most active on the peninsula. The volcanoes of Kamchatka are of different volcanic origin and are divided into two superimposed belts - Sredinny and East Kamchatka.
12. Sikhote - Alinsky reserve.
A large biosphere reserve in Primorsky Krai was originally created to preserve the sable population. At present, it is the most convenient place for observing the life of the Amur tiger. A huge number of plants grow on the territory of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve. Over a thousand higher species, more than a hundred - mosses, about four hundred - lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred - mushrooms. The local fauna is represented by a large number of birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects are among the protected objects. Schisandra chinensis and Palibina edelweiss, spotted deer and Himalayan bear, black kite and Japanese starling, Sakhalin sturgeon and Swallowtail butterfly - all of them found shelter in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve.
13. Golden mountains of Altai.
The three most significant areas of the Altai Mountains - the Altai and Katunsky Reserve and the Ukok plateau - were included in 1998 in the UNESCO list under the name "Golden Mountains of Altai". Among the protected geographical objects Belukha Mountain and Lake Teletskoye also fell. The Altai Mountains received the natural criterion "x" for the most complete picture of alpine vegetation. In this area, one after another, in turn, five belts follow: steppe, forest-steppe, mixed, subalpine and alpine. On the territory of the golden mountains of Altai, rare species of animals live - the snow leopard, the Siberian mountain goat and others.
14. Ubsunur basin.
The Ubsu-Nur lake basin, located in the Tyva Republic, belongs to both Russia and Mongolia. On the part of the Russian Federation, it is represented by the biosphere natural reserve "Ubsunur Hollow", which includes both the waters of the lake itself and the land areas adjacent to it. On the latter, there is a unique and, in many respects, diverse ecosystem of the region - here you can find both glaciers and the northernmost deserts in Eurasia. On the territory of the Ubsunur basin there are taiga zones, forest and classical steppes, alpine tundra and meadows. The area of the reserve is replete with several tens of thousands of unexcavated mounds of ancient nomadic tribes.
15. Caucasian reserve.
The natural biosphere reserve located in the Western Caucasus belongs to the category of state ones. It is a large natural formation belonging to two climatic zones- temperate and subtropical. More than 900 species of vascular plants and 700 species of mushrooms grow on the territory of the reserve. Initially, the Caucasian Reserve was called the bison. Nowadays, it was decided to abandon this definition, since, in addition to bison, a large number of other mammals live in the Western Caucasus, each of which needs state protection. Today on the territory of the reserve you can meet wild boars and roe deer, the West Caucasian tur and brown bear, Caucasian mink and bison.
16 Kazan Kremlin.
Not only the Moscow and Novgorod Kremlin are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Kazan Kremlin was also among the culturally significant objects of world significance. Its historical and architectural complex, consisting of a white-stone Kremlin, temples and other buildings, is a monument of three historical periods: XII-XIII, XIV-XV and XV-XVI centuries. The Kremlin territory of Kazan has the shape of an irregular polygon, coinciding in outline with the hill on which the ancient settlement is located. Initially, the Kazan Kremlin was a Bulgar fortress. Then he came under the rule of the Kazan Khanate. After the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the first Orthodox churches appeared on the Kremlin territory. In 2005, in honor of the millennium of Kazan, the main mosque of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kul Sharif - was built within the Kazan Kremlin.
17. Ferapontov monastery.
Currently, the Ferapontov Monastery is one of the inactive. The Ferapontovsky branch of the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve located in it and the unique Dionysius Frescoes Museum became a stumbling block between the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2000, the Ferapontov Monastery was included in the UNESCO List, which finally gave it the status of not so much a religious as a cultural heritage of mankind. The architectural ensemble of the monastery is represented by the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin, painted by the famous Moscow icon painter of the XV-XVI centuries - Dionysius, the monumental Church of the Annunciation, the state chamber and outbuildings.
18. Curonian Spit.
The Curonian Spit is a long, narrow strip of sandy land that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. According to its geographical status, this natural object is sometimes referred to as peninsulas. The Curonian Spit is 98 kilometers long and 400 to 4 kilometers wide. The saber-shaped strip of land belongs half to Russia, half to Lithuania. On Russian territory, the Curonian Spit contains the national park of the same name. The original peninsula was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its biological diversity. Numerous landscapes, ranging from deserts to tundra, a large number of flora and fauna, as well as the ancient migratory route of birds, make the Curonian Spit a unique natural complex that needs protection.
