Chepega Zakhary Alekseevich. Zachary chepega
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At the mention of him, many recall that Catherine II fed him grapes, that she gave him a saber studded with diamonds, that he was illiterate. But for what and why the highest honor was given to him, this is something they will not immediately remember. They don’t even remember that it was he, the ataman Zakhary Chepiga, who found a place and laid the foundation for our city.
Little we really know about him. We do not know his real surname, even the name is read differently: along with the usual Zachary, we meet the name Khariton. Most likely, Zakhary Chepiga was of humble origin, this can be judged at least by the fact that his sister Daria was married off as a serf. The ataman Zakhary Chepiga was not literate, but he had a cold head, a lively soul, was brave in battle and firm in defending Cossack rights.
He had a concept of honor and valor and was more understandable to the Cossacks than the “sly pysul” - Anton Golovaty. Such a straightforward and kind-hearted ataman, who can be called a “father”, was needed by the army of faithful Zaporizhian Cossacks, later renamed Chernomorskoe.
It is no coincidence that the name of Kharka Chepiga is on a par with the names of such Zaporozhian leaders as Athanasius Kovpak. And his illiteracy even adorned him - such a glorious chieftain as Ivan Sirko, who did not know defeat in the most cruel and unequal battles, was illiterate. There would be a head on their shoulders, and there were always plenty of “written” ones ready to sign and write a warrant in the army.
Zakhary Alekseevich, apparently, had an impressive appearance and knew how to behave with dignity in public. Unfortunately, we do not have a reliable portrait of the last ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army, Zakhary Chepiga did not like to pose in front of the painters. Regarding the appearance of ataman Z. Chepiga, F.A. Shcherbina in the first volume of “History of the Kuban Cossack army writes the following: “History has not left a description of the appearance, or a portrait of this leader of the Cossacks, but before the eyes of those who thought about the life, activities and actions of Kharkov Chepiga, one involuntarily draws a strong, squat figure of a man, impressive in body and sedate, sedate in manners of address, with a round, smooth-shaven Little Russian face, and large, but soft outlines of the nose, lips and mouth, with gray gentle eyes, with a thick mustache, hanging down, with an even thicker chupri and with a good-natured smile, as if saying to everyone: “good, brothers, good.” This is how Z.A. came to life in bronze. Chepiga in 1907 among the figures of S. Bely, A. Golovaty and Potemkin on the Mikeshin monument, though only for some 10-12 years.
Z. A. Chepiga was born in 1726 in the Chernihiv region, according to some historians, in the village of Borki. Chepiga is his Cossack nickname, his real name is unknown to us (given by some local historians as real name Kulish, can hardly be considered reliable). It is known that he had a brother Miron, who apparently died early, since the son of the latter, and the nephew of the former, Evtikhiy Chepiga, grew up in the Sich with his uncle. Z. Chepiga himself did not have children, he died single, remaining faithful to the Zaporozhye Cossack vow of celibacy.
In the register of the Cossacks of the Zaporizhzhya Sich for 1756, we find Zakhary Chepiga as an ordinary Cossack of the Kislyakivsky kuren. His career cannot be called swift and brilliant. In 1768-1774. during the First Turkish War, Zakhary Chepiga commanded one of the Cossack detachments. At the time of the destruction of the Zaporizhzhya Sich (1775), he was a colonel of the Protovchanskaya palanka.
PER. Chepiga was not a bright figure who played one of the main roles in the Zaporizhzhya army, and he did not own the idea of restoring the abolished Cossack army. July 1, 1783, when, according to the published G.A. Potemkin's proclamation instructed Anton Golovaty to recruit hunters from the former Cossacks in the amount of a thousand people to suppress the rebellious Tatars, Z. Chepiga was awarded the rank of second major. The Russian army needed cavalry, which was so lacking in the war of 1787-1791, and the mounted Cossacks, who knew the Ochakov steppes, were at a great price. It so happened that Zakhary Chepiga, a native of the lower Cossacks, was destined to command the Black Sea cavalry, which consisted of noble and wealthy Zaporozhye Cossacks. Having acquired by that time land, farmsteads, herds of horses and other property, Zakhary Chepiga expressed their interests. After the death of the koshevoi Sidor Bely, mortally wounded near Ochakovo, Z. Chepiga became the ataman. The fact of his election to the Rada is still controversial, at least the historian V.A. Golobutsky insists on his appointment as Prince G.A. Potemkin and cites an order of the following content: “By courage and zeal for order and at the request of the army of faithful Cossacks, Khariton (Zakhariy-V.G.) Chepiga is determined by ataman. Announcing this to the whole army, I order it to be properly honored and obeyed. And a little lower, arguing with the Kuban historian P.P. Korolenko, who claimed that Z. Chepiga was elected ataman at the Rada, cites the letter of the latter dated July 5, 1788 to A. Golovaty that Potemkin “appointed me in the army of faithful Cossacks as a military ataman.”
His position in this high post was not always firm. In July 1789, the Cossacks from the foot team sent to G. Potemkin asked for his replacement. Potemkin himself informed Z. Chepiga about this in a letter dated July 29: “From the entire Kosh of the faithful troops of the Black Sea, news came to me in which they, giving all justice to your service and virtues, explain that old age and your wounds do not leave you strength , required for the administration of the burden of the title of ataman. They are asking for the election of a new one.” Z. Chepiga himself had to decide, and he decided to keep the ataman title for himself.
It is impossible to call ataman Z. Chepiga poor, he owned land, a village with serfs, farms, herds of horses, which he loved very much. And yet, his estate was much more modest than the estate of the military judge A. Golovaty, who, in addition to the village of Veselo in the Novomoskovsky district, had farms, mills, orchards, cows, sheep, and 85 pigs alone in Chernomorie. Zakhary Chepiga was not such a caring and zealous owner as Anton Golovaty, and he did not strive to accumulate wealth. Nevertheless, it was to him that the Black Sea people owed both the resettlement to the Kuban and the laying of the city of Ekaterinodar. Koshevoy Z. Chepiga expressed the idea of resettlement of the Black Sea people in the free Kuban steppes, and later found in the Karasun Kut “a place for a military city”. To embody his plans, to a greater extent, it was necessary for the military judge Anton Golovaty.
