Tushinsky thief. Siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery
At present, the problem of "breaking the sound barrier" seems to be essentially the task of powerful power engines. If there is sufficient thrust to overcome the increase in drag encountered up to and directly over the sound barrier, so that the aircraft can quickly pass through the critical speed range, then no great difficulty should be expected. Perhaps it would be easier for an aircraft to fly in the supersonic speed range than in the transition range between subsonic and supersonic speeds.
Thus, the situation is somewhat similar to that which prevailed at the beginning of this century, when the Wright brothers were able to prove the possibility of active flight, because they had a light engine with sufficient thrust. If we had the right engines, then supersonic flight would become fairly commonplace. Until recently, breaking the sound barrier in level flight has only been achieved using rather uneconomical propulsion systems such as rocket and ramjet engines with very high fuel consumption. Experimental aircraft such as the X-1 and the Sky-rocket are equipped with rocket engines that are only reliable for a few minutes of flight, or turbojet engines with afterburners, but at the time of this writing there are few aircraft that can fly from supersonic speed for half an hour. If you read in the newspaper that an aircraft "passed through the sound barrier" it often means that it did so by diving. In this case, gravity supplemented the insufficient traction force.
There is a strange phenomenon associated with these aerobatics that I would like to point out. Let's assume the plane
approaches the observer at subsonic speed, dives, reaching supersonic speed, then exits the dive and again continues to fly at subsonic speed. In this case, the observer on the ground often hears two loud booming sounds, rather quickly following each other: "Boom, boom!" Some scholars have proposed explanations for the origin of the double rumble. Akeret in Zurich and Maurice Roy in Paris both suggested that the hum is due to the accumulation of sound impulses, such as engine noise, emitted while the aircraft was passing through sonic speed. If the aircraft is moving towards the observer, then the noise emitted by the aircraft will reach the observer in a shorter period of time compared to the interval in which it was issued. Thus, there is always some accumulation of sound impulses, provided that the sound source moves towards the observer. However, if the sound source moves at a speed close to the speed of sound, then the accumulation increases infinitely. This becomes apparent if we assume that all the sound emitted by a source moving exactly at the speed of sound directly towards the observer will reach the latter at one short moment in time, namely, when the sound source has approached the observer's location. The reason is that the sound and the sound source will travel at the same speed. If the sound were moving during this period of time at supersonic speed, then the sequence of perceived and emitted sound impulses would be reversed; the observer will distinguish signals emitted later before he perceives signals emitted earlier.
The double hum process, in accordance with this theory, can be illustrated by the diagram in Fig. 58. Assume that the aircraft is moving straight towards the observer, but at a variable speed. Curve AB shows the movement of the aircraft as a function of time. The slope of the tangent to the curve indicates the instantaneous speed of the aircraft. The parallel lines shown in the diagram indicate the propagation of sound; the angle of inclination in these straight lines corresponds to the speed of sound. First, in the section, the aircraft speed is subsonic, then in the section - supersonic, and finally, in the section - again subsonic. If the observer is at the initial distance D, then the points shown on the horizontal line correspond to the sequence of perceived by him
Rice. 58. Distance-time diagram of an aircraft flying at a variable speed. Parallel lines with an angle of inclination in show the propagation of sound.
sound impulses. We see that the sound emitted by the aircraft during the second pass of the sound barrier (point ) reaches the observer earlier than the sound emitted during the first pass (point ). In these two instants, the observer perceives, after an infinitesimal time interval, impulses emitted during a limited period of time. Hence, he hears a hum similar to an explosion. Between two hum sounds, he simultaneously perceives three impulses emitted at different times by the aircraft.
On fig. 59 schematically shows the noise intensity that can be expected in this simplified case. It should be noted that the accumulation of sound pulses in the case of an approaching sound source is the same process that is known as the Doppler effect; however, the characterization of the latter effect is usually limited by the pitch change associated with the accumulation process. The perceived noise intensity is difficult to calculate because it depends on the mechanism of sound production, which is not well known. In addition, the process is complicated by the shape of the trajectory, possible echoes, as well as shock waves that are observed in various parts of the aircraft during flight and whose energy is converted into sound waves after the aircraft reduces speed. In some
Rice. 59. Schematic representation of the intensity of the noise perceived by the observer.
Recent papers on this topic have attributed the double rumble, sometimes triple rumble, observed in super high speed dives to these shock waves.
The problem of "breaking the sound barrier" or "wall of sound" seems to excite the public's imagination (an English motion picture called Breaking the Sound Barrier gives some idea of the challenges involved in flying through a single Mach); pilots and engineers discuss the problem both seriously and in jest. The following "science report" of transonic flight demonstrates a wonderful combination of technical knowledge and poetic liberties:
We glided smoothly through the air at 540 miles per hour. I've always liked the little XP-AZ5601-NG for its simple controls and the fact that the Prandtl-Reynolds indicator is tucked away in the top right corner of the panel. I checked the instruments. Water, fuel, RPM, Carnot efficiency, ground speed, enthalpy. All OK. Heading 270°. Completeness of combustion is normal - 23 percent. The old turbojet purred as calmly as ever, and Tony's teeth barely chattered from his 17 doors thrown over the Schenectady. Only a thin trickle of oil leaked from the engine. This is life!
I knew that an airplane engine was good for speeds above anything we've ever tried to develop. The weather was so clear, the sky so blue, the air so calm that I could not resist and added speed. I slowly moved the lever forward one position. The regulator only wobbled slightly, and after five minutes or so all was quiet. 590 mph. I pressed the lever again. Only two nozzles are clogged. I pressed the narrow hole cleaner. Open again. 640 mph. Quiet. The exhaust pipe was almost completely bent, a few square inches on one side still open. My hands itched on the lever, and I pressed it again. The plane accelerated to 690 miles per hour, passing through a critical section without breaking a single window. The cabin was getting warm, so I put some more air into the whirlpool cooler. Max 0.9! I have never flown faster. I could see a little shaking outside the porthole window, so I adjusted the shape of the wing and it disappeared.