19. Derbent.
Most Southern City Russia, located in the Republic of Dagestan - Derbent - is one of the oldest cities in the world. The first settlements on its territory arose at the end of the 4th millennium BC. Modern look acquired the city in 438. In those distant times, Derbent was a Persian fortress, consisting of the Naryn-Kala citadel and double walls descending to the Caspian Sea. The ancient fortress, the old city and fortifications of Derbent were included in the UNESCO List in 2003. Naryn-kala has survived to this day in the form of ruins, an ancient temple of fire worshipers, a mosque, baths and water reservoirs located on its territory.
20. Wrangel Island.
Located in the Arctic Ocean, Wrangel Island was discovered in 1849. In 1926, the first polar station was established on it, in 1948, the island was inhabited by domestic reindeer, and in 1975, by musk oxen. The last event led to the fact that the authorities of the Magadan region decided to establish a nature reserve on Wrangel Island, which also included the neighboring Herald Island. At the end of the 20th century, the adjacent water areas joined the Wrangel Island Reserve. The flora of the island consists mainly of ancient plant species. The fauna of the area is poorly developed: most often, birds and walruses are found here, which have set up their main Russian rookery on Wrangel Island.
21. Novodevichy Convent.
The Novodevichy Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery was founded in 1524 in honor of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria. The location of the women's Orthodox monastery is the Maiden's Field of Moscow. In the center of the monastery is the five-domed Smolensk Cathedral, from which the creation of the entire architectural ensemble of the religious monument of the Russian capital began. In the 17th century, the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a bell tower, a refectory, Lopukhinsky, Mariinsky and Burial Chambers were built around it.
22. Historical center of Yaroslavl.
The historical center of Yaroslavl, consisting of the Chopped City (the local Kremlin) and the Earthen City, was awarded by UNESCO in 2005 as an outstanding architectural example of the urban reform carried out under Catherine II. The buildings of the classicism period were carried out near the parish church of Elijah the Prophet, in front of which there was a semicircular square. Streets-rays were drawn to it, each of which ended with an architectural monument earlier in time of construction - the Assumption Cathedral on the Strelka, the Znamenskaya and Uglich towers, the church of Simeon the Stylite.
23. Struve geodesic arc.
A network of 265 reference geodetic points, created in the first half of the 19th century to study terrestrial parameters, is currently found in many European cities. On the Russian territory, it is represented by two points - "Point Mäkipyallus" and "Point Z", located on the island of Gogland. Of the more than two hundred objects of the Struve arc, only 34 have survived to this day, which served as the basis for the inclusion of a unique scientific monument of mankind in the List of Especially Valuable Cultural Objects of Our Time.
24. Putarana Plateau.
Like many natural objects of Russia included in the UNESCO List, the Putarana Plateau was included in it because of the unique combination of different ecological systems. Located within an isolated mountain range, the Putorana State Nature Reserve combines the subarctic and arctic belts, taiga, forest tundra and the arctic desert within its territory. The Putoran subspecies of the snow leopard, listed in the Red Book of Russia, lives on the territory of the reserve. Winters on the plateau and the world's largest population of wild reindeer.
25. Lena Pillars.
Located on the territory of the Republic of Sakha, the Lena Pillars are the latest Russian site to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012. The geological formation, located on the banks of the Lena, is a multi-kilometer complex of vertically elongated rocks. The unique natural monument is based on Cambrian limestone. Scientists attribute the beginning of the formation of the Lena Pillars to the early Cambrian - a time removed from ours by 560 million years. The relief form of the Lena Pillars was formed much later - only 400 thousand years ago. Near the Lena Pillars there is a natural park of the same name. On its territory there are fluttering sands and the site of an ancient man. There are also fossilized remains of mammoths.
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Every year on March 3, World Wildlife Day is celebrated. The date was not chosen by chance: on this day in 1973, the Convention on International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora was adopted. World Wildlife Day provides an opportunity to draw attention to the diversity and beauty of the world around us.
In order to preserve and increase not only the cultural, but also the natural wealth of the planet, in 1972 UNESCO created the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the main objective which is to make known and protect objects that are unique in their kind. Now there are more than a thousand objects in the list.
All the diversity of the world heritage is divided into three conditional groups: cultural, natural and cultural-natural objects. There are currently 26 monuments on the territory of Russia, 10 of which are unique natural objects.
Virgin forests of Komi
© Sputnik/I. Puntakov
The virgin Komi forests were the first to be included in the list of world natural heritage in Russia. This is a huge and almost untouched natural massif, located in the north-east of the Komi Republic. The local forests mainly grow spruce, pine, fir, as well as several species of birch, larch and cedar.
The structure of this object includes one of the oldest in Russia, the Pechoro-Ilychsky nature reserve, located on the western slopes of the Northern Urals, and the national park "Yugyd va". In general, this entire long protected belt plays a huge role in stabilizing the state of the natural environment. In addition, the virgin nature of the reserve and the park is of interest to archaeologists and paleontologists.