On March 1, 1790, G. Potemkin informed the Black Sea army that he asked Catherine II for land for the army between the Bug and the Dniester, and on April 19 announced that the Kinburn side, Yenikalsky district and Taman would be additionally provided to the army. Potemkin also gave the troops his fishing grounds on the Taman Peninsula. On November 30, 1791, in a letter to General V.S. Popov, Z. Chepiga complained that “it is impossible for the Black Sea army to talk about the crowding between the Bug and Dniester rivers on earth.” In the winter of 1791 Z. Chepiga summoned A. Golovaty, with whom they went to Iasi to G. Potemkin to ask for an army free lands. It is not known how this deputation would have ended if it had not been for the incident - one of the Black Sea boats, along with 25 Cossacks, was captured by the Turks. Angry, G. Potemkin sent the Cossacks with nothing, promising, however, to consider the issue of allotment of land later. Later, such a case did not present itself, the all-powerful favorite and hetman of the Black Sea and Yekaterinoslav Cossacks died on October 5, 1792 on the way to Bendery. And there was not enough land for the pastures of numerous herds of elders and herds on the Dniester. This circumstance, as well as the desire of the Black Sea people to live on their own, separately from the landlords, in order to preserve their way of life, to a greater extent influenced the decision in February 1792 to send a deputation to St. Petersburg with a request to grant the army of the Kuban Right Bank.
The place under the military hail was chosen by the ataman Z. Chepiga. The circumstances for this were, apparently, the presence of timber, the middle location in relation to the chain of cordons, and a convenient place for building a fortification. In the same way as in the last Zaporizhzhya Sich, a kut protruding to the south from the northeast covered Karasun like the Podpilnaya River. There was also an elevated place from which the floodplain of the Kuban was clearly visible, and where, according to all Zaporozhye fortification rules, it was possible to create a fortification. Z. Chepiga seemed to be trying to rebuild the former Sich in the Kuban, but the “Order of Common Benefit”, in the development of which he took an active part, put an end to Zaporozhye liberties.
PER. Chepiga, for all his severity and severity during military campaigns, was in fact a kind-hearted person who sympathized with the orphan. He was repeatedly resorted to for help and support by the Cossacks-siromakhs. And rarely did he refuse help and protection to anyone.
Kosh ataman Zakhary Chepiga died on January 14, 1797 after a short illness in his rather spacious hut. And on January 16, with the honors proper to a general and ataman: the removal of all regalia, the reading of the gospel, a cannon and rifle salute, he was buried in the military cathedral under construction. Years passed, and about a hundred years later, his lost grave was accidentally found when clearing the floor of the dismantled Resurrection Cathedral. It was possible to establish his remains only by the general's uniform. It is amazing that the army did not find the means and the guardian to install at least a stone slab with a proper inscription over his ashes. And only General V.S. Varenik, who found his ashes, reburied together with the remains of Ataman T.T. Kotlyarevsky and R. Porokhni under the refectory of the Church of the Holy Resurrection under construction and installed a bronze plaque. And half a century later, new barbarians destroyed this temple, razing the graves of the memorial cemetery in the former Yekaterinodar fortress to the ground.
Our historical memory is strange and surprising. In honor of the people who have never been in our city, did nothing for it, the streets are named, in memory of those who mocked the Cossack history and glory, there are busts and bas-reliefs, and there is practically nothing about who founded this city. doesn't look like today.
In vain, our contemporary will look on the map of the city of Krasnodar-Ekaterinodar for the name of its founder - the ataman Zakhary Alekseevich Chepiga.
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Slides captions:
Zachary Chepega
In early July 1788, G. A. Potemkin issued a decree on the appointment of a new ataman: “By courage and zeal for order and at the request of the army of faithful Cossacks, Khariton (that is, Zakhary) Chepega is determined by the ataman. I announce this to the whole army, I order it to be properly honored and obeyed. As a sign of respect, the field marshal presented Chepega with an expensive saber. Many documents have been preserved, mainly military warrants and correspondence related to Zakhary Alekseevich, but we will not find his autograph on any of them: the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army was illiterate. Signatures on papers for him were put by a trusted officer. If we add to this circumstance the fact that Chepega's sister, Daria, was married to a serf peasant Kulish, who belonged to the landowner of the Poltava province, Major Levents, and her three sons, even when Chepega was an ataman, were listed "with the aforementioned landowner in the peasantry" (however, one of them, Evstafiy Kulish, fled during Turkish war to the Cossacks, having acquired the rank of lieutenant there “through various differences”, then he married and, not wishing to move to the Kuban, remained in residence in the Kherson district), then the origins of the Chepega family tree are easily guessed.
