3 what city appeared under Peter i. Sestroretsk, Leningrad Region
In Russian history, Peter I was the most unusual tsar: inquisitive, energetic, hardworking. His hands were always at work, calluses never left them. During his life, he mastered 15 craft specialties. He was a shipbuilder, a carpenter, and a blacksmith. But Peter especially loved the sea business.
AT early XVIII century, under Peter, the first Russian fleet was created, which became one of the strongest in Europe, the first museum was opened and a serious study of antiquity began, the first Russian newspaper was printed, a new calendar was introduced (December 20, 1699 - Decree on the introduction of a new chronology and the celebration of the New Year on January 1) .
He went down in history as a reformer tsar, like Peter the Great. Peter I was stern, demanding, sometimes cruel and implacable.
1721 - important date in the history of Russia. Peter I took the title of emperor, and Russia began to be called the Russian Empire. Peter, who all his life aspired to make Russia a great country, by this act once again emphasized its power, importance and inheritance to the traditions of Byzantium, to which Russian tsars built their genealogy.
Choose the correct answers and mark them with a "+" sign
Peter the Great was proclaimed tsar:
+ at 10 years old;
- at the age of 14;
- at 5 years old.
Peter the Great opened the first museum. He called:
- Faceted Chamber;
+ Kunstkamera;
- Monastery of Miracles.
The city founded by Peter the Great - St. Petersburg became:
- summer vacation spot of the emperor;
- border fortress;
+ the new capital of Russia.
The regiments recruited by decree of young Peter were called:
- "wonderful";
+ "amusing";
- "bogatyr".
Find 2 mistakes in the text and underline (highlight) them.
For 13 years there was a war with the Swedes. At that time, a resident of Tver, Matvey Kolymagin, decided to pay a visit to St. Petersburg on his trading business. News about life in the new capital was published in the newspaper, which reached his native Tver. Now he saw with his own eyes the Peter and Paul Fortress and Faceted Chamber(I could not see her, since she is in Moscow). Not far from the Summer Palace of Tsar Peter, the merchant met his countryman Agafon Nikiforov. Rejoiced, the friend invited him to his house to celebrate the New Year, which, by decree of the king, was celebrated September 1. (New Year By order of Peter I, they began to celebrate January 1)
Read an excerpt from a letter written in 1712 from the English ambassador in Berlin. Who is the author of the letter talking about? What do you find unusual about this person's behavior? Why do you think he did this?
The king was to dine with the queen tonight, and great preparations were made for a ball in his honor, but her majesty and the whole society were disappointed by the apology sent by the king at about six o'clock. The king met a Dutch miller, whom he met during his first trip, the owner of a windmill and a small house with a garden ... the sovereign ate and stayed with him for quite a long time.
Read an excerpt from the work of A. S. Pushkin. Write down what it is about.
And he thought:
From here we will threaten the Swede,
Here the city will be founded
To spite an arrogant neighbor.
Nature here is destined for us
Cut a window to Europe
Stand with a firm foot by the sea.
Here on their new waves All the flags will visit us,
And let's hang out in the open.
“To cut a window into Europe” - a catchphrase from the poem by A. S. Pushkin “ Bronze Horseman”, which characterizes the foundation by Peter I of the city of St. Petersburg - the first seaport of the Russian state.
On the contour map:
1) paint with different colors:
a) the territory of Russia by the end of the 17th century;
b) the territories included in the composition Russian Empire in the 18th century;
2) circle with a colored pencil the cities that appeared under Peter the Great; emphasize the new capital of Russia.
1. Select and sign the portrait of Peter the Great.
2. Seryozha and Nadia's dad offers you a task. Choose the correct answers and mark them with a "+" sign.
Peter the Great was proclaimed tsar:
Peter the Great opened the first museum. He called:
The city founded by Peter the Great - St. Petersburg became:
The regiments recruited by decree of young Peter were called:
3. Find 2 mistakes in the text and underline them.
For 13 years there was a war with the Swedes. At that time, a resident of Tver, Matvey Kolymagin, decided to pay a visit to St. Petersburg on his trading business. News about life in the new capital was published in the newspaper, which reached his native Tver. Now he saw with his own eyes the Peter and Paul Fortress and Faceted Chamber . Not far from the Summer Palace of Tsar Peter, the merchant met his countryman Agafon Nikiforov. Rejoiced, the friend invited him to his house to celebrate the New Year, which, by decree of the king, was celebrated September 1 .
