His Imperial Majesty's own office. His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery and Provisional Committees
III Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancery
The beginning of the formation of the special services of the Russian Empire was laid on June 3, 1826. On this day, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree on the formation of the III Department as part of His Own Imperial Majesty's Chancellery (SEIVK). It was this structure that became the prototype of the special services in the field of state security of the Russian Empire.
The formation of the III Branch is directly related to the events of December 14, 1825, when part of the guards regiments entered the Senate Square in St. Petersburg, trying by the usual methods palace coups change the direction of the political development of the Russian Empire.
A. Ladurner. Sketch based on a drawing by Emperor Nicholas I. Late 1840s.
The events of December 14, 1825 created a real danger to the life of the young monarch Nicholas I. It was on this day that the issue of the personal safety of Nikolai Pavlovich and his family was clearly identified. Nicholas I himself calmly assessed his chances when, on December 11-12, 1825, he decided to “take the throne” himself. On the morning of December 14, 1825, Nikolai Pavlovich, dressing, said to A.Kh. Benckendorff: "Tonight, perhaps, we will both be no more in the world, but at least we will die having done our duty" 223 . Indeed, under the control of the Decembrists were significant forces. As one of the options for the development of events, they considered regicide. They had the opportunity to do so. From December 11 to 12, 1825, a company of the Moscow Regiment under the command of the Decembrist Staff Captain Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bestuzhev carried the guard in the Winter Palace. On the night of December 14, K.F. Ryleev was looking for a plan of the Winter Palace, to which Alexander Bestuzhev, grinning, said: “The royal family is not a needle, and if you manage to captivate the troops, then, of course, it will not hide ...”
Therefore, after the suppression of the protests of the rebels (later they would be called Decembrists), it became logical to appeal to Nicholas I at the end of January 1826 by Adjutant General A.Kh. Benckendorff with a note "On the organization of the external police", which dealt with the creation of a special political police. After its consideration, on June 25, 1826, Nicholas I signed a decree on the organization of a separate corps of gendarmes. On July 3, 1826, another decree followed - on the transformation of the Special Chancellery of the Ministry of the Interior into the III Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. A.Kh. Benkendorf. The creation of these structures meant a transition from political search to the system political control in the Russian Empire.
J. Doe. Portrait of AH. Benckendorff. 1822
It should be emphasized that the founder and long-term leader of the III Branch, Count A.Kh. Benckendorff was a military general and did not make a career on palace parquets. In 1803, he took part in the fighting in Georgia (orders of St. Anne and St. Vladimir IV degree), took part in the wars with France in 1805 and 1806–1807.
M.Ya. von Fock. Lithograph from an original by Friedrich. 1820s
For distinction in the battle of Preussish-Eylau A.Kh. Benckendorff was awarded the order St. Anna II degree. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. distinguished himself in the battle of Ruschuk (June 1811, Order of St. George IV degree).
Reception A.Kh. Benckendorff. Late 1820s and.
During Patriotic War 1812 and foreign campaigns, he established himself as a dashing cavalry commander, distinguished by personal courage. For this campaign, Benckendorff received the Order of St. George III degree, St. Anna of the 1st degree, St. Vladimir of the 2nd degree, a golden sword adorned with diamonds, with the inscription "For courage". Nevertheless, he did not consider it shameful for his honor in 1821 to present to Emperor Alexander I a detailed note with information about the "Union of Welfare". The emperor left the general's note without movement, but the events of 1825 showed Benckendorff's foresight.
The new division was not formed from scratch. Until 1826, the Special Office under the leadership of M.Ya. Fock background. His experience was used to the fullest. In a note dated July 14, 1826, M.Ya. von Fock proposed to divide III Section into four expeditions. Von Fock saw the task of the first expedition as a warning of "malice against the person of the sovereign emperor." This meant that the III Division primarily ensures the strategic security of the king and his entourage, guarding the "security of the throne." At the same time, it must be emphasized that the III Branch itself was a rather analytical structure, the main task of which was the collection and generalization of the collected information. The new structure used an agent network created by von Fock. Since the main danger to the throne then came from among the opposition nobility, these were not ordinary agents. Among them were State Councilor Nefediev, Count Lev Sollogub, Collegiate Councilor Blandov, writer and playwright Viskovatov 224 . Particular attention was paid to the employees of the III Division on the army and guards, since it was the military during the 18th - early 19th centuries. were the main organizers of conspiracies and regicides.