In the Sich, he had a reputation as an experienced and brave warrior, commanded cavalry, and participated in all the most important battles. During the capture of Izmail, A.V. Suvorov instructed him to lead one of the assault columns to the fortress. For military exploits, Chepega was awarded three orders and received the rank of brigadier. But not only awards marked his military path: enemy bullets more than once overtook the Cossack. However, here we are given the opportunity to give the floor to the very hero of our story: the archive preserved a letter from Chepega to the military judge Anton Golovaty, with whom he had a sincere friendship. This letter was written on June 19, 1789, immediately after a heated battle with the Turks near Bender, for which, by the way, the Black Sea people, who fought together with the Don and Bug Cossacks, received gratitude from M. I. Kutuzov. Talking about the losses of the enemy, captured Turkish banners and prisoners, Chepega further writes: “Three of all of us were wounded and one person was killed in death, 6 horses were killed and three were wounded; Yes, and I got it, a bullet pierced my right shoulder through and it is unlikely that I will recover soon, it is very difficult for me. Woe to the poor orphan ... and we can’t have time to get food, but only be so, we will endure, and pray to God, and rely on him, let him be an assistant and intercessor, seeing our justice ... then forgive, dear brother, friend and comrade, for I, having wished you blissful success in all your undertakings, remain with true respect ... "
Chepega was to be chieftain for almost ten years, and the main event in his activity, from the point of view of both contemporaries and descendants, is, of course, the foundation of Ekaterinodar and the first Kuban villages. The path to the Kuban Chepega with the army and the convoy kept land, at the end of October 1792 he arrived at the river Her, where he wintered in the so-called Khan's town at the Yeisk Spit. He reported to Golovaty that he was satisfied with the inspection of these places, the land is “capable” for arable farming and cattle breeding, the waters are healthy, and fishing ... “such extremely abundant and profitable ones have never been seen and nothing like it has been heard of ...” Note that the riches of the new region were appreciated not only by the Cossacks, who had to plow and protect these lands, but also by their Kerch, St. Petersburg and other bosses, large and small. Remarkable in this respect is such an order from Chepega to Colonel Savva Bely in Taman on January 29, 1793: “... His Excellency Mr. Major General Taurida Governor and Cavalier Semyon Semenovich Zhegulin needs fresh red fish and freshly salted caviar, and therefore I recommend your high nobility to make an effort how can I get more of it and send it by courier both to His Excellency and to the provincial prosecutor Captain Pyotr Afanasyevich Pashovkin serving with him, to the secretary and collegiate recorder Danil Andreevich Karev and to the entire provincial office ... "
On May 10, 1793, Chepega set out with the Cossacks to the Kuban River to set up border cordons, and on June 9 he camped in the Karasun Kut, where “he found a place for a military town ...” approval of the city and sending a land surveyor, writes out builders, appoints a mayor ... In the spring of 1794, with the direct participation of the ataman, a lottery was held for land for future smoking villages and on March 21 a list was drawn up, “where a place was assigned to a smoking place.” But already in June 1794, Chepega left the “newly built” military city, setting off on the order of Catherine II with two regiments on the so-called Polish campaign. On the way to Petersburg, he is invited to the royal table, and the empress herself treats the old warrior with grapes and peaches. For participating in Polish campaign the Cossack ataman is promoted to general. This was his last military campaign. A year after returning to the Kuban on January 14, 1797, Zakhary Chepega died from old wounds and a “prick of the lung” in Ekaterinoda, in his hut, built in an oak grove above Karasun. His funeral took place on January 16. The funeral chariot, drawn by six black horses, was accompanied by kurynye atamans and foremen, foot and horse Cossacks, who fired from rifles and a three-pound military cannon every time they stopped and the priest read the Gospel. Twelve stops were made on the way from the house to the church, and twelve volleys resounded over the city.Ahead of the coffin, according to custom, they carried a lid with two sabers laid crosswise on it - the hetman's and the king's, bestowed on the ataman; two of his favorite riding horses were led along the sides, awards were carried on pillows made of thin green cloth, and in front of them - the ataman's mace ... Chepega was buried in the military fortress "in the middle of the place designated for the cathedral military church."
The description of his funeral was compiled by the military clerk Timofey Kotlyarevsky for Anton Golovaty, who was outside the region at that time, in Persian campaign, and a copy of this document remained in the military archive. Ninety years later, the military archivist Varenik added a curious note to the back of the sheet, in which he reported (for future generations?) That on July 11, 1887, when digging a ditch for the foundation of a new church on the site of the wooden Resurrection Cathedral, consecrated in 1804 and dismantled in 1876, graves were dug, according to their attributes recognized as the burial places of Chepega, Kotlyarevsky, military archpriest Roman Porokhni, Colonel Alexei Vysochin, and also a certain woman, according to legend, Golovaty's wife Ulyana ... These ashes were transferred to new coffins (a coffin for Chepegi was donated by Varenik himself) and reburied under the refectory of the church under construction. During the ceremony, the military choir sang and was present ataman Ya. D. Malama... What else do we know about Chepega? Since the old ataman “died single, and therefore childless,” historians were somehow not interested in his descendants. A branch of his family along the line of his sister Daria Kulish was lost somewhere in Ukraine. It is noteworthy that the children of his nephew Evstafiy, Ivan and Ulyana, "appropriated" the name of Chepega and then claimed the inheritance. Another nephew Evtikhiy, the son of Chepega's brother Miron, bore the Ataman surname by right, since, having lost his father early, he was taken by Zakhary Chepega as a child and was with him all the time. Before his death, the ataman, who did not see the need to make a spiritual testament, summoned Evtikhy from the farm, handed him the keys and “some papers” and talked about something in private for a long time ... Lieutenant Colonel Evtikhy Chepega also made his contribution to history: in 1804 he brought to the Kuban from Mirgorod the famous sacristy and library of the Kiev-Mezhigorsky monastery, which belonged to the Zaporizhian army. Evtikhiy died in 1806, among the property described in his house were sabers that belonged to the late ataman.
E. D. Felitsyn, who published in 1888 curriculum vitae about Zakhary Chepeg, claimed that one of them - gold, granted by the Empress, "is still kept in one old Cossack family." History has not preserved the portrait of Chepega. According to P.P. Korolenko, who at the end of the last century wrote down many legends heard from old-timers, he was “short in stature, with broad shoulders, a large forelock and mustache” and in general was a “type of stern Cossack”. They say that once a painter came to Chepega. “Your Excellency, it seems I will remove the partret for you.” Chepega: “Are you a painter?” Otvicha: "Malyar". - So paint the gods, and I was a general, you don’t need to paint me ... "
On the building of the Kuban medical university a memorial sign was erected to the founder of Yekaterinodar Zakhary Chepega. two hundred s extra years ago, on this place stood the house of the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army, to whom not a single monument or memorial sign has yet been erected in the city. Those who are at least a little familiar with the history of the Kuban Cossacks, at the mention of Chepeg, will remember that Catherine II fed him grapes, that he gave him a saber studded with diamonds, that he was illiterate - letters were signed for him by others. But few people know that it was Zakhary Chepega who found the place where the Cossacks laid the foundation for Ekaterinodar-Krasnodar. He also led the landing of the Black Sea Cossacks on the Taman Peninsula. And the first winter after receiving the highest diploma for the development of the local lands, he, together with the army, spent practically in the steppe, with great human losses. Reliable images of the ataman have not been preserved, but it is known for certain that Chepega fought heroically in the Russian-Turkish war, was loved by the Cossacks, and for all his severity and severity during military campaigns, in fact, he was a kind-hearted person and rarely refused anyone to help and protection.