4. Read an extract from a letter written in 1712 from the English ambassador in Berlin. Who is the author of the letter talking about? What do you find unusual about this person's behavior? Why do you think he did this?
The king was to dine with the queen tonight, and great preparations were made for a ball in his honor, but her majesty and the whole society were disappointed by the apology sent by the king at about six o'clock. The king met a Dutch miller, whom he met during his first trip, the owner of a windmill and a small house with a garden ... the sovereign ate and stayed with him for quite a long time.
Briefly write down your answers to the questions.
5. Read an excerpt from the work of A. S. Pushkin. Write down what it is about.
And he thought:
From here we will threaten the Swede,
Here the city will be founded To spite the arrogant neighbor.
Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe,
Stand with a firm foot by the sea.
Here on their new waves All the flags will visit us,
And let's hang out in the open.
An excerpt about the construction of St. Petersburg, that Russia received access to the Baltic Sea.
6. On the contour map using the textbook map (pp. 92-93):
1) paint with different colors:
a) the territory of Russia by the end of the 17th century (shaded in green)
;
b) territories that became part of the Russian Empire in the 18th century (shaded in yellow)
;
2) circle with a colored pencil the cities that appeared under Peter the Great; underline the new capital of Russia (underlined in red line - St. Petersburg) .
7. Circle on the "timeline" the year when Russia became an empire.
Ideologically, the reformer Peter I presented the time of his reign as a starting point, as the beginning of beginnings for Russia. The cities that he mapped were supposed to mark the expanding borders of a new country - the Russian Empire. The pathos of novelty, originality, the creation of a rationally organized space out of chaos, the triumph of the victory of the power of reason over the natural elements culminates in the symbolic meaning of the new imperial capital
Taganrog
The very idea of moving the capital of the state to a young and impetuous - to match itself - city owned Peter long before the founding of St. Petersburg. Initially, for this purpose, the tsar looked after a cape on the Azov coast with the Turkic name "Tagan-Rogu", which meant "lighthouse". Founded by decree of Peter the Great in 1698, the fortress city of Taganrog became the first naval base Russian fleet, the first Russian port and the first city with planned regular development. Ironically, in 1710, after the defeat in the Turkish war, Peter had to, fulfilling the demand of the winners, himself give the order to destroy the city. However, by this time, the city-planning ambitions of the king received new opportunities for implementation.
Petrokrepost (Shlisselburg)
The key to the long-awaited assertion of the Russian status on the Baltic coast was the first major victory of the Peter the Great flotilla in the Northern War: “This nut was very cruel, however, thank God, it was happily gnawed” - this is how Peter described the capture of the ancient Russian fortress Oreshek on October 11, 1702, ninety years until then in the hands of the Swedes. From this moment, the city begins to exist, which the tsar called Shlisselburg - “the key city”.
St. Petersburg
The metaphor of the key in the hand of St. Peter, the key to paradise, is clearly read in the central symbol on the coat of arms of St. Petersburg - the anchor. Russia is not just firmly entrenched on the swampy banks of the Neva; its new capital, having enlisted the support of its heavenly patron, immediately began to claim the symbolic status of the "eternal city" - the new Rome.
Connected with the new concept of rationally constructed political power, based on both military exploits and philosophical reflection, is a new structure. royal palace: Grand Palace (symbolic place of public service), Menagerie (place of hunting, military prowess), the Hermitage (a place of philosophical retreat).
Peterhof
The first architectural representation of the ideal of a regular state was Peterhof. Its palace and park ensemble illustrated the transition from the Byzantine model of sacral-symbolic space (palace-"Jerusalem") to the Western European (Roman) concept of the sovereignty of a strong state power.
Petrozavodsk
Peter was well aware that in order to be convincing, the manifestation of foreign policy victories needs the support of industry, primarily the military. Even during the reign of Peter's father, iron in Russia was mainly "Svean" - it was imported from Sweden. With the beginning of the Northern War, on the personal instructions of the tsar, the construction of their own "iron factories" began: Petrozavodsk, which grew out of factory settlements, in the north and Lipetsk in the south. Major centers for the production of iron and steel, cannons and anchors - both cities owe their birth to the decree of Peter, both are artisans of the same age as royal Petersburg
In 1702, at the confluence of the Lipovka River with the Voronezh River, the founder of the city, Peter I, ordered to lay factories for the smelting of cast iron, steel, and the manufacture of cannons. The choice of the place where the city was founded was influenced by the proximity of iron ore deposits. Thanks to the source of mineral waters and the most beautiful southern landscapes, Lipetsk became the first Russian resort - its development was also the initiative of Peter. Lipetsk water is similar in composition to the mineral waters of the famous German resorts - Liebenstein and Termont. The springs are still preserved, their condition is perfect. They are located in the Lower Park, which in itself is a pearl, because its age is more than 200 years.