A.V. Tyranov. Portrait of Major General L.V. Dubelt. 1840s
Over time, the III Section gradually abandoned operational work, since this was not part of its tasks, and its staff was very small 225 . Total number employees of the III Department at the time of its foundation was only 27 people. At the time of the abolition of the III Branch in 1880, the number of employees was not much higher - 58 people 226 .
III Branch was repeatedly reorganized. In 1839, after the unification of the position of the Chief of Staff of the Gendarme Corps and the Manager of the III Department in the person of L.V. Dubelt, a single structure was created that existed until 1880.
It should be noted that in addition to collecting information and analyzing it analytically, the III Branch, with its small staff of officials, solved many issues that had nothing to do with issues of state security and state protection. Therefore, when in the 1860s. the internal political situation in the Russian Empire sharply worsened, new tasks were set before the III Branch. Chief among them is the struggle against the revolutionary movement in Russia.
Among the protection measures imperial family in the early 1860s. it can be attributed to the fact that the head of the III Department and the Chief of Gendarmes V.A. Dolgorukov 227 and the St. Petersburg military governor-general A.L. Suvorov was entrusted with unremitting surveillance of all those leaving for Tsarskoe Selo on railway. In turn, the Tsarskoye Selo police were instructed to watch all the visitors.
IN. Sherwood. Portrait of V.A. Dolgoruky in the uniform of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1882
But these were traditional measures. Time required new solutions. After the assassination attempt by D. Karakozov in April 1866 and the resignation of V.A. Dolgorukov was engaged in transformations new minister Internal Affairs Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov. On his initiative, the gendarmerie corps lost its police prerogatives. The main task the corps became "observation of society", i.e., the III Branch actually became a "pure special service". However, these reforms also had negative consequences. The fact is that the liberal intelligentsia, which formed public opinion in Russia, was very sympathetic to the tyrannical moods of the revolutionaries, so the cases of the arrested revolutionaries were “fall apart” by liberal courts.
P.A. Shuvalov
Therefore, in 1871, the police functions were returned to the III Division, which made it possible to actively influence the investigative and judicial processes.
It was also important to increase the funding of all structures that fought against the revolutionary movement in Russia. The budget of the Guards of the III Branch, directly engaged in the protection of the king, amounted to 52,000 rubles. in year. In July 1866, additional appropriations were allocated for the "strengthening of foreign agents" in the amount of 19,000 rubles. 29,000 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the "secret department" under the St. Petersburg Chief of Police. in year. These measures have given some results. Contemporaries P.A. Shuvalov was remembered as a man under whom not a single assassination attempt was made on the emperor.
Thus, in 1826 a structure was created, which was used in the 1820-1850s. significant influence in society. In fact, the III Branch of the SEIVK became the foundation for the creation of professional intelligence services in Russia. At the same time, the III Branch due to a number of objective reasons failed to keep pace with development revolutionary movement in Russia and in the late 1870s - early 1880s. actually lost the initiative in opposing the political terror of the Narodnaya Volya. This was the main reason for the liquidation of the III Branch in 1880.
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Introduction 2
Chapter 1 "Education of the III department" 6
Chapter 2 "Activities of the III department" 12
Conclusion 17
Appendix 18
INTRODUCTION
Topic justification:
Several generations of our compatriots grew up in captivity of a well-thought-out mythology that excluded independent judgments. In "historical" studies, we were offered a strictly adjusted set of "heroes", an equally carefully selected set of "villains". Almost the entire 19th century remains a blank spot for us, and even more so, such a topic as the history of the Russian political police. This topic was not thoroughly studied by pre-revolutionary historians, while Soviet researchers approached the archives of the III branch and the Police Department only as material on the history of the revolutionary movement. Meanwhile, elucidation of the social nature and functions of the police organization is extremely important for understanding the policy of the tsarist government. This task is not yet resolved. It is all the more difficult to give an outline of the history of at least a limited period of the life of the political police. I do not pretend to give an exhaustive description of the III branch of the time of Nicholas I. My task is to make a quick summary of the material already known about the III department in separate essays, to present, if possible, the general outlines of this institution.