Tony was dozing now, and I blew smoke from his pipe. I couldn't resist and added speed one more level. Exactly in ten minutes we caught up with Mach 0.95. Back in the combustion chambers, the total pressure dropped devilishly. That was life! Karman's indicator was showing red, but I didn't care. Tony's candle was still burning. I knew gamma was at zero, but I didn't care.
I was dizzy with excitement. Some more! I put my hand on the lever, but just at that moment Tony reached out and his knee brushed against my arm. The lever jumped as much as ten levels! Fuck! The small plane shuddered at its full length, and a colossal loss of speed threw Tony and me into the panel. It felt like we had hit a solid brick wall! I could see that the nose of the plane was crumpled. I looked at the machometer and froze! 1.00! God, in an instant I thought, we are at the maximum! If I don't get him to slow down before he slips, we'll be in waning resistance! Too late! Mach 1.01! 1.02! 1.03! 1.04! 1.06! 1.09! 1.13! 1.18! I was desperate, but Tony knew what to do. In the blink of an eye he gave back
move! Hot air rushed into the exhaust pipe, it was compressed in the turbine, again broke into the chambers, expanded the compressor. Fuel began to flow into the tanks. The entropy meter swung to full zero. Mach 1.20! 1.19! 1.18! 1.17! We are saved. He slid back, he shifted back as Tony and I prayed the flow divider wouldn't get stuck. 1.10! 1.08! 1.05!
Fuck! We hit the other side of the wall! We are trapped! Not enough negative thrust to break back!
While we were cowering in fear of the wall, the tail of the small plane fell apart and Tony yelled, "Fire the rocket boosters!" But they turned the wrong way!
Tony reached out and pushed them forward, Mach lines streaming from his fingers. I set them on fire! The blow was stunning. We lost consciousness.
When I came to my senses, our little plane, all mangled, was just passing through Mach zero! I pulled Tony out and we fell heavily to the ground. The plane slowed down in the east. After a few seconds, we heard a rumble, as if it had hit another wall.
Not a single screw was found. Tony took up net-weaving, and I wandered off to MIT.
In 1606-1610, Tsar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky was on the Russian throne. The Shuiskys were a noble Russian family and descended from Alexander Nevsky.
Tsar Vasily came to power after a boyar conspiracy, during which the impostor False Dmitry was killed, posing as the son of Ivan the Terrible. To get rid of rumors, Vasily ordered the solemn transfer of the relics of the real Dmitry from Uglich to Moscow. The church canonized this prince among the saints.
But even these measures did not help. Rumors arose again among the people that the priest's son was then killed, and the real Dmitry is alive and well and hiding somewhere in order to gain strength and take revenge on Tsar Vasily.
The power of Vasily Shuisky was very shaky. He was elected to the throne by a few people and was essentially a boyar tsar. The stingy, cunning and treacherous old man did not enjoy any popularity among the people. In addition, the country was restless, gangs of troublemakers and robbers roamed the roads. The people were waiting for a new "deliverer".
In the summer of 1606, an uprising broke out in southern Russia under the leadership of the former serf Ivan Bolotnikov. It blazed for a whole year and covered a vast territory. FROM with great difficulty The tsarist troops succeeded in suppressing the unrest. Bolotnikov was executed.
Before Tsar Vasily had time to recover from the Bolotnikov turmoil, a new blow awaited him: finally, the new “Tsar Dmitry” appeared. Speaking from Starodub-Seversky, an impostor unknown to anyone in July 1607 undertook a campaign against Bryansk and Tula. In May of the following year, the troops of False Dmitry II defeated the troops of Vasily Shuisky near Volkhov and came close to Moscow. The impostor camped in the village of Tushino near Moscow, for which he received the nickname "Tushinsky thief." At that time, the word "thief" meant nothing more than a state criminal.
A dual power developed in the country: Tsar Vasily was unable to cope with the Tushins, and False Dmitry could not take Moscow. Military clashes did not give results to either side.
In Tushino, False Dmitry II formed his own government, which consisted of some Russian feudal lords and clerks. Even some boyars, dissatisfied with Shuisky, entered his service. Many Poles also arrived, including Marina Mnishek, the widow of the murdered False Dmitry I. She “recognized” the new impostor as her husband, but secretly married him according to the Catholic rite.
False Dmitry II did not have the abilities of his predecessor and soon turned out to be a toy in the hands of Polish mercenaries. In fact, the head of the Tushino camp was the Polish hetman Rozhinsky. By the autumn of 1608, the Tushinos had established control over a rather vast territory.
Meanwhile, the Polish king Sigismund III himself began hostilities against Russia. He did not want to help the frivolous and rampant False Dmitry II, and he hoped to put his son Vladislav on the Russian throne. In September 1609, Polish troops besieged Smolensk. The impostor did not need the interventionists at all. By order of the king, the Polish troops left Tushino. Many Russian feudal lords who served False Dmitry also went to Sigismund III.
In December 1609, the impostor fled from Tushin to Kaluga. But six months later, when the Poles defeated the troops of Vasily Shuisky near Klushino, False Dmitry II again approached Moscow. There happened significant event: On July 17, 1610, Tsar Vasily was deposed from the throne. Power passed to the boyar government - "seven boyars". It concluded an agreement with Sigismund III, recognized his son Vladislav as the Russian Tsar, and in September treacherously let Polish army to Moscow.
