Cossack troops ss. Russian Cossacks in the service of the German fascists
The genetic inability of the Don, Kuban and Terek Cossacks to maintain peaceful good-neighborly relations with their neighbors was again used by Moscow for its regular wars against its neighbors. After 20 years of continuous wars against their neighbors in the Caucasus in 1994-2013,in 2014 to the southeast of Ukraine gangs of mentally ill Cossacks poured in - murderers, rapists and marauders who are not capable of creative activity in their homeland. To understand their essence, you need to know their history.
A significant part of the Russian Cossacks are traitor Cossacks who betrayed their brother Cossack Cossacks and went into the service of the tsar. These are the "Damned Cossacks", who were cursed by the Cossacks-characterists for their betrayal and therefore they are doomed to constant wars and destruction. This is also essentially Moscow's curse on the Cossacks, which has been using the Cossacks as cannon fodder for about two centuries.Here are some facts from the life of the Cossacks that confirm their role as jailers of the people.
1902.,
November - Execution of Rostov workers: killed - 6 wounded - 20;
1903.,
March 11 - Execution of the workers of the Zlatoust Arms Plant killed - 60, injured - 200;
1903.,
July 14 - Execution of striking railway workers: killed - 10, wounded - 18;
1903.,
July 23 - Execution of a demonstration in Kyiv: killed - 4, wounded - 27;
1903.,
August 7 - Execution of workers in Yekaterinburg: killed - 16, wounded - 48;
1904.,
December 13 - Execution of workers in Baku: killed - 5, wounded - 40;
1905.,
January 9 - Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg, the execution of a peaceful procession of workers: killed - 1200, wounded - more than 5000;
1905.,
January 12 - Execution of a demonstration of workers in Riga: 127 killed, over 200 wounded;
1905.,
June 18 - Execution of a demonstration in Lodz: killed - 10, wounded - 40;
1905.,
September 5 - Shameful Peace of Portsmouth with Japan: Russia's losses in the war - 400,000 people;
1905.,
November 15 - The shooting of the cruiser "Ochakov", other rebellious ships Black Sea Fleet. The death of thousands of Sevastopol sailors;
1906.,
July 4 - 28 participants in the uprising of sailors in Sveaborg were sentenced to death;
1907.,
June 3 - Dispersal of the "holy" king of the Duma. In total, by this time 14 thousand people had been hanged and shot;
1911.
- Famine that claimed the lives of 300 thousand people;
1912.,
April 4 - Execution of striking workers at the Lena mines: 254 people were killed;
1914.,
June 3 - Execution of a rally of Putilov workers in St. Petersburg;
1915.,
August 10 - Execution of a demonstration in Ivanovo-Voznesensk: killed - 30 wounded - 53;
Cossacks do not let starving peasants out of the village, 1892
1901.,
May 7 - Execution of Obukhov workers by Cossacks.
Dispersal of a workers' demonstration in Poland. 1906, Artist V.V. Mazurovsky
Dispersal of the demonstration by the Cossacks in Warsaw,on Moniuszki street, on Sunday, January 29, at 11:30, 1906
Dispersal by Cossacks of a demonstration in honor of the opening of the Second State Duma, 1906
"Cossack prisoner", 1906 year
Dispersal of the demonstration by the Cossacks in Moscow, 1909
year
Painting by artist V.A. Serov: "Soldiers, bravo, guys, where is your glory?"
Cossacks demonstrate their cavalry training.
During the Civil War, these Cossacks fought not for the fatherland, but for their police benefits, which the tsar granted them for their faithful service in keeping the people in poverty and obedience to the tsar, for the destruction of the peoples of the Caucasus. The images of Russian Cossacks despised by the people are shown in many films Soviet period, for example: "White Sun of the Desert", "Wedding in Malinovka", "Running", others.
The film "Running" about the defeat of the "Georgievsky" Cossacks during the Civil War (1 episode)
The film "Running" about the defeat of the "Georgievsky" Cossacks in the years civil war(1 episode)
The film "Running" about the defeat of the "George" Cossacks during the Civil War (episode 2)
The film "Running" about the defeat of the "Georgievsky" Cossacks during the Civil War (2 series)
Russian Cossacks during the Civil War.
In early June 1919, the Don Cossacks in the Volunteer army Denikin participated in the capture of Donbass, in honor of whose defenders in Lugansk, for example, majestic monuments were built.
The next meeting of the inhabitants of the Ukrainian Donbass with the Russian Cossacks took place during the Great Patriotic War, when the Kazakh aki-atamans again engaged in punitive activities and destroyed tens of thousands of people under the motto "For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland."
In January 1943, Russian Cossacks with St. George ribbons and St. George orders fled westward as part of the Nazi troops under the blows of the Red Army.
In the photo: SS Brigadeführer Krasnov, Ataman of the Great Don Army, in a car with the commander of the Russian Cossack Corps, SS Gruppenfuehrer von Panwitz, surrounded by guards and Nazi Cossacks.
In the photo: SS Gruppenfuehrer SHKURO A.G. - Cavalier of the Golden St. George's weapon and the Cross of Salvation of the Kuban 1st degree with the St. George ribbon, commander of the Cossack Kuban corps during the Civil War in Russia, lieutenant general. In 1944, SHKURO, by a special decree of the head of the SS, Reichsführer HIMMLER, was appointed head of the Reserve. Cossack troops at the Main Headquarters of the Waffen-SS, enlisted as a Gruppenfuehrer (German Gruppenfuhrer )
SS with the right to wear a general's uniform and receive maintenance for this rank. The head of the Gestapo Müller had the same rank in the SS. Shkuro, the creator of the "wolf hundreds" of Cossacks during the years of the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War. The name "wolf" comes from the fact that the Cossacks of the "wolf hundred" howled like wolves before the attack. The famous "Babai" (Mozhaev) in the Donbass is a pupil of the "wolf hundred" in the Kuban.
Shkuro was sentenced to hanging and executed by decision of the Board of the Supreme Court of the country in 1947 - for treason, together with KRASNOV, PANNVITZ, DOMANOV.
A caricature of the life of the modern Kuban Cossack Mozhaev ("Babai") without a beard and with a beard.
Modern Russian Cossacks in the Donbass are the dregs of society of all types.
In the photo: Brigadeführer (Tsarist Major General) Cavalier of St. George Naumenko and SS Gruppenfuehrer Shkuro (Tsarist Lieutenant General), Knight of St. George.
In Moscow, near the Church of All Saints, a memorial plate was installed to the Russian Cossack generals, chieftains and Cossacks of the 15th Cossack cavalry corps of the SS with the inscription: "To the Cossacks who fell for their faith and fatherland." This monument was erected with the money of the partnership of the XV Cossack Cavalry Corps named after. General von Pannwitz with the blessing of the Hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, the lion's share of the priests of which faithfully supported Hitler and the Russian Nazis in the Wehrmacht and in the SS.XV Cossack SS Cavalry Corps (German: XV. SS-Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps) - a Cossack unit that fought on the side of Hitler during World War II, was created on February 25, 1945 on the basis of the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division of Helmut von Pannwitz (German. 1. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division); On April 20, 1945, he became part of the armed forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, becoming the XV Cossack cavalry corps of the Armed Forces of the KONR.
During the Great Patriotic War, all the listed Cossack chieftains were not only former generals tsarist army and the Knights of St. George, but also Himmler's SS Brigadeführers, and the former lieutenant general of the tsarist army, Shkuro and Cossack ataman German von Panwitz were SS Gruppenfuehrers.
All the generals indicated on the monument after the atamans were also generals of the Nazi Wehrmacht or the SS and received the corresponding salary in the SS, including at the time when Hitler stormed Moscow and Leningrad.Question to Krasnov P.N. during interrogation in the USSR after the end of the war:
- Tell me, what kind of general did you consider yourself to be - Russian or Hitlerite?
Answer:
- I considered myself a Russian general, but, unfortunately, I had to wear a Hitler uniform, over which I wore Russian shoulder straps and the St. George Cross.
Note: the last chieftain of the All-Great Don Army also had the rank of SS Brigadeführer and the corresponding content in the SS. The head of military intelligence of the Third Reich (formerly head of foreign intelligence of the security service (SD)) had the same rank, SS Brigadeführer Walter Schellenberg.
Addressing the Cossacks during the Second World War, Krasnov wrote: “... Cossacks! Remember, you are not Russians, you are Cossacks, an independent people. Russians are hostile to you. Moscow has always been an enemy of the Cossacks, crushed and exploited them. Now the hour has come when we, the Cossacks, can create our own life independent of Moscow ... ".
During the Second World War, the Cossacks fought on the side of Hitler, who set out to destroy their fatherland. The Cossacks fought not for the fatherland, but for their police benefits, which were taken away by the Soviet government.
If you look at the photo of the ataman of the All-Great Army of the Don SS Brigadeführer Krasnov, he always wore wide royal epaulettes on a German uniform. After the defeat of Germany, according to the photo above, the German Wehrmacht eagle with a swastika disappeared on Krasnov’s uniform, and the Brigadeführer’s cap miraculously changed to a Cossack one. Miracles!
In the village of Yelanskaya in the Rostov region, a monument was erected to "General Peter Krasnov", the last ataman of the All-Great Don Army. The same scum came with the war to the south-east of Ukraine.
In addition to this, in Lugansk, on the street named after Karl Marx, there is a memorial sign with an inscription almost similar to the one in Moscow "Cossacks who gave their lives for the fatherland."
Among the Russian traitor Cossacks, one should also add the Far Eastern Cossacks of Aman Semyonov, the tsarist lieutenant general, Knight of St. George, who distributed St. George's crosses to his Cossacks. In 1945, he announced his subordination to the Armed Forces of the KONR, General Vlasov.Currently certain part Transbaikal Cossacks Efforts are being made to reconsider the case of Semyonov, remove the far-fetched charges against him and fully rehabilitate him.
The raped memory of aged winners:
In the previous article "Cossacks in the Great Patriotic War" it was shown that, despite all the grievances and atrocities of the Bolsheviks against the Cossacks, the vast majority Soviet Cossacks stood on patriotic positions and in a difficult time took part in the war on the side of the Red Army. Most of the Cossacks who ended up in exile also turned out to be opponents of fascism, many emigrant Cossacks fought in the allied forces and participated in the resistance movements of various countries. Many Cossacks who ended up in exile, soldiers and officers of the White armies really hated the Bolsheviks. However, they understood that when an external enemy invades the land of your ancestors, political differences lose their meaning. To the German offer of cooperation, General Denikin replied: "I fought with the Bolsheviks, but never with the Russian people. If I could become a general in the Red Army, I would show the Germans!" Ataman Krasnov adhered to the opposite position: "Though with the devil, but against the Bolsheviks." And he really collaborated with the devil, with the Nazis, whose goal was to destroy our country and our people. Moreover, as is usually the case, from calls to fight Bolshevism, General Krasnov soon moved on to calls to fight the Russian people. Two years after the start of the war, he said: "Cossacks! Remember, you are not Russians, you are Cossacks, an independent people. Russians are hostile to you. Moscow has always been an enemy of the Cossacks, crushed them and exploited. Now the hour has come when we, the Cossacks, can create his independent life from Moscow. Collaborating with the Nazis who destroyed Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, Krasnov betrayed our people. Having sworn allegiance to Nazi Germany, he betrayed our country. Therefore, the death sentence handed down to him in January 1947 was quite fair. The statement about the mass nature of the transition of Cossack emigrants to the side German army during the Second World War - a heinous lie! In reality, only a few atamans and a certain number of Cossacks and officers went over to the side of the enemy along with Krasnov.