The work was done by a student of 8 "A" class Bichurina Khristina
In early July 1788, G. A. Potemkin issued a decree on the appointment of a new chieftain: “By courage and zeal for order and at the request of the army of faithful Cossacks, Khariton (that is, Zakhary) Chepega is determined by the chieftain. I announce this to the whole army, I order it to be properly honored and obeyed. As a sign of respect, the field marshal presented Chepega with an expensive saber.
Many documents have been preserved, mainly military warrants and correspondence related to Zakhary Alekseevich, but we will not find his autograph on any of them: the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army was illiterate. Signatures on papers for him were put by a trusted officer. If we add to this circumstance the fact that Chepega's sister, Daria, was married to a serf peasant Kulish, who belonged to the landowner of the Poltava province, Major Levenets, and her three sons, even when Chepega was an ataman, were listed "with the aforementioned landowner in the peasantry" (however, one of them, Evstafiy Kulish, fled during the Turkish war to the Cossacks, acquiring the rank of lieutenant there “through various differences”, then he married and, not wanting to move to the Kuban, remained in residence in the Kherson district), then the origins of the Chepega family tree are easily guessed.
In the Sich, he had a reputation as an experienced and brave warrior, commanded cavalry, and participated in all the most important battles. During the capture of Izmail, A.V. Suvorov instructed him to lead one of the assault columns to the fortress. For military exploits, Chepega was awarded three orders and received the rank of brigadier. But not only awards marked his military path: enemy bullets more than once overtook the Cossack. However, here we are given the opportunity to give the floor to the very hero of our story: the archive preserved a letter from Chepega to the military judge Anton Golovaty, with whom he had a sincere friendship. This letter was written on June 19, 1789, immediately after a heated battle with the Turks near Bender, for which, by the way, the Black Sea people, who fought together with the Don and Bug Cossacks, received gratitude from M. I. Kutuzov.
Talking about the losses of the enemy, captured Turkish banners and prisoners, Chepega further writes: “Three of all of us were wounded and one person was killed in death, 6 horses were killed and three were wounded; Yes, and I got it, a bullet pierced my right shoulder through and it is unlikely that I will recover soon, it is very difficult for me. Woe to the poor orphan ... and we can’t have time to get food, but only be so, we will endure, and pray to God, and rely on him, let him be an assistant and intercessor, seeing our justice ... then forgive, dear brother, friend and comrade, for I, having wished you blissful success in all your undertakings, remain with true respect ... "
Chepega was to be chieftain for almost ten years, and the main event in his activity, from the point of view of both his contemporaries and descendants, is, of course, the founding of Ekaterinodar and the first Kuban villages.
The path to the Kuban Chepega with the army and the convoy kept land, at the end of October 1792 he arrived at the river Her, where he wintered in the so-called Khan's town at the Yeisk Spit. He reported to Golovaty that he was satisfied with the inspection of these places, the land is “capable” for arable farming and cattle breeding, the waters are healthy, and fishing ... “such extremely abundant and profitable ones have never been seen and have not been heard of ...”
It should be noted that the riches of the new region were appreciated not only by the Cossacks, who were to plow and protect these lands, but also by their Kerch, St. Petersburg and other bosses, large and small. Notable in this regard is such an order from Chepega to Colonel Savva Bely in Taman on January 29, 1793:
“... His Excellency Mr. Major General Taurida Governor and Cavalier Semyon Semenovich Zhegulin needs fresh red fish and freshly salted caviar, and therefore I recommend that your Excellency make an effort to get as much of it as possible and send it to both His Excellency and those serving under him provincial prosecutor Captain Pyotr Afanasyevich Pashovkin, secretary collegiate recorder Danil Andreevich Karev and the entire provincial office ... "
On May 10, 1793, Chepega set out with the Cossacks to the Kuban River to set up border cordons, and on June 9 he camped in the Karasun Kut, where “he found a place for a military town ...” approval of the city and sending a land surveyor, writes out builders, appoints a mayor ... In the spring of 1794, with the direct participation of the ataman, a lottery was held for land for future smoking villages and on March 21 a list was drawn up, “where a place was assigned to a smoking place.”
But already in June 1794, Chepega left the “newly built” military city, setting off on the order of Catherine II with two regiments on the so-called Polish campaign. On the way to Petersburg, he is invited to the royal table, and the empress herself treats the old warrior with grapes and peaches. For participation in the Polish campaign, the Cossack chieftain is promoted to general. This was his last military campaign. A year after returning to the Kuban on January 14, 1797, Zakhary Chepega died from old wounds and a “prick of the lung” in Ekaterinoda, in his hut, built in an oak grove above Karasun.
His funeral took place on January 16. The funeral chariot, drawn by six black horses, was accompanied by kurynye atamans and foremen, foot and horse Cossacks, who fired from rifles and a three-pound military cannon every time they stopped and the priest read the Gospel. Twelve stops were made on the way from the house to the church, and twelve volleys resounded over the city.Ahead of the coffin, according to custom, they carried a lid with two sabers laid crosswise on it - the hetman's and the king's, bestowed on the ataman; two of his favorite riding horses were led along the sides, awards were carried on pillows made of thin green cloth, and in front of them - the ataman's mace ... Chepega was buried in the military fortress "in the middle of the place designated for the cathedral military church."
