Administrative-territorial division of Russia: features, history and interesting facts. The historical evolution of the administrative-territorial and political division of Russia How the administrative-territorial division has historically changed
>>Features of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia
§ 11. Features of the administrative-territorial
Russian devices
Our Motherland is officially called "Russian Federation - Russia". What is a "federation"? Translated from Latin, it means "union", "association". Federation is a form state structure, in which, in contrast to the unitary 1 , the state consists of a system of federal units, subjects of the Federation, with certain political rights.
Historically, in Russia, which in the XVI century. called "Rusiya", there was a complex system territory management. The country was divided into regions, which received the names of cities. The entire European part of Russia was divided into - "Out of Moscow cities", "Pomor cities", "Cities from German Ukraine (outskirts)", "From Lithuanian Ukraine.", "8aok cities", "Ukrainian", "Polish", "Vyatka" , "Perm", "Nizovsky cities". Administratively, they were divided into counties, volosts and camps. Under Peter I early XVIII in. Russia was originally subdivided into 8 provinces 2 .
At the end of the century (1775), under Catherine II, all Russian empire was divided into 40 provinces with a population of 300 to 400 thousand males who paid taxes and served in the army (revision souls). The provinces were divided into 12-15 counties. At the beginning of the 20th century. the number of provinces and regions 3 increased to 101 (of which modern Russia- 56). The Russian Empire was a unitary state.
In Soviet times, along with the provinces, national-territorial education- union and autonomous republics, autonomous regions and districts. Subsequently, the provinces were enlarged and 13 territories and regions were created within the borders of modern Russia. Then their number increased significantly.
After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of a new Russian Federation all former autonomous republics and a number of autonomous regions raised their status, becoming republics. Many of them changed their name or received a double name - the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Mari Republic (Mari El), the Republic of Tuva became known as Tyva. Only one autonomous region remained - Jewish - on Far East. Autonomous (formerly national) districts have been preserved, the names of which were given according to the small population living in them. indigenous peoples.
1 A unitary state (from Latin unity) does not include federal parts (states, republics, lands), subdividing only into districts, regions and provinces, which are subordinate to the central authorities.
2 The name "province" comes from the leader, a major official of the province - the governor (from lat. - ruler).
3 In the Russian Empire, the regions corresponded to the provinces, but were located on the border territories.
In most of the republics, which differ significantly in the number of inhabitants and area, Russian population, and only in seven - indigenous, and in a number of republics - their approximately equal number.
According to the diagram (Fig. 15), specify how many subjects of the Federation form a niche country. How many republics, territories, regions and autonomous entities are there in Russia? Find out which administrative formations are typical for modern Russia at the local level. What is their subordination?
The subjects of the Federation are subdivided into grassroots administrative regions. On their territory, cities are distinguished, some of which are larger - respectively, of republican, regional, regional and district significance. Other cities, urban-type settlements and large rural settlements are the regional centers.
In large cities, in turn, districts, districts and municipalities are distinguished (for example, in Moscow there are 10 districts). Rural administrations (departments) are being created in rural areas. They are controlled by various grassroots territorial cells, have different names; rural districts, volosts, village councils (see Fig. 15).
In May 2000, according to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, in order to strengthen the effectiveness of state power, improve control over the implementation of laws, the Constitution of Russia and decisions of the federal government, seven federal districts were formed, including all subjects of the Federation. After the creation of federal districts in all republics and other subjects of the Federation, local legislation is being changed to comply with their Constitution of the country, decisions are being changed that do not comply with the decisions of the federal government. These districts are directly subordinate to the President through authorized representatives appointed in them. In each district, a center is allocated - The largest city: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk (Fig. 16).
Questions and tasks
1. How has historically changedadministrative-territorial division
in the Russian Empire?