With the appearance in 1607 of the second Russian impostor who took the name Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich, a full-scale Civil War, which engulfed the entire center of the country, brought Russia to the brink of death and led to a foreign invasion.
In portraits of the 17th century False Dmitry II portrayed as False Dmitry I, which, of course, is by no means accidental, since the new, second impostor no longer pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry, son Ivan the Terrible, who allegedly escaped once in Uglich, but for "Tsar Dmitry" ( Grigory Otrepiev), on July 30, 1605, crowned king and allegedly miraculously escaped death on May 17, 1606 (many claimed that then his double was killed instead of the king).
Probably outwardly, False Dmitry II really looked like his predecessor. As for everything else, the second impostor was the complete opposite of Grigory Otrepyev. Russian historian Sergey Platonov noted that False Dmitry I was in fact the leader of the movement he had raised. “The thief [False Dmitry II], - the researcher emphasized, - went out to his work from a drunken prison and declared himself king under pain of beatings and torture. He did not lead the crowds of his supporters and subjects, but, on the contrary, they dragged him along in a spontaneous ferment, the motive of which was not the interest of the applicant, but the own interests of his troops.
One of many
The first news about False Dmitry II dates back to the winter of 1607, when a contender for the name of the miraculously saved Tsar Dmitry was discovered in Lithuania. This impostor was then one of many who posed as royalty. Among Terek Cossacks appeared " Tsarevich Peter Fedorovich"(allegedly the son of Tsar Fedor, that is, the grandson of Ivan the Terrible) and" Tsarevich Ivan-August" (allegedly the son of Ivan the Terrible from marriage with Anna Koltovskaya). The first shed blood in the south of Russia, and then connected with the governor of "Tsar Dmitry" Ivan Bolotnikov in Tula. The second operated in the Lower Volga region, where Astrakhan submitted to him. Following them, another "grandson" of the Terrible, the "son" of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich - "Tsarevich Lavrenty" appeared. In the Cossack villages, impostors grew like mushrooms: the “children” of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich appeared - the “princes” Simeon, Savely, Vasily, Klementy, Eroshka, Gavrilka, Martynka.
In May 1607, False Dmitry II crossed the Russian-Polish border, showed up in Starodub and was recognized local residents. His army replenished so slowly that only in September he was able, at the head of detachments of Polish mercenaries, Cossacks and Russian thieves (various criminals, including political rebels, were called thieves at that time), to move to the aid of False Peter and Bolotnikov. On October 8, the impostor defeated the tsar’s governor near Kozelsk Prince Vasily Fedorovich Mosalsky, Belev captured on the 16th, but, having learned that Tsar Vasily Shuisky took Tula, engulfed in turmoil, and captured Bolotnikov and False Peter, fled from Belev to Karachev.
However, instead of sending his army against the new thief, Tsar Vasily dismissed him, and the commanders of the rebellious army, meanwhile, forced False Dmitry II to turn to Bryansk. The city was besieged, but the governor Mosalsky, sent to Bryansk to the rescue, inspired his detachment: on December 15, 1607, the soldiers, having crossed the icy Desna by swimming, joined the garrison. By joint efforts, Bryansk managed to defend. The rebels did not disappear anywhere: they gathered at Orel and Krom - then, apparently, the proverb "Eagle and Krom - the first thieves" was born. The surviving defenders of Tula, and professional warriors - gentry and Cossacks, and new detachments from all "Ukraines" flocked to the impostor.
In the spring of 1608, the army of False Dmitry II moved to Moscow. At the head of the impostor's troops stood the Lithuanian hetman, Prince Roman Ruzhinsky. April 30 - May 1 (the battle lasted two days) near Belev, the regiments commanded by the tsar's brother, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Shuisky, were defeated. Already in June, False Dmitry appeared near Moscow and encamped in the village of Tushino. By the name of his residence, he received the memorable name of the Tushinsky thief.
Second False Dmitry
Its origin is shrouded in legend. Among contemporaries there were several versions. The voivode of False Dmitry II, Prince Dmitry Mosalsky Humpbacked, “said with torture” that the impostor “from Moscow, from the Arbat from Zakonyushev, is the son of Mitka.” Another former supporter of his - boyar son Afanasy Tsyplyatev- during interrogation, he said that "Tsarevich Dmitry is called Litvin, Ondrey Kurbsky is called the son." The “Moscow chronicler” and the cellar of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery Avraamy (in the world Averky Palitsyn) considered him to come from the family of the Starodub children of the boyar Verevkins (the Verevkins were among the first who, even in Starodub, recognized the sovereign as an impostor and embarrassed the townspeople).
The Jesuits also conducted their own investigation into the personality of False Dmitry II. They believed that the baptized Jew Bogdanko took the name of the king killed in 1606. He was a teacher in Shklov, then moved to Mogilev, where he served the priest: “but he had a bad robe on him, a bad casing, a baryan [lamb's hat], in that summer he went.” For some misconduct, the Shklovsky teacher was threatened with prison. At that moment, a participant in the campaign of False Dmitry I to Moscow, the Pole M. Mekhovsky, noticed him. The latter, most likely, appeared in Belarus for a reason. On the instructions of the leaders of the rebellion against Vasily Shuisky - Bolotnikov, Prince Grigory Petrovich Shakhovsky and False Peter - he was looking for a suitable person for the role of the resurrected Tsar Dmitry. The ragged teacher, in his opinion, outwardly resembled False Dmitry I. But the tramp was frightened by the offer made to him and fled to Propoisk, where he was caught. Here, faced with a choice - to be punished or to declare himself the Tsar of Moscow, he agreed to the latter.
