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RAKHMETOV
RAKHMETOV - the central character of the work of N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do? From stories about new people" (1863).
R. differs from the other heroes of the novel in the same way that Chernyshevsky's novel itself differs from traditional psychological novels. In the Epoch magazine, published by M.M. and F.M. Dostoevsky, they wrote about R. as “some kind of armchair myth, traveling as easily through the faculties as through Europe” (N. Solovyov). In the artistic hierarchy of the novel, he occupies the highest level, being the only representative of "special" people - in proportion to how in life the author, in his words, "has met so far only eight specimens of this breed." Some feature "already united them into one breed and separated them from all other people," to put it simply - participation in underground revolutionary work. Without knowing the "Aesopian language" of Chernyshevsky, it is impossible to understand why R. led "the most severe way of life", "engaged in other people's affairs or nobody's business in particular", in the "gathering points" of friends "got acquainted only with people who have influence on others" , "I was rarely at home, I kept walking and driving around."
From "new people" special person' differs in many ways. By origin, he is not a raznochinets, but a nobleman, “from a family known since the 13th century”; not circumstances, but only the strength of convictions makes him go against his environment. He remakes both his mental and physical nature, maintains "exorbitant strength in himself", because "it gives respect and love ordinary people". He completely renounces personal benefits and intimate life, so that the struggle for the full enjoyment of life would be a struggle "only on principle, and not on predilection, on conviction, and not on personal need." Hence the nickname R. - "rigorist" (from the Latin. "rigore" - cruelty, firmness), under which he first appears in the VI section of the third chapter of the book. Life rigorism follows from mental rigorism: “All great theoreticians were people of extreme opinions,” Chernyshevsky wrote in his article “Count Cavour.” R. serves as a living embodiment of the theory of "calculation of mutual benefits", realizing the potential inherent in the "new people". It is also important that R.'s closest literary predecessor is Bazarov from Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. While maintaining some stylistic continuity, Chernyshevsky at the same time showed that R. differs from Bazarov in the presence of a positive point of application of his forces and has the ability to act among like-minded people.
The image of R. is built on a paradoxical combination of the incongruous. The extreme chronological specificity of his biography, which serves as a starting point for many other events in the book, is adjacent to significant gaps in events; secondary actor, he turns out to be “more important than all ... taken together”; an extreme materialist in his views, he lives and fights only for an idea. However, this inconsistency turns into a stylistic diversity characteristic of the menippea genre, to which the novel is close.
For all the visible extraneousness of the image of R. to the main plot of the book, he occupies an axial position in it, acting as an intermediary: between the “open” (family) and “hidden” (political-revolutionary) parts of the plot, that is, between the worlds visible and invisible to the ordinary reader : between that world and this one (when he hands Vera Pavlovna notes from Lopukhov, who “left for America”); between the past, present and future (when from an “ordinary good and honest young man” RAKHMETOV, a nobleman, a man of the past, he becomes a “special person” of the future and knows the coming of this future with an accuracy of a year); between different parts of this world (when traveling in Russia and abroad). The highest manifestation of R.'s messianic properties is the expectation of his arrival on the eve of the "change of scenery." The obvious mythological subtext of this image is connected with the structure of the novel, organized according to the principle of the “world tree”: R. and a few other “special people” descend from his upper, heavenly tier to the sinful earth for its purification. The hagiographic-legendary features of R.'s biography, referring to the "Life of Alexy, the Man of God", to epics about heroes and to the latest legends about barge hauler Nikitushka Lomov, to romantic images of superhumans, in combination with everyday detailing, are designed to emphasize his universality and absolute reality.
Among the prototypes of R., P.A. is most often called. Bakhmetev (according to Chernyshevsky himself), who studied with Chernyshevsky at the Saratov gymnasium and, after incomplete studies at the agricultural institute, left for Europe, and then for Oceania to create a new social system there. The image of R., as befits any hagiographic image, gave rise to many imitations. He became the standard of a professional revolutionary, as pointed out by D.I. Pisarev in the article “The Thinking Proletariat” (1865), calling R. “a historical figure”: “In the general movement of events, there are such moments when people like Rakhmetov are necessary and irreplaceable ..."