The description of his funeral was compiled by the military clerk Timofey Kotlyarevsky for Anton Golovaty, who was at that time outside the region, on the Persian campaign, and a copy of this document remained in the military archive. Ninety years later, the military archivist Varenik added a curious note to the back of the sheet, in which he reported (for future generations?) That on July 11, 1887, when digging a ditch for the foundation of a new church on the site of the wooden Resurrection Cathedral, consecrated in 1804 and dismantled in 1876, graves were dug, according to their attributes recognized as the burial places of Chepega, Kotlyarevsky, military archpriest Roman Porokhni, Colonel Alexei Vysochin, and also a certain woman, according to legend, Golovaty's wife Ulyana ... These ashes were transferred to new coffins (a coffin for Chepegi was donated by Varenik himself) and reburied under the refectory of the church under construction. During the ceremony, the military choir sang and the chief ataman Ya. D. Malama was present ... What else do we know about Chepeg?
Since the old ataman “died single, and therefore childless,” historians were somehow not interested in his descendants. A branch of his family along the line of his sister Daria Kulish was lost somewhere in Ukraine. It is noteworthy that the children of his nephew Evstafiy, Ivan and Ulyana, "appropriated" the name of Chepega and then claimed the inheritance. Another nephew Evtikhiy, the son of Chepega's brother Miron, bore the Ataman surname by right, since, having lost his father early, he was taken by Zakhary Chepega as a child and was with him all the time. Before his death, the ataman, who did not see the need to make a spiritual testament, summoned Evtikhy from the farm, handed him the keys and “some papers” and talked about something in private for a long time ... Lieutenant Colonel Evtikhy Chepega also made his contribution to history: in 1804 he brought to the Kuban from Mirgorod the famous sacristy and library of the Kiev-Mezhigorsky monastery, which belonged to the Zaporizhian army. Evtikhiy died in 1806, among the property described in his house were sabers that belonged to the late ataman.
History has not preserved the portrait of Chepega. According to P.P. Korolenko, who wrote down many legends heard from old-timers at the end of the last century, he was “short in stature, with broad shoulders, a large forelock and mustache” and in general was “a type of stern Cossack”.
They say that once a painter came to Chepega. “Your Excellency, it seems I will remove the partret for you.” Chepega: “Are you a painter?” Otvicha: "Malyar". - So paint the gods, and I was a general, you don’t need to paint me ... "
Gubsky Nikolay Ivanovich
Job title: additional education teacher
Educational institution: MBU DO "House children's creativity"
Locality: X. Olginsky, Krasnodar Territory
Material name: Study
Topic:"Ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army Chepega Zakhary (Kharko)."
Publication date: 11.04.2017
Chapter: additional education
Research topic:
Ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army
Chepega Zachary (Kharko).
Prepared by:
Gubsky Nikolai Ivanovich, teacher
additional education MBU DO
"House of children's creativity" Abinsk,
Krasnodar region.
X. Olginsky
Introduction 3
Chepega Z.A. – organizer of creation 4-5
Troops of the Faithful Black Sea Cossacks.
Participation of the Black Sea Cossacks under the leadership
Kosh ataman Chepegi Z.A. in Russian-Turkish wars. 6
The resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban and
development of new lands. 7-8
Personality of Chepega Zakhary (Kharko) Alekseevich 9-10
Conclusion 11
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
In connection with the introduction of study in general educational institutions
Krasnodar
"Kuban studies"
appeared
need
deep study of the history of the Kuban Cossack army. Life studies and
activities of the first kosh chieftains, as well as other prominent and public
figures of the Kuban. AT scientific literature quite enough researched and studied one
of the most prominent representatives of the Black Sea Cossacks late XVIII century - ataman,
Major General Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega. However, in school textbooks, on the
illuminated
not enough.
Respectively
schoolchildren can, using special literature, find out additional data
about this hero.
The relevance of this topic is also obvious because with the revival of the Cossacks
deep
study,
the system of youth education is being built on the traditions of the Cossacks. Cadet
corps, in general education schools organized Cossack classes, "republics",
additional lessons, extracurricular activities are introduced, circles are organized and
extracurricular
extracurricular
direction.
The qualitative organization of this work requires a simple and available material about
the first chieftains of the Black Sea Cossack army, about the traditions and customs of the Kuban
manners and life.
Of no small importance is the fact that this year is celebrated
significant date - the 225th anniversary of the resettlement of the Cossacks in the Kuban.
The purpose of the research topic: to find out and show the role of Z.A. Chepegi at creation
Black Sea Cossack army, its resettlement and development of new lands on
Tasks to be solved in the course of the study:
Explore life path PER. Chepegi
Research
economic
quality,
Koschevoi
To identify character traits - as the personality of the "Cossack - Sich"
object
research
is
activity
chieftains
Black Sea
Cossack
Alekseevich
The chronological framework of the study from 1750 to 1797.
In the course of work on the topic, sources and literature on the history of the Kuban were used.
Shcherbina F.A. History of the Kuban Cossack army v.1, which provides a detailed and
a complete history of the Kuban Cossacks, as well as the characteristics of atamans. In historical
essay by Korolenko P.P. Bicentenary of the Kuban Cossack army 1696 -1896., given
Brief description of the Kuban Cossack army. It should be noted the collective
work "Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar two centuries of the city in dates and events, memories ...
materials for the annals ", which displays in chronological order all
the most important historical events Kuban. One of the most important sources for the study
of this topic is the Encyclopedic Dictionary on the history of the Kuban from the ancient
before October 1917. Under general edition Trekhbratova B.A. In the work of Matveev
preservation
reminder
glorious
provided materials about the first chieftains of the Black Sea Cossack army, about the combat
the paths of the priority regiments of the Kuban Cossack army. The book of Bardadym V. “War
Valor of the Kuban”, tells about the patriotic and glorious military deeds of the Kuban
ancient times there is a certain material on the studied topic.
1.CHEPEGA Z.A. - ORGANIZER OF THE CREATION OF THE "TROOPS OF THE FAITHFUL BLACK SEA
KAZAKOV"
Ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army, Major General Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega
is one of the most prominent representatives of the Black Sea Cossacks of the end
XVIII century. His life was studied by many Kuban historians, but in many ways it remains
puzzle for researchers. This is not surprising, since information about Z.A. Chepege
(especially about the first half of his life) are extremely scarce, fragmentary and contradictory.