Polish army
After the rout Hetman Stanislav Zolkiewski gentry rokosh (mutiny) Zebzhidovsky army Tushinsky thief replenished with a large number of Polish mercenaries. One of the most successful governor of the new impostor was Colonel Alexander Lisovsky. Everyone was recruited into his fox squads, without distinction of rank and nationality, only the fighting qualities of the warriors were of interest.
False Dmitry II also had those who fought with the highest permission of King Sigismund III, seeking revenge on the Muscovites for the death and captivity of Polish knights during the uprising against False Dmitry I. Thus, Colonel Jan Piotr Sapieha came to the Thief with an 8,000-strong detachment. Among the immigrants from the Commonwealth there were many not only Poles and Lithuanians, but also residents of the Belarusian lands who professed Orthodoxy.
The Tushino camp was a collection of people of different nationalities (Russians, Poles, Lithuanians, Don, Zaporozhye and Volga Cossacks, Tatars), united under the banner of a new impostor by hatred for Shuisky and the desire for profit. The camp of False Dmitry II, which included wooden buildings and tents, was well fortified and protected from the western side by a moat and rampart, and from other sides by the Moscow and Skhodnya rivers.
Approaching Moscow, the impostor tried to take it on the move, but ran into stubborn resistance from the tsarist army. The fighting went westward from the capital, on the Khodynka River not far from Tushin. Then the governors of False Dmitry II decided to blockade the city, blocking all the roads along which it was supplied and communicated with the outskirts. From that moment on, the Tushino people undertook regular campaigns to the north and northeast, to the cities outside Moscow, trying to cut off Vasily Shuisky from Pomorie, the Middle Volga, Perm and Siberia, who traditionally supported him.
"Migratory birds"
With the advent of False Dmitry II, a long period of cruel civil strife began near the walls of the capital. The country was split into two hostile camps. Both in Moscow and in Tushino, the tsar and tsarina were sitting (his comrades-in-arms delivered Marina Mnishek and her father, and the widow of the first impostor agreed to play the role of the wife of the second) and the patriarch (they brought here Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov, who was captured in Rostov), who was named Patriarch of Moscow). Both tsars had a Boyar Duma, orders, troops, both granted estates to their supporters and mobilized military men.
The "thieves" Boyar Duma was quite representative and consisted of various kinds of oppositionists. Its head was the "boyar" (he received this dignity from False Dmitry II), Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy. At the Moscow court, he was just a steward and one of the first to defect to the impostor, right during the battle (“from the case”). A significant force in this Duma was represented by the relatives of the "Patriarch" Filaret - the boyar Mikhail Glebovich Saltykov, the princes Roman Fedorovich Troekurov, Alexei Yuryevich Sitsky, Dmitry Mamtryukovich Cherkassky; served False Dmitry II and the favorites of his predecessor - Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Rubets Mosalsky and other Mosalskys, Prince Grigory Petrovich Shakhovskoy, nobleman Mikhail Andreevich Molchanov, as well as clerks Ivan Tarasevich Gramotin and Petr Alekseevich Tretyakov.
Many ran from the impostor to Vasily Shuisky and back, receiving more and more awards for new betrayals. Avraamy (Palitsyn), the author of an essay about the Time of Troubles, aptly referred to them as "flights". According to him, it also happened that during the day the nobles feasted in the “royal city”, and “for fun” some went to the royal chambers, while others “jumped to the Tushino camps”. The level of moral decline of his contemporaries, who "the king of the game is like a brainchild", committing numerous perjury, horrified Palitsyn.
Wherein the greatest power in the camp of the impostor, it was by no means he himself and not the Boyar Duma who used it, but the commander in chief Roman Ruzhinsky and other commanders from the Commonwealth. From the spring of 1608, Poles and Lithuanians were appointed voivodes to the subjects of False Dmitry II; usually there were two governors - a Russian and a foreigner.
A turning point in relations between the Tushino regime and the regions of Zamoskovie and Pomorye controlled by it occurred with the appearance in the thieves' camp of the Lithuanian magnate Jan Petr Sapieha with mercenaries of the Infland army (these soldiers fought for King Sigismund III in the Baltic states, but, dissatisfied with delays in paying salaries, they set off to look for happiness in the east). After heated disputes between Ruzhinsky and Sapega, a division was made. Ruzhinsky remained in Tushino and controlled the southern and western lands, while Sapega camped near the Trinity-Sergius Monastery and undertook to spread the power of the impostor in Zamoskovie, Pomorye and Novgorod land.
In the north of Russia, the Tushinos acted even more brazenly than in the west and south: they shamelessly robbed the population; Polish and Lithuanian regiments and companies, dividing the palace volosts and villages into "bailiffs", under the guise of collecting taxes and fodder, were engaged in robberies. In normal times, collectors from each plow (a unit of taxation) received 20 rubles; Tushinians, on the other hand, beat out 80 rubles from a plow. Numerous petitions addressed to False Dmitry II and Jan Sapega of peasants, townspeople and landowners have been preserved with complaints about the excesses of the troops. “Lithuanian military people, and Tatars, and Russian people come to us, beat us and torture us and rob our stomachs. Perhaps we, your orphans, were ordered to give us bailiffs! the peasants cried out desperately.