Lit .: Pisarev D.I. Thinking proletariat
//Pisarev D.I. Works. In three volumes. 1.1. L., 1982; Skaftymov A.P. Works of art Chernyshevsky, written in the Peter and Paul Fortress
//Skaftymov A.P. Moral quests of Russian writers. M., 1972; Bakhtin M.M. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. M., 1972; Lebedev A.A. Reasonable egoists of Chernyshevsky. M., 1973; Ta-marchenko G.E. Chernyshevsky is a novelist. L., 1976; Naumova N.N. Roman N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?". L., 1978; Rudenko Yu.K. The novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky “What is to be done?”: Aesthetic originality and artistic method. L., 1979; Pinaev M.T. Roman N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?": Commentary. The book for the teacher. M., 1988; Paperno I. Semiotics of Behavior: Nikolai Chernyshevsky - a man of the era of realism. M., 1996.
M.A. Dzyubenko
literary heroes. - Academician. 2009 .
See what "RAKHMETOV" is in other dictionaries:
One of the most significant heroes novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?" (1863) Rakhmetov, Salavat Kipaevich See also Akhmetov ... Wikipedia
RAKHMATOV RAKHMATULLIN RAKHMETOV Rakhmat, Rakhmet Turkic names. From the Arabic word rahmat thank you, gratitude. (F). Rahmatullin mercy of Allah. (E). (Source: Dictionary of Russian Surnames. (“Onomasticon”)) RAKHMETOV Like Rakhmatov, the surname ... ... Russian surnames
Rakhmetov- the hero of the novel Chernyshevsky What to do? , a type of ascetically selfless fighter. In the person of Rakhmetov, the image of the future revolutionary of the People's Will is given ... Historical reference book of a Russian Marxist
Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Rakhmetov. The style of this article is not encyclopedic or violates the norms of the Russian language. The article should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia ... Wikipedia
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Rakhmetov is a character in the novel What Is to Be Done?, who has an important purpose in the life of the main characters, according to the author, a “special person”, a friend of Lopukhov, a young man from a noble environment. He is an honest and selfless person. He is with early years set himself the goal of strengthening the will and becoming physically strong. For the sake of this, for several hours a day, he became a laborer. Once he even slept on nails to test his physical training. Kirsanov awakened the spiritual beginning in him. It was he who introduced Rakhmetov to books. Wanting to cultivate character in himself, this character sold his estate and distributed all the money to scholarship students.
He believed that a person still can not have everything. Since then, he began to lead a harsh lifestyle. Rakhmetov's life was partly shrouded in mystery. It was rumored that he did not touch wine and women, walked along the Volga with barge haulers, wanting to be closer to the common people. After Lopukhov staged a suicide, it was Rakhmetov who brought Vera Pavlovna a letter saying that her husband loves both her and Kirsanov very much, therefore he does not want to interfere with their happiness. To the upset Vera Pavlovna, he explained that he and Lopukhov were too different in character to be together. In part, this opinion calmed her and allowed her to start life anew. In the image of Rakhmetov, the author portrayed an ideal revolutionary and a man of a new generation.
The true hero of his era, before whom Chernyshevsky "bows down", is Rakhmetov, a revolutionary with his fiery love for all that is good. At the beginning of the novel, we see the image of Rakhmetov and the whole innocent, elevated atmosphere of respect and recognition that surrounds this hero. All this clearly shows that central theme novel not in the depiction of love and new family relationships of "ordinary decent people", but in the glorification of all the unbridled revolutionary energy and feat ordinary person, Rakhmetova. The title of the novel “What is to be done?” is directly related to the image of Rakhmetov.
It is noteworthy that in the "Notes" of the III section, containing assessments of the journals of the 60s, this famous passage in the novel was quoted in full from the Sovremennik, word for word. The anonymous author of the Notes testified to the "enthusiastic" reception given by readers to the novel What Is to Be Done? He was bitterly annoyed that the followers of Chernyshevsky, “our nihilists have made up such a dense and autocratic corporation that they act in literary world completely despotic."
Nobody before Chernyshevsky in Russian, and indeed in the world fiction did not say such poetic penetrating words about the revolutionary, about the socialist. In the final chapter of the novel A Change of Scenery, confidence is expressed that a revolutionary upheaval is imminent. With all his being, the disgraced author of “What is to be done?” waited for the revolution in Russia, welcomed it, glorified its leaders.
With the feeling of a great realist artist and thinker, Chernyshevsky realized that only a relief image with the greatest completeness would express the essence of the Russian revolutionary - then still "an instance ... of a rare breed" - and would have a strong educational impact on the reader. According to the terminology of the author of "What is to be done?", he painted the Rakhmetovs as "funny".