2. How has the administrative-territorial division in the Soviet Union changed compared to the Russian Empire?
3. What is the peculiarity of federalism in the new Russia?
4. Why did Moscow and St. Petersburg become cities of federal subordination and subjects of the Federation?
5. What tasks does the new administrative reform in Russia solve?
6. According to fig. 16 Consider Features geographical location federal districts, find their centers.
7. Specify in which federal districts the republics are concentrated,
8. Fill in the table in your notebook.
Geography of Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. 8 cells : studies. for 8 cells. general education institutions / V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze; ed. V. P. Dronova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M. : Bustard, 2009. - 271 p. : ill., maps.
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By decree of Peter I of December 18, 1708, the territory of the Russian Empire was divided into 8 provinces: Moscow, Ingermanland, Arkhangelsk, Kyiv, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov and Siberia. After the first reform of Peter the Great, the provinces were not divided into uyezds, but were made up of cities and adjacent lands, as well as ranks and orders. In the years 1710-1713 they were divided into nadols (administrative-fiscal units), which were managed by landrats.By decree of May 29, 1719, the shares were abolished, the provinces were divided into provinces, and the provinces into districts. 47 provinces were established.In 1727, the districts were liquidated, and the provinces themselves began to be divided not only into provinces, but also into counties, 7 new provinces were allocated. From the composition of the Kyiv province, the Belgorod province was separated, which included the provinces of Belgorod, Oryol, Sevskaya, as well as part of the Ukrainian line and 5 regiments of the Sloboda Cossacks of the Kyiv province (perhaps the province had a different name and center). From the Petersburg province in 1727, the Novgorod province was separated into 5 provinces (Novgorod, Pskov, Velikolutsk, Tver, Belozersky). At the same time, part of the Yaroslavl and Uglitsk provinces of the St. Petersburg province went to the Moscow province, and the Narva province went to Estonia. The Petersburg province itself was significantly reduced and now consisted of only 2 provinces (Petersburg, Vyborg). The Vyatka and Solikamsk provinces of the Siberian province were transferred to the Kazan province (the Ufa province was transferred to the Siberian province in 1728), and the Olonets lands were assigned to the Novgorod province.In 1744, two new provinces were formed - Vyborg and Orenburg - the total number of provinces reached 16, while the Baltic provinces were divided into districts instead of provinces and counties.By 1766 the number of provinces had increased to 20, and by 1775 to 23.On November 7, 1775, Catherine II signed a decree, according to which the size of the provinces was reduced, their number was doubled, the provinces were liquidated (regions were allocated within them in a number of provinces) and the division of counties was changed. Later, governorships were established. Catherine's reform was completed in 1785, and as a result, the territory of the Russian Empire began to be divided into 38 governorships, 3 provinces (Petersburg, Moscow and Pskov) and 1 region with the rights of governorship (Tauride). By the end of the reign of Catherine II, Russia was divided into 50 governorships and provinces and 1 region.As of 1847, there were 55 provinces and 3 regions in the Russian Empire.Since 1865, part of the provinces turned into "zemstvo" - they introduced the institution of local government (zemstvo).As of 1914, in the administrative-territorial sense, Russia was divided into provinces and regions, some of which were part of the governor-general. There was also one governorship - the Caucasian, which also included provinces and regions. Provinces and regions were divided into counties and districts, the latter - into volosts. The composition of the provinces also included cities: provincial, district, non-district. The cities of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Kerch, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Rostov-on-Don had a special status of city governments. Most of provinces and regions were not part of the governor generals. Three regions were also not part of the governor-generalships - Turgai region (Kustanai city), Ural region (Uralsk city), Don Cossacks region (Novocherkassk city).Administrative-territorial division of the Russian Empire as of 1914, see.
All objects of the administrative-territorial division of Russia are multicomponent, throughout history they have undergone numerous transformations. Let's trace the course of state work in the field of territorial administration, as well as transformations in the structure of the Russian Federation.