Where did the future ataman live and what did he do? Black Sea Troops first
decades of his life is unknown. “In 1750 he appeared in the Zaporozhian Sich and
signed up for the service as a Cossack Kislyakovsky kuren. In 1767 he led the guard
borders "at Pereveska palanka" i.e. district, at the mouth of the river Ingulets. "From 1769 to 1774
on campaigns, in parties and traveling in the direction of Ochakov, and traveling along the Black Sea and the river
Dniester in places, and where, at the same time, there was a military deal with the enemy, and on it he
Chepega happened to keep up: here, according to the testimony of those who noticed, he stood courageously.
After the end of the Russian - Tretsky war of 1768 - 1774. and before the destruction of Zaporozhye
Sich in 1775 PER. Chepega served as colonel of the Protovchanskaya palanka. “During the destruction of Sich by Tekelly, Chepega remained in the ranks of the Cossacks.
The Russian government did not include him among those restless leaders who were
sent and imprisoned in fortresses in Russia. Zakhary Chepega himself did not stick to those
unstable Cossacks who wanted to make peace, neither with the destruction of Sich, nor with
Russian rulers, nor
fled to Turkey to establish Sich and
lieutenant
Prozorovsky.
granted the rank of captain.
Cossack foreman, among whom was Chepega, who lost the right to the lands of Zaporozhye
solicit
government
Catherine II
revival
Zaporozhye
followed
examining
newly acquired lands in the Northern Black Sea region Catherine II under the influence of G.A.
Potemkina agreed to the formation of the Faithful Army of the Black Sea Cossacks. In list
other foremen began to gather cavalry detachments of Cossacks and captain Chepega .. ”of the military operations that have now opened,
Mr. Captain Zakhary Chepega, being filled with commendable jealousy and zeal for
Her service Imperial Majesty[…] expressed a desire to gather volunteers and with
they used to be with the army, entrusted to my superiors. That's why I allow
him to recruit hunters (volunteers - author) from free people ... ".
Chepegi, who reached just over 90 people, took the oath.
A few days after taking the oath, Z.A. Chepega received a pernach sent from
G.A. Potemkin.M.I. Kutuzov, through whom this transfer took place, in his warrant dated
nobility
superiors, to always have with you. At the same time, G.A. Potemkin undertook
energetic measures to accelerate the acquisition of a small cavalry team Z.A.
Chepegi. To all Cossack foremen who wished to receive army ranks, he ordered
come to the Chepega team in person and bring a few more people with you to the service.
By May 1778 The number of equestrian team increased to 289 people.
In April, Chepega and his detachment were sent to Ingul to monitor
coastline. Actually traveling and limited the activities of the equestrian team in
Ochakov was wounded, on the 19th the military ataman of the faithful Cossacks S.I. died. White.
Prince G.A. Potemkin wrote to the empress on this occasion: “This is a loss for me
great, and instead of this venerable old man, I entrusted the rule of the kosh to Major Chepega,
1788 It should be noted a very interesting and important point in this historical fact about
reported by F.A. Shcherbina: “P.P. Korolenko, without citing sources, reports that
after the death of Koshovoi Bely, two parties were formed between the Black Sea people, of which
one wished to elect Anton Golovaty as Koschevoi, and the other Zakhary Chepega. Each
the candidate had a chance of being selected […]. nevertheless, the Cossacks preferred Golovaty Chepeg,
whom
because of
courage
abilities. Potemkin only approved Chepega as a kosh […] Potemkin in his
order speaks of the desire of the troops, and not about the choice of the military […] It must be assumed that,
firstly, the general Military Rada was not assembled, according to the conditions for the distribution of the unit
Cossacks in various places of hostilities, but that the division into two parties was already
disconnected
were
team
various
candidates
Secondly,
impossibility
Military Rada, those and other Cossacks could express their desires in this way only. AT -
thirdly, in addition to assessing the military qualities of Chepega by the Cossacks, on his side was, apparently,
G.A. Potemkin, who not only approved Chepega as ataman, but also gave him
an expensive saber, as a sign of special attention to the military merits of the ataman. Is not subject to,
finally, there is no doubt that the sympathies of the majority of the Cossacks were on the side of Chepega
[…] Anton Andreevich Golovaty did not declare himself at that time to any military
feat […]. With his competitor Golovaty Chepega was in excellent friendly
relationships. The authorities also favored him. All this was very important for
weak, still forming troops. Required to respect their own
Koschevoi and trusted him, and so that the Koschevoi himself, on occasion, could stand up for the army. Necessary
to salute Chepega, he managed to keep this honorable and responsible position in all
time of war with the Turks. On this issue in encyclopedic dictionary on
statement:
gathered
ataman Chepegu ... ". Based on these facts, it cannot be said that
observed
Zaporozhye
tradition
elect
Koschevoi
combined arms Rada. But
undoubtedly, the wish of the Cossacks was taken into account, which can be
judged by the order of Potemkin that has come down to us: “By courage and zeal for
to the throne of Her Imperial Majesty and, at the request of the troops of the faithful
Cossacks, is determined by the ataman Kosh Khariton Chepega. Announcing this to the whole army,
another representative of the military foreman of the former Zaporizhzhya Sich became ataman
Zakhary Chepega, who was often called Khariton, or simply Kharko.
BLACK SEA
LEADERSHIP
KOSHEVOY
ATAMANA Z.A. CHEPEGI IN THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WARS
Correcting the post of ataman Z.A. Chepega resigned command
Cossack cavalry and personally participated in many battles of the Russian - Turkish war of 1787 -
several
Cossacks
Turkish
fortress
Khadzhibey (Odessa) and set fire to a barn with food. For this operation he
awarded the Order of St. George. 4 degrees". "For many of these courage
and courage... especially during the burning of the enemy shops near Hajibey" 7
November 1788.