Historiography
The history of the Russian political police remains unexplored to the end. Pre-revolutionary historians did not carefully examine this topic. Created on July 3, 1826, the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's own office, the famous Russian historian, a contemporary of Emperor Nicholas I, the author of a 29-volume collected works, Soloviev S.M. gives only a superficial assessment, characterizing overall structure Nikolaev apparatus.
Another equally well-known historian of ours, Klyuchevsky V.O. in his "Course of Russian History" gives a cursory description of the III branch, without revealing the essence of the organization's activities.
In contrast to the two historians mentioned above, the founder of populism, A.I. . Herzen, who hated Nicholas with that soul-searing force with which one can only hate a tyrant, claimed that the emperor was constantly trying to see if his gaze had the property of a rattlesnake - to stop the blood in the veins. From the above quotation it becomes clear what Herzen's assessment was.
The work “History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs” by Varadinov N, published in St. Petersburg in 1859, is of an exclusively descriptive nature. The author does not go beyond the presentation of events, without trying to make any analysis, generalizations, or conclusions, at least in the main areas. work III departments.
It is impossible not to mention also Baron Korf M.A., whose sarcastic assessment of Benckendorff, who for a long time headed the III department, makes it possible to look at the problem under study from a completely different angle.
An important place among the works devoted to the 19th century and directly to the activities of the III department is occupied by the book of the historian Schilder “Emperor Nicholas. His Life and Reign", first published in 1903. A detailed study of the formation of the III department, its structure and activities, as well as the use of memoir sources (Benckendorff's letters to the III department) makes this book truly unique in the study of this issue.
The positions of Soviet historians differ significantly from the positions of noble historians. In the 20th century, the history of the III branch is considered in line with the revolutionary movement and social inequality, which leads far away from studying the very essence of the issue.
Look at history III department as the history of the revolutionary movement and political struggle in the first half of the 19th century is covered in the work of Mironenko S.V. "Pages of the Secret History of Autocracy". And despite the fact that the position taken by the author does not quite correspond to the spirit of the era under study, the widespread use of memoirs and documents of that time makes this book undeniably interesting for historical science.
The work of the historian Trotsky I.M. “III Department under Nicholas I”, republished in 1990, is devoted to a little-studied topic - the detective and provocative activities of the political police I half of XIX century. The figures of the leaders of the infamous III Section are vividly described: Benckendorff, Dubelt, von Fock, and the emperor himself. Trotsky's research proves that the activity of the political police always reflects the fundamental features of the regime it defends.
On a wide background Russian history events are revealed in the work of two contemporary authors: Golovkov G. and Burin S. - "The office of impenetrable darkness", published in Moscow in 1994. On the basis of numerous documents and materials, including little-known ones, historians explore the relationship between the Russian revolutionary movement and the political police, their interpenetration and mutual substitution.
List of sources
Memoirs:
1. Nikitenko A.V. Notes and diary. T.1. SPB., 1905.
2. Milyutin D.A. Memories of Count D.A. Milyutin. Moscow, TRITE Studio Nikita Mikhalkov Russian Archive. 1997.
Office work:
3. Reitblat A. I. Letters and secret notes of F.V. Bulgarin to the III department. M., "New Literary Review". 1998.
.
CHAPTER 1
EDUCATION III OFFICES.
Even before the end of the trial of the Decembrists, Emperor Nicholas I took a very important measure, which put a well-known seal on all subsequent years of his reign and was in direct connection with the events
December 14, 1825: we are talking on the establishment of the III branch of His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery and the appointment of Adjutant General Benckendorff as chief of the gendarmes.
In January 1826, Benckendorff presented a note on the establishment of a higher police force, proposing that its head be named Minister of Police and Inspector of the Gendarme Corps. This note was followed by others on the organization of the gendarme corps. However, Emperor Nicholas did not want to assign the name of the Ministry of Police to the planned new institution; probably, this was prevented by the memories of the Napoleonic era associated with the names of Fouche and Savary. Finally, a new hitherto unprecedented name was invented for the new institution: the III department of His Majesty's own chancellery.
On June 25, 1826, the birthday of Emperor Nicholas, the highest order appeared to appoint the head of the 1st Cuirassier Division, Adjutant General Benckendorff, chief of gendarmes and commander of the imperial main apartment.