Of particular interest to the robbers were the ancient Russian cities, the centers of the dioceses, in which the episcopal treasury and treasury were located. So, in October 1608, the Sapezhins plundered Rostov, capturing, as already mentioned, Metropolitan Filaret. The inhabitants were “slaughtered”, the city was burned, and the metropolitan, after bullying and scolding, was brought to Tushino. Suzdal, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl, Yuryev-Polskoy, Uglich, Vladimir, Vologda, Kostroma, Galich, Murom, Kasimov, Shatsk, Alatyr, Arzamas, Ryazan, Pskov were captured or voluntarily “kissed the cross to the Thief” ... In Nizhny Novgorod ... the militia led by Prince Alexander Andreevich Repnin and Andrei Semenovich Alyabyev fought off the Tushins and the rebellious peoples of the Volga region. Shuisky Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (Ryazan), where the leader of the Ryazan nobility Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov, sat, Smolensk, where the boyar ruled Mikhail Borisovich Shein, Kazan and Veliky Novgorod.
In the Lower Volga region, he fought with "thieves' people" - Russian Tushins, as well as Tatars, Chuvashs, Mari - b Oyarin Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev. In the autumn of 1608, he moved up the Volga, gathering forces loyal to Tsar Vasily along the way, including attracting to his side the descendants of the Livonian Germans exiled by Ivan the Terrible.
Swedish help
Tsar Vasily Shuisky sent from Moscow against the Tushino separate detachments. Their most important task was to ensure the supply of food to the capital. When rebels appeared near Kolomna, one of the few cities that remained loyal to Shuisky, the tsar sent Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, a steward, against them. He defeated them in the village of Vysotsky, which is 30 miles from Kolomna, and "captured many languages, and took away many of their treasury and supplies."
However, such successes were infrequent. And Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, realizing that he was unable to cope with the impostor alone, decided to resort to foreign military assistance - to Sweden. The choice of King Charles IX as an ally was not accidental. Charles IX was the uncle and enemy of the King of Poland Sigismund III - at one time he even took the Swedish throne from his nephew. In the conditions when Sigismund III intervened more and more actively in Russian affairs every year, tacitly supporting both False Dmitrys and the Polish-Lithuanian detachments roaming around Russia, the inevitability of a war with the Commonwealth became obvious. Vasily Shuisky sought, ahead of events, to enlist the help of his northern neighbor.
Another Shuisky
The prince was sent to Veliky Novgorod to negotiate with the Swedes. Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. The young (he was only 22 years old) relative of the tsar by that time had already managed to become famous for his victories over Bolotnikov's detachments. Unlike most aristocrats of that time, Skopin-Shuisky really deserved his boyar rank, showing himself as a talented and courageous military leader. In a situation where the tsarist governors suffered one defeat after another and retreated helplessly, the prince's victories were of great moral importance.
He had successful negotiations. He managed to attract a mercenary army of 12 thousand Swedes, Germans, Scots and other immigrants from Western Europe to the service of the tsar, and to gather a Russian militia of 3 thousand people in the northern regions. The foreign part of the army of Skopin-Shuisky was commanded by the Swedish Count Jacob Pontus Delagardie. On May 10, 1609, Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich moved from Novgorod "to cleanse the Muscovite state."
In the spring of that year, the north of Russia was engulfed in an uprising against the Tushino thief. Zemstvo detachments attacked the Tushins, killed and expelled them. The governors of Skopin-Shuisky also acted together with them, but the liberation of the northern lands was delayed for several months. But the army of the prince was replenished with detachments of the local militia. In the atmosphere of chaos and devastation that reigned under Vasily Shuisky, local communities (“zemstvo worlds”) themselves began to organize defense and defend themselves from predatory robbers who plundered Russian lands under the banner of Tsar Dmitry. Gradually, these detachments merged into large formations, until, finally, the northern militia joined the army of Skopin-Shuisky.
In the summer, the prince defeated the main forces of False Dmitry II in several battles, but further advance towards Moscow was delayed due to friction with the Swedish mercenaries, who demanded the fulfillment of the terms of the concluded agreement, and in particular the transfer of the Russian fortress of Korela to Sweden. Only in October 1609, after new victories over the Tushino Yan Sapega and Alexander Zborovsky, Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky settled in Alexandrova Sloboda, where a kind of headquarters arose freedom movement. In November, the boyar Sheremetev joined the prince, moving from near Astrakhan with an army from the "lower cities" (that is, the cities of the Lower and Middle Volga) and along the way defeated the uprising of the peoples of the Volga region and took the desperately resisting city of Kasimov by storm (in early August 1609) . It was then that Sapega, fearing the advancing Russian army of Skopin-Shuisky, lifted the siege from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
While Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich was restoring order in the north of the country and fighting with the Tushins in the Upper Volga region, Moscow was restless. Treachery and rebellion had already penetrated into the reigning city itself, faith in the government, loyalty to the king had weakened. The incessant bloodshed of many prompted the idea of replacing the unfortunate Vasily IV.
In February 1609 Prince Roman Gagarin, son of the famous guardsman Timofey Gryaznoy, Ryazan nobleman Grigory Sunbulov"and many others" opposed the sovereign and began to persuade the boyars to depose Vasily Shuisky. However, only Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn supported their appeals. "Noise" rose at the Execution Ground, where the rebels brought the patriarch, but Hermogenes firmly held the side of Shuisky. The king himself was not afraid to appear before the rebels, and they retreated. Participants in the unsuccessful coup attempt and sympathizers - 300 people - fled to Tushino.
Soon a new conspiracy was discovered. One of the boyars closest to Vasily IV - Ivan Fedorovich Kryuk Kolychev - received a denunciation that he was plotting to kill the tsar on Palm Sunday on April 9. Enraged, Vasily Shuisky ordered Kolychev and his accomplices to be tortured and then executed on Pozhar (Red Square). But even after that, indignation was more than once raised against the sovereign.
"Here comes my rival!"