Just as St. Petersburg opened a “window to Europe” for Russia, Biysk became a “window to Asia” – the only city founded by Peter beyond the Urals, on the trade routes to Mongolia and China. On February 29, 1708, Peter I signed a decree on the construction of a fortress at the source of the Ob River. The fortress was supposed to participate in the defense of the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire.
1. Select and sign the portrait of Peter the Great.
2. Seryozha and Nadia's dad offers you a task. Choose the correct answers and mark them with a "+" sign.
Peter the Great was proclaimed tsar:
Peter the Great opened the first museum. He called:
The city founded by Peter the Great - St. Petersburg became:
The regiments recruited by decree of young Peter were called:
3. Find 2 mistakes in the text and underline them.
For 13 years there was a war with the Swedes. At that time, a resident of Tver, Matvey Kolymagin, decided to pay a visit to St. Petersburg on his trading business. News about life in the new capital was published in the newspaper, which reached his native Tver. Now he saw with his own eyes the Peter and Paul Fortress and Faceted Chamber . Not far from the Summer Palace of Tsar Peter, the merchant met his countryman Agafon Nikiforov. Rejoiced, the friend invited him to his house to celebrate the New Year, which, by decree of the king, was celebrated September 1 .
4. Read an extract from a letter written in 1712 from the English ambassador in Berlin. Who is the author of the letter talking about? What do you find unusual about this person's behavior? Why do you think he did this?
The king was to dine with the queen tonight, and great preparations were made for a ball in his honor, but her majesty and the whole society were disappointed by the apology sent by the king at about six o'clock. The king met a Dutch miller, whom he met during his first trip, the owner of a windmill and a small house with a garden ... the sovereign ate and stayed with him for quite a long time.
Briefly write down your answers to the questions.
5. Read an excerpt from the work of A. S. Pushkin. Write down what it is about.
And he thought:
From here we will threaten the Swede,
Here the city will be founded To spite the arrogant neighbor.
Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe,
Stand with a firm foot by the sea.
Here on their new waves All the flags will visit us,
And let's hang out in the open.
An excerpt about the construction of St. Petersburg, that Russia received access to the Baltic Sea.
6. On the contour map using the textbook map (pp. 92-93):
1) paint with different colors:
a) the territory of Russia by the end of the 17th century (shaded in green)
;
b) territories that became part of the Russian Empire in the 18th century (shaded in yellow)
;
2) circle with a colored pencil the cities that appeared under Peter the Great; underline the new capital of Russia (underlined in red line - St. Petersburg) .
7. Circle on the "timeline" the year when Russia became an empire.
Sections: Primary School
Tasks:
- To form an idea about Peter I - the first emperor, his transformations: the creation of the Russian fleet, access to the Baltic Sea; construction of St. Petersburg; reforms in life
- Develop the ability to generalize, draw conclusions and justify them, conduct a comparative analysis.
- Develop the ability to cooperate and work in a group.
Equipment:
- task cards for group work,
- portraits (mosaic)
During the classes
I. Updating of basic knowledge.
Today we will continue our journey into the past of Russia.
From the mosaic, assemble a portrait of a historical figure. Who is it? What is the role of this man in the history of Russia?
Group work.
- Vladimir Saint (Red Sun).
- Ivan Kalita.
- Ivan IV (the Terrible).
- Mikhail Romanov.
Children's answers.
- Introduced Christianity in Russia. Russia turned into a huge power, which was spoken of with respect in Europe.
- He collected tribute and sent it to the Horde. The surplus was used to strengthen and expand the state. Moscow became the center of the revival of the state.
- All his life he waged wars for the annexation of new lands to the Moscow state. A big misfortune for the people was the suspicion and cruelty of Ivan the Terrible.
- Founder of the Romanov dynasty.