Definition of the term
Administrative-territorial division - representation of the territory of the state in the form of a set of administratively controlled units, or subjects of our state. The administrative-territorial division of Russia is legally fixed. It is fully reflected in the fundamental law of the Russian Federation - the Constitution. Russia as a complex consists of such conditional components - subjects: regions, republics, autonomous regions, territories, autonomous regions, federal cities. All subjects of the Russian Federation have some degree of sovereignty and are completely equal.
Transformations of territorial administration
We single out the main processes in changing the scheme of the administrative-territorial division of Russia:
- changes in the total number of administrative units;
- accession or separation from the subjects of areas of their territory;
- enlargement and reduction of the territory of subjects.
Features of the subject division of any state, including Russia, are primarily due to physical and geographical spatial characteristics, historical and cultural-traditional prerequisites, established policy models and a certain range of economic factors.
State tasks
The main tasks of the state regarding the objects of the administrative-territorial division of Russia:
- approval of the unity of the subject territory and the dynamics of the progressive development of the sovereign unit of the state;
- determination of the number of management levels in each subject;
- delimitation of responsibilities for managing life in each administrative-territorial unit between the state power and the administrations of the subjects.
Reforms in the field of territorial administration
The policy aimed at defining and establishing a rigid power vertical and developing the institution of local self-government, throughout the history of the state, required a set of reforms in Russia in the field of administration and territorial organization. Here are some examples:
- an initiative on the part of the public or power structures to unite or create new regions;
- creation of federal districts;
- development of regional association projects;
- reorientation from the three models of territorial division that existed at the beginning of the century to a two-level system of organizing local self-government on the territory of the state.
Significance of analysis
The design and implementation of any reforms insistently requires a very careful and rigorous analysis of the possibility of positive or negative consequences. The same situation occurs in the sphere of territorial administration. This determines the tireless relevance of work in this area.
An active study of evolutionary processes in the administrative-territorial division of Russia continues over the past three hundred years. It also analyzes the implementation of each individual reform in detail. the main objective such work is the identification and understanding of problems, the approval of the prospects for the transformation of the administrative-territorial division of the country.
History of the administrative-territorial division of the subjects of Russia. 18 century
In its evolutionary development, the history of the administrative-territorial division of Russia has thirteen stages, leading from the very first reform of the Petrovsky days to the present. Until the era of the reign of Peter the Great, that is, until the seventeenth century, the territory of the then Russian kingdom (later it was renamed the empire) was divided into one hundred and sixty-six districts. According to Peter's reform in the sphere of territorial administration, Russia on 12/18/1708 was divided into eight provinces, which, in turn, consisted of orders, categories and cities. In 1710-1713, shares were recognized as units of the administrative-territorial division of Russia (then they were called administrative-fiscal units).
The development of evolutionary processes led to the introduction of a poll tax by Tsar Peter. The second Petrine reform in territorial administration was put into effect on May 29, 1719. By that time, the total number of Russian provinces had already increased to eleven. The shares approved in accordance with the first reform were abolished, and nine of the eleven provinces were divided into forty-seven provinces, and the provinces, in turn, into districts.
Everything new is well forgotten old
The new administrative-territorial division, like everything else, is a well-forgotten old one. This is exactly what he decided to proclaim on behalf of Empress Catherine I in 1727 the liquidation of districts and the division of provinces into provinces and counties (even the number of counties was reproduced - one hundred and sixty-five). The number of provinces themselves was also increased to fourteen: from the seriously reduced St. Petersburg province, Novgorod was singled out, and from Kyiv - Belgorod.
By 1745, there were sixteen provinces in the Russian Empire. Now the provinces of the Baltic direction were divided into districts. Four new provinces were added to those existing in 1764-1766, and by 1775 the number of provinces in the country was twenty-three, along with them there were sixty-five provinces and two hundred and seventy-six counties. However, the changes in the administrative-territorial division of Russia could not end, since the subjects remained too vast, very different in population, as a result of which they were extremely inconvenient in terms of tax collection and administration.
Actions opposing the further enlargement of the provinces were already carried out by Catherine II in the course of her reform of 1775-1785. In the autumn of 1775, the empress signed a law, according to which, the size of all provinces was reduced, and the number of subjects doubled. The liquidation of the provinces was also established (in some provinces, regions were introduced as a replacement), and the system of counties in the Russian Empire changed.
Under the conditions of the new administrative-territorial division of Russia, an approximate mandatory number was established for all administrative-territorial units. For the province, it was equal to an indicator of three hundred to four hundred thousand people per subject, for the county the bar was set in the region of twenty to thirty thousand. Most of the provinces were renamed into governorships.
As a result of the reform, by 1785 there were forty governorships and provinces in Russia, two regions existed as a province, all these units were divided into four hundred and eighty-three districts. The size and boundaries of the governorships were chosen so well that most of the values did not change until the 1920s and were extremely close to the size of modern subjects of the Russian Federation. In the following years, 1793-1796, quite a lot of lands were annexed, eight new governorships were formed on them. Accordingly, their total number throughout the country reached fifty, there was also one region.
The son of Catherine the Great, Paul I, as you know, did not support his mother's undertakings. During his counter-reform on December 12, 1796, thirteen provinces were removed. The emperor also introduced an updated division into counties, while the number of counties themselves decreased. Viceroyalties again began to be called provinces. At the end of the Pavlovian reign, the number of provinces was reduced from fifty-one to forty-two.
19th century
Alexander I was entirely for grandmother's undertakings. With his reforms, he restored the former administrative-territorial division of Russia. Nevertheless, some changes were made: Siberia was divided into two general governments, this action was carried out in accordance with the Speransky project. In 1825, there were forty-nine provinces and six regions in Russia.
In 1847, the number of provinces and regions increased to fifty-five and three, respectively. In 1856, the Primorsky Region was established. Black Sea army in 1860 was renamed Kuban, and the territory of its operation became Kuban region. New elements of territorial administration appeared in 1861, when the counties were divided into volosts. In the second half of the 19th century, the beginnings of local self-government in the form of zemstvos were introduced in the predominant number of provinces.
It can be concluded that, despite various transformations, the administrative-territorial division of Russia in the 19th century had a fairly stable structure. The empire included regions, governor-generals and provinces. Their total number was eighty-one. Uluses, gminas, villages and, of course, volosts were the lower level of territorial administration. Large port and capital cities were in some way the prototype of the current ones and were controlled separately from the provinces.
20th century
Civil War in Russia of the twentieth century led to the emergence of autonomies among the regions of the country with predominantly their own indigenous population (on the banks of the Volga and in the Urals). This process continued until 1923.
USSR
The first reform of territorial administration in the USSR took place in 1923-1929. It focused on the creation of economically self-sufficient, large entities independently managed by economic councils, which were adjusted to the economic regions of the state plan. In the USSR, there were forty administrative-territorial units instead of the previously existing eighty-two. Seven hundred and sixty-six counties were replaced by one hundred and seventy-six districts, and volosts were replaced by districts. The village councils became the lowest level.
As a result, all units were disaggregated due to poor manageability. large areas and edges.
The reduction in the size of units did not stop in 1943-1954. Some autonomies of the deported peoples were abolished. In Bashkir and created regions in 1952-1953, and in the winter of 1954 five regions were formed in the central region of the country. The regions in Bashkiria and Tatarstan were abolished after the death of Joseph Stalin, and in 1957 the number of five regions formed in the central part of the country was reduced to three, all autonomies, except for the Volga Germans, were restored.
In 1957, economic councils were created, and already in 1965 they were liquidated. They detailed the areas of the state planning, could consist of one or several administrative-territorial units, but did not change them. An interesting fact is that special interregional book publishers(for example, Priokskoye, Upper Volga). Such an unusual division was used in statistics, science, planning documents, and even for weather forecasts and funds. mass media generally. In accordance with the Constitution of 1977, the Autonomous National Regions were renamed.