“There was a lot of fun in them,” Chernyshevsky wrote, “everything important in them was funny, everything that made them people of a special breed.” Chernyshevsky, who was under judicial investigation, was often forced to resort to Aesopian language, most of all on those pages where he wrote about Rakhmetov. The word "revolutionary" is replaced here by the concepts "rigorist", "special person", "higher nature". revolutionary activity- "business", revolutionary beliefs and views - "original principles in material, moral, and mental life." Revolutionary propaganda - "Rakhmetov's fiery speeches, of course, are not about love"; tsarism, the landlord system - "circumstances", "the old order", "what must perish." Socialism - "golden age", " new order”, “what should live”, etc.
With the subtlest hints, the author made it clear that his hero was doing revolutionary work. Having reported that Rakhmetov has an abyss of all sorts of “cases that did not personally concern him,” Chernyshevsky concludes the story with words from which it becomes clear what dangerous conspiratorial pursuits his hero indulges in: “But often he was not at home for several days. Then, instead of him, one of his friends sat with him and received visitors, devoted to him in body and soul and silent as a grave.
Surrounded by these and similar allusions, revealing the political face of Rakhmetov as a revolutionary and socialist, Chernyshevsky extremely pointedly, emphatically highlights the main aspects of his character, the unusualness of his life biography.
Rakhmetov is a descendant of an ancient aristocratic family, the son of a wealthy ultra-conservative landowner. Protesting thoughts began to wander in the head of the young man while still in the house of his despot father, who had caused much harm and grief to his mother, beloved girl, and serfs. In his student years, Rakhmetov became friends with Kirsanov, and "his degeneration into a special person began."
Already this extraordinary biography of Rakhmetov (a healthy ear on a tiny piece of a rotten noble swamp) declared the mighty conquering power of new revolutionary ideas. At the same time, the writer did not fantasize, he knew, and his readers knew, that revolutionaries - people from the nobility - were not an exceptional phenomenon in Russian history (Radishchev, the Decembrists, many of the Petrashevists, Ogarev, Herzen, etc.).
The figure of Rakhmetov testified to how far the process of decomposition had gone within the old society, within the ruling class, if honest, healthy people renounce it and adjoin the people and the revolution. Rakhmetov tempers himself physical work, leads the most severe way of life, to match the common people. Moreover, Rakhmetov does not observe the life and life of the people from the outside. The hero of Chernyshevsky himself works as a plowman, carpenter, carrier, barge hauler. Rakhmetov is proud of the fact that his comrades in the strap dubbed him Nikitushka Lomov, the glorious and dear name for the common people of the Volga bogatyr barge hauler. So unusually convex, pointedly represented in the novel is the revolutionary's democracy, which brought him the trust, respect and love of ordinary people.
To emphasize Rakhmetov's deep devotion to the revolutionary cause, Chernyshevsky deliberately exaggerates the Spartan, ascetic principles in the behavior of his hero. Nature is ebullient, lively, passionate, Rakhmetov refuses love, from life's pleasures. “We demand full enjoyment of life for people,” he says, “we must testify with our lives that we demand this not to satisfy our personal passions, not for ourselves personally, but for a person in general.”
Rakhmetov checks his readiness to endure the most difficult trials, any suffering, even torture in the name of revolutionary convictions by the fact that once he calmly fits on felt studded with nails, and, bloodied, spends the whole night in this way. "Try. It is necessary ... - says Rakhmetov, - just in case, it is necessary. I see I can."
Rakhmetov is not only a stern person, but also taciturn, “phenomenally rude”, “terribly harsh”, and, in essence, he is delicate, sweet, cheerful, gentle and kind person. Harmful "circumstances" do not allow him to forget "his dreary thoughts, his burning sorrow", and he rarely jokes, more often he looks like a "gloomy monster". Honest people are not offended by his harshness. They love him, trust him. The writer admires his "funny" hero.
In the role of Rakhmetov, the most significant aspects of the character of the revolutionary type that was emerging in Russia are captured, with his unbending will to fight, high moral nobility, boundless devotion to the people and homeland. The fierce public struggle around “What is to be done?”, around the images of “new people” created by Chernyshevsky, the embittered attacks of enemies on the author of this revolutionary novel and the sincere gratitude of adherents, allies, in turn, clearly reveal a political being of the hero type - Rakhmetov.