“He participated with his Cossacks in a number of skirmishes, large and small battles,
advanced
exploration
different
bravery
experience and discretion." Campaign of 1789 started for Chepega
unsuccessfully. In the month of May, G.A. Potemkin instructed the Don, Black Sea, Bug
near the village of Ternovka there was a battle with the Turks, in which the ataman received a heavy
wound. In the report of Kosh M.I. Kutuzov was informed: “On the 18th at the opening of Bendery
chieftain Chepega was seriously wounded by a bullet in the right shoulder, went to his
the capture of Gadzhibey, where he hit the enemy who had fled from the fortress, then on campaigns
Ackerman
capitulated
decisive
event
campaigns
Turkish
fortresses
fortresses.
attacked
According to
dispositions
Suvorov, the second of these columns in the amount of 1650 people (of which 1000 Cossacks)
headed by foreman Z.A. Chepega. Order of St. George 3rd class was awarded
ataman for this glorious deed ". Appendix No. 1, No. 2. In 1791. PER. Chepega
distinguished himself in the battle of Magin, for which he received the highest favor and
Order of St. Vladimir 3rd class.
Catherine II about sending two regiments to Poland from the troops of the Black Sea under
superiors
Koschevoi
entered
established route, and Chepega himself went to the capital, where he was invited to
personal acquaintance Count P.A. Teeth. “... Having joined the army in the field,
the Black Sea, together with the Don Cossacks, carried out reconnaissance and patrol service,
participated in a number of small battles. The Cossacks especially distinguished themselves during the assault
promoted to the rank of Major General. For participation in the attack of Prague, he was awarded
Order of St. Vladimir 2nd class. The regiments returned to the Kuban at the end of 1795.
3. RESETTLEMENT OF THE CHERNOMORS TO THE KUBAN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW LANDS
Bravely fighting under the Russian banners, the Black Sea did not forget about
that the created army had to settle somewhere firmly and forever, to have its own
economy.
apparently
empress
Kremenchug Cossacks raised the issue of this. At least already in the nominal
concerns the request and desire of those in the aforementioned army, in order to take them away
for the settlement of land in the Kerch Kutu or on Taman. This is a very useful thing
you can arrange according to your best discretion. "Chepega, together with
the foremen of the army seeks the allocation of land in Taman and Kuban.
"Finally,
Chernomortsy Kuban lands and charged them with the duty of "vigil and border
Trans-Kuban»»
resettlement.
went
the ataman himself set out with a detachment of 2063 people. Small groups of Cossacks
joined them along the way. "Chepega walked" north way" through
borders of the "granted" lands and stopped for the winter in the Khan's town (now
at this place Yeysk)”.
winter arrangement "made to the Kuban River in Ust - Labinsk fortress for
meetings with general - anshef I.V. Gudovich and the subsequent occupation of the border
Kuban […]
Voronezh
Cossack
staged
the main cordon and camped in the Karasun Kut, near the Nut Lake. AT
the same day report No. 201 was sent to the Tauride Governor […] with a request
"make a resolution" on the arrangement of villages "above the river Kuban[...] and the main
military city.
sent
military
Golovaty
letter: "I congratulate you who arrived in Taman on military land" I notify that
I placed along the Kuban River border guard, I am with the government over it
at the Karasunsky Kut tract, where he found a place under the military city .. ".
priority
questions
leaders
Black Sea Cossack army, was a control device and connection with
him orders. On the first day of the new, 1794 Kosh ataman Zakhary Chepega,
military
Golovaty
military
Kotlyarevsky
drew up and signed the order of the military government, called by them - "Order
common good." This document regulates all aspects of life
Black Sea Cossacks.
F. Shcherbina “notes the negative aspects of the “Order of Common Benefit”, especially
on the issue of self-government “Chepiga’s sins in relation to
to the Cossack
self-government.
Excluding
Golovaty
Kotlyarevsky,
bodies of Cossack self-government, the Military Rada, creating without the knowledge and participation
Cossacks the main act of the Cossack self-government "Order of common benefit", Chepega
main
Cossack
self-government,
hacked,
say, the same bough on which he sat.[…]. From Cossack history it is impossible
to cross out this major mistake of Koschevoi Chepega, but he, like Golovaty, was
son of his age.
March 1794. The military government, at the suggestion of Chepega, decided
hold 4 fairs in Yekaterinodar annually.
"In 1796. Under the control of Chepega, the Cossacks built a harbor in the Kiziltash estuary
for the Black Sea Rowing Flotilla. At the same time along the coast of the Kuban were
built exchange yards for trade
with the Trans-Kuban Circassians and cleared
the old road, which the Black Sea people called "Post". It is in
chieftainship
desert
founded
numerous villages, bridges and roads, mills and cordons were built, or
in other words, the foundation of the Black Sea Cossack Army was laid.
4. CHEPEGA ZAHARY (KHARKO) ALEKSEEVICH AS A PERSONALITY
“According to P.P. Korolenko, Z.A. Chepega was born in 1726. in the village of Borki, which is on
Chernihiv region, and came from a noble Little Russian family of Kulish. Indirect
archival evidence to some extent can confirm the birth of Z.A. Chepegi in
concerns
birth,
confirm,
refute
We can't document it." Cossack dictionary - G.V. Gubareva also
approves the year of birth of the ataman 1726, and the surname-nickname "Chepega - Kulish". Quite recently, in one of the monographs, evidence of
Albanian origin Z. Chepegi. In principle, there is nothing inaccurate in this, since
immigrants from the Balkans constituted a significant layer in the Cossack troops. Nonetheless,
it is necessary to double-check the reliability of the source used by the author .. ".
external
resembling
Gogol
Bulbu…”
compares Chepega V.N. Ratushnyak. However, the best characterization is given by F.A. Shcherbina: "
Judging by historical data, Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega or Kharko Chepega, as
Cossacks liked to call him, he was a typical Little Russian pan, behind a stern appearance
which showed through the simplicity and cordiality of the good soul of man. History has not left
descriptions of the appearance or portrait of this representative of the Cossacks, but before the eyes of those
who thought about the life, activities and actions of Kharko Chepega, involuntarily draws
squat figure of a man, impressive in body and seasoned, sedate in
methods of address, with a round Little Russian, clean-shaven face, large, but
soft outlines of the nose, lips, mouth, with gray gentle eyes, with thick mustaches,
hanging down, with even thicker plumpness and with a good-natured smile, as if everyone
who said: good, brothers, good. ”Appendix No. 3. When this squat pan is a Cossack
mounted a horse, it was as if he fused with it and squeezed it with his short but strong
legs like in a vise. It was a Cossack warrior from birth, and when he faced
face against the enemy with his brothers - the Cossacks, then he immediately turned all into
energy, vigilantly watched his own and others, loudly gave orders and in a hot fight
set an example of selfless courage and courage to everyone. Then Kharko was a hero and a knight.