Russian Federation
Full-scale administrative-territorial changes began in the last decade of the 20th century. From 1990 to 1991, some regions returned their former names, almost all autonomous SSRs lost the letter "A" and became simply Soviet socialist republics, most of the autonomous okrugs became the ASSR. Soon these districts were returned to the regions and territories.
A real revolution took place in 1990-1994, when the words "autonomous", "socialist", "soviet" were excluded from the names of the subjects (only the districts retained the first status), in addition, names appeared on a national basis: Tatarstan, Altai, Sakha, Mari El and so on. In the summer of 1992, the border between Chechnya and the Ingush Republic appeared, although it had not yet been officially fixed. Chechnya, together with Tatarstan, went further and declared themselves independent states.
21 century
Today, the territorial administration of our country has become more sustainable and stable. In the modern administrative-territorial division of Russia, federal districts are the largest units, at the moment there are seven of them. In chapter number three of the Constitution of the Russian Federation "Federal structure" all subjects of Russia are designated today. Total number territorial units is eighty-five.
How many subjects of the Federation make up our country? How many republics, territories, regions and autonomous entities are there in Russia?
The Russian Federation includes 83 subjects: 9 territories, 46 regions, 2 cities of federal subordination, 21 republics, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous districts.
Find out what the administrative division of Russia is at the local level. What is their subordination?
The subjects of the Federation are subdivided into grassroots administrative regions. On their territory, cities are distinguished, some of which are larger - respectively, of republican, regional, regional and district significance. Other cities, urban-type settlements and large rural settlements are the centers of districts. In large cities, in turn, districts, districts and municipalities are distinguished (for example, in Moscow there are 10 districts). Rural administrations are being created in rural areas.
questions and tasks
1. How did the administrative-territorial division in the Russian Empire historically change?
Historically, Russia has had a complex system of territorial administration. The country was divided into regions, which received the names of cities. Administratively, they were divided into counties, volosts and camps. Under Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century. Russia was originally subdivided into 8 provinces.
At the end of the century, under Catherine II, the entire Russian Empire was divided into 40 provinces with a population of 300 to 400 thousand males who paid taxes and served in the army (revision souls). The provinces were divided into 12-15 counties. At the beginning of the XX century. the number of provinces and regions increased to 101 (56 of them on the territory of modern Russia). The Russian Empire was a unitary state.
2. How has the administrative-territorial division in the Soviet Union changed compared to the Russian Empire?
In Soviet times, along with the provinces, national-territorial formations began to form - union and autonomous republics, autonomous regions and districts. Subsequently, the provinces were enlarged, and 13 territories and regions were created within the borders of modern Russia. Then their number increased significantly.
3. What is the peculiarity of federalism in the new Russia?
After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the new Russian Federation, all the former autonomous republics and a number of autonomous regions raised their status, becoming republics. Many of them changed their name or received a double name - the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Mari Republic (Mari El), the Republic of Tuva became known as Tyva. Only one autonomous region remained - Jewish - in the Far East. Autonomous (formerly national) districts have been preserved, the names of which were given according to the small indigenous peoples living in them.
In most of the republics, which differ significantly in the number of inhabitants and area, the Russian population predominates, and only in seven - the indigenous population, and in a number of republics - their number is approximately equal.
4. Why did Moscow and St. Petersburg become cities of federal subordination and subjects of the Federation?
Moscow and St. Petersburg became cities of federal subordination and subjects of the federation due to their large population.
5. What tasks does the new administrative reform in Russia solve?
The administrative reform was carried out to strengthen the effectiveness of state power, improve control over the implementation of laws, the Russian Constitution and decisions of the federal government.
6. According to fig. 16 Consider Features geographical location federal districts, find their centers.
A total of 8 federal districts were created. In each district, a center is allocated - the largest city: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Pyatigorsk, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk. A feature of their geographical position is that 6 of them are located in the European part and only two, but a very large area, in the Asian part of the country.
8. Fill in the table in your notebook