Mikhail Maksimovich Fok was appointed director of the office of the III department, a man who was undoubtedly intelligent, well-educated and secular. Extensive acquaintance and connections in high Petersburg society gave him the opportunity to see and know what was being done and said among the then aristocracy, in literary and other circles of the capital's population. At the same time, Fok enjoyed the most helpful friendship and trust of Adjutant General Benckendorff, as evidenced by the surviving correspondence.
On July 3 (15), 1826, the highest decree was issued in the name of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Lansky, on the basis of which the special office of this ministry was destroyed and transformed into the III department of His Majesty's own office, and it was ordered to destroy the orders necessary for this. In pursuance of this decree, it was ordered to the heads of the provinces, so that they, on the subjects that entered the aforementioned Department, were no longer reported to the Ministry of the Interior, but directly to His Imperial Majesty.
Adjutant General Benckendorff explains in his notes the appearance of the III Section as follows; he writes: “Emperor Nicholas sought to eradicate the abuses that had crept into many parts of the government, and was convinced from the suddenly discovered conspiracy, which stained the first minutes of the new reign with blood, of the need for widespread, more vigilant supervision, which would finally flow into one focus; the sovereign chose me to form a higher police force, which would patronize the oppressed and watch over evil intentions and people prone to them. The number of the latter has increased to a terrifying degree since many French adventurers, having mastered the education of youth from us, brought to Russia revolutionary beginnings of our fatherland, and even more so since the last war, through the rapprochement of our young officers with the liberals of those European countries where our victories led us. Never thinking of preparing for this kind of service, I had only the most superficial idea of it, but the noble and beneficent motives that gave rise to this institution, and the desire to be useful to our new sovereign, did not allow me to evade accepting the position he had formed, to which he called I have high confidence in him.
It was decided to establish a corps of gendarmes under my command.
Section III, established at the same time, represented under my command the center of this new department and together with the highest secret police, which, in the person of secret agents, was supposed to help and facilitate the actions of the gendarmes. The emperor, in order to make this position more pleasant in my eyes, deigned to add to it the title of commander of his main apartment.
I immediately got down to business, and God helped me to fulfill my duties to the pleasure of the sovereign and without setting against myself public opinion. I have been able to do good, to render favors to many, to discover many abuses, and, in particular, to prevent and avert many evils. one
His Imperial Majesty's own Chancellery and Provisional Committees.
During the reign of Nicholas I, the "His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery", pushing the Council of State and the Senate into the background. As early as 1812, it concentrated cases subject to “highest discretion”: all reports on almost all departments went to the tsar through this body. Until 1825 it was managed by Arakcheev.
Under Nicholas I, it became a body that carried out the direct instructions of the emperor in all critical issues government controlled.
In the reign of Nicholas I, bills began to be developed in His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery, ministries and special committees. Their discussion in the State Council acquired a formal character. It was not uncommon for bills to be submitted to the State Council with the king's resolution: "It is desirable for me that it be adopted," or even adopted without discussion.
The apparatus of the office grew, and departments appeared in its structure: the First, Second and Third - in 1826, the Fourth - in 1828, the Fifth - in 1836 and the Sixth - in 1842.
First branch exercised control over the ministries, prepared bills, was in charge of the appointment and dismissal of senior officials (with the approval and approval of the king).
Before the second division task was to codify laws. In it, under the guidance MM. Speransky (returned from exile in 1821), were prepared " Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire » (1830) and Code of Laws of the Russian Empire » (1835).
Gained notoriety Third branch , which was headed by Adjutant General Count A.Kh. Benkendorf.
He also became the chief of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes, created in 1827. The third branch performed the functions of a secret political police, especially in the fight against the revolutionary movement, and Separate building gendarmes served as the main power tool of autocratic power within the country.
Fourth branch was in charge of charitable institutions and women's educational institutions.
Fifth branch was created to develop a project for reforming the management of state peasants.
Sixth branch from 1842 to 1845 prepared proposals for the management of the Caucasus.
Own e.i.v. the office with its branches gradually acquired the features of an organ of supreme power.
3. Local administrative and judicial authorities
Reform 1810-1811 approved a system of departmental management throughout the country. Provincial institutions became simultaneously subordinate to various ministries, which led to great confusion.
In 1837, a new " Order to governors ”, which more clearly defined their legal status, functional duties.