There is no doubt that in Zakhary Alekseevich the ordinary masses of his day saw precisely
her hero, a knight impeccable in military affairs, to whom she clung under the influence
direct
affection,
whom
administrative ability and activity, how much for the personal Cossacks. For the harsh
the appearance of the father - the ataman of the Cossacks
seen kind soul, and the simplicity of the head of the troops
brought the ordinary Cossacks closer to him. According to the stories transmitted by the old Cossacks P.P.
Korolenko,
dense
addition,
big forelock and mustache. In appearance he was stern and important, how prominent people generally behaved
foremen and sedate Cossacks. He lived among a simple and unpretentious environment lonely, in
a small hut built over the river. Karasun in an oak grove, nothing special
without standing out from ordinary Cossacks. Outward gloss and fashionable whims of the arrogant
he, apparently, did not recognize the panship. Even to the positive aspects of culture,
connected with the personal needs of the highest circle of people, treated negatively.
When, according to the stories, some artist wanted to paint a portrait with Z.A. Chepegi, then
the stern ataman refused this honor, remarking briefly: "the gods are painted until the gods." He is not
was even literate. […]. Participating personally in the resettlement of the Cossacks from behind the Bug to the Kuban,
Chepega, by his own example, gave examples of endurance to the weary Cossacks. Diseases
and hardships during the journey affected some of the Cossacks, so they decided
return
refuse
wavering Cossacks and, improving their position as far as possible, managed to bring to the place
resettlement of the entire army. […]. If we add to this that Chepiga spent his whole life
bachelor, "orphan", then in the ataman it is not difficult to guess the fading type of true
Cossack, who valued the military field, and Cossack glory. […].
Such was Kharko Chepiga according to the few recollections of him and according to general features from
activities
brought
official
the documents.
historical
materials
scarce enough to adequately characterize
personality and activities of the first ataman in Chernomoria.[ 28, p. 532,533,534].
Ekaterinodar fortress "in the middle of the place appointed for the cathedral church". Under a cannon salu, the coffin was lowered into the grave. .
Soon a wooden Resurrection Cathedral was built on this site, and the tomb of the ataman
ended up under his floor, which eventually caused complete oblivion. "In the 70s
19th century The old military cathedral was dismantled due to dilapidation, and a few years later, in July
1887, when digging a ditch for the foundation of a newly built church on this site, workers
came across 6 graves. The remains in one of the coffins were identified as those of Z.A.
refectory of the church under construction. Summer 1930 fortress church of the Ascension of the Lord
destroyed and the grave of Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega was again lost.
recognition
outstanding
Kuban
Cossacks
famous sculptor M.O. Mekeshin in his
sculptural composition of the monument
Catherine II assigned a place to the ataman. “At the foot of the bronze figures of Prince G.A.
Potemkin,
Koschevoi
military
Golovaty and ataman Zakhary Chepegi ".
became the following: "1st Ekaterinodar Koshevoi Ataman Chepegi Regiment".
CONCLUSION
In the process of abstract research, it was possible to find out and show the role of Koshevoy
chieftain troops of the faithful Black Sea Cossacks in hostilities, in the creation of troops, in
his resettlement and development of the Kuban lands. In the course of studying his personal life, his
relations
Cossacks
superior
Cossacks
involuntarily
arises
an outstanding, folk figure of a real "Cossack-Sich".
For him, the interests of the Cossacks, the state are most important, and personal life is in second place.
This work can be used in the lessons of Cuban studies, in the study of history
Kuban Cossacks. It is especially important to use it on extracurricular activities. On the
The example of Z.A. Chepega has something to teach students and young people.
"Koshevoy
Z.A.Chepega»
need
spend
abstract research on the activities of other Kosh, military and Cossack
chieftains of the Kuban Cossack army.
In the conditions of remote farms
from regional centers, Krasnodar there are certain
difficulties in selecting sources and literature on the topics studied.
Literature.
Korolenko
bicentenary
Kuban
Cossack
(historical essay) Reprint. play ed. – Mineralnye vody.: publishing house
"Caucasian health resort", 1991 - p. 27
Shcherbina F.A. History of the Kuban Cossack army. Reprint. ref. Ed. 1913.-
K a s n o d a r,
P ub b e
« C o m p e t
K u b a n ',
p.532,533,534,535,537,538,540
Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar. Two centuries of the city in dates, memories ... Materials for
Chronicles. - Krasnodar: Krasnodar book publishing house, 1993. s-18-19, 20-
directory.
"Creation", 1992. T.3. – p.264
Encyclopedic dictionary on the history of the Kuban from ancient times to October
1917. - Krasnodar: Edvi Publishing House, 1997.-p.515, 516.
Bardadym V. Military prowess of the Kuban. - Krasnodar: Publishing house, "Northern
Caucasus", 1993, - p. 16.
History of the Kuban from ancient times to the end of the twentieth century: A textbook for higher
educational institutions. - Krasnodar: OPPC "Prospects for Education", 2004. p-74
Matveev O.V., Frolov B.E. "Eternal preservation and reminder of glorious names .." (to
awards
priority
Kuban
Cossack army). - Krasnodar: Edvi Publishing House, 2005-pp. 87-88,89,90,91,95.
Ratushnyak V.N. Kuban historical chronicles. Little-known about the known:
Essays - Krasnodar: OTsPTs "Prospects of Education", 2005, p.52,53
10. Trekhbratov B.A. History of Kuban: tutorial- Krasnodar: Krasnodar
book publishing house, 2000. - p. 136