Volcanoes of Kamchatka
© Sputnik/Evgeny Neskoromny
Volcanoes of Kamchatka are six separate areas that are located in the east, in the center and in the south of the peninsula. Together they reflect almost all the main landscapes of Kamchatka, but at the same time each of them has a bright personality. In total, there are about 30 active and 300 extinct volcanoes.
The boundaries of this UNESCO monument include the Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve (this is a unique picturesque mountainous area that includes 26 volcanoes), the underdeveloped high-mountainous Bystrinsky Natural Park, the Klyuchevskoy Natural Park with Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the highest active volcano in Eurasia - and the Nalychevo Nature Park. The latter includes the well-known Nalychevo resort area, where there are about 200 healing springs of thermal and mineral waters.
Lake Baikal
© Sputnik/Ilya Pitalev
Lake Baikal is one of the largest natural heritage sites in the world. This is the oldest freshwater reservoir on our planet - its age is usually estimated at 25 million years, as well as the deepest lake in the world - its maximum depth is 1620 meters. In addition, about 20% of the world's fresh water reserves are contained in Baikal. The beauty of the lake and its surroundings attract tourists from all over Russia and from many countries of the world.
Golden Mountains of Altai
© Sputnik
In the area where the territories of the four largest states Eurasia - Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia, the Golden Mountains of Altai are located, one of the most significant mountain systems Central Asia and South Siberia.
Here you can see a wide variety of landscapes - from steppes and taiga to mountain tundra and glaciers. The area is dominated by the two-headed mountain Belukha, covered with a cap of eternal snow and ice. It reaches 4506 meters in height and is the highest point not only in Altai, but throughout Siberia. And to the west of Belukha there are dozens of mountain glaciers.
Western Caucasus
© Sputnik/Vitaly Savelyev
The Western Caucasus is a natural massif located in the western part of the Greater Caucasus, about 50 kilometers northeast of Sochi. More than 6 thousand species of plants and animals have been recorded in this territory, which makes it a unique center of biodiversity not only on the scale of the Caucasus, but also of Eurasia.
Several tourist routes have been laid on the territory of the reserve, equipped with viewing platforms established a museum of nature. The most visited place is the area of Krasnaya Polyana, located at the southern borders of the reserve.
Central Sikhote-Alin
© Sputnik/Muravin
This most valuable mountain and forest region is located in the south of the Russian Far East. Here you can see narrow intermountain valleys, through which small but fast rivers flow; mountains rising up and rocky cliffs, sometimes sheerly leaving in the waters of the Sea of Japan. Due to the local humid climate, dense forests have formed here, recognized as one of the richest and most original in terms of species composition in the entire Northern Hemisphere.
Ubsunur hollow
© NASA
Ubsunur is a rather large shallow salt lake located in the western part of a vast and closed intermountain basin. The northern part of this basin is located on the territory of Russia (Tuva), and the southern part is on the territory of Mongolia. The World Heritage Site itself consists of 12 scattered sites, seven of which are located in Russia.
All sites are located in different parts drainage basin of Lake Ubsunur, so they differ markedly from each other in natural conditions and in general represent all the main types of landscapes characteristic of Central Asia. In addition, monuments of cultural heritage were found in the basin: ancient burials, rock paintings, stone statues.
Wrangel Island
© Sputnik/L. weisman
The area of Wrangel Island is the northernmost among the world natural heritage sites, it is located about 500 kilometers above the Arctic Circle, at 71 degrees north latitude. In addition to Wrangel Island, the object includes Herald Island, located 70 kilometers to the east, as well as the adjacent waters of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas.
The island itself is valuable in that it is a pronounced autonomous ecosystem that developed under conditions complete isolation the last 50 thousand years - since the time when the island began to separate from the mainland. In addition, this area is characterized by exceptional biodiversity for the Arctic; a number of rare and endangered species can be found here.
Putorana Plateau
© NASA
The boundaries of this object coincide with the boundaries of the Putoransky State Nature Reserve, located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 kilometers above the Arctic Circle. The World Heritage Listed portion of this plateau features the full range of subarctic and arctic ecosystems preserved within an isolated mountain range, including pristine taiga, forest tundra, tundra and arctic deserts, as well as a pristine lake with cold water and river systems.
Natural Park "Lena Pillars"
© Sputnik/Anton Denisov
The Lena Pillars are rock formations of rare beauty that reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the banks of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The pillars are separated from each other by deep and steep ravines, partially filled with rubble. rock. On the territory of the object there are remains of many different species of the Cambrian period.
The material was prepared by the editors of the site