March 12, 1610 Skopin-Shuisky at the head of the army entered Moscow and was greeted by the jubilant people. But among the triumphant crowd there was one man whose heart was filled with malice and hatred. “Prince Dmitry Shuisky, standing on the rampart and seeing Skopin from a distance, exclaimed: “Here comes my rival!”, narrates a contemporary of these events, the Dutchman Elias Gerkman. The brother of Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich Shuisky had reason to be afraid of the young governor: in the event of the death of a childless sovereign, he was supposed to take the throne, but the huge popularity of Skopin-Shuisky inspired him with fear that the people would proclaim the heir, and then the tsar, Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich. Some sources testify that Vasily IV himself was afraid of Skopin-Shuisky, who was rapidly gaining fame and political weight.
The "Scripture on the Repose and Burial of Prince Skopin-Shuisky", according to which, at the christening of Prince Alexei Vorotynsky, the godmother - the "villainous" Princess Ekaterina Shuiskaya (wife of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Shuisky and daughter of guardsman Malyuta Skuratov) - presented to her godfather Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky a bowl of poison. The young commander fell ill for several days and died on April 23, 1610. With weeping and screaming, crowds of people escorted the body of the prince to burial in the royal tomb - the Archangel Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. With the death of Skopin-Shuisky, they began to hate the king, who had not previously enjoyed special love, as the culprit of his death.
Meanwhile, False Dmitry II, like Vasily IV in Moscow, had long felt uncomfortable in his "capital" - Tushino. Back in September 1609, Sigismund III declared war on Russia and laid siege to Smolensk. Among the Poles surrounding the impostor, a plan arose to transfer the Tushinsky thief into the hands of the king, and themselves to take his side and get him or his son Vladislav the Moscow crown. The Poles and some Russian Tushians began negotiations with Sigismund III, which resulted in an agreement between the Tushino boyars and the king (February 4, 1610) on calling Prince Vladislav to the throne of Moscow.
Kaluga yard
In December 1609, the impostor was placed under house arrest, but managed to escape from Tushin to Kaluga, where he again attracted many supporters (Cossacks, Russians and part of the Poles) and from where he waged war with two sovereigns: Moscow Tsar Vasily Shuisky and the Polish king Sigismund. The Tushino camp was empty: the supporters of the king - the boyar Saltykov, Prince Rubets Mosalsky, Prince Yuri Dmitrievich Khvorostinin, the nobleman Molchanov, the clerk Gramotin and others - went to him near Smolensk, and the supporters of the impostor - to Kaluga.
During the Kaluga period of his adventure, False Dmitry II was the most independent in the actions taken. Convinced of the treachery of the Polish mercenaries, he already appealed to the Russian people, frightening them with the desire of Sigismund III to seize Russia and establish Catholicism here. This call resonated with many. Kaluga residents gladly accepted the impostor. A little later, Marina Mnishek also made her way to Kaluga, finding herself after the flight of the Thief from Tushin in Dmitrov at the hetman Jan Sapieha.
The Tushino camp broke up, but by 1610 a new abscess had formed in Kaluga. Now the impostor was agitating against the king and the Poles, but his patriotism was dictated primarily by selfish considerations. In fact, he was not confident in his abilities and sought help from Sapieha, was afraid of assassination attempts and therefore surrounded himself with guards from Germans and Tatars. An atmosphere of suspicion and cruelty reigned in the Kaluga camp. On a false denunciation, False Dmitry II ordered the execution of Albert Skotnitsky, who had previously been the captain of the guards of False Dmitry I and Kaluga governor Bolotnikov, and unleashed his anger on all Germans. In the end, boundless cruelty and ruined him.
In the autumn of 1610, from the royal camp near Smolensk, he arrived in Kaluga Kasimov Khan Uraz-Mohammed. Kasimov was a faithful support initially of Bolotnikov, and then of False Dmitry II, so the impostor accepted him with honor. However, having received a denunciation of the evil intentions of the khan, the Tushinsky thief lured him on a hunt, where he was killed. According to the epitaph of Uraz-Mohammed, this happened on November 22.
But the impostor did not long survive the Kasimov Khan. The head of the guard of False Dmitry II, the Nogai prince Peter Urusov, decided to take revenge on him for the death of the khan. Urusov also had another reason for revenge: earlier, the Tushinsky thief ordered the execution of the roundabout Ivan Ivanovich Godunov, who was a relative of the prince. On December 11, 1610, the impostor went for a ride in a sleigh. A verst from Kaluga, Pyotr Urusov approached the sledge and fired at him with a gun, and then cut off his head with a saber. Having committed the murder, the Tatars, who were guarding False Dmitry II, rode off to the Crimea. The news of the death of the impostor was brought to the camp by the jester Peter Koshelev, who accompanied him on the trip. Kaluga residents buried "Tsar Dmitry" in the Trinity Church. A few days later, Marina Mnishek gave birth to a son, who was baptized according to the Orthodox rite and named Ivan in honor of his imaginary grandfather. The remnants of the army of False Dmitry II took the oath to the newborn "prince".
The death of False Dmitry II was of great importance, predetermining further development events. The movement directed against the Poles and Russian traitors was able to free itself from the adventurist element associated with the personality of the self-proclaimed pretender to the throne. Now the main slogans of the opponents of Polish rule were the expulsion of foreigners and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor to elect a new legitimate tsar (by that time Vasily Shuisky had been deposed - on July 17, 1610). Persons who previously supported the Poles out of fear of an impostor began to go over to the side of their opponents. At the same time, the anarchist elements lost their main support: having lost the idea of serving the "lawful king", they turned into ordinary robbers. The son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II, Ivan, nicknamed Vorenok in Moscow, was too small to become the leader of the movement. According to the New Chronicler, the supporters of the impostor in Kaluga refused to swear allegiance to Prince Vladislav and announced that they would take the oath to the tsar who "would be in the Muscovite state."