In 1837-1838, in order to streamline the leadership of state peasants, chambers of state property were established in the provinces; in uyezds - district departments of state property.
Volost boards elected by peasant assemblies were subordinate to them. Members of the volost board were subject to approval by the provincial chamber of state property.
Some changes are taking place in the judicial system. Compared with the judicial system, one link in the judicial system was liquidated according to the “Institution for the Administration of the Province”: in the first half of the 19th century. the upper zemstvo court, the provincial magistrate, and the upper massacre were abolished.
Head of the judiciary Senate , which loses the bulk of administrative powers. Decree of September 8, 1802, declares the Senate to be the "repository of laws". It was assumed that he should monitor the compliance of newly adopted decrees with the current legislation. However, already in 1803 this right was withdrawn. Only the first department of the Senate retained administrative functions, in particular, it appointed revisions of individual provinces. The remaining departments performed the functions of the appellate instance.
middle link judicial system - the provincial Chambers of civil and criminal courts, like the Senate, were non-estate institutions. They considered cases of lower courts on appeal and, at first instance, the most complex cases (for example, murder cases).
bottom link the system was the county court - for the nobility; city magistrate - for citizens; court court - for officials in the capitals; conscientious court - at that time considered mainly cases of minors.
The patrimonial, military, spiritual justice was still preserved. There were departmental courts: military, sea, mountain, forest, communications, as well as spiritual and volost peasant courts. Judicial administration was in the hands of the Ministry of Justice established in 1802.
The Chamber of the Civil Court, in addition, took over the performance of some notarial functions.
FROM 1808 commercial courts began to be created, which considered bill of exchange cases, cases of commercial insolvency, etc. In 1932, the Charter of Commercial Court Proceedings was adopted, which established a uniform system of commercial courts. The main advantage of commercial ships was that long before they judicial reform 1864, an adversarial process was implemented.
Reformation of the central government.
In 1811, under the leadership of M. M. Speransky, a document was published "General Establishment of Ministries", which defined legal status these organs. The power of ministers was designated in it as top executive, directly subordinate to the emperor. The ministries were divided into departments(presence) in areas of activity and office, in which business was carried out. Founded in 1812 Committee of Ministers(Cabinet), which, in addition to ministers, included the chairmen of the departments of the State Council, the Secretary of State (head of the State Council) and some of the highest dignitaries of the empire appointed by the king. Under Nicholas I, the heir to the throne was a member of the Committee of Ministers.
The committee considered bills, reports of ministries, and solved personnel problems. All his decisions were approved by the emperor, except different kind small matters (appointment of pensions, benefits, etc.). The Committee of Ministers replaced the emperor in his absence, and in his presence supervised the highest governing bodies. Thus, in the face Committee of Ministers Russia received at the beginning of the XIX century. the highest administrative legislative body, which was abolished only in April 1906 in connection with the establishment of the State Duma.
Under Alexander I, attempts were also made to reform legislative power. At first, it was supposed to give legislative rights to the reformed Senate but in 1810, after being involved in the development of projects government reforms M. M. Speransky, as an analogue of Western parliaments was created State Council(existed until 1917) with the number of members from 40 to 90 (in different years). But it was not an elected body. Members of the State Council were appointed by the emperor from among the highest officials of the empire, and the emperor himself presided over its meetings and approved the laws adopted by him.
The main work on the preparation of bills was carried out in the First law department, staffed by professional lawyers. The remaining four departments were in charge of military affairs, civil and spiritual affairs, and the economy. The Fifth Department managed the affairs of the Kingdom of Poland. Under Alexander 1, the State Council dominated the system of ministries.
Under Nicholas I, the entire system of central branch government bodies was headed by His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery. The State Council and the Committee of Ministers were forced to go into the shadows. S.E.I.V. The Chancellery consisted of six departments, whose activities covered all spheres of public life. First controlled the ministries, was in charge of the appointment and dismissal of senior officials. It had the legislative initiative and drafted laws. Second Branch carried out coding work, summarized legal practice. The Third Division led the fight against state crimes, with the “revolution”, exercised control over the activities of religious sects, supervised certain categories of citizens, including unreliable persons, and monitored places of detention. The police and the gendarmerie, created in 1827, were subordinate to the Third Division. Operational work was carried out in seven gendarmerie districