The life of people during WWII. How children lived and dreamed about during the Great Patriotic War
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The cultural life of the country during the war years was influenced by new moments. The material base of cultural institutions was sharply reduced due to the termination of their funding. Many centers of Soviet culture were located in the western and central regions of the country, which were occupied for the first months of the war. A number of scientific and cultural institutions were evacuated to the eastern regions, but many cultural and scientific values fell into the hands of the enemy and have not yet been returned to the country. Figures of culture and science were forced to look for new forms of existence in wartime conditions. They gave lectures and concerts at the fronts, in hospitals, factories, factories, etc.
The ruling party set new tasks for the intelligentsia, which were dictated by wartime conditions. It was supposed to instill in the Soviet people such necessary qualities as patriotism, socialist internationalism, fidelity to duty, oath, hatred of the enemy, etc. Such propaganda was carried out, and it was quite effective.
Figures of Soviet culture began to turn to the historical past of the Russian people, make films, stage theatrical performances, write works of art about the figures and events of pre-revolutionary Russia. Cooperation with the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition allowed them to turn to the work of Western writers and artists and promote it in our country. During the war years, many Soviet people became acquainted with the achievements of world culture for the first time.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War the way of life of the Soviet people has changed radically. Almost all of them have changed their living conditions. The male population was mobilized into the army, the number of which reached 11 million people. Women, children, yesterday's peasants came to industrial production. Their work during the war years was hard, with a long working day, with virtually no days off and holidays. In order to secure the support of the peasantry, the government was forced to lift some of the restrictions introduced during the period of collectivization. By the way, this was influenced by the desire of the Germans in the occupied territory to carry out decollectivization. A major concession to the Soviet peasantry during the war years was the stake on its personal interests. Personal subsidiary farms were allowed in the countryside, and the peasants received a certain freedom in selling products from subsidiary farms. In addition, it was for the peasantry that the freedom of religion received was the most relevant.
Already in July 1941, the population of Moscow and Leningrad was transferred to card supply. In 1942, 62 million Soviet people were served with cards, and in 1945 - 80 million. The entire population of the country was divided into several categories according to the level of consumption, depending on the labor and military contribution, while the norms of their supply with cards fluctuated significantly . Throughout the war, collective farm markets functioned in the country, where food products could be purchased at a high price. However, not every person could do this, because in the Urals 1 kg of meat cost more than a worker received per month. From April 1944 a system of commercial shops and restaurants was introduced.
During the war, there was a strong inflation in the country. Despite the fact that highly productive labor was well paid, real wages in 1945 amounted to 40% of the 1940 level. But even this money earned could not be realized, and it accumulated on savings books, especially in the countryside. In order to withdraw money from the population that was not backed by goods, the state introduced a system of special taxes, forced loans, froze cash deposits, organized "voluntary" subscriptions for aircraft, tanks, etc.
The Great Patriotic War is not just history. This is a concrete, priceless spiritual asset that does not age, does not become everyday and ordinary. Over the years, interest has not weakened, but has grown not only in the large-scale epic of the war, but also in its individual pages.
Despite the abundance of literature on the war, it lacks an analysis of the role social psychology wt. There are many works on ideological work during the war years, but they, as a rule, come down to listing the actions of political agencies. Their authors practically do not try to show what folk traditions, mentality traits they relied on, what determined this activity. The totalitarian regime managed to neutralize the individual, suppress independence, sow fear of harsh authoritarian power, replace religiosity, Orthodox spirituality with atheism, give patriotism a new idea - the idea of social liberation.
The war for the freedom and independence of the Motherland, for the salvation of world civilization and culture against modern barbarism, was a leap in the development of the individual, a turn in the mentality of Russians. This was manifested not only in heroism, but also in people's awareness of their strength, the disappearance to a large extent of fear of power, the growth of hopes for the expansion of freedoms and rights of citizens, the democratization of the system, the renewal and improvement of life.
The war began the process of rethinking values, called into question the inviolability of the Stalinist cult. And although official propaganda still associated all successes and victories with the name of the leader, and failures and defeats fell on enemies and traitors, there was no longer such complete, unconditional trust in the previously unquestioned authority. And if now the Stalinist repressive apparatus snatched out a brother-front-line soldier, the former bold pre-war belief that "innocent people are not imprisoned" was replaced by bewilderment and indignation. Stamps collapsed, coming into collision with real life experience, which was seriously forced to think about by the war, which turned out to be so unlike the “powerful, crushing blow”, “little bloodshed”, “in foreign territory” promised by propaganda. The war made me look at many things differently. In a short time, truths were comprehended, to which mankind had been going for centuries. The new features that appeared in the mentality of the Soviet people: the transition from a position of expectation to a position of action, independence, the disappearance to a large extent of fear of power - had a colossal effect on our historical development.
Frontline generation peoples former USSR owe not only independence, but also the first spiritual and political assault on totalitarianism. The years of the Great Patriotic War opened new page in the history of relations between the Soviet state and the Russian Orthodox Church. In fact, for the first time since the formation of the socialist state, an attempt was made by the authorities to move from a policy aimed at the destruction of the Russian Orthodox Church how social institution to a constructive dialogue with her.
For the Orthodox hierarchs, this was a chance for the revival of the ruined and humiliated Russian Church. They responded with pleasure and gratitude to new course Stalinist leadership. As a result, the Russian Orthodox Church during the war years managed to significantly improve its financial situation, train clergy, and increase its authority and influence in the country and abroad.
The new church policy was positively received by the majority of the country's population. Overcrowded churches during Orthodox holidays, the possibility of performing religious rites at home, the ringing of bells calling the faithful to service, solemn religious processions with a large crowd of people have become a sign of the times. The craving for religion increased significantly during the war years. Faith gave strength for a life of labor in conditions of constant deprivation.
The war gave a chance for the revival of Orthodox spirituality, a return to the pre-revolutionary traditions of Orthodoxy. This had a negative effect. The change in the situation in the religious sphere during the war years objectively "worked" to strengthen the existing regime, to increase Stalin's personal authority. In the context of the actively asserted ideas of statehood and patriotism, the restoration and strengthening of the Orthodox Church as the traditional bearer of these ideas served as an additional source of legitimacy for Stalin's power. The spiritual turn also manifested itself in a change in emphasis in patriotism. There has been a shift from the great-power Comintern attitudes to a growing feeling of a "small motherland" that is in mortal danger. The fatherland was more and more personified with the big house of the Soviet peoples.
It was not the idea of introducing communist liberation from exploitation to the working people of other countries, which was propagated by propaganda before the war, but the need to survive rallied the peoples of the Soviet Union. During the war, many Russian national traditions and values were revived, which had been anathematized from the standpoint of communist ideology for more than two decades. Politically subtle and ideologically expedient was the leadership's assessment of the nature of the war as the Great Patriotic War. The specificity of socialist and revolutionary motives in propaganda was muted, the emphasis was on patriotism.
Patriotism is not our monopoly. People of many countries love their Motherland and are ready for a feat for her. However, the sacrifice of the Soviet peoples during the Great Patriotic War is still unparalleled. The standard of living of the population of the USSR was immeasurably lower than in any of the warring countries, and nowhere was the attitude to price human life was not so careless on the part of the state. People put up with it and willingly made sacrifices.
It is worth recalling that the top leaders of the Reich themselves recognized the high patriotic spirit of our people. Even such a master of falsification as Goebbels admitted: "If the Russians are fighting stubbornly and fiercely, then this should not be attributed to the fact that they are forced to fight by agents of the GPU, allegedly shooting them in case of retreat, but on the contrary, they are convinced that they are defending their homeland" .
Thus, the war made significant changes in the public consciousness, the mentality of the Soviet people. A special generation took shape, distinguished by moral and psychological qualities and the strength of their manifestation. All these changes did not pass without a trace for the state. The origins of today's our changes are deeply rooted in the military hard times.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the program outlined by the 18th Party Congress for the introduction of a seven-year universal education and the development of general secondary education in the country was interrupted. System public education withstood severe trials during the war years. Tens of thousands of school buildings were destroyed, the number of teachers was reduced by one third, and many children lost the opportunity to study. It became more difficult to supply schools with textbooks and stationery. All this led to the fact that during the war total number schools decreased by more than half, there was a large dropout of children from general education schools.
The rapid transition of the economy to a war footing and success in fulfilling front-line orders were achieved at the cost of incredible efforts, the selfless work of those who replaced the engineers and cadre workers who had gone to the front.
To this day, the soldiers who defended our Motherland from enemies are remembered. Those who made these cruel times were children born in 1927 to 1941 and in the subsequent years of the war. These are the children of war. They survived everything: hunger, the death of loved ones, overwork, devastation, the children did not know what fragrant soap, sugar, comfortable new clothes, shoes were. All of them have long been old men and teach the younger generation to cherish everything they have. But often they are not given due attention, and it is so important for them to pass on their experience to others.
Training during the war
Despite the war, many children studied, went to school, whatever they had to.“Schools worked, but few people studied, everyone worked, education was up to grade 4. There were textbooks, but there were no notebooks, the children wrote on newspapers, old receipts on any piece of paper they found. The ink was the soot from the furnace. It was diluted with water and poured into a jar - it was ink. They dressed in school in what they had, neither boys nor girls had a certain uniform. The school day was short, as I had to go to work. Brother Petya was taken by my father's sister to Zhigalovo, he was one of the family who graduated from the 8th grade ”(Fartunatova Kapitolina Andreevna).
“We had an incomplete secondary school (7 classes), I already graduated in 1941. I remember that there were few textbooks. If five people lived nearby, then they were given one textbook, and they all gathered together at one and read, prepared their homework. They gave one notebook per person to do homework. We had a strict teacher in Russian and literature, he called to the blackboard and asked me to recite a poem by heart. If you do not tell, then the next lesson you will definitely be asked. Therefore, I still know the poems of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov and many others" (Vorotkova Tamara Aleksandrovna).
“I went to school very late, there was nothing to wear. The poor and the lack of textbooks existed even after the war ”(Kadnikova Alexandra Yegorovna)
“In 1941, I finished the 7th grade at the Konovalovskaya school with an award - a cut of chintz. They gave me a ticket to Artek. Mom asked me to show on the map where that Artek was and refused the ticket, saying: “It’s far away. What if there's a war?" And I was not mistaken. In 1944 I went to study at the Malyshev secondary school. They got to Balagansk by walkers, and then by ferry to Malyshevka. There were no relatives in the village, but there was an acquaintance of my father - Sobigray Stanislav, whom I saw once. I found a house from memory and asked for an apartment for the duration of my studies. I cleaned the house, did laundry, thereby working for a shelter. From the products until the new year there was a bag of potatoes and a bottle of vegetable oil. It had to be stretched out before the holidays. I studied diligently, well, so I wanted to become a teacher. At school, much attention was paid to the ideological and patriotic education of children. At the first lesson, for the first 5 minutes, the teacher talked about the events at the front. Every day a line was held, where the results of academic performance in grades 6-7 were summed up. The elders reported. That class received the red challenge banner, there were more good students and excellent students. Teachers and students lived as one family, respecting each other. ”(Fonareva Ekaterina Adamovna)
Nutrition, daily life
Most people during the war faced an acute problem of food shortages. They ate poorly, mainly from the garden, from the taiga. They caught fish from nearby water bodies.
“Basically, we were fed by the taiga. We picked berries and mushrooms and prepared them for the winter. The most delicious and joyful was when my mother baked pies with cabbage, bird cherry, potatoes. Mom planted a garden where the whole family worked. There wasn't a single weed. And they carried water for irrigation from the river, climbed high up the mountain. They kept cattle, if there were cows, then 10 kg of butter per year were given to the front. They dug frozen potatoes and collected spikelets left on the field. When dad was taken away, Vanya replaced him for us. He, like his father, was a hunter and fisherman. In our village, the Ilga River flowed, and good fish were found in it: grayling, hare, burbot. Vanya will wake us up early in the morning, and we will go to pick different berries: currants, boyarka, wild rose, lingonberries, bird cherry, dove. We will collect, dry and rent for money and for procurement to the defense fund. Gathered until the dew was gone. As soon as it comes down, run home - you need to go to the collective farm haymaking, row the hay. The food was given out very little, in small pieces, if only there was enough for everyone. Brother Vanya sewed Chirki shoes for the whole family. Dad was a hunter, he got a lot of furs and sold them. Therefore, when he left, a large amount of stock remained. They grew wild hemp and sewed pants from it. The elder sister was a needlewoman; she knitted socks, stockings and mittens" (Fartunatova Kapitalina Andreevna).
“We were fed by Baikal. We lived in the village of Barguzin, we had a cannery. There were teams of fishermen, they caught both from Baikal and from the Barguzin River, different fish. Sturgeon, whitefish, and omul were caught from Baikal. In the river there were fish such as perch, roach, crucian carp, burbot. Made canned food was sent to Tyumen, and then to the front. The weak old people, those who did not go to the front, had their own foreman. The brigadier was a fisherman all his life, he had his own boat and net. They called all the inhabitants and asked: "Who needs fish?" Everyone needed fish, since only 400 g were given out per year, and 800 g per employee. Everyone who needed fish pulled a seine on the shore, the old people swam into the river in a boat, set up a seine, then the other end was brought ashore. On both sides, a rope was evenly chosen, and a net was pulled to the shore. It was important not to let the joint out of the “motni”. Then the brigadier divided the fish among all. That is how they fed themselves. At the factory, after they made canned food, they sold fish heads, 1 kilogram cost 5 kopecks. We didn’t have potatoes, and we didn’t have vegetable gardens either. Because there was only a forest around. Parents went to a neighboring village and exchanged fish for potatoes. We did not feel severe hunger ”(Tomar Alexandrovna Vorotkova).
“There was nothing to eat, they walked around the field and picked spikelets and frozen potatoes. They kept cattle and planted vegetable gardens” (Kadnikova Alexandra Yegorovna).
“All spring, summer and autumn I went barefoot - from snow to snow. It was especially bad when they worked on the field. On the stubble, the legs were stabbed into the blood. The clothes were like everyone else's - a canvas skirt, a jacket from someone else's shoulder. Food - cabbage leaves, beet leaves, nettles, oatmeal mash and even the bones of horses that died of hunger. The bones hovered and then sipped salted water. Potatoes, carrots were dried and sent to the front in parcels ”(Fonareva Ekaterina Adamovna)
In the archive, I studied the Book of Orders for the Balagansky District Health Department. (Fund No. 23 inventory No. 1 sheet No. 6 - Appendix 2) Found that epidemics of infectious diseases during the war years among children were not allowed, although by order of the District Health Service of September 27, 1941, rural obstetric centers were closed. (Fund No. 23 inventory No. 1 sheet No. 29-Appendix 3) Only in 1943 in the village of Molka an epidemic is mentioned (the disease is not indicated). . I conclude that preventing the spread of infection was a very important matter.
In the report at the 2nd district party conference on the work of the district party committee on March 31, 1945, the results of the work of the Balagansky district during the war years are summed up. It can be seen from the report that 1941, 1942, 1943 were very difficult years for the region. Yields dropped drastically. Potato yield in 1941 - 50, in 1942 - 32, in 1943 - 18 centners. (Annex 4)
Gross grain harvest - 161627, 112717, 29077 centners; received for workdays of grain: 1.3; 0.82; 0.276 kg. Based on these figures, we can conclude that people really lived from hand to mouth. (Appendix 5)
Hard work
Everyone worked, both old and young, the work was different, but difficult in its own way. They worked day in and day out from early morning until late at night.
“Everyone worked. Both adults and children from 5 years old. The boys carried hay and drove horses. Until the hay was removed from the field, no one left. The women took the young cattle and raised them, while the children helped them. They took the cattle to the watering place and provided food. In the autumn, while studying, the children still continue to work, being at school in the morning, and at the first call they went to work. Basically, the children worked in the fields: digging potatoes, picking spikelets of rye, etc. Most of the people worked on the collective farm. They worked on a calf, raised cattle, worked in collective farm gardens. We tried to quickly remove the bread, not sparing ourselves. As soon as the bread is removed, the snow will fall, and they will be sent to logging sites. The saws were ordinary with two handles. They felled huge forests in the forest, cut off branches, sawed them into chocks and chopped firewood. The lineman came and measured the cubic capacity. It was necessary to prepare at least five cubes. I remember how my brothers and sisters were bringing firewood home from the forest. They were carried on a bull. He was big, with a temper. They began to move down the hill, and he carried it, fooled around. The cart rolled, and the firewood fell out to the side of the road. The bull broke the harness and ran to the stable. The cattlemen realized that this was our family and sent my grandfather on a horse to help. So they brought firewood to the house already dark. And in winter, the wolves came close to the village, howled. Cattle were often bullied, but people were not touched.
The calculation was carried out at the end of the year according to workdays, some were praised, and some remained in debt, since the families were large, there were few workers and it was necessary to feed the family during the year. They borrowed flour and cereals. After the war, I went to work as a milkmaid on a collective farm, they gave me 15 cows, but in general they give 20, I asked them to give me like everyone else. They added cows, and I overfulfilled the plan, milked a lot of milk. They gave me 3 m of satin for this blue color. This was my prize. A dress was sewn from satin, which was very dear to me. There were both hard workers and lazy people on the collective farm. Our collective farm has always exceeded the plan. We collected parcels for the front. Knitted socks, mittens.
There were not enough matches, salt. Instead of matches at the beginning of the village, the old people set fire to a large deck, it slowly burned, smoke. They took coal from it, brought it home and fanned the fire in the furnace. (Fartunatova Kapitolina Andreevna).
“Children worked mainly on firewood. Worked with 6th and 7th grade students. All adults fished and worked at the factory. They worked weekends." (Vorotkova Tamara Alexandrovna).
“The war began, the brothers went to the front, Stepan died. I worked on a collective farm for three years. First, as a nanny in a manger, then at an inn, where she cleaned the yard with her younger brother, drove and sawed firewood. She worked as an accountant in a tractor brigade, then in a field farm brigade, and in general, she went where she was sent. She made hay, harvested crops, weeded the fields from weeds, planted vegetables in the collective farm garden. (Fonareva Ekaterina Adamovna)
Valentin Rasputin's story "Live and Remember" describes similar work during the war. The conditions are the same (Ust-Uda and Balagansk are located nearby, stories about a common military past seem to be written off from one source:
“And we got it,” Lisa picked up. - Right, women, got it? It hurts to remember. On a collective farm, work is fine, it's your own. And only we will remove the bread - already snow, logging. I will remember these logging operations until the end of my life. There are no roads, the horses are torn, they do not pull. And you can’t refuse: the labor front, help our peasants. From the little guys in the first years they left ... And whoever is without children or who is older, they didn’t get off those, went and went. Nastena, she did not miss more than one winter, however. I even went there twice, I left the kids here. Heap these woods, these cubic meters, and take the banner with you to the sleigh. Not a step without a banner. Either it will bring it into a snowdrift, or something else - turn it around, little girls, push. Where you turn out, and where not. He won’t let the wall be torn off: the winter before last, a mare rolled down the hill and didn’t manage to turn around - the sleigh was in negligence, on its side, the mare almost knocked over. I fought, fought - I can not. Got out of strength. I sat on the road and cried. Nastena drove up from behind - I burst into a roar in a stream. Tears welled up in Lisa's eyes. - She helped me. Helped, we went together, but I can’t calm down, I roar and roar. - Even more succumbing to memories, Lisa sobbed. I roar and roar, I can’t help myself. I can not.
I worked in the archives and looked through the Book of Accounting for the Workdays of Collective Farmers of the “In Memory of Lenin” Collective Farm for 1943. Collective farmers and the work they performed were recorded in it. The book is written by family. Teenagers are recorded only by last name and first name - Nyuta Medvetskaya, Shura Lozovaya, Natasha Filistovich, Volodya Strashinsky, in general, I counted 24 teenagers. The following types of work were listed: logging, grain harvesting, hay harvesting, road work, horse care and others. Basically, the following months of work are indicated for children: August, September, October and November. I associate this time of work with hay making, harvesting and threshing grain. At this time, it was necessary to carry out the harvest before the snow, so everyone was attracted. The number of full workdays for Shura is 347, for Natasha - 185, for Nyuta - 190, for Volodya - 247. Unfortunately, there is no more information about the children in the archive. [Fund No. 19, inventory No. 1-l, sheets No. 1-3, 7.8, 10,22,23,35,50, 64,65]
The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of 09/05/1941 "On the beginning of the collection of warm clothes and linen for the Red Army" indicated a list of things to collect. Schools in the Balagansky district also collected things. According to the list of the head of the school (surname and school not established), the parcel included: cigarettes, soap, handkerchiefs, cologne, gloves, hat, pillowcases, towels, shaving brushes, soap dish, underpants.
Holidays
Despite hunger and cold, as well as such a hard life, people in different villages tried to celebrate holidays.
“There were holidays, for example: when all the bread was removed and the threshing was finished, then the “Threshing” holiday was held. At the holidays, they sang songs, danced, played different games, for example: towns, jumped on the board, prepared kochul (swings) and rolled balls, made a ball from dried manure. They took a round stone and dried the manure in layers to the desired size. That's what they played. The older sister sewed and knitted beautiful outfits and dressed us up for the holiday. Everyone had fun at the festival, both children and the elderly. There were no drunks, everyone was sober. Most often on holidays they were invited home. We went from house to house, as no one had a lot of treats. ” (Fartunatova Kapitalina Andreevna).
“We celebrated the New Year, Constitution Day and May 1st. Since the forest surrounded us, we chose the most beautiful Christmas tree and put it in the club. The inhabitants of our village carried all the toys they could to the Christmas tree, most were homemade, but there were also rich families who could already bring beautiful toys. Everyone went to this tree in turn. First graders and 4th graders, then 4th-5th grades and then two final grades. After all the schoolchildren, workers from the factory, from shops, from the post office and from other organizations came there in the evening. On holidays they danced: waltz, krakowiak. Gifts were given to each other. After the festive concert, the women held gatherings with alcohol and various conversations. On May 1, demonstrations are held, all organizations gather for it” (Vorotkova Tamara Alexandrovna).
Beginning and end of the war
Childhood is the best period in life, from which the best and brightest memories remain. And what are the memories of the children who survived these four terrible, cruel and harsh years?
Early morning June 21, 1941. The people of our country sleep quietly and peacefully in their beds, and no one knows what awaits them ahead. What torments will they have to overcome and what will they have to put up with?
“We all collective farm removed stones from arable land. An employee of the Village Council rode as a messenger on horseback and shouted "The War has begun." Immediately began to collect all the men and boys. Those who worked directly from the fields were collected and taken to the front. They took all the horses. Dad was a foreman and he had a Komsomolets horse, and he was also taken away. In 1942, a funeral came for dad.
On May 9, 1945, we worked in the field, and again an employee of the Village Council rode with a flag in his hands and announced that the war was over. Who cried, who rejoiced! (Fartunatova Kapitolina Andreevna).
“I worked as a postman and then they call me and announce that the war has begun. Everyone was crying with each other. We lived at the mouth of the Barguzin River, there were still a lot of villages further downstream from us. From Irkutsk, the Angara ship sailed to us; 200 people were placed on it, and when the war began, it gathered all future military men. It was deep-water and therefore stopped 10 meters from the shore, the men sailed there in fishing boats. Many tears were shed! In 1941, everyone was taken to the front in the army, the main thing was that the legs and arms were intact, and the head was on the shoulders.
“May 9, 1945. They called me and told me to sit and wait until everyone got in touch. They call “Everyone, Everyone, Everyone” when everyone got in touch, I congratulated everyone “Guys, the war is over.” Everyone rejoiced, hugged, some cried! (Vorotkova Tamara Aleksandrovna)
The original source continues the Great-Grandchildren of Victory project, within which we publish the works of Kirov schoolchildren, recognized as the best in the essay competition about the Heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Recall that the competition was held at the initiative of the deputy of the Legislative Assembly Kirov region Rahim Asimov. The winners - and these are 30 schoolchildren from 23 districts of the region - will go to the International child Center"Artek". We will publish works throughout May.
Today, your attention is the composition of a student of the 10th grade of the school of the village of Darovskoy Alena Shavkunova.
"My Living History"
On that terrible day, the earth rushed into the sky.
The noise froze the blood in his veins.
June colorful immediately sunk into fiction,
And death suddenly pushed aside life, love.
T. Lavrova
Great Patriotic War - the war of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics against Nazi Germany and its allies. There is no family in our country that would not have been touched, not affected by the Great Patriotic War. She claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, which means she brought a lot of grief. And each of our compatriots knows, remembers and honors the exploits of the people who fought, their relatives - front-line soldiers and home front workers.
The national tragedy did not bypass our family either. In my essay, I will talk about my relatives who were directly affected by the Great Patriotic War.
My great-great-great-grandfather - Dvinskikh Georgy Petrovich - a participant in the Russian-Japanese and civil wars, during the Russian-Japanese war he was awarded for his valor and courage George cross 4th degree.
Georgy Petrovich had a large family. His children got a difficult fate - they became eyewitnesses of the most terrible war of the 20th century. His sons and grandsons participated in the Great Patriotic War. We can say that our relatives were lucky in this cruel, bloody war. Everyone except Alexander Nikolaevich, the grandson of Georgy Petrovich, returned home.
Alexander Dvinskikh, junior sergeant of the guard, during the offensive Soviet troops in 1943, together with his Katyusha, he successfully crossed the Dnieper. On the right bank, our troops recaptured a bridgehead from which a new offensive was to begin. The Nazis, having gathered large forces, tried to push the Russian soldiers into the Dnieper. They unleashed a barrage of fire, but nothing helped them. The offensive of the Soviet troops continued. In this battle, while crossing the Dnieper, Alexander died.
In our family, memories of relatives who participated in that war are carefully preserved and passed on from generation to generation.
The granddaughter of Georgy Petrovich, Alexander's sister, Vera Nikolaevna Dvinskikh (now Kuligina), also served at the front. She was called to the front on December 3, 1942, served on the Karelian front as part of the 6th separate Red Banner battalion of air surveillance, warning and communications, that is, she guarded the skies of Karelia. Vera Nikolaevna was demobilized in August 1945, and was invited to the city of Belomorsk to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Victory.
It was Vera Nikolaevna who, 40 years after the end of the war, was looking for the grave of her deceased brother Alexander. Vera sent requests to various military departments and archives for a long time, but received the same answer everywhere: “Missing.” Finally, from the Central Archive of the USSR Ministry of Defense, they answered that her brother Alexander Nikolaevich Dvinskikh was buried in a mass grave in the village of Khodorovo, Kyiv region. Since then, we know where the grave of our relative is. And this is very important - to know that there is a place where you can bow and pay tribute to your ancestors.
Among our relatives there are not only front-line soldiers, but also home front workers.
One day, when I came to visit my great-grandmother, I started talking to her about her past life. I was interested to know how people used to live, and she told me with pleasure about her childhood and youth. Grandmother's story was remembered for a long time, I could hardly imagine how they lived before. The strength of character, the stamina of my relatives is worthy of respect!
My great-grandmother Tatyana Ivanovna Krinitsyna worked in the rear during the Great Patriotic War. Her childhood fell on the war years. Great-grandmother was born in 1932, when the only store was 25 kilometers from their village. My grandmother had two younger sisters, and she tried to help her parents with the housework, looked after the younger girls. After some time, my great-grandmother went to school, but the studies were short-lived. She studied for only one year in 1940. And with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, great-grandmother and her classmates were sent to work on a collective farm. They worked for workdays, they went to work every day. The guys did not have any days off or holidays. For good work, diligence and responsibility shown in 1942, Tatyana was assigned a new job - a bull was assigned to the girl. That is, she, a very young girl, was entrusted with a very serious position. In general, during the war years in the rear, all the backbreaking work was done by children, adolescents, and women. They carried hay, straw and firewood on oxen. In the summer they plowed the land, sowed, prepared hay - all this was done by hand and for free. They threshed, and then handed over the grain to the state. All this was for the front, for the soldiers, for victory! And they won! Victory Day has become a great holiday not only for front-line soldiers, but also for those who worked tirelessly in the rear throughout the war.
On May 9, 1945, the Great Patriotic War ended. Although the war ended, a terrible famine began in the country. Many cities were destroyed during the war, and everything that was grown in the fields in the villages was sent to provide the cities, for the workers who rebuilt the destroyed. People in the villages survived as best they could, they ate poorly: flour was mixed with grass, cockle, moss and roots.
And my great-grandmother's life continued to test for strength. Tatyana's father died at the front, and in the summer her mother died, and the girl was left alone with her two sisters. The younger sister was taken to an orphanage, it was very hard to part with her sister! The middle sister stayed with Tatyana. They lived very hard, poor. In winter, they ate what they had time to prepare in the summer. Great-grandmother recalls how one late autumn the roof of the house was torn off, and in order to somehow keep warm, they stoked the stove almost around the clock and slept on it. In 1947, my grandmother was sent to work at the Podosinovsky flax mill, where she remained. In winter, she processed trust (tresta - flax and hemp straw, processed thermally, biologically or chemically), and in the summer they went to work on the collective farm. This continued until 1953. Then the great-grandmother got married, and together with her husband they came to work in the Darovsky district - to build a new flax mill. On our Darovo land they remained to live. My grandmother was born here, and my father was born to her. Of course, now great-grandmother and great-grandfather are very old, but, fortunately, they are still alive - this is our living history!
I am very proud of my ancestors: front-line soldiers and home front workers. And even though they did not receive the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union, they also contributed to great victory. Their front-line life, hard work in the rear during and after the war - this is the feat of ordinary, modest people. And for me, my relatives are the real Heroes of the Great Patriotic War!
Our generation, born at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, is very far from war. We know about the war from books, films, but these memories of my relatives are dearer to me. Their stories are carefully kept in our family, my parents betrayed information about our ancestors to me, and I, in turn, will tell about the Great Patriotic War, about the participation of our relatives in it to my children. I think it is very important to keep the memory, to remember that time, about the feat that people who survived the Great Patriotic War and survived in it did for us. Memory keeps the connection of generations.
I am proud of everyone who fought, who returned from the front, who died in the war, who defended peace, who gave us the opportunity to live, learn, love, dream! I want to finish the essay with the words of a poem by Tatyana Lavrova, the beginning of which is in the epigraph:
Put on gymnasts and overcoats
Yesterday's boys are the color of the country.
The girls sang farewell songs,
They wanted to survive in the terrible hour of the war.
The war, like a lump, rolled along the roads,
Bringing destruction, hunger, death and pain.
There are very few of them left alive.
Those who took the first, most terrible battle!
They went on the attack for the truth, for the Fatherland,
For peace, for mother and father, for a good home,
To protect from the horrors of fascism
The right to life that collapsed all around.
Lilacs, carnations, tender tulips…
The beginning of summer, life around is in full swing.
Love is alive, wounds have healed,
But this June day is not forgotten!
Introduction
Conclusion
Application
In 1945, in the history of our long-suffering country, a new chapter- as tragic as much heroic. Fascism, which had accumulated strength for many years, dealt a blow to the people of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Today we know that it was a fatal mistake of leadership. Nazi Germany and her accomplices. This mistake will be literally fatal for them. We also know who was able to ensure victory over enemies with his exploits. Many Soviet soldiers laid down their lives in this cruel, ruthless struggle.
But due to what the USSR, then considered by the Europeans as a country lagging behind in the level of development, was able to do this? Largely due to ordinary Soviet soldiers, of which the army consisted. It was they who defended our country with their breasts. But what can an unequipped, unarmed, hungry soldier oppose to the enemy - only his willpower. Willpower plays a huge role, but it is not the only factor in victory. The army needs a stable supply. During the Second World War, such supplies were provided by all residents of the rear areas. It is about them, about how they lived, how they worked, that the story will go on. This story is about the inhabitants of one village, which is now known as Rechnoye, and it was compiled on the basis of the memories of people who lived in it at that time.
Relevance of the work:
Objective:
Tasks:
Object of study:
Subject of study:
Research hypothesis:
Research base: school library, rural library With. River, information resources
Structure and scope of work:
By the beginning of the 20th century, the village was much larger than its present size. By the beginning of the 1917 revolution, there were 526 households in the village. A family lived in every yard. Then the family was looked at as a separate labor brigade and, accordingly, the larger the family, the more it will be able to cultivate the land in the fields and gardens, mow more hay for livestock, better prepare for the winter, etc. Therefore, the number of children often reached five to eight . If we try to calculate the total number of people who lived in the village by the beginning of the revolution, taking as a basis an average family of five people, then in the end it turns out that at least 2630 people lived in the village.
Here is one of the episodes of this process told by Alexander Pavlovich Merkulov. One day (unfortunately, he no longer remembers the year because he was still a child), the family was supposed to come to dispossess kulaks. It seems that our family could not be called rich. However, then they didn’t really understand, because “from above” an order came to dispossess a certain number of “kulaks”, and no one cared who would fall into their number. The most valuable thing in the house was 2 bags of bread. To save the bread, it was decided to bury it in a snowdrift (fortunately it was winter outside). And so they did, and fortunately the blizzard that began and covered all traces. Thanks to this, the people who came in the evening did not find bread, but instead they found a small piece of cloth under the floor. They took him and left the house.
The Soviet government did not pass by these places. In 1939 the church was closed. Priest - shot. So that such a capital building would not be empty, a granary was made from the church.
Chapter 2«
On June 22, 1941, life in the village, as well as throughout the country, changed dramatically. People learned the news of the beginning of the war in different ways. Many recognized her while working in the field. The only reaction was shock. Many could not hold back their tears.
Wheat and rye were sown on plowed fields. There was also a collective farm garden, but they simply did not have time to cultivate it. In the summer, women and girls spent whole days under the sun working on weeding in the field. In order to somehow facilitate their work, ten-fourteen-year-old teenagers carried water for them in a barrel, which they collected directly from the river.
When the crop ripened, it was harvested again by hand. Women with sickles in their hands harvested 35 acres a day each. And teenagers in the meadows collected sedge, which was used to knit sheaves. Then the sheaves were taken to the thresher. And from there, the boys were already carrying grain in bags of 70-100 kilograms for storage to the former church. Moreover, the control on the part of the state acceptance was so strict that the bags were first weighed near the threshing machine, then the guys (12-14 years old) each shouldered a bag on themselves and loaded it onto a cart. The second time they weighed already at the church, where they carried the bags. Those who tried to cover at least a few spikelets and take them home were threatened with prison. Special commissioners (women) were sent from the district center, who searched the women working in the field before they went home. The result of such control over the years of the war was 5 women imprisoned who tried to feed their children.
One of the few funny stories of that time is connected with the payment of taxes. There was a woman in the village who had no livestock at all. For a while, she managed to pay taxes in various ways. But then I could not find such an opportunity anymore. She was summoned to the village council, a discussion of her “behavior” began, and when the word reached her herself, she went out and sang a ditty in front of people:
I was called to court
I stand shaking.
Awarded a hundred eggs -
And I don't carry.
In such conditions, it was hard for everyone, both adults and children, and the children, in addition to helping at work, also studied. The village school was near the church. It was a fairly large building. Like most buildings of that time, it was wooden. There were a lot of children then. For example, only on one street, according to the estimates of contemporaries, 68 children lived. And in the whole village there were 12 streets. Unlike the modern school, then there were even several parallel classes. The school was provided with textbooks, however, they, of course, were not new. But they were used very sparingly. Some of the children had their own textbooks and they were passed from older brothers or sisters to younger ones. But with notebooks and ink it was worse. Children bought notebooks with their own money in Alekseevsky or Chistopol. For those who had no money for them at all, the school gave out notebooks. The children did not buy ink, but made it themselves. They scraped soot off the stoves and then mixed it with water. Stoves at school were in every class, and special person for the delivery of firewood. (Firewood was transported from a forest, which was located next to the meadows located on the territories flooded, now by the Kama. During the war, this area was not flooded, and several small rivers flowed there). But, despite this, the school was still cold in winter. Often I had to do it right in my clothes and mittens. The situation was slightly facilitated by the fact that the children were fed at school - but the food was thin jelly made from flour.
The teachers at the school were also mostly women. Among the indigenous people, evacuees from western regions countries. So the historian - came from Belarus. Several people came from Moscow. The accountant was a Muscovite.
Conclusion
In textbooks, on radio and television, we often hear words of gratitude to the soldiers who defended our Motherland from the Nazi invaders. At the same time, the activities of the rear are somehow overlooked. This injustice must be corrected. And let this story about the life and work of home front workers shed light on their, perhaps not so loud, but exploits. After all, how much they had to endure, and at the same time continue to feed and provide, not only the whole country, but also the entire army. But only those who lived in that harsh time can fully feel it.
The war dragged
Children who do not know childhood
And women with a bitter fate.
Those who were in the trenches are heroes
Stopped fascism,
But the rear with a determined attitude
No less betrayed heroism.
The memory is still alive in the descendants
Those heroic times
Soviet home front workers
Our low bow to the earth!
Attachment 1)
To date, only one participant in the Great Patriotic War has survived in our village - Bylintseva Evdokia Ivanovna, holder of the Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree.
The world, won at such a heavy price, must be protected. The strength of our people is in its unity. We are all one big family, children of one country. And if we remember this well, then no enemy is afraid of us.
View document content
"Life of the villagers before and during the Great Patriotic War"
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Rechenskaya main comprehensive school
Alekseevsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Festival "Inquisitive Researchers"
the world around"
Laboratory "These years the glory will not cease"
Topic:"The life of the villagers
before and during
Great Patriotic War"
The work was completed by: Sorokina A.S.,
6th grade student
MBOU Rechenskoy OOSh
Head: Dosova Elena Yurievna
Introduction
Chapter 1 "Pre-war life of the villagers"
Chapter 2 "The life of the villagers during the Great Patriotic War"
Conclusion
List of used literature
Application
Introduction
In 1945, a new chapter opened in the history of our long-suffering country - both tragic and heroic. Fascism, which had accumulated strength for many years, dealt a blow to the people of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Today we know that this was a fatal mistake by the leadership of fascist Germany and its accomplices. This mistake will be literally fatal for them. We also know who was able to ensure victory over enemies with his exploits. Many Soviet soldiers laid down their lives in this cruel, ruthless struggle.
It would not be an exaggeration to say that Soviet Russia took upon itself the brunt of the fascist fighting machine. But the USSR not only did not break, but stopped the enemy and subsequently played a decisive role in its destruction.
But due to what the USSR, then considered by the Europeans as a country lagging behind in the level of development, was able to do this? Largely due to ordinary Soviet soldiers, of which the army consisted. It was they who defended our country with their breasts. But what can an unequipped, unarmed, hungry soldier oppose to the enemy - only his willpower. Willpower plays a huge role, but it is not the only factor in victory. The army needs a stable supply. During the Second World War, such supplies were provided by all residents of the rear areas. It is about them, about how they lived, how they worked, that the story will go on. This story is about the inhabitants of one village, which is now known as Rechnoye, and it was compiled on the basis of the memories of people who lived in it at that time.
Relevance of the work: somehow I thought about the fact that our people in 2015 will celebrate the anniversary of the Victory, and came to the conclusion that this event must certainly make a personal contribution: to draw the attention of all living to the role of participants in the "labor front" in the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.
Objective: collect materials (oral accounts of eyewitnesses) about the life of home front workers during the Great Patriotic War, the dissemination of which will contribute to the development of interest in this topic. To show through the memories of the participants in the war that respect for these people must be present in each of us.
Tasks:
1. Get acquainted with the living conditions of our fellow villagers who were children during the war years.
2. Appreciate the love for the Motherland, perseverance in achieving the goal, the hard work of our fellow villagers - home front workers.
3. Present the designed material to a wide range of students in our school.
Object of study: feat of home front workers during the Great Patriotic War
Subject of study: difficult living conditions, irregular working hours, and the heroic labor of rural workers contributed to the victory over the enemy.
Research hypothesis: dissemination of materials collected during the search work will be successful if the materials contain information about people living in our village and our region.
Research base: school library, village library River, information resources
Structure and scope of work: introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion, bibliography, appendix
chapter "Pre-war life of the villagers"
By the beginning of the 20th century, the village was much larger than its present size. By the beginning of the 1917 revolution, there were 526 households in the village. A family lived in every yard. Then the family was looked at as a separate labor brigade and, accordingly, the larger the family, the more it will be able to cultivate the land in the fields and gardens, mow more hay for livestock, better prepare for the winter, etc. Therefore, the number of children often reached five to eight . If we try to calculate the total number of people who lived in the village by the beginning of the revolution, taking as a basis an average family of five people, then in the end it turns out that at least 2630 people lived in the village.
But not only the number of inhabitants and houses distinguished the village from the modern one. The name was also different. Then it was called Ostolopovo. This name was preserved until the time of the Great Patriotic War. But even before the war, many events took place in the village, which must be mentioned, because. they are an illustration of the processes characteristic of our entire country.
If we describe these events in chronological order, then it is necessary to start with such a bitter phenomenon for all peasants as dispossession. Peasant land, livestock, and even many personal belongings were to become the common property of the collective farms. The village of Ostolopovo was no exception.
Here is one of the episodes of this process told by Alexander Pavlovich Merkulov. One day (unfortunately, he no longer remembers the year because he was still a child), the family was supposed to come to dispossess kulaks. It seems that our family could not be called rich. However, then they didn’t really understand, because “from above” an order came to dispossess a certain number of “kulaks”, and who would fall into their number - no one cared. The most valuable thing in the house was 2 bags of bread. To save the bread, it was decided to bury it in a snowdrift (fortunately it was winter outside). And so they did, and fortunately the blizzard that began and covered all traces. Thanks to this, the people who came in the evening did not find bread, but instead they found a small piece of cloth under the floor. They took him and left the house.
Another episode was the event, the results of which the inhabitants of Ostolopovo see every day until now. A village differs from a village in that it has a church. In Ostolopovo, such a church, built back in tsarist times, stood intact for quite a long time even after the revolution. This is the largest building in the village to this day. It is built of red brick. The outside is decorated with stucco. A high bell tower adjoins the main building, which in clear weather is visible at least 6 kilometers away. But the anti-religious policy
The Soviet government did not pass by these places. In 1939 the church was closed. The priest is shot. So that such a capital building would not be empty, a granary was made from the church.
The same 1939 was also distinguished by the fact that in November of this year the Soviet-Finnish war began. And it was connected with the history of the village in the following way. After a peace treaty was concluded with the defeated Finland, in March 1940, vast territories ceded to the USSR, including on the Karelian Isthmus. Soviet citizens began to settle in the conquered territories. Among others, 7 families from our village were resettled there. But they didn't have to stay there for long. As you know, in the summer of 1941 the Great Patriotic War began. The attack on the USSR was also carried out from the territory of Finland, and everyone who was resettled in the newly occupied territories was evacuated to the rear areas of the country. So these 7 families again returned to their native village.
Meanwhile, the war was gaining momentum. The country urgently directs all its forces to the organization of defense.
Chapter 2« The life of the villagers during the Great Patriotic War»
On June 22, 1941, life in the village, as well as throughout the country, changed dramatically. People learned the news of the beginning of the war in different ways. Many recognized her while working in the field. The only reaction was shock. Many could not hold back their tears.
Literally the next day in the village they began to see off husbands, fathers, sons drafted into the army to the war. They called almost every day, and every day 10-15 people left the village. Many of them were not destined to return. Soon there were almost no adult men left in the village. The only exceptions were the elderly and teenagers. On their shoulders and on the shoulders of women lay all the field work, housekeeping, and administrative affairs. Even the chairman of the collective farm (which was called "Red Prikamye") was a woman. There was a lot of work. The situation was aggravated by the fact that there was practically no equipment on the collective farm. True, there were one or two tractors, but their main function was to set the threshers in motion. They were not used for plowing fields. Therefore, almost all the work was manual. All ages worked on the field. In the old fashioned way, they plowed with a hand plow. Children often did this. One held the plow and, to the best of his ability, did not allow him to get out of the ground. And the second pulled a harnessed cow or bull, because all the horses were taken for the needs of the army. Getting the cow to walk straight without ruining the furrow was very difficult. Some did it, some didn't. Therefore, the quality of plowing was often poor. And yes, it took a lot of time. In order to have time to plow as much land as possible, they even had to work at night. But even in this case, a lot of land remained uncultivated.
Wheat and rye were sown on plowed fields. There was also a collective farm garden, but they simply did not have time to cultivate it. In the summer, women and girls spent whole days under the sun working on weeding in the field. In order to somehow facilitate their work, ten-fourteen-year-old teenagers carried water for them in a barrel, which they collected directly from the river.
When the crop ripened, it was harvested again by hand. Women with sickles in their hands harvested 35 acres a day each. And teenagers in the meadows collected sedge, which was used to knit sheaves. Then the sheaves were taken to the thresher. And from there, the boys were already carrying grain in bags of 70-100 kilograms for storage to the former church. Moreover, the control on the part of the state acceptance was so strict that the bags were first weighed near the threshing machine, then the guys (12-14 years old) each shouldered a bag on themselves and loaded it onto a cart. The second time they weighed already at the church, where they carried the bags. Those who tried to cover at least a few spikelets and take them home were threatened with prison. Special commissioners (women) were sent from the district center, who searched the women working in the field before they went home. The result of such control during the war years was 5 women who were imprisoned and tried to feed their children.
Although the collective farmers worked in the fields all day long, they saw very little help from this collective farm. They worked for workdays. Each day worked was fixed, but the money was not paid to the collective farmers. It happened that the workers in the field were fed at the expense of the collective farm (if it can be called food). A few handfuls of flour mixed with crushed potatoes were thrown into a large cauldron, poured with water and boiled. In the end, it turned out, something like jelly. Sometimes, if the brigade worked well, several kilograms of grain or flour were allocated for it. After it was divided, one glass came out per person, or even less. But hungry children were waiting for them at home. In order to make flour from grain (there was no mill, and who would grind one glass of grain each), they made home-made millstones. Fragments of cast-iron pots were stuffed into 2 horizontal cuts of a round log, laid on top of each other and a nail was hammered in the center. Such millstones could not even grind, but slightly crush the grains.
This little help from the collective farms did not save the situation. Mostly people were fed by their own economy. In winter, they ate what they had grown in their own gardens in summer. Those who had a cow or a goat were lucky. The milk they gave helped them not to die of hunger. In the summer, in order to at least somehow hold out for food, they used different herbs. If sorrel was more or less edible, then other herbs were more likely to harm health. They also ate henbane, nettles, wild onions, etc. In families where grass was consumed in large quantities, people's bellies swelled up. Some didn't even save it. During the war years, several people in the village died of exhaustion. There were almost no mushrooms in the vicinity, and there were so few berries that it was enough to eat right in the field.
In the village, ready-made bread was a rarity. It was often bought in Kazan. But first, money had to be made. Many women earned them by knitting sweaters and shawls from purchased wool. After imposing a few pieces, they were taken to the regional center or to the cities. In the summer, cities and district centers were connected by gravel roads (though other roads were all unpaved, so they became impassable in spring and autumn). But I also wanted to eat in the winter. Then, women went to Kazan through deep snow. One way was about 3 days. On the way, we stopped for the night in the villages through which we passed. Such guests were always welcomed, especially since they paid about 10 rubles for an overnight stay. This helped the “travelers” a lot, as it allowed them to relax and warm up, because their clothes were not very rich. They dressed in what was left of their relatives. Not infrequently, bast shoes were put on their feet in winter and wrapped in sheepskin. They put on home-made coats, which then had to be renewed every year, otherwise they fell apart right on the owner.
With such a hungry life, people were also forced to pay taxes in the form of a certain established norm for the delivery of eggs, milk, wool, and meat to the state. Moreover, for those who were not on the collective farm, the norms were twice as high. These taxes had to be paid by everyone, regardless of whether you keep cattle or have none at all.
One of the few funny stories of that time is connected with the payment of taxes. There was a woman in the village who had no livestock at all. For a while, she managed to pay taxes in various ways. But then I could not find such an opportunity anymore. She was summoned to the village council, a discussion of her “behavior” began, and when the word reached her herself, she went out and sang a ditty in front of people:
I was called to court
I stand shaking.
Awarded a hundred eggs -
And I don't carry.
After such an unexpected but truthful answer, this woman was left alone and the tax was no longer demanded.
In such conditions, it was hard for everyone, both adults and children, and the children, in addition to helping at work, also studied. The village school was near the church. It was a fairly large building. Like most buildings of that time, it was wooden. There were a lot of children then. For example, only on one street, according to the estimates of contemporaries, 68 children lived. And in the whole village there were 12 streets. Unlike the modern school, then there were even several parallel classes. The school was provided with textbooks, however, they, of course, were not new. But they were used very sparingly. Some of the children had their own textbooks and they were passed from older brothers or sisters to younger ones. But with notebooks and ink it was worse. Children bought notebooks with their own money in Alekseevsky or Chistopol. For those who had no money for them at all, the school gave out notebooks. The children did not buy ink, but made it themselves. They scraped soot off the stoves and then mixed it with water. Stoves in the school were in every class, and a special person for the delivery of firewood. (Firewood was transported from a forest, which was located next to the meadows located in the territories flooded, now by the Kama. During the war, this area was not flooded, and several small rivers flowed there). But, despite this, the school was still cold in winter. Often I had to do it right in my clothes and mittens. The situation was slightly facilitated by the fact that the children were fed at school - but the food was thin jelly made from flour.
The teachers at the school were also mostly women. Among the indigenous people, evacuees from the western regions of the country also worked as teachers. So the historian came from Belarus. Several people came from Moscow. The accountant was a Muscovite.
The village council stood next to the school and the church. This is the only building where there was a telephone connection. And the telephone in the village replaced the missing radio. They learned reports from the fronts and other news by phone. In order not to guard any important call in the village council, round-the-clock duty was organized. Mostly teenagers were on duty. Some villagers got their news from newspapers, but newspapers cost money and were therefore not easily accessible.
The news that the war was over, someone learned from the newspaper, and then the news went like a wave throughout the village. People, having thrown shovels and other tools in the gardens, rushed to the club. There were a lot of people there. Many again had tears in their eyes, but these were already tears of joy.
After the war, life gradually began to improve. During this period, at least two important events took place in the life of the village:
the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir (1955-1957), which resulted in the flooding of many meadows;
renaming in 1965 of the village. Now it is on the maps, instead of Ostolopovo, the village of River has appeared. It still bears this name.
Conclusion
In textbooks, on radio and television, we often hear words of gratitude to the soldiers who defended our Motherland from the Nazi invaders. At the same time, the activities of the rear are somehow overlooked. This injustice must be corrected. And let this story about the life and work of home front workers shed light on their, perhaps not so loud, but exploits. After all, how much they had to endure, and at the same time continue to feed and provide, not only the whole country, but also the entire army. But only those who lived in that harsh time can fully feel it.
The war dragged
Children who do not know childhood
And women with a bitter fate.
Those who were in the trenches are heroes
Stopped fascism,
But the rear with a determined attitude
No less betrayed heroism.
The memory is still alive in the descendants
Those heroic times
Soviet home front workers
Our low bow to the earth!
And I would like to name the workers of the rear of our village: Baykova Valentina Stepanovna (b. 1925), Babykina Maria Grigorievna (b. 1931), Timofeeva Olga Pavlovna (b. 1918), Balova Anastasia Alekseevna (b. 1927 .), Ekaterina Matveevna Nikitina (b. 1930). ( Attachment 1)
To date, only one participant in the Great Patriotic War has survived in our village - Bylintseva Evdokia Ivanovna, holder of the Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree.
We touched with trepidation the events of the Great Patriotic War, the fate of people who survived the terrible hard times. After this research work We have drawn certain conclusions for ourselves.
The world, won at such a heavy price, must be protected. The strength of our people is in its unity. We are all one big family, children of one country. And if we remember this well, then no enemy is afraid of us.
May the sky be peaceful, fields rich, rivers full of water!
May our Motherland live and prosper!
List of used literature
"Notes on the heroes of the front and rear" N. P. Rutkevich.
"Home front workers in the Great Patriotic War" M.O. Antonyan.
“They returned with a victory. Alekseevsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. - Kazan: "Book of Memory", 2005.- 352 p.
"In the name of victory" N.M. Aleshchenko.
“Today and yesterday” N. Dorizo.
"In the years of severe trials in the defense of the Fatherland" articles / Boris Militsin. - Kazan: Tatar. kn.izd-vo, 2010.- 136 p.
Attachment 1. See the presentation "Home front workers of our village"