Probably many more school years I remember the phrase "Tushinsky thief." The fact that this nickname meant False Dmitry 2, most learned from the lessons of national history.
Biography of the impostor
Until now, neither the real name nor the origin of this mysterious person is known. There are only extremely cautious and practically unfounded assumptions about who False Dmitry 2 was in reality. The biography of the impostor is a "white spot". According to one version, he was the son of a priest. Another source tells us that False Dmitry 2 had Jewish roots that go back to a rundown province, but there is no reliable information. Speaking briefly about such a person as False Dmitry 2, we can say with confidence: the adventurism that is inherent in any Russian person, as well as susceptibility to foreign influence, played a detrimental role in his fate.
An impostor appeared in the summer of 1607 in Starodub. His entire short life was spent in local skirmishes and wars. The strategy of False Dmitry 2 was based on the version that his predecessor survived after the uprising in Moscow. Despite his cunning, he was less fortunate. The reign of False Dmitry 2 did not take place, since he did not manage to get to the capital to be crowned. His main hope was on the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov. The impostor believed that they would help capture Moscow, but Bolotnikov could not provide significant assistance.
Politics
In the piggy bank of victories of False Dmitry 2, there were only local short-term triumphs. It is surprising that he was generally able to place even insignificant forces under his banners. He began his journey up the stairs to the goal with a trip to the Belarusian cities of Propoisk and Starodub. Having shown courage, the impostor introduced himself as Dimitri Ioannovich. In a short period of time, he managed to win the trust of a large number of people and gather soldiers from the treasury, as well as the rebels of Ivan Bolotnikov, into his entourage. Under the leadership of this dubious subject, the resulting group advanced towards Bryansk, and then to Tula. The first triumphs inspired the army. During the siege of the capital, half of the local nobility went over to False Dmitry 2, who claimed the Russian throne. Having defeated Vasily Shuisky, the impostor was defeated near Khimki on Presnya. Nevertheless, he managed to organize a camp in Tushino near Moscow. Here, a local community began to operate its own routines and orders. False Dmitry 2 controlled the territories north of Moscow, such big cities like Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov. After the capture of the latter, the detachments brought the captive Metropolitan Filaret Romanov to Tushino, where they proclaimed him patriarch. Significant support was provided by popular unrest, reinforced by dissatisfaction with the power of the boyars and Vasily Shuisky.
Strengthening the position
Meanwhile, in pursuit of power and easy money, in July 1608, Marina Mnishek arrived in Tushino, who was the official widow of False Dmitry 1. Under the terms of the armistice agreement with the Poles, she was released into the wild.
Taking advantage of the opportunity, the woman recognized her husband in the “Tushinsky thief”, who allegedly escaped by a miracle. Of course, this fact once again confirmed the false status of the impostor in the eyes of others. Subsequently, the couple secretly married, and they had a son.
The power of the Polish interventionists
Anarchy was finally established in the country. The Poles divided and ruled in the Tushino court. It was in their hands that control was, they corrected the actions of their puppet: the policy of False Dmitry 2 was completely controlled by the Poles. Taking advantage of this, the Poles willingly robbed and ruined ordinary peasants. Endless robbery raids began to run into armed responses from the townspeople and peasants.
In the period from September 1608 to January 1610, detachments of Poland and Lithuania kept the Trinity-Sergius Monastery under siege. Despite the difficult situation, the defenders of the monastery managed to repel all enemy attacks and defend the shrine.
Polish invaders in 1609 made an attempt to capture Smolensk, but it was unsuccessful. It also failed to put its prince, Vladislav, on the Russian throne.
inglorious end
Thanks to the efforts of a remarkable military leader and an excellent strategist - Skopin-Shuisky M.V. plans of False Dmitry 2 were upset. In 1609, the Tushino camp finally disintegrated. The assembled rabble did not want to obey anyone, everyone just wanted easy money. False Dmitry 2 did not find another way out, how to flee to Kaluga. But even there he did not find salvation: death found an impostor in the Kaluga region, where he was shot dead by his own serviceman - P. Urusov.
Meanwhile, the fate of Ivan Bolotnikov, who supported False Dmitry 2, was no less sad. He was first blinded and then killed by a blow to the head with a club. The lifeless body of Bolotnikov was thrown into the hole.
Chronology
Thus, if we analyze the path that False Dmitry 2 went through, briefly, we can distinguish several main stages:
1607 - the appearance of an impostor who introduced himself as the surviving False Dmitry 1;
1608 - the formation of its own army from the remnants of troops of various stripes;
May 11, 1608 - the defeat of government troops under the leadership of Shuisky, the formation of the Tushino camp, the seizure of new lands;
1609 - the appearance in the camp of discord, the weakening of the position of False Dmitry 2;
1610 - the dissolution of the Tushino camp, the flight of False Dmitry 2 to Kaluga;
The location of the remains of False Dmitry 2 is not known, but there is an opinion that they are located in one of the Kaluga churches.
Brilliant scams Khvorostukhina Svetlana Aleksandrovna
Tushinsky thief (False Dmitry II)
Tushinsky thief (False Dmitry II)
In the middle of 1607, False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub - a person absolutely unsuitable for the throne. The Polish captain Samuel Maskevich described him as follows: "A rude man, nasty customs, foul-mouthed in conversation." The origin of this man is shrouded in obscurity. Some historians claim that he was a teacher from the Belarusian town of Shklov, others consider him a priest, others consider him a baptized Jew. Some researchers attribute its appearance to the desire of the Polish lords to sow confusion in the Muscovite state.