Rice. 1. If the Germans won, we would all drive these Mercedes
The Great Patriotic War became an ordeal for all Soviet peoples. For many of them, the war confronted them with a difficult choice. And the Nazi regime made quite successful attempts to use some of these peoples (including the Cossacks) in the interests of fascism. Forming military units from foreign volunteers, Hitler always protested against the creation of Russian units in the structure of the Wehrmacht. He did not trust the Russians. Looking ahead, we can say that he was right: in 1945, the 1st division of the KONR (Vlasovites) arbitrarily withdrew from their positions and went west to surrender to the Anglo-Americans, exposing the German front. But many Wehrmacht generals did not share the Fuhrer's position. german army, moving through the territory of the USSR, carried huge losses. Against the backdrop of the Russian campaign of 1941, the Western campaigns were a cakewalk. The German divisions were losing weight. Their quality has changed. On the endless expanses of the East European plain, landsknechts lay down in the ground, having known the hops of victories and the sweetness of European triumph. The killed seasoned militants were replaced by replenishment, which no longer had a gleam in its eyes. The field generals, unlike the "parquet" ones, did not disdain the Russians. Many of them, by hook or by crook, contributed to the formation of "native units" in their rear areas. They preferred to keep collaborators away from the front line, entrusting them with the protection of facilities, communications and "dirty work" - the fight against partisans, saboteurs, encirclement and carrying out punitive actions against the civilian population. They were called "hivi" (from the German word Hilfswilliger, wishing to help). Appeared in the Wehrmacht and units formed from the Cossacks.
The first Cossack units appeared already in 1941. There were several reasons for this. The vast expanses of Russia, the lack of roads, the decline in vehicles, problems with the supply of fuel and lubricants simply pushed the Germans to the massive use of horses. In the German chronicle, you rarely see a German soldier on a horse or a horse-drawn gun: for propaganda purposes, operators were ordered to remove motorized parts. In fact, the Nazis massively used horses both in 1941 and in 1945. Cavalry units were simply indispensable in the fight against partisans. In forest thickets, in swamps, they outperformed cars and armored personnel carriers in terms of cross-country ability, moreover, they did not need gasoline. Therefore, the appearance of "Khivi" detachments from Cossacks who knew how to handle horses did not meet with obstacles. In addition, Hitler did not classify the Cossacks as Russians, he considered them a separate people, descendants of the Ostrogoths, so the formation of the Cossack units did not meet with opposition from the NSDAP functionaries. Yes, and there were many dissatisfied with the Bolsheviks among the Cossacks, the policy of decossackization pursued by the Soviet government for a long time made itself felt. One of the first in the Wehrmacht was the Cossack unit under the command of Ivan Kononov. On August 22, 1941, the commander of the 436th regiment of the 155th rifle division, Major of the Red Army Kononov I.N. built personnel, announced his decision to go over to the enemy and invited everyone to join him. So Kononov, the officers of his headquarters and several dozen Red Army soldiers of the regiment were captured. There, Kononov "remembered" that he was the son of a Cossack captain who was hanged by the Bolsheviks, that his three older brothers died in the fight against Soviet power, and yesterday's member of the CPSU (b) and combat officer-order bearer became a staunch anti-communist. He declared himself a Cossack, an opponent of the Bolsheviks, and offered the Germans his services in the formation of a military unit of Cossacks, ready to fight the communist regime. In the fall of 1941, the counterintelligence officer of the 18th Reich Army, Baron von Kleist, proposed to form Cossack units that would fight the Red partisans. 6 October Quartermaster General General Staff Lieutenant General E. Wagner, having studied his proposal, allowed the commanders of the rear areas of Army Groups "North", "Center" and "South" to form Cossack units from prisoners of war to use them in the fight against partisans. The first of these units was organized in accordance with the order of the commander of the rear area of Army Group Center, General von Schenckendorff, dated October 28, 1941. Initially, a squadron was formed, the basis of which was the soldiers of the 436th regiment. The squadron commander Kononov made a voyage to nearby prison camps for the purpose of recruiting. The squadron, which received replenishment, was later transformed into a Cossack division (1, 2, 3 cavalry squadrons, 4, 5, 6 plastun companies, mortar and artillery batteries). The number of the division was 1799 people. The armament consisted of 6 field guns (76.2 mm), 6 anti-tank guns (45 mm), 12 mortars (82 mm), 16 easel and a large number of light machine guns, rifles and machine guns. Not all captured Red Army soldiers who declared themselves Cossacks were such, but the Germans tried not to delve into such subtleties. Kononov himself admitted that in addition to the Cossacks, who made up 60% of the personnel, under his command there were representatives of all nationalities, up to the Greeks and the French. During 1941-1943, the division fought against partisans and encirclement in the areas of Bobruisk, Mogilev, Smolensk, Nevel and Polotsk. The division was assigned the designation Kosacken Abteilung 102, then it was changed to Ost.Kos.Abt.600. General von Schenkendorf was pleased with the "Kononovites", in his diary he characterized them as follows: "The mood of the Cossacks is good. The combat readiness is excellent ... The behavior of the Cossacks in relation to the local population is merciless."
Rice. 2. Cossack collaborator Kononov I.N.
Active conductors among the Cossacks of the idea of creating Cossack units in the Wehrmacht were the former Don ataman General Krasnov and the Kuban Cossack General Shkuro. In the summer of 1942, Krasnov published an appeal to the Cossacks of the Don, Kuban and Terek, in which he called on them to fight the Soviet regime on the side of Germany. Krasnov declared that the Cossacks would not fight against Russia, but against the Communists for the liberation of the Cossacks from the "Soviet yoke". A significant number of Cossacks joined the German army when the advancing units of the Wehrmacht entered the territories of the Cossack regions of the Don, Kuban and Terek. On July 25, 1942, immediately after the occupation of Novocherkassk by the Germans, a group of collaborator Cossack officers came to the representatives of the German command and expressed their readiness "to help the valiant German troops with all their strength and knowledge in final defeat In September, in Novocherkassk, with the sanction of the occupying authorities, a Cossack gathering gathered, at which the headquarters of the Don Cossack Army (since November 1942 it was called the headquarters of the Camping Ataman) was elected, headed by Colonel S.V. Pavlov, who began organizing Cossack units to fight Volunteers from the Don villages in Novocherkassk organized the 1st Don Regiment under the command of Yesaul A.V. Shumkov and the Plastun battalion, which made up the Cossack group of the Marching Ataman Colonel S.V. Pavlov. On the Don, the 1st Sinegorsky a regiment of 1260 Cossacks and officers under the command of a military foreman (former commander) Zhuravlev.Thus, despite active propaganda and promises, by the beginning of 1943, Krasnov managed to assemble only two small regiments on the Don. department of the Kuban, under the leadership of the military foreman I. I. Salomakha, the formation of the 1st Kuban kaza began whose cavalry regiment, and on the Terek, on the initiative of the military foreman N.L. Kulakov of the 1st Volga Regiment of the Terek Cossack Army. Cossack regiments organized on the Don and Kuban in January-February 1943 participated in the battles against the advancing Soviet troops on the Seversky Donets, near Bataysk, Novocherkassk and Rostov. In 1942, Cossack units began to appear as part of the Nazi troops on other fronts.
The Cossack Cavalry Regiment "Jungschulz" (Regiment von Jungschulz) was formed in the summer of 1942 as part of the 1st Tank Army in the Achikulak area. The regiment consisted of two squadrons (German and Cossack). The regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel I. von Jungshults. By the time it was sent to the front, the regiment was replenished with two Cossack hundreds and a Cossack squadron formed in Simferopol. On December 25, 1942, the regiment consisted of 1,530 people, including 30 officers, 150 non-commissioned officers and 1,350 privates, and was armed with 56 light and heavy machine guns, 6 mortars, 42 anti-tank rifles, rifles and machine guns. From September 1942, the "Jungshults" regiment was on the left flank of the 1st Panzer Army in the Achikulak-Budyonnovsk area, fighting against the Soviet cavalry. In early January 1943, the regiment withdrew to the northwest in the direction of the village of Yegorlykskaya, where it joined with units of the 4th Panzer Army. Subsequently, the regiment "Jungshults" was subordinated to the 454th Security Division and transferred to the rear of the Army Group "Don".
On June 13, 1942, the Platov Cossack Cavalry Regiment was formed from the Cossack hundreds of the 17th German Army. It consisted of 5 cavalry squadrons, a heavy squadron, an artillery battery and a spare squadron. Wehrmacht major E. Thomsen was appointed commander of the regiment. In September 1942, the regiment guarded the Maikop oil fields, and in January 1943 was transferred to Novorossiysk. There, together with German and Romanian troops, he carried out counter-guerrilla operations. In the spring of 1943, the regiment fought defensive battles on the "Kuban bridgehead", repelling the attacks of the Soviet amphibious assault northeast of Temryuk. At the end of May 1943, the regiment was withdrawn from the front and assigned to the Crimea.
In accordance with the order of the German command of June 18, 1942, all prisoners of war who were Cossacks by origin and considered themselves as such, the Germans were to be sent to a camp in the city of Slavuta. By the end of the month, 5826 people of such a contingent were already concentrated here, and a decision was made to form a Cossack corps and organize an appropriate headquarters. Since there was an acute shortage of senior and middle command personnel among the Cossacks, former Red Army commanders who were not Cossacks began to be recruited into the Cossack units. Subsequently, at the headquarters of the formation, the 1st Cossack named after Ataman Count Platov, the cadet school, as well as a non-commissioned officer school, was opened. From the available composition of the Cossacks, in the first place, the 1st Ataman Regiment was formed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Baron von Wolf and a special fifty, designed to perform special tasks in the Soviet rear. It selected Cossacks who fought during the years of the Civil War in the detachments of Generals Shkuro, Mamantov and in other White Guard formations. After checking and filtering the incoming replenishment, the formation of the 2nd Life Cossack and 3rd Don regiments began, followed by the 4th and 5th Kuban, 6th and 7th consolidated Cossack regiments. On August 6, 1942, the Cossack units were transferred from the Slavutinsky camp to Shepetovka to the barracks specially designated for them. By the autumn of 1942, 7 Cossack regiments were formed as the center for the formation of Cossack units in Shepetovka. The last two of them - the 6th and 7th consolidated Cossack regiments were sent to fight the partisans in the rear area of the 3rd tank army. In mid-November, the I and II divisions of the 6th regiment received designations - 622 and 623 Cossack battalions, and the I and II divisions of the 7th - 624 and 625 Cossack battalions. From January 1943, all four battalions were subordinated to the headquarters of the Eastern Special Forces Regiment 703, and later consolidated into the 750th Eastern Special Forces Regiment under the command of Major Evert Voldemar von Renteln (von Renteln). A former officer of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment of the Russian Imperial Army, an Estonian citizen, he joined the Wehrmacht in 1939 as a volunteer. From the beginning of the war, he was an interpreter at the headquarters of the 5th Panzer Division, where he formed a company of Russian volunteers. After the appointment of Renteln at the head of four Cossack battalions, this company under the designation "638th Cossack" remained at his personal disposal. The tank emblems worn by some officers and soldiers of Renteln just indicated their belonging to the 638th company and were worn in memory of their service in the tank division. Some of its ranks participated in the battles at the front as part of tank crews, as evidenced by the signs found in the photographs for participation in tank attacks. In December 1942 - January 1943, battalions 622-625 participated in counter-partisan operations in the Dorogobuzh region; in February-June 1943 in the Vitebsk-Polotsk-Lepel area. In the autumn of 1943, the 750th regiment was transferred to France and divided into two parts: 622nd and 623rd battalions with 638th company under the command of Renteln were included in the 708th Wehrmacht Infantry Division as the 750th Cossack Grenadier Regiment (since April 1944 - 360th), and the 624th and 625th battalions - into the 344th Infantry Division as the third battalions of the 854th and 855th Grenadier Regiments. Together with the German troops, the battalions were involved in the protection of the French coast from Bordeaux to Royon. In January 1944, the 344th division, together with the Cossack battalions, was transferred to the area of the mouth of the Somme. In August-September 1944, the 360th Cossack regiment retreated to German border. In the autumn of 1944, in the winter of 1945, the regiment acted against the Americans in the Black Forest region. At the end of January 1945, together with the 5th Cossack training and reserve regiment, he arrived in the city of Zvetle (Austria). In March, he was included in the 15th Cossack Cavalry Corps to form the 3rd Plastun Cossack Division, which was not created until the end of the war.
By the middle of 1943, the Wehrmacht already had up to 20 Cossack regiments of various sizes and a solid number of small units, the total number of which was up to 25 thousand people. In total, according to experts, about 70,000 Cossacks served in the Wehrmacht, parts of the Waffen-SS and in the auxiliary police during the Great Patriotic War, most of whom were former Soviet citizens who defected to Germany during the occupation. Military units were formed from the Cossacks, who later fought both on the Soviet-German front and against the Western allies - in France, in Italy, and especially against partisans in the Balkans. Most of these units carried out security and escort service, participated in the suppression of resistance movements to Wehrmacht units in the rear, in the destruction partisan detachments and representatives of the civilian population "disloyal" to the Third Reich, but there were also Cossack units that the Nazis tried to use against the Red Cossacks in order for the latter to also go over to the side of the Reich. But it was a counterproductive idea. According to numerous testimonies, the Cossacks in the Wehrmacht tried to avoid direct clashes with their blood brothers, and they also went over to the side of the Red Army.
Yielding to the pressure of the generals, Hitler in November 1942 finally agreed to the formation of the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division. The German cavalry colonel von Pannwitz was instructed to form it from the Kuban and Terek Cossacks to protect the communications of the German army and fight the partisans. Initially, the division was formed from captured Red Army Cossacks, mainly from camps located in the Kuban. In connection with the Soviet offensive near Stalingrad, the formation of the division was suspended and continued only in the spring of 1943, after the withdrawal of German troops to the Taman Peninsula. Four regiments were formed: 1st Donskoy, 2nd Terek, 3rd Consolidated Cossack and 4th Kuban, with a total strength of up to 6,000 people. At the end of April 1943, the regiments were sent to Poland to the Milau training ground in the city of Mława, where large warehouses of Polish cavalry equipment had been located since pre-war times. Cossack regiments and police battalions, volunteers from the Cossack regions occupied by the Nazis began to arrive there. The best of the front-line Cossack units arrived, such as the Platov and Yungshults regiments, Wolf's 1st Ataman Regiment and Kononov's 600th division. All arriving units were disbanded, and their personnel were reduced to regiments according to their belonging to the Don, Kuban, Siberian and Terek Cossack troops. The regimental commanders and chiefs of staff were Germans. All senior command and economic positions were also occupied by the Germans (222 officers, 3,827 soldiers and non-commissioned officers). The exception was the division of Kononov. Under the threat of a rebellion, the 600th division retained its composition and was transformed into the 5th Don Cossack Regiment. Kononov was appointed commander, all officers remained in their positions. The division was the most "Russified" part among the collaborationist formations of the Wehrmacht. Junior officers, commanders of combat cavalry units - squadrons and platoons - were Cossacks, commands were given in Russian. After the completion of the formation on July 1, 1943, Major General von Pannwitz was appointed commander of the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division. The language does not dare to call Helmut von Pannwitz a "Cossack". A natural German, moreover, a 100% Prussian, coming from a professional military family. During the First World War he fought for the Kaiser on the Western Front. Participant Polish campaign 1939. Participated in the storming of Brest, for which he received the Knight's Cross. He was a supporter of attracting Cossacks to the service of the Reich. Having become a Cossack general, he defiantly wore a Cossack uniform: a hat and a Circassian coat with gazyrs, adopted the son of a regiment, Boris Nabokov, and learned Russian.
Rice. 3. Helmut von Pannwitz
At the same time, the 5th Cossack Training and Reserve Regiment was formed near the Milau training ground under the command of Colonel von Bosse. The regiment did not have a permanent staff, consisted of Cossacks who arrived from the Eastern Front and the occupied territories and, after training, were distributed among the regiments of the division. A non-commissioned officer school was created at the 5th reserve training regiment, which trained personnel for combat units. The School of Young Cossacks was also organized - cadet corps for adolescents who have lost their parents (several hundred junkers).
The finally formed division included: a headquarters with a hundred escorts, a field gendarmerie unit, a motorcycle communications platoon, a propaganda platoon and a brass band. Two Cossack cavalry brigades: 1st Don (1st Don, 2nd Siberian and 4th Kuban regiments) and 2nd Caucasian (3rd Kuban, 5th Don and 6th Terek regiments). Two cavalry artillery divisions (Don and Kuban), a reconnaissance detachment, a sapper battalion, a communications battalion, divisional units of the medical service, veterinary service and supply. The regiments consisted of two cavalry battalions of three squadrons (in the 2nd Siberian regiment, the 2nd division was scooter, and in the 5th Don regiment, plastun), machine-gun, mortar and anti-tank squadrons. The regiment was armed with 5 anti-tank guns (50 mm), 14 battalion (81 mm) and 54 company (50 mm) mortars, 8 machine guns and 60 MG-42 light machine guns, German carbines and machine guns. The division numbered 18,555 people, including 4,049 Germans, 14,315 Cossacks of the lower ranks and 191 Cossack officers.
The Germans allowed the Cossacks to wear the traditional uniform. As headdresses, the Cossacks used hats and cubans. Papakha was a high fur hat made of black fur with a red bottom (for the Don Cossacks) or white fur with a yellow bottom (for the Siberian Cossacks). Kubanka, introduced in 1936 in the Red Army, was lower than the hat and was used by the Kuban (red bottom) and Terek (light blue bottom) Cossacks. The bottom of papakhas and cubans was additionally trimmed with silver or white galloon, located crosswise. In addition to papakhas and cubans, the Cossacks wore German-style headdresses. Among the traditional clothes of the Cossacks, one can name a burka, a hood and a Circassian coat. Burka - a fur cape made of black camel or goat hair. The hood is a deep hood with two long panels wound like a scarf. Cherkeska - outerwear decorated with gazyrs on the chest. The Cossacks wore German gray breeches or breeches of the traditional dark of blue color. The color of the stripes determined belonging to a particular regiment. Don Cossacks wore red stripes 5 cm wide, Kuban Cossacks - red stripes 2.5 cm wide, Siberian Cossacks - yellow stripes 5 cm wide, Terek Cossacks - black stripes 5 cm wide with a narrow blue edging. At first, the Cossacks wore round cockades with two crossed white peaks on a red background. Later, large and small oval cockades appeared (for officers and soldiers, respectively), painted in military colors.
Several variants of sleeve patches are known. At first, patches in the form of a shield were used. Along the upper edge of the shield there was an inscription (Terek, Kuban, Don), and under the inscription there were horizontal colored stripes: black, green and red; yellow and green; yellow light blue and red; respectively. Later, simplified patches appeared. On them, belonging to one or another Cossack army was indicated by two Russian letters, and below, instead of stripes, there was a square divided by two diagonals into four parts. The color of the top and bottom as well as the left and right parts matched. The Don Cossacks had units in red and blue, the Tereks had blue and black, and the Kubans had red and black. The patch of the Siberian Cossack army appeared later. The Siberian Cossacks had yellow and blue flowers. Many Cossacks used German cockades. Cossacks who served in tank units wore "dead heads". Standard German buttonholes, Cossack buttonholes, as well as buttonholes of the eastern legions were used. Shoulder straps also differed in variety. Elements of the Soviet uniform were widely used.
Rice. 4. Cossacks of the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division of the Wehrmacht
At the end of the formation of the division, the Germans faced the question: "What to do with it next?" Contrary to the repeatedly expressed wishes of the personnel to get to the front as soon as possible, the Nazis did not strive for this. Even in the exemplary Kononov regiment, there were cases of Cossacks going over to the Soviet side. And in other collaborationist units, they crossed not only alone, but also in whole groups, having previously killed the German and their officers. In August 1943, in Belarus, the multinational team of collaborators Gil-Rodionov (2 thousand people) passed to the partisans in full force. It was an emergency with big organizational conclusions. If the Cossack division rises and goes over to the side of the enemy, there will be much more problems. In addition, already in the first days of the formation of the division, the Germans recognized the violent temper of the Cossacks. In the 3rd Kuban Regiment, one of the cavalry officers sent from the Wehrmacht, making a review of "his" hundred, called out a Cossack he did not like. First, he scolded him severely, and then hit him in the face. He struck purely symbolically, in German, with a glove pulled off his hand. The offended Cossack silently took out his saber ... and there was one less German officer in the division. The rushing German authorities built a hundred: "Russisch Schwein! Whoever did this, step forward!" A hundred walked. The Germans scratched their heads and ... the officer was "written off" to the partisans. And send these to the Eastern Front?! The case with the Gil-Rodionov brigade finally dotted the "i". In September 1943, instead of the Eastern Front, the division was sent to Yugoslavia to fight Tito's partisan army. There, on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia, the Cossacks fought against the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. The German command in Croatia quickly became convinced that the Cossack cavalry units in the fight against partisans were much more effective than their motorized police battalions and Ustashe detachments. The division carried out five independent operations in the mountainous regions of Croatia and Bosnia, during which it destroyed many partisan strongholds and seized the initiative for offensive operations. Among the local population, the Cossacks earned themselves a bad name. In accordance with the orders of the command for self-sufficiency, they resorted to requisitioning horses, food and fodder from the peasants, which often resulted in massive robberies and violence. The villages, the population of which was suspected of complicity with the partisans, were compared by the Cossacks to the ground. The fight against the partisans in the Balkans, as in all the occupied territories, was carried out with great cruelty - and on both sides. Partisan movement in the areas of responsibility of the von Pannwitz division quickly faded and faded away. This was achieved by a combination of well-conducted anti-partisan operations and brutality against partisans and the local population. Serbs, Bosnians and Croats hated and feared the Cossacks.
Rice. 5. Cossack officer in the forests of Croatia
In March 1944, as a special administrative and political body to attract the Cossacks to their side and control the Cossack units, the Germans formed the "Main Directorate of the Cossack Troops" headed by Krasnov. In August 1944, SS Reichsführer Himmler, who was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Reserve Army after the assassination attempt on Hitler, achieved the transfer of all foreign military formations to the jurisdiction of the SS. A reserve of Cossack troops was created, which recruited volunteers for Cossack units among prisoners of war and eastern workers, General Shkuro was at the head of this structure. It was decided to deploy a very effective Cossack division into a corps. This is how the 15th SS Cossack Cavalry Corps arose. The corps was completed on the basis of the already existing 1st Cossack Cavalry Division with the addition of Cossack units sent from other fronts. Two Cossack battalions arrived from Krakow, the 69th police battalion from Warsaw, which took an active part in the suppression of the Warsaw uprising in August 1944, a factory guard battalion from Hannover, the 360th von Renteln Cossack regiment from the Western Front. Through the efforts of the recruiting headquarters created by the Reserve of the Cossack troops, it was possible to gather more than 2,000 Cossacks from among the emigrants, prisoners of war and eastern workers, who were sent to complete the 1st Cossack division. After the unification of most of the Cossack detachments, the total number of the corps reached up to 25,000 soldiers and officers, including up to 5,000 Germans. General Krasnov took the most active part in the formation of the corps. The "oath" developed by Krasnov for the 15th SS Cossack Cavalry Corps almost verbatim reproduced the text of the pre-revolutionary military oath, only "His Imperial Majesty" was replaced by "Fuhrer of the German people Adolf Hitler", and "Russia" - by "New Europe". General Krasnov himself took the military oath of the Russian Empire, but in 1941 he changed this oath and encouraged many thousands of Cossacks to do so. Thus, the oath of allegiance to the Russian Empire was replaced by Krasnov's oath of allegiance to the Third Reich. This is a direct and undoubted betrayal of the Motherland.