At the end of the 17th century, the grandson of Mikhail Romanov became the Russian Tsar. (Slide #2)
Who is it? (Peter I)
Where did you meet this person's name?
What do you remember?
Children's answers.
- Peter I was an unusual tsar, because he was not afraid of hard work.
- Created a "funny" army. These troops then increased so much that they subsequently amounted to two regiments (Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, named after two villages near Moscow) and became a real support for the tsar.
- Introduced a new calendar.
- Under Peter I, the first printed newspaper Vedomosti was published, etc.
II. Introduction of new knowledge.
During the reign of Peter I, many new things appeared in our state. Peter I went down in history as a reformer.
How do you understand what a reformer is? (Children's statements).
We will talk about some transformations, changes or reforms today.
But first, let's look again at how Ozhegov explains the meaning of the words "reform" and "reformer" in his dictionary. (Slide #3)
So, try to guess for yourself what else new appeared in Russia under Peter I. What reforms were carried out.
(Work in groups.Students receive task cards
Analyze these pictures. What was new under Peter I? For what? (Children's answers, Slide number 4)
This is the pride of Peter - the Russian fleet. Russia is becoming a strong maritime power. Thanks to the fleet, the borders of our state have expanded. Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea. A sea route has appeared, which means closer communication with other European countries has been established.
At the mouth of the Neva, Peter began the construction of a new big city named after the founder. (Slide number 5)
What city was founded? (St. Petersburg)
2. What is the difference between the plan of Moscow and the plan of St. Petersburg? (Slide number 6)
Moscow was built like other ancient Russian cities. In the center city fortress, around the fortress posad, where artisans and fishermen lived. The city is built up without a definite plan. It looks like a ring, a circle.
St. Petersburg was created according to the advanced models of that time. Peter I did not want anything Moscow. Architects from Europe were invited to the construction of St. Petersburg, it was built according to a well-developed plan. The avenues of the city are wide and straight. Streets are straight, crossing avenues at right angles.
Who do you think built St. Petersburg, who created the fleet?
How was life ordinary people during the years of Peter's reforms? Why? (Slide number 7. Construction of St. Petersburg).
Peter I founded the city at the mouth of the Neva. The shores are swampy, floods are frequent. People drained swamps, made embankments, paved marshy streets. The workers suffered from hunger and disease. Thousands died from harsh conditions. New ones were brought in to take their place. But time passed. The city grew and became more beautiful. In 1712 St. Petersburg becomes the new capital of the state. (Slide number 8)
3. During the years of the reign of Peter I, reforms took place in everyday life.
On the left is the era of Peter I, on the right - pre-Petrine times. (Slide number 9)
What changes in appearance people occurred during the reign of Peter I? (Clothes have changed, wigs have appeared, men have no beards, etc.)
A beard in Russia was considered a sign of integrity and solidity. The king ordered the beards to be shaved off. He cut off the beards of the boyars with his own hands. He disliked traditional Russian clothes - a long-brimmed and wide-sleeved dress, believed that it hampered movement and interfered with work.
And Peter I introduced assemblies.
The Assembly is a ball. Noble people gathered for entertainment and friendly conversations. Women were also invited to the assemblies, which was not the case before. The guests had to show knowledge of social manners.
4. What foods have been used in Russia since ancient times, and which ones appeared under Peter?
tomatoes
potato
(Under Peter I appeared: tomatoes, tea, potatoes, coffee).
The morning meal turned into a kind of torture, because it was prescribed in the European manner to drink hated coffee in the morning.
At first, the peasants were forced to grow potatoes by force. Russian peasants did not immediately realize that they eat not “tops”, but “roots” of an overseas plant. "Tops" - they turned out to be bitter, and even poisonous, and called the potato "damn apple".
Women decorated their hats with potato flowers.
For services to the state, Peter I received the honorary nickname the Great and the title of Emperor. Russia became known as an empire. (Slide number 11)
Generalization.
Before you is a list of reforms of Peter the Great. Cross out what does not apply to Peter's reforms.
- Introduction of a new chronology.
- Creation of the Russian fleet. Access to the Baltic Sea.
- Introduction of European clothing.
- The first printing house in Russia.
- Assembly.
- Issue of the first printed newspaper Vedomosti.
- Decree on the trimming of beards and long dresses.
- The advent of television.
- Foundation of St. Petersburg.
- Spaceship launch.
- The emergence of new foods.
III. Summary of the lesson.