The impostor, following the advice of Mniszek's agent, Mechovitsky, at first did not dare to declare himself king. He called himself the Moscow boyar Nagim and began to spread rumors in Starodub that Tsarevich Dmitry was still alive. When the Starodubtsy subjected False Dmitry to torture along with his accomplice, clerk Alexei Rukin, the latter admitted that the boyar, who calls himself Nagim, is the real Dmitry. After these words, the impostor took on a formidable look and shouted: “Oh, you all sorts of children, I am the sovereign!” Starodubtsy immediately fell on their faces with lamentations: “You are to blame, sir, they did not recognize you; have mercy on us. We are glad to serve you and lay down our lives for you.”
The impostor was released and surrounded with all sorts of honors. He was joined by Zarutsky and Mekhovitsky with a Polish-Russian detachment and several thousand Severians. Standing at the head of this army, False Dmitry II captured the cities of Karachev, Bryansk and Kozelsk. In Orel, reinforcements from Poland, Lithuania and Zaporozhye joined his detachment.
In May 1608, the troops of the impostor, commanded by the Ukrainian prince Roman Ruzhinsky, who brought thousands of volunteers recruited in the Commonwealth, defeated Vasily Shuisky near Volkhov. Some time later, the impostor approached Moscow. The army of False Dmitry II stopped 12 km from the capital, in Tushino (now within Moscow), which is why he later received the nickname Tushinsky Thief.
False Dmitry II
The Tushino period of the Time of Troubles lasted almost a year and a half. The army of the impostor consisted of Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian adventurers. Representatives of the nobility, who were opponents of Vasily Shuisky, also joined him. False Dmitry attracted the people to his side, promising in return a generous reward - the lands of traitor boyars, he even allowed the boyar daughters to be forcibly taken as his wife.
The camp of the impostor has turned into a fortified city. His troops included 7,000 Polish soldiers, 10,000 Cossacks and several tens of thousands of all sorts of rabble.
Its main force was the Cossacks, who sought to establish Cossack freedom. One of the Poles who served with False Dmitry wrote: “Everything is done by our tsar, as according to the Gospel, everyone is equal in his service.” But after well-born people appeared in Tushino, envy, rivalry and disputes about seniority penetrated the camp of the impostor. In August 1608, part of the Poles, released at the request of King Sigismund, joined the Tushinites.
Among them was Marina Mnishek, who, after the persuasion of Sapieha and Rozhinsky, agreed to secretly marry False Dmitry II, recognizing him as her husband.
Both in the capital and in the cities surrounding it, the impostor's influence grew more and more every day. Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda, Kashin, Murom and other cities obeyed him. However, the behavior of the Poles and Russian thieves, who formed gangs and, attacking villages, robbed them and mocked people, soon caused a storm of indignation among the Russian people, who lost faith that the real Dmitry had settled in Tushino.
In the end, the position of the king was shaken. One by one, the outlying cities began to renounce him. Another attempt to capture Moscow was unsuccessful. Meanwhile, Skopin and the Swedes were advancing from the north; in Pskov and Tver, the Tushians were defeated and put to flight. Moscow finally freed itself from the siege.
Sigismund III undertook a campaign near Smolensk, during which most of the Poles went over to him from the army of the impostor. False Dmitry was forced to disguise himself as a peasant and flee from the fortified Kaluga, where he was greeted with honors. Marina Mnishek also arrived here. Having got rid of the supervision of the Polish lords, False Dmitry felt much freer. Kashira and Kolomna again swore allegiance to him.
On June 24, 1610, near the city of Klushin, located 150 km from Moscow, the Poles, led by the crown hetman Stanislav Zhulkevsky, defeated Shuisky's army. The way to Moscow was open. Zhulkevsky advanced on the capital from the west, and the impostor moved from the south. False Dmitry managed to take Serpukhov, Borovsk, Pafnutiev Monastery and reach Moscow itself. Marina Mnishek stayed at the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery, and the impostor - in the palace village of Kolomenskoye. Circumstances were in his favor. In addition, the royal throne was free, because on July 17 Shuisky was deposed and forcibly tonsured a monk.
However, this time the newly-minted king failed, like his more efficient predecessor, to seize power into his own hands. On August 17, Zhulkevsky concluded an agreement with the Moscow boyars on the accession to the Russian throne of the son of Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to whom, following Moscow, many cities swore allegiance. A Polish garrison was brought into Moscow, which cut off the path to Moscow for the impostor.
However, Zhulkevsky decided to settle things with False Dmitry without resorting to force. The Polish hetman, on behalf of his king, promised the impostor to grant the city of Sambir or Grodno in return for support. But False Dmitry did not want to agree to such conditions. Subsequently, Zhulkiewski wrote in his memoirs: “He did not think to be content with that, and even more so his wife, who, being an ambitious woman, rather rudely muttered: “Let His Majesty the King yield to His Majesty the King of Krakow, and the Tsar His Majesty yield to the King His Majesty Warsaw ". Then Zhulkevsky, forgetting about the rules of good manners, ordered the arrest of the royal couple. But he didn’t have time, because Marina Mnishek and the king, accompanied by 500 Cossacks of ataman Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky, fled to Kaluga.
This city was the last refuge for the impostor. False Dmitry became a victim of the revenge of the baptized Tatar Urusov, whom he had once subjected to corporal punishment.
On December 11, 1610, the half-drunk False Dmitry, escorted by a crowd of Tatars, went hunting, during which Urusov, seizing the right moment, cut his master's shoulder with a saber. After that, the younger brother of the bloody avenger cut off False Dmitry's head.
The news of the death of the king led to great unrest in Kaluga. All the Tatars who remained in the city were killed by the Don.
In memory of his father, the rebels proclaimed the son of False Dmitry II the Kaluga Tsar.
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