All this time, the corps continued to lead fighting with Yugoslav partisans, and in December 1944 came into direct contact with units of the Red Army on the Drava River. Contrary to the fears of the Germans, the Cossacks did not run away, they fought stubbornly and fiercely. During these battles, the Cossacks completely destroyed the 703rd rifle regiment of the 233rd Soviet rifle division, and the division itself was severely defeated. In March 1945, the 1st Cossack Division, as part of the 15th Corps, took part in heavy battles near Lake Balaton, successfully operating against the Bulgarian units. By order of February 25, 1945, the division was already officially transformed into the XV Cossack SS Cavalry Corps. This had little effect on the division itself, practically nothing. The uniform remained the same, the skull with bones did not appear on the hats, the Cossacks continued to wear their old buttonholes, the soldiers' books did not even change. But organizationally, the corps was part of the structure of the troops of the "black order", SS liaison officers appeared in the units. However, the Cossacks were Himmler's fighters for a short time. On April 20, the corps was transferred to armed forces Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR) to General Vlasov. In addition to all their previous sins and labels: "enemies of the people", "traitors to the Motherland", "punishers" and "SS men", the Cossacks of the corps received "Vlasovites" in addition.
Rice. 6. Cossacks of the XV SS Cavalry Corps
At the final stage of the war, the following formations also operated as part of the 15th Cossack Corps of the KONR: the Kalmyk regiment (up to 5000 people), the Caucasian cavalry division, the Ukrainian SS battalion and a group of ROA tankers. Taking into account these formations, under the command of a lieutenant general, and from February 1, 1945, the Gruppenfuehrer of the SS troops, G. von Panwitz, there were 30-35 thousand people.
Of the other Cossack formations of the Wehrmacht, no less dubious fame went to the Cossacks, united in the so-called Cossack Camp under the command of the field chieftain Colonel S.V. Pavlova. After the retreat of the Germans from the Don, Kuban and Terek, along with the Cossack detachments, a part of the civilian local population who believed in fascist propaganda and feared reprisals from the Soviet government left. Cossack Stan consisted of up to 11 Cossack foot regiments, in total, up to 18,000 Cossacks were subordinate to the Camping ataman Pavlov. After some Cossack units were sent to Poland to form the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division, the headquarters of the Marching Ataman of the Don Army S.V. Pavlova. By the autumn of 1943, two new regiments, the 8th and 9th, were formed here. For the training of command personnel, it was planned to open an officer school, as well as a school for tankers, but these projects could not be implemented due to the new Soviet offensive. Due to the danger of the Soviet encirclement, in March 1944, Kazachy Stan (including women and children) began to retreat west to Sandomierz, and then was transferred to Belarus. Here, the Wehrmacht command provided 180,000 hectares of land for the placement of the Cossacks in the area of the cities of Baranovichi, Slonim, Novogrudok, Yelnya, Capitals. The refugees settled in the new place were grouped by belonging to different troops, by districts and departments, which outwardly reproduced the traditional system of Cossack settlements. At the same time, a broad reorganization of the Cossack combat units was undertaken, united in 10 foot regiments of 1200 bayonets each. The 1st and 2nd Don regiments made up the 1st brigade of Colonel Silkin; 3rd Donskoy, 4th Consolidated Cossack, 5th and 6th Kuban and 7th Tersky - the 2nd brigade of Colonel Vertepov; 8th Donskoy, 9th Kuban and 10th Terek-Stavropol - 3rd brigade of Colonel Medynsky (later the composition of the brigades changed several times). Each regiment had 3 plastun battalions, mortar and anti-tank batteries. For their armament, Soviet captured weapons provided by the German field arsenals were used.
In Belarus, the group of the Marching Ataman ensured the security of the rear areas of Army Group Center and fought against the partisans. On June 17, 1944, during one of the anti-partisan operations, the Marching Ataman of the Cossack Camp S.V. was killed. Pavlov (according to other sources, due to poor coordination of actions, he came under "friendly" fire from the police). In his place was appointed military foreman T.I. Domanov. In July 1944, in connection with the threat of a new Soviet offensive, Cossack Stan was withdrawn from Belarus and concentrated in the area of the town of Zdunskaya Wola in northern Poland. From here began its transfer to Northern Italy, where the territory adjacent to the Carnic Alps with the cities of Tolmezzo, Gemona and Ozoppo was allocated for the placement of the Cossacks. Here, the Cossacks formed a special settlement "Cossack Stan", which became subordinate to the commander of the SS troops and the police of the coastal zone of the Adriatic Sea, SS Ober-Gruppenführer O. Globochnik, who instructed the Cossacks to ensure security on the lands provided to them. On the territory of Northern Italy, the combat units of the Cossack Camp underwent another reorganization and formed the Marching Ataman Group (also called the corps) consisting of two divisions. The 1st Cossack foot division (Cossacks from 19 to 40 years old) included the 1st and 2nd Don, 3rd Kuban and 4th Terek-Stavropol regiments, consolidated into the 1st Don and 2nd Consolidated plastun brigades, as well as headquarters and transport companies, cavalry and gendarmerie squadrons, a communications company and an armored detachment. The 2nd Cossack Foot Division (Cossacks from 40 to 52 years old) consisted of the 3rd Consolidated Plastun Brigade, which included the 5th Consolidated Cossack and 6th Don Regiments, and the 4th Consolidated Plastun Brigade, which included the 3rd Spare regiment, three stanitsa self-defense battalions (Donskoy, Kuban and Consolidated Cossacks) and the Special Detachment of Colonel Grekov. In addition, the Group included the following units: 1st Cossack cavalry regiment (6 squadrons: 1st, 2nd and 4th Don, 2nd Terek-Don, 6th Kuban and 5th officers), Ataman escort cavalry regiment (5 squadrons), the 1st Cossack cadet school (2 plastun companies, a company of heavy weapons, an artillery battery), separate divisions - officer, gendarme and commandant foot, as well as a Special Cossack parachute-sniper school disguised as a motor-motor school (special group "Ataman" ). According to some reports, a separate Cossack group "Savoy" was attached to the combat units of the Cossack Camp, which was withdrawn to Italy from the Eastern Front along with the remnants of the Italian 8th Army back in 1943. The units of the Marching Ataman Group were armed with over 900 light and heavy machine guns of various systems (Soviet Maxim, DP (Degtyarev infantry) and DT (Degtyarev tank), German MG-34 and Schwarzlose, Czech Zbroevka, Italian Breda " and "Fiat", French "Hotchkiss" and "Shosh", English "Vickers" and "Lewis", American "Colt"), 95 company and battalion mortars (mainly Soviet and German production), more than 30 Soviet 45-mm anti-tank guns and 4 field guns (76.2 mm), as well as 2 light armored vehicles recaptured from the partisans. On April 27, 1945, the number of Cossack Camp was 31,463 people. Realizing that the war was lost, the Cossacks developed a rescue plan. They decided to get away from retribution on the territory of the British occupation zone in East Tyrol with the aim of "honorable" surrender to the British. In May 1945, "Kazachiy Stan" moved to Austria, to the area of the city of Linz. Later, all its inhabitants were arrested by the British and handed over to Soviet counterintelligence agencies. The "Cossack administration" headed by Krasnov and his military units were also arrested in the area of the city of Judenburg, and then also handed over by the British to the Soviet authorities. No one was going to hide punishers and obvious traitors. In the first days of May, the Marching Ataman von Pannwitz also led his corps to Austria. With a fight through the mountains, the corps went to Carinthia (Southern Austria), where on May 11-12 they laid down their arms in front of the British. The Cossacks were distributed to several POW camps in the vicinity of Linz. Pannwitz and other Cossack leaders did not know that these maneuvers did not solve anything. At the Yalta conference, Great Britain and the United States signed an agreement with the USSR, according to which they pledged to extradite Soviet citizens who found themselves in their zones of occupation. Now it's time to keep your promises. Neither the British nor the American command had any illusions about what awaits the deportees. But if the Americans treated this matter carelessly and as a result great amount former Soviet citizens avoided returning to their Soviet homeland, His Majesty's subjects exactly fulfilled their obligations. Moreover, the British did even more than the Yalta agreements demanded of them, one and a half thousand emigrant Cossacks, who had never been citizens of the USSR and left their homeland after the defeat in the civil war, were also given into the hands of SMERSH. And already a few weeks after the surrender, in June 1945, over 40 thousand Cossacks, including Cossack commanders, Generals P.N. and S.N. Krasnovs, T.I. Domanov, Lieutenant General Helmut von Pannwitz, Lieutenant General A.G. Skins were issued to the Soviet Union. In the morning, when the Cossacks gathered to build, the British suddenly appeared. The soldiers began to grab unarmed people and herd them into the delivered trucks. Those who tried to resist were shot on the spot. The rest were loaded and taken away in an unknown direction.
Rice. 7. Internment by the British of the Cossacks near Linz
A few hours later, a convoy of trucks with traitors crossed a checkpoint on the border of the Soviet zone of occupation. The Soviet court measured the punishment of the Cossacks according to the severity of their sins. They did not shoot, but the terms were given "not for children". Most of the extradited Cossacks received long terms in the Gulag, and the Cossack elite, who sided with Nazi Germany, were sentenced to death by hanging by the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court. The verdict began as follows: on the basis of Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 39 of April 19, 1943 "On the penalties for the Nazi villains guilty of killing and torturing the Soviet civilian population and captured Red Army soldiers, for spies, traitors to the motherland from among Soviet citizens and for their accomplices" ... etc. Simultaneously with the USSR, Yugoslavia urgently demanded the extradition of the Cossacks. The servicemen of the 15th corps were accused of numerous crimes against the civilian population. If the Cossacks were handed over to the government of Tito, their fate would have been much sadder. Helmut von Pannwitz was never a Soviet citizen and therefore was not subject to extradition to the Soviet authorities. But when representatives of the USSR arrived at the English prisoner of war camp, Pannwitz appeared before the camp commandant and demanded that he be included in the number of repatriates. He said: "I sent the Cossacks to their death - and they went. They chose me as chieftain. Now we have a common fate." Perhaps this is only a legend, and Pannwitz was simply taken along with the others. But this story about "daddy Pannwitz" lives in certain Cossack circles.
The trial of the Cossack generals of the Wehrmacht took place within the walls of the Lefortovo prison in a closed regime from January 15 to 16, 1947. On January 16, at 15:15, the judges retired to deliver the verdict. At 19:39, the verdict was announced: "The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Generals Krasnov P.N., Krasnov S.N., Shkuro S.G., von Pannwitz G., as well as the leader of the Caucasians Sultan Kelech-Girey to death for conducting armed struggle against Soviet Union". At 20:45 the same day, the sentence was carried out.
The last thing I would like is for the Cossacks of the Wehrmacht and the SS to be perceived as heroes. No, they are not heroes. And it is not necessary to judge the Cossacks as a whole by them. In that difficult time, the Cossacks made a completely different choice. While one Cossack division and several other small formations fought in the Wehrmacht, more than seventy Cossack corps, divisions and other formations fought in the Red Army on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, and the Soviet command was not tormented by the questions: “Are these units reliable?”, “Not Is it dangerous to send them to the front?" It was quite the opposite. Hundreds of thousands of Cossacks selflessly and heroically defended, if not the regime, but their homeland. Regimes come and go, but the Motherland remains. These are the real heroes.
But life is a striped thing, a white stripe, a black stripe, a colored stripe. And for state patriotism and heroism there are also black stripes, which is not surprising for Russia. In this regard, three centuries ago, Field Marshal Saltykov said at a reception with Empress Elizabeth Petrovna about Russian society the classic phrase: "Patriotism in Russia has always been bad. Every fifth ready-made patriot, every fifth ready-traitor, and three out of five, like something in an ice-hole, hang out depending on which tsar. If the tsar is a patriot, then they seem to be patriots "If the tsar is a traitor, then they are always ready. Therefore, the main thing, empress, is that you be for Russia, and then we will manage." Nothing has changed in three centuries, and it is the same today. Following the traitor tsar Gorbachev came the collaborator tsar Yeltsin. And in 1996, many executed Cossack generals of the Wehrmacht were rehabilitated by the collaborationist authorities of Russia according to the decision of the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office with the tacit consent of the masses, and some also clapped their hands. However, the patriotic part of society was outraged by this, and soon the decision to rehabilitate was canceled as unreasonable, and in 2001, under a different government, the same Chief Military Prosecutor's Office decided that the Cossack commanders of the Wehrmacht were not subject to rehabilitation. But the collaborators did not let up. In 1998, a memorial plaque to A.G. was installed in Moscow near the Sokol metro station. Shkuro, G. von Pannwitz and other Cossack generals of the Third Reich. The liquidation of this monument was undertaken on legal terms, but the neo-Nazi and collaborationist lobby in every possible way prevented the destruction of this monument. Then, on the eve of Victory Day 2007, a plate with the names of collaborators from the times of the Great Patriotic War carved on it was simply smashed by unidentified persons. A criminal case was initiated, which did not reach completion. Today in Russia there is a monument to the same Cossack units that were part of the army of the Third Reich. The memorial was opened in 2007 in the village of Yelanskaya, Rostov region.
Diagnostics and preparation of causes, consequences, sources, origins and Russian collaborationism is not only of theoretical, but also of great practical interest. Not a single significant event in Russian history took place without the pernicious influence and active participation of defectors, traitors, defeatists, capitulators and collaborators. The position cited above, formulated by Field Marshal Saltykov regarding the peculiarities of Russian patriotism, provides the key to explaining many mysterious and incredible events in Russian history and life. Moreover, it is easily extrapolated and extended to other key areas of our social consciousness: politics, ideology, state idea, morality, morality, religion, etc. Not in our social, cultural and political life spheres, where militant activists of various extreme trends and points of view are represented, but it is not they who give stability to society and the situation, but those same "three out of five" who are guided by power, and above all by the royal one. And in this regard, Saltykov's words highlight the colossal role of the Russian tsar (general secretary, president, leader - no matter what his name is) in all spheres and events of our life. Some of the articles in this series have shown many of these seemingly incredible events in our history. In them, our people, led by the "correct" tsars, were capable of an incredible rise, exploits and sacrifices for the sake of the Motherland in 1812 and in 1941-1945. But under the useless, worthless and corrupt kings, the same people turned out to be able to overturn and rape their own country and plunge it into the bloody bacchanalia of the Time of Troubles of 1594-1613 or the revolution and subsequent civil war of 1917-1921. Moreover, the god-bearing people under satanic power was able to crush the thousand-year-old religion and outrage the temples and their own spirit. The monstrous triad of our time: perestroika - shootout - restoration of the national economy - also fits into this vile series. Adherents of evil and good principles are always present in our lives, these same "every fifth" who make up the active lobby of patriotism and collaborationism, religion and atheism, morality and debauchery, order and anarchy, law and crime, etc. But even in these conditions, only an unlucky tsar can lead the people and the country to outrages and bacchanalia, under whose influence these same "three out of five" join the adherents of disorder, debauchery, anarchy and devastation. A completely different result is achieved with a “traveling” king who will show the right Path, and then, in addition to the adherents of order and creation, the same “three out of five” will also join them. Our current president has for a long time been showing an enviable example of political dexterity and agility in countering the various challenges of the contemporary world. He managed to curb the entropy and orgy of the collaborationist rule of the 80-90s, successfully intercept and saddle the social and national-patriotic part of the rhetoric and ideology of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Liberal Democratic Party, thereby attract the electorate and achieve stability and high ranking. But under other circumstances, these very "three out of five" will easily go over to another "king", even if he is a devil with horns, which has happened more than once in our history. In these seemingly completely clear conditions, the most important of the questions of our modern life the question arises of the succession of "royal" power, or rather the power of the first person, in order to continue the course towards sustainable development. At the same time, for all the archival importance of this issue, one of the biggest mysteries of Russian history is that it has not yet been resolved positively and constructively in relation to our conditions. Moreover, the desire to resolve it is not even observed now.
In previous centuries, the country was a hostage to the feudal system of succession with its unpredictable dynastic and gerontological frills. The monstrous and tragic examples of genealogical and genetic mutations of royal families and senile schizophrenia of aged monarchs finally pronounced the death sentence on the feudal system of power. The situation was aggravated by sharp interpersonal and group contradictions. As the historian Karamzin noted, in Russia, with the rarest exception, each subsequent tsar began his reign by pouring mud on the previous one, although he was his father or brother. The next bourgeois-democratic system of change and succession of power was built on the laws of political Darwinism. But the centuries-old history of multi-party democracy has shown that it is far from being productive for all populations of people. In Russia, it lasted only a few months after the February revolution and led to a complete paralysis of power and the collapse of the country. After the overthrow of the autocracy and the February democracy, neither Lenin, nor Stalin, nor the CPSU solved the problem of the succession of "tsarist" power. The monstrous fights for power between the heirs after Lenin and Stalin are a disgrace to the system they created. A repeated attempt to introduce bourgeois democracy in the USSR during the perestroika period again led to a paralysis of power and the disintegration of the country. Moreover, such a phenomenon, which the CPSU gave rise to in the form of Gorbachev and his clique, perhaps has no analogues in world history. The system itself has degenerated gravediggers for itself and the country, and they did their atrocity almost out of the blue. Legend has it that Socrates drunkenly bet with a drinking buddy for a liter of white that he would destroy Athens with his tongue alone. And won. I don’t know with whom and what Gorbachev was arguing with, but he did it even “cooler”. He destroyed everything and everything with his own language and created a “catastrophe”, and without any repression, with his own language, he achieved tacit consent to the surrender of 18 million members of the CPSU, several million employees, officers and employees of the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Soviet Army, and about so many or non-partisan activists. Moreover, millions of people not only silently agreed, but also clapped their hands. In this army of many millions, there was not a single real guardsman who, according to the experience of the past, even tried to strangle the traitors with his officer's scarf, although several million of these scarves hung in wardrobes. But this is not so bad, this is history. The trouble is that the problem has not been solved so far. The story of Medvedev's regency is a vivid confirmation of this. But as the experience of many countries shows, to create a stable and productive system of succession of power of the first person in order to continue the course towards sustainable development, democracy is not at all necessary, although it is desirable. What is needed is responsibility and political will. There is no democracy in China, and every 10 years there is a planned change of supreme power, they do not expect the death of the "king" there.
All in all, I'm very worried about the future. Typical bourgeois democracy in our conditions does not inspire confidence and optimism. After all, the mental characteristics of our people and their leaders do not differ much from the mentality of the people and leaders of Ukraine, and if they differ, then for the worse. The unresolved issue of the continuity of power and the course will lead the country to a catastrophe, in comparison with which perestroika is just flowers.
On the unsettledness of political processes in recent times issues of economic and social injustice began to accumulate powerfully. At present, the working people are beginning to be acutely aware of this problem. Even in non-core for this topic "VO" recently began to appear harsh articles about social injustice ("Salaries of the masters", "Letter of the Ural worker", etc.). Their ratings go off scale, and comments on them clearly and unequivocally testify to the beginning of the process of accumulation of social entropy in the working class. Reading these articles and comments to them, one involuntarily recalls the words uttered in the State Duma by P.A. Stolypin, that there is no more greedy and unscrupulous gentleman and bourgeois in the world than in Russia, and that it was not for nothing that the expressions “fist-world-eater” and “bourgeois-world-eater” appeared in the Russian language. Stolypin then unsuccessfully called on the gentlemen and the bourgeoisie to moderate their greed and change the type social behavior otherwise predicted disaster. They did not change the type of behavior, they did not moderate their greed, the catastrophe took place, the people slaughtered them like pigs for their greed. Now it's even more interesting. In the 80-90s, the decomposed and degenerated party nomenklatura, in addition to unlimited power, also wanted to become the bourgeoisie, i.e. Factories, plants, houses, steamboats subject to her during her lifetime should be made hereditary property. A powerful propaganda campaign was launched to criticize socialism and praise capitalism. Our gullible and naive people believed, and suddenly, with some kind of fright, decided that they could not live without the bourgeoisie. After that, he issued, moreover, in a completely democratic way, to the nomenklatura, liberals and cooperators free tickets to the bourgeoisie and an unprecedented credit of social and political trust, which they mediocrely squandered and continue to squander. Something similar has already happened in Russian history and is described in more detail in the article "The Last Great Cossack Revolt. Emelyan Pugachev's Rebellion".
It seems that the case will again end with the massacre of the gentlemen. But God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless. And the blame for everything will again be the master's and bourgeois greed, the same senseless and merciless. It would be best if Putin would deal with this most odious part of the comprador and criminal bourgeoisie and the nomenklatura in a planned manner. But, apparently, it’s not fate, he YET has some kind of agreement with them. Such consent gives rise to permissiveness and impunity, corrupts the masters and the bourgeoisie even more, and all this abundantly feeds and stimulates corruption. This situation simply infuriates honest people, regardless of social status, standard of living and education. What the working class says and thinks about it in the kitchens and over a "glass of tea" is simply impossible to convey in the language of normative vocabulary. But mankind has accumulated in its history a colossal experience in the fight against corruption and presumptuous oligarchy.
At the end of the 20th century, the Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, who was permanent from 1959 to 1990, especially distinguished himself and succeeded in this matter. People say that in the last years of his life he was listed as an adviser to our president. Although the East is a delicate matter, Lee Kuan Yew's recipes are outrageously simple and obvious. He said: “Fighting corruption is easy. It is necessary that there be a person at the top who is not afraid to seat his friends and relatives. Start by planting three of your friends. You know exactly why, and they know exactly why.”
It was precisely in such a difficult period of our history - Gorbachev's perestroika, Yeltsin's "reforms" and Putin's "managed democracy" - that an attempt was made to resurrect the Cossacks. But, like all events of this period and our time, this revival is very ambiguous against the background of economic and political turmoil, often causing more questions than answers. But that's a completely different story.
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In the autumn of 1941, three months after the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR, Cossack units were formed, which became part of the Wehrmacht. They enjoyed the trust and favor of the German command.
In April 1942, the issue of Cossack units was discussed at the Fuhrer's headquarters. Hitler gave the order to use them to fight the partisans, as well as in the fighting at the front as "equal allies."
Cossack units were formed at the front and in the rear of the active German army. They were created from prisoners of war - natives of the regions of the Don, Kuban and Terek. The first of these units was formed by order of the commander of the rear area of Army Group Center, General Shenkendorf, in October 1941. It was a Cossack squadron under the command of the former Red Army major I. Kononov, and it consisted of defectors.
It should be noted that cases of mass surrender were not so frequent. The most significant episode was associated with the transition to the side of the Germans on August 22, 1941 in the Mogilev region of the 436th regiment of the 155th rifle division, commanded by Major Kononov. Part of the fighters and commanders of this regiment formed the backbone of the first Cossack squadron in the Wehrmacht, then five more squadrons were created, and a year later, under the command of Kononov, there was already a Cossack division of 2 thousand people.
Cossack units were also formed by the headquarters of the 2nd, 4th, 16th, 17th and 18th field, 3rd and 1st tank armies.
Let's see a selection of photographs in which "equal allies" and their owners!
1. Cossack of the cavalry regiment von Jungshulz, 1942-1943
2-3. Squadron badge and version of the sleeve insignia of the Cossack cavalry regiment von Jungshulz.
4. Cossack of the Cossack unit as part of the German mountain rifle division, 1942-1943.
5. Centurion of the 1st Don Volunteer Cossack Regiment, 1942-1943
6. Standard of one of the Don Cossack volunteer units.
Commander of the 5th Don regiment of the Wehrmacht, former Red Army major Ivan Nikitovich Kononov (left) with an adjutant.
Photo caption from DIE WEHRMACHT No. 13, June 23, 1943, literally: “Der Kommandeur des Kosakenregiments, Oberstleutnant K. (links). und sein Adjutant, Major B. (rechts). Beide sind Offiziere der alten Zaren Armee". (“The commander of the Cossack regiment, Lieutenant Colonel K. (left) and his adjutant, Major V. (right). Both officers of the old tsarist army”).
Sotnik (a rank in the Cossack troops of the Wehrmacht, equivalent to the rank of chief lieutenant) waves a whip on a village street.
Cossack units of the Wehrmacht dancing surrounded by comrades in a village on the Eastern Front.
Cossacks from the 5th Don Regiment of the Wehrmacht dance for a German correspondent. Original photo caption:
In wildem Rhythmus stampfen die tanzenden Kosaken den Boden. Die Seitengewehre funkeln. Kameraden stehen
im Umkreis und klatschen den Takt.
(In a wild rhythm, dancing Cossacks trample the ground. Bayonets gleam. Their buddies stand nearby and clap to the beat.)
A Cossack policeman, for the amusement of the Hungarian occupiers, hacks captured Soviet partisans with a saber!!
Cossacks from the German troops, armed with captured PPSh, descend the hillside.
Cossacks from the German troops, armed with captured PPSh, are talking during a smoke break on a hillside.
Cossacks from the German troops on the line.
A Cossack from the Russian Security Corps in Yugoslavia with a German non-commissioned officer in Belgrade.
A group of Cossacks from the German troops on the southern sector of the Eastern Front. The Cossacks are dressed in Soviet overcoats, hats with earflaps and hats with cockades. On the second from the left is a German winter camouflage suit. Armament - PPSh assault rifles and rifles.
Cossacks from the German troops read the magazine "Signal". The German propaganda magazine "Signal" was published in different languages, including Russian since 1942.
Don Cossack from the German troops firing from a gun during the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944
Cossacks (in a helmet - a Cossack officer) are watching the battle during the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.
Terek Cossacks from self-defense units.
A Cossack of the XV Cavalry Corps of the Wehrmacht throws a 7.92 mm Mauser carbine (Karabiner 98 kurz) during the surrender.
In the background is a British soldier and Allied vehicles.
The total number of Cossacks who fought on the side of the Third Reich in 1941-1945 reached one hundred thousand. These "fighters for the fatherland" fought together with the Nazis against the Red Army until last days war. They left a trail of blood behind them from Stalingrad to Poland, Austria and Yugoslavia.
For comparison, here is a table on the number of collabracinists among different nationalities and ethnic groups of the population of the USSR!
Estimated number of representatives of various peoples of the USSR in the German armed forces
Peoples and national groups |
population |
Notes |
Incl. approximately 70,000 Cossacks. Of the rest, up to 200,000 were in the ranks of the "Khivi" *. Up to 50,000 (including 30-35 thousand Cossacks) were part of the SS troops. More than 100,000 at the end of the war were the Armed Forces KONR ** (including 50,000 - ROA ***). |
||
Ukrainians |
Up to 120,000 - as part of the auxiliary police and self-defense, about 100,000 - in the Wehrmacht, mainly as "Khivi", 30,000 - as part of the SS **** troops. |
|
Belarusians |
Up to 50,000 as part of the auxiliary police and self-defense (including BKA *****), 8,000 - as part of the SS troops, the rest - as part of the Wehrmacht and auxiliary formations. |
|
40,000 as part of the SS troops, 12,000 - in the border guard regiments, up to 30,000 - as part of the Wehrmacht and auxiliary formations, the rest - in the police and self-defense. |
||
20,000 in the SS troops, 20,000 in the border guard regiments, 15,000 in the Wehrmacht and auxiliary formations, the rest in the police and self-defense. |
||
Up to 20,000 in the Wehrmacht, up to 17,000 in auxiliary formations, the rest in the police and self-defense. |
||
Azerbaijanis |
13,000 - in combat, 5,000 - in the auxiliary units of the Azerbaijani Legion, the rest - as part of various parts of the Wehrmacht) incl. in the Turkestan Legion) and the SS. |
|
11,000 - in combat, 7,000 - in the auxiliary units of the Armenian Legion, the rest - as part of various units of the Wehrmacht and the SS. |
||
14000 - in combat, 7000 - in auxiliary units Georgian legion, the rest - as part of various parts of the Wehrmacht and the SS. |
||
Peoples of the North Caucasus |
10,000 - in combat, 3,000 - in the auxiliary units of the North Caucasian Legion, the rest - as part of various parts of the Wehrmacht and the SS. |
|
Peoples of Central Asia |
20,000 - in combat, 25,000 - in auxiliary units of the Turkestan Legion |
|
Peoples of the Volga and Urals |
8000 - in combat, 4500 - in the auxiliary units of the Volga-Tatar Legion ("Idel-Ural"). |
|
Crimean Tatars |
As part of 10 battalions of auxiliary police and self-defense units |
|
As part of the Kalmyk cavalry corps |
||
Incl. up to 150,000 in the SS troops, 300 thousand in the ranks of the "Khivi", up to 400,000 in the ranks of the auxiliary police and self-defense |
* Hivi (Hilfswillige) - voluntary helpers
** KONR - Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
*** ROA - Russian liberation army
**** SS - SS-Schutzstaffeln - Security detachments of the armed formations of the Nazi Party)
***** BKA - Belarusian Regional Abarona - Belarusian Regional Defense
), the First Cossack Cavalry Division of the Wehrmacht / SS (German: Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division).
KRASNOV P.N. (Brigadier Fuhrer fascist troops SS) - Cavalier of the Order of St. George 4th degree and Golden St. George weapons with St. George ribbons, general of the Russian Imperial Army, ataman of the All-Great Don Army (unrecognized state on the Don). Born in St. Petersburg, from the nobility of the Don Cossacks. During the Great Patriotic War, by the decree of the head of the SS Reichsführer P.N. KRASNOV was appointed head of the Main Directorate of the Cossack Troops of the Imperial Ministry of the Eastern Occupied Territories of the Third Reich. In May 1945, he and 2,400 Cossack officers were transferred from the British command to the Soviet command. By the decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the country, P.N. KRASNOV together with A.G. SHKURO, T.N. DOMANOV, Sultan-Girey Klych, S.N. P.N. Krasnov was sentenced to hanging and executed by decision of the Collegium of the Supreme Court of the country in 1947 - for treason. Nationalist and monarchist organizations in Russia and abroad have repeatedly requested the rehabilitation of these and other Russian traitors who fought against the USSR on the side of Hitler. In 1997, P. N. KRASNOV, A. G. SHKURO, SULTAN-GIREY KLYCH, S. N. KRASNOV, and T. I. Domanov were recognized as not subject to rehabilitation.
SS Brigadenfuehrer Krasnov P.N.and Gruppen-Fuhrer SS Pannwitz (shot by court order, not subject to rehabilitation)
KRASNOV S.N.(Brigadier Fuhrer fascist troops SS) - Krasnov's brother P.N., who was hanged together with his traitor brother. His sonMiguel KRASNOV - Brigadier General of Pinochet's intelligence in Chile during the reign of the Pinochet junta - convicted by a Chilean court on charges of involvement in crimes against humanity from 1973 to 1989.
SHKURO A.G. - Cavalier of the Golden St. George's weapon and the Cross of Salvation of the Kuban 1st degree with the St. George ribbon, commander of the Cossack Kuban corps during the Civil War in Russia, lieutenant general. In 1944, SHKURO, by a special decree of the head of the SS Reichsführer HIMMLER, was appointed head of the Reserve of Cossack troops at the Main Headquarters of the SS troops, enlisted as a Gruppenfuehrer (German Gruppenfuhrer ) SS with the right to wear a general's uniform and receive maintenance for this rank. The head of the Gestapo Müller had the same rank in the SS. Shkuro was sentenced to hanging and executed by decision of the Board of the Supreme Court of the country in 1947 - for treason, together with KRASNOV, PANNVITZ, DOMANOV.
Helmut von Pannwitz (Gruppen Fuhrer of the fascist SS troops) cavalryman, participant of the First and Second World Wars, Supreme Marching Ataman of the Cossack Camp, SS Gruppenführer, Lieutenant General of the SS troops. Knight John. Although he was not a Knight of St. George, he was the closest associate of Krasnov, Shkuro and a prominent leader of the Russian Cossacks in the service of Hitler. Examples of activities are as follows.In the course of repulsing the Soviet offensive in the North Caucasus in the winter of 1942-1943, the “von Pannwitz Combat Group”, which included mounted and foot Cossack units, a tank detachment, a Romanian cavalry brigade, a Romanian battery of motorized heavy artillery, separate rear and transport units and several anti-aircraft guns destroyed the 61st Soviet division that had broken through the front, then the 81st Soviet cavalry division and the Soviet rifle division(under Pimen Cherny/Nebykov). In March 1943, in the town of Milau, Pannwitz led the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division, formed from the Cossack regiments of von Renteln, von Jungshultz, von Bezelager, Yaroslav Kotulinsky, Ivan Kononov, 1st Sinegorsky Atamansky and so on. The division since October 1943 participated in the battles in Croatia against the communist partisans of Tito. In connection with the reassignment of the corps to the command of the SS troops, on February 1, 1945, he received the rank of SS Gruppenführer and Lieutenant General of the SS troops. The Cossack division was deployed in the XV Cossack Cavalry Corps of the SS, which on April 20, 1945 was reassigned to the KONR. In 1945, he was unanimously elected by the All-Cossack Circle in Virovititsa as the Supreme Marching Ataman of the "Cossack camp". He perceived his election as a great responsibility and the highest honor - since 1835, the title of Supreme Ataman of the Cossack Troops was borne by the Heir to the Russian Imperial Throne (thus, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich was the immediate predecessor in this post of Helmut von Pannwitz). Pannwitzsentenced to hanging and executed by decision of the Board of the Supreme Court of the country in 1947, along with KRASNOV and other Russian Nazis.
Domanov T. I. - Cavalier of St. George's Crosses of the 1st degree, 2nd degree, 3rd degree, 4th degree with St. George's ribbons. Centurion of the White Army. He was left as an agent of the NKVD in the territory occupied by the Nazis, but voluntarily went over to the Nazis - as a lieutenant of the Don Cossacks. Major-General of the Nazi Wehrmacht, field ataman of the Cossack camp of the Main Directorate of Cossack Troops under the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Territories of the Third Reich. He especially distinguished himself with punitive operations against partisans in the Zaporozhye region and in Belarus. Formed, for example, 2 Cossack regiments (about 3 thousand people) to fight the partisans. Sentenced to hanging and executed by decision of the Board of the Supreme Court of the country in 1947 - for treason, together with KRASNOV, SHKURO, PANNVITZ.
SEVASTYANOV A.N. (Major General of the Nazi Wehrmacht) - Cavalier of the St. George Cross of the 4th degree with the St. George ribbon. Brigade commander of the Red Army, and then changed his oath and became a major general of the ROA. In June 1943, he participated in the construction of defensive structures for German troops in the Oryol and Bryansk regions, organized the evacuation of the families of the leaders of the 29th RONA assault brigade. In 1945 he was Deputy Commander of Personnel of the Armed Forces of the KONR. For treason to the Motherland Sevastyanov A.N. sentenced to hanging and executed by decision of the Board of the Supreme Court of the country in 1947.
SEMENOV G.M. - Cavalier of the Order of St. George 4th class. and the Golden Weapon "For Courage" with St. George's Ribbons. Supreme Commander of the Far Eastern Army during the Civil War, Lieutenant General. He awarded the Cross of the Special Manchurian Detachment with the St. George Ribbon. In 1945, he announced his subordination to the Armed Forces of the KONR, General Vlasov. In 1946, he was sentenced to death by hanging with confiscation of property - as "an enemy of the Soviet people and an active accomplice of the Japanese aggressors."
Shteifon B.A. (Lieutenant General of the Nazi Wehrmacht)
- Cavalier of St. George's weapons, commander of the Russian Corps, lieutenant general. Major General (08.1920). Major General of the Wehrmacht (10.1941). He graduated from the Chuguev Military School (1902) and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1911). Participant Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905: Lieutenant of the 124th Voronezh Infantry Regiment. Member of the First World War: in the Caucasian army, a member of the campaign against Erzrum; awarded the St. George weapon for reconnaissance operations near Erzrum. In the White Movement: Chief of Staff of the 3rd Infantry Division; commander of the Belozersky and Arkhangelsk regiments; Chief of Staff of the Poltava Detachment, General Bredov N.E. Member of the Bredovsky campaign and breakthrough to Poland as part of the Russian Volunteer Army of General Bredov (about 6000 bayonets); 12.1919-02.1920. Interned in Poland, 02-07.1920. He returned with part of the army of General Bredov from Poland to the Crimea, to the Russian army of General Wrangel; 08.1920. Promoted to major general. General in the headquarters of General Wrangel, 09-11.1920. Evacuated from Crimea to Gallipoli (Turkey) 11.1920. Head of the Gallipoli camp. In exile: Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, France, Germany. Worked in ROVS; 1921 - 12/12/1926. Engaged in journalism and literature. During the Second World War, he collaborated with the German troops, opposing the USSR. Chief of Staff of the Russian Guard Corps in Yugoslavia (Serbia), 10.1941. Commander of the Russian Corps, 10.1941-30.04.1945. He died suddenly in Zagreb (Croatia) on 04/30/1945 (according to another version, he was killed). He was buried in the city of Kranj (Yugoslavia, Serbia), buried at the German military cemetery at his request. Under his command, the corps fought against the Yugoslav partisans of Tito, and then with the regular units of the Red Army after it entered the Balkans at the end of 1944. He demanded that the German command be transferred to the Eastern Front, but he was refused. STEIFON Born in Kharkov. Father, shop foreman, from baptized Jews, later became a merchant of the 3rd guild. Mother is the daughter of a deacon. In 2010, in Kharkov, in the Orthodox Church of St. Alexandra The Moscow Patriarchate, with the blessing of Metropolitan Nikodim of Kharkov and Bogodukhovsky, was installed for the ranks of the Drozdov division, members of the Kharkov underground center "Colonel B.A. Shteyfon" (!?). AT tsarist Russia to join many educational establishments one had to be an "Orthodox Christian", so the Jews were forced to accept Christianity and even marry the daughters of deacons.
TURKUL A.V. (Major General of the Nazi Wehrmacht) - Knight of the Order of St. George 4th degree, Golden Weapon "For Courage", St. George's Cross 3rd degree, St. George's Cross 4th degree with St. George ribbons. In 1941-1943, Turkul tried to restore the activities of the RNSUV (Russian National Union of War Veterans). He collaborated with the German authorities, in 1945 he was the head of the department for the formation of parts of the ROA and the commander of a volunteer brigade in Austria. After 1945 in Germany, chairman of the Committee of Russian defectors. He died in 1957 in exile in Munich.
The most smiling in the photo SS Gruppenführer Shkuro (shot by court order, not subject to rehabilitation)
Some more holders of the St. George awards.
- Colonel of the ROA KROMIADI, head of the personal office of Lieutenant General Vlasov, died in exile in 1990.
- Chief of the Propaganda Department of the KONR Air Force Headquarters, Major ALBOV, died in exile in 1989.
- Camping Ataman of the Terek Cossack Army, Colonel KULAKOV - "tortured by the Chekists" in Austria in 1945
- Commander of the 3rd Regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA of the General Staff, Major General GONTAREV, was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th class. He died in 1977 in exile in Austria.
- Chief of Staff of the 1st Aviation Regiment of the KONR Air Force, Major SHEBALIN - died in exile in 1964.
- Commander of the 1st Cossack Regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Major General ZBOROVSKY, awarded the St. George weapon. He died in a military hospital on October 9, 1944 in Graz (Austria) from wounds received in battle with the "red gangs".
- Colonel GALUSHKIN, commander of the 1st battalion of the 5th regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, was awarded the St. George weapon, died in exile in 1964.
- Doctor of the 1st Regiment of the Russian Corps GOLUBEYEV, was awarded the St. George Cross of the 4th degree in November 1941 for having received two wounds under fire from Serbian partisans but continued to bandage the wounded.
- The commander of the 3rd battalion of the 5th regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Major General IVANOV, was awarded the St. George weapon. He died on May 11, 1972 in exile in Venezuela.
- Chief sergeant major of the 2nd company of the 3rd regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA Colonel LYUBOMIROV, awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. He died on September 9, 1972 in exile in France.
- Fighter of the 3rd regiment of the Russian Corps ROA cornet MIKHAILOVSKY. During the 1st Civil War, he was awarded two St. George's Crosses. He died on May 17, 1964 in exile.
- The commander of the artillery platoon of the 3rd regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Colonel MURZIN, was awarded the St. George weapon. He died on 12/16/1978 in exile.
- The company commander of the 4th regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, lieutenant colonel NEVZOROV, was awarded the St. George weapon. Died 04/30/1978 in Australia.
- Colonel NESTERENKO, commander of the 9th company of the 2nd regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, was awarded the St. George weapon. Killed while working at a mine in Argentina on February 28, 1952.
- Commander of the 2nd Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Major General SKVORTSOV, was awarded the St. George weapon. He died on April 19, 1967 in exile.
- Commander of the Russian Corps, Major General SKORODUMOV, awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. He died on 11/15/1963 in exile.
- Junior officer of the 6th hundred of the 1st Cossack regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Major General STARITSKY, was awarded the St. George weapon. He died on May 16, 1975 in emigration.
- Commander of the 3rd Battalion of the 1st Regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Major General CHEREPOV, awarded the Order of St. George 4th Art. and George arms. He died on February 15, 1964 in exile.
- The commander of the PAK company (anti-tank guns) of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Colonel SHATILOV, was awarded the St. George weapon, died on 03/20/1972 in exile.
- Junker of the 4th machine-gun platoon of the 1st cadet company of the 1st regiment of the Russian Corps ROA SHAUB, in December 1941, seriously wounded in the lung during the defense of the mine Capital in Serbia, awarded George Cross 4th degree, lived in Switzerland.
- The commander of the 1st battalion of the 1st regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA of the General Staff, Captain SHELL, was awarded the St. George weapon, died in 1963 in West Germany.
- Commander of the 10th company of the 2nd regiment of the Russian Corps of the ROA, Colonel YAKUBOVSKY. Awarded with the St. George weapon. He died on January 23, 1974 in exile.
- Fighter of the 6th hundred of the 1st Cossack regiment of the Russian Corps ROA GOLOSHCHAPOV, awarded the St. George weapon and the Order of St. George 4th class, died in 1963 in exile in Brazil. By the way, now it is clear why Gubarev, sending visitors from Russia to their death, addresses them: "Fighters! ...".
Hitler's Reichsminister Goebbels awards Don Cossacks for their valiant service in the SS(1944)
Modern metamorphoses of the St. George Ribbon are displayed on many sites Russian Federation, where the memory of the true winners of the Great Patriotic War is still preserved. It should be noted that without the help of the United States, Great Britain and other fighters against fascism in Europe there would have been no Victory in the Great Patriotic War.
The so-called “Banderites” were actually never citizens of the USSR and fought for the creation of a free Ukraine, for the opportunity to go to church, against collectivization, against the communists, against drinking vodka in “glasses”, etc. They were right, and 1991 proved it. No one will live in the Soviet Union anymore and no one wants to live in the same country as Putin and Zhirinovsky (Eidelstein).
Unlike the "Bandera", the holders of the St. George's regalia betrayed their homeland to Russia in the most difficult hour of mortal trials for her during the Great Patriotic War. Modern carriers of the "George Ribbons" are blood relatives and spiritual heirs of the traitors to Russia during the Great Patriotic War, the elderly participants lowered by themGreat Patriotic War, and deceived by them young people who do not know history. Most of this entire audience are blood relatives of traitors.
After the Second World War, Germany repeatedly admitted its mistakes, the Kremlin never, but always tries to teach morality to all near and far neighbors again. Because the leaders of the Russian Federation are outcasts among leaders who turn their country and people into outcasts among countries and peoples. All external and internal propaganda of the Russian Federation is aimed at quarreling "everyone with everyone and everyone with everyone."
The St. George ribbon has nothing to do with the winners of the Great Patriotic War, the awards of the USSR and the soldiers of the Red Army (Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army) and the Soviet Army , for she was attached to the Order of St. George, which was officially awarded in the Russian Empire, in the hated Soviet people royal army.
In 1917-1924, the rebel soldiers and sailors killed tens of thousands of White Guard officers for their boorish attitude towards the people. This award has been revived only in Putin's Russia in recent years.
In our Soviet Army and in the army of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, they were awarded the Order of Glory and the medal "For the Capture of Berlin" on which there was a Guards Ribbon, with orders and medals being the main ones, and the ribbons on them had no special symbolic meaning 60 years after the Victory, until Zhirinovsky (Eidelstein) and Putin did not triumph in the Russian Federation.
Gitsevich L.A. has been playing the role of “son of the regiment” and “war hero” in the center of Moscow every May 9 for many years recent years and collect maximum amount"classes" in "Odnoklassniki", "Vkontaktik" and "My World".
The Great Patriotic War was a difficult test for the Soviet people. She has given many people a choice.
Forming military units from foreign volunteers, Hitler always protested against the creation of Russian units in the structure of the Wehrmacht. He did not trust the Russians. (Looking ahead, we can say that he was right: in 1945, the 1st division of the KNOR (Vlasovites) withdrew from their positions and went west, exposing the front.) But many Wehrmacht generals did not share the position of the Fuhrer. The German army, moving through the territory of the USSR, suffered huge losses. Against the backdrop of 1941, the Western campaigns seemed like a cakewalk. The German divisions were losing weight. Their quality has changed. Landsknechts, who knew the hops of victory, the sweetness of triumph, were laid down in the Soviet land. The dead were replaced by replenishment, who did not have a gleam in their eyes.
The field generals, unlike the "parquet sharks", did not disdain the Russians. Many of them, by hook or by crook, contributed to the formation of "native units" in their units. They preferred to keep collaborators away from the front line, entrusting them with the protection of facilities, communications and "dirty work" - the fight against partisans and carrying out punitive actions against the civilian population. They were called "Khivi" (German: Hilfswilliger, who wants to help). Were part of the Wehrmacht and parts formed from the Cossacks.
The first such Cossack units appeared already in 1941. There were several reasons for this. The vast expanses of Russia, the lack of roads, the decline in vehicles, problems with the supply of fuel and lubricants simply pushed the Germans to the massive use of horses. In the German chronicle, you rarely see a German soldier on a horse or a horse-drawn gun: for propaganda purposes, operators were ordered to remove motorized parts. In fact, the Nazis massively used horses in 1941 and 1945.
Cavalry units were simply indispensable in the fight against partisans. In forest thickets, in swamps, they outperformed cars and armored personnel carriers in terms of cross-country ability, moreover, they did not need gasoline. Therefore, the appearance of “Khivi” detachments from Cossacks who knew how to handle horses, if not welcomed, then at least did not meet with obstacles.
In addition, Hitler did not classify the Cossacks as Russians, he considered them a separate people, the descendants of the Goths, so the formation of the Cossack units did not meet with sharp opposition from the NSDAP functionaries.
And there were many dissatisfied with the Bolsheviks among the Cossacks, the policy of decossackization pursued by the Soviet government for a long time made itself felt.
One of the first in the Wehrmacht was the Cossack unit under the command of Ivan Kononov.
August 22, 1941 commander 436 rifle regiment Ivan Kononov lined up his personnel, announced his decision to go over to the enemy and invited everyone to join him. So it was or not, is not known. Is it possible to trust the stories of Kononov himself? But there is a fact: on August 22, Kononov, officers of his headquarters and several dozen Red Army soldiers of the regiment were captured. Kononov declared himself a Cossack against the Bolsheviks and offered his services to the Germans in the formation of a military unit of Cossacks ready to fight the communist regime. Responsible for the security of the rear of Army Group Center, General von Schenkendorf, was a supporter of the creation of anti-Soviet armed formations and greeted Kononov's initiative favorably.
Initially, a squadron was formed, the basis of which was the soldiers of the 436th regiment. Kononov, for the purpose of recruiting, made a trip to nearby prisoner-of-war camps. The squadron that received replenishment was transformed into a battalion, and later into a division. To what extent the captured Red Army soldiers, who declared themselves Cossacks, were such - this is already a question. German officers tried not to delve into such subtleties. He agreed to fight for the thousand-year-old Reich - and all right. Kononov himself admitted that in addition to the Cossacks, who made up 60% of the personnel, under his command there were representatives of all nationalities, up to the Greeks and the French.
Part of Kononov was used to protect communications, destroy encircled units of the Red Army and fight partisans. General von Schenkendorf was pleased with the "Kononovites", in his diary he noted their high combat readiness and ruthlessness towards the partisans and the local population.
Biographical information on I. KononovIn 1943, yielding to the pressure of the generals, Hitler finally agreed to the formation of a Cossack cavalry division. The formation took place in Poland, in the city of Mlawa. Cossack regiments and police battalions, volunteers from the Cossack regions occupied by the Nazis began to flock there. All the units that arrived were disbanded and reduced to new ones, according to their belonging to the Cossack army. The regimental commanders and chiefs of staff were Germans. All senior command positions were also occupied by the Germans (222 officers, 3,827 non-commissioned officers).Kononov Ivan Nikitich. Born in 1906, according to his service card as a commander of the Red Army, in a proletarian family. In 1922 he entered the Red Army, where he began to grow in rank and positions. In 1922 he graduated from the United military school them. VTsIK. In 1930, the regiment, in which Kononov served as a platoon commander, took part in the suppression of a peasant uprising. (I wonder how Kononov himself later spoke about his participation in that punitive action? Maybe, “I followed orders with pain in my heart”? Or: “I gave orders, shot and cried”?) Member of the Finnish campaign. Even then, according to him, he cherished the idea of defecting and joining the fight against the Bolsheviks, but the circumstances did not work out. I had to fight, showing courage and courage: from the Finnish comrade Kononov returned with the Order of the Red Star on his chest. In short, he served the Soviet government faithfully.
In August 1941, Kononov “remembered” that he was the son of a Cossack captain who was hanged by the Bolsheviks, that his three brothers died in the fight against Soviet power, and yesterday’s member of the CPSU (b) became a staunch anti-communist. In the Wehrmacht, Kononov rose to the rank of colonel, from Vlasov he received general's shoulder straps. In the chaos of the 1945 retreat, he "lost" his subordinates. The only ROA general who avoided meeting with Soviet justice. After the war, he tried to engage in political activities, but neither the surviving Vlasovites, nor the few surviving Cossacks did not want to accept Kononov into their ranks. Since the USSR repeatedly demanded his extradition, Kononov fled to Australia. The KGB searched for him for a long time, and, apparently, found him: in 1967, Kononov died in a car accident.
The exception was the division of Kononov. Under the threat of a riot, the division retained its composition and was transformed into a regiment. Kononov was appointed commander, all officers remained in their positions.
The division was the most "Russified" unit among the collaborationist units. The junior officers consisted of Russians (191 officers), commands were given in Russian. Major General von Pannwitz was appointed commander of the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division.
Language does not turn to call Helmut von Pannwitz "Cossack". German, moreover - 100% Prussian, comes from a family of professional military men. During the First World War he fought for the Kaiser on the Western Front. Member of the Polish campaign of 1939. Participated in the storming of Brest, for which he received the Knight's Cross. He was a supporter of attracting Cossacks to the service of the Reich. Having become a Cossack general, he defiantly wore a Cossack uniform: a hat and a Circassian coat with gazyrs, adopted the son of the regiment, Boris Nabokov. In January 1945, the All-Russian Circle was elected Camping Ataman. It was issued by the British in 1945 to the Soviet authorities. We are on trial together with Generals Shkuro, Krasnov and others. Among others, he was sentenced to hanging.
The formed division consisted of 2 brigades (6 regiments), an artillery detachment, a communications battalion and auxiliary services. The division had 18,555 men. At the end of the formation, the question arose: “What to do with it next?” Contrary to the repeated desires of the rank and file to get to the front as soon as possible, the Nazis did not strive for this. Even in the exemplary division of Kononov, there were transitions of the Cossacks to the Soviet side. They crossed not alone, but in groups, having previously killed the German and their own officers. In August 1943, the Gil-Rodionov brigade (2 thousand people) passed to the partisans in full strength. If the Cossack division rises, there will be much more problems. Already in the first days of formation, the Germans recognized the violent temper of the Cossacks.
In the 3rd Kuban Regiment, one of the cavalry officers sent from the Wehrmacht, making a review of "his" hundred, called a Cossack out of action. First, he scolded him severely, and then hit him in the face. He struck in German, with a glove pulled off his hand. The offended Cossack took out his sword - and there was one less German officer in the division. The rushing German authorities built a hundred: “Russish Schwein! Whoever did this, step forward!” A hundred walked. The Germans only scratched their heads. The officer was "written off" to the partisans.
And here they are - on the Eastern Front ?! In September 1943, the division was sent to Yugoslavia to fight Tito's partisan army.
The German command very quickly became convinced that the Cossack cavalry units in the fight against partisans were much more effective than their motorized police battalions and Ustashe detachments. The partisan movement in the areas of responsibility of the von Pannwitz division quickly faded and disappeared. This was achieved by a combination of well-conducted anti-partisan operations and brutality against partisans and the local population. The Serbs hated and feared the Cossacks.
In August 1944, Himmler secured the transfer of all foreign military formations to the jurisdiction of the SS. It was decided to deploy a very effective Cossack division into a corps. This is how the 15th SS Cossack Cavalry Corps arose. The corps was completed on the basis of an already existing division and Cossack units from other fronts. Two battalions arrived from Krakow, a police battalion from Warsaw, a regiment from the Western Front. A reserve of Cossack troops was created, which recruited volunteers for the corps among prisoners of war and eastern workers (general Shkuro was at the head of the structure). General Krasnov took the most active part in the formation of the corps. All this time, the division continued to conduct combat operations and in December 1944 came into direct contact with units of the Red Army. Contrary to fears, the Cossacks did not run away, fought stubbornly, fiercely.
By order of February 25, 1945, the division was officially transformed into the XV Cossack SS Cavalry Corps. This had little effect on the division itself, practically nothing. The uniform remained the same, the skull with bones did not appear on the hats, the Cossacks continued to wear their old buttonholes, the soldiers' books did not even change. But the corps was organizationally part of the structure of the troops of the "black order", SS liaison officers appeared in the units.
The Cossacks were not long fighters of Himmler. On April 20, the corps was handed over to General Vlasov. In addition to previous sins, "traitors" and "SS" received a "makeweight" - "Vlasov".
In the first days of May, the Marching Ataman Pannwitz led his unit to Austria. With a fight through the mountains, the corps went to Carinthia (Southern Austria), where on May 11-12 they laid down their arms in front of the British. Pannwitz did not know, but this breakthrough did not solve anything. At the Yalta conference, Great Britain and the United States signed an agreement with the USSR, according to which they pledged to extradite Soviet citizens who found themselves in their zone of occupation. In June 1945, the Cossacks of the 15th Corps were handed over to Soviet representatives.
The Soviet court measured the punishment of the Cossacks according to the severity of their sins. They didn’t shoot, but the terms were given “not for children”. Simultaneously with the USSR, Yugoslavia urgently demanded the extradition of the Cossacks. The servicemen of the corps were accused of numerous crimes against the civilian population. If the Cossacks were handed over to the government of Tito, their fate would have been much sadder.
The legend of PannwitzThe last thing I would like is for the soldiers of the 15th Corps to be perceived as heroes. No, they are not heroes. And it is not necessary to judge the Cossacks as a whole by them. In that difficult time, the Cossacks made a completely different choice. While one Cossack division fought in Yugoslavia, more than seventy Cossack formations fought on the fronts of the Second World War, and the command did not suffer from the questions “are these units reliable?”, “Is it dangerous to send them to the front?” Hundreds of thousands of Cossacks selflessly defended, if not the regime, but the Motherland. Regimes come and go, but the Motherland remains.Helmut von Pannwitz was never a Soviet citizen and therefore was not subject to extradition to the Soviet authorities. When representatives of the USSR arrived at the English prisoner of war camp, Pannwitz appeared before the camp commandant and demanded that he be included in the number of repatriates. “I sent the Cossacks to their death - and they went. They chose me as chieftain. Now we have a common destiny." Perhaps this is only a legend, and Pannwitz was simply taken along with the others. But lives beautiful story about "Old Pannwitz" in Cossack circles.
These are the real heroes.
Cossack military units - participants in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945:
- 1st Guards Stavropol Cavalry Division;
- 3rd Guards Cavalry Division;
- 4th Guards Cavalry Division;
- 6th Guards Cavalry Division;
- 9th Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Division;
- 10th Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Division;
- 11th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Division;
- 12th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Division;
- 8th Cossack Cavalry Division;
- 9th Far Eastern Cavalry Division;
- 30th Cavalry Division;
- 63rd Cavalry Division;
- 4th Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Corps;
- 5th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Cossack Corps;
- 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 5th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 6th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 9th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 10th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 12th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 11th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 15th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 16th Guards Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 23rd Guards Cavalry Regiment.
- 25th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 28th Guards Cavalry Regiment;
- 29th Guards Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 30th Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 31st Guards Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 32nd Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 33rd Guards Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 34th Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 36th Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 37th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 39th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 40th Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 41st Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 42nd Guards Kuban Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 43rd Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 45th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 47th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Regiment;
- 49th Cavalry Regiment;
- 115th Trans-Baikal Cavalry Regiment;
- 127th Cavalry Regiment;
- 133rd Cavalry Regiment;
- 138th Cavalry Regiment;
- 163rd Cavalry Regiment;
- 220th Cavalry Regiment;
- 223rd Cavalry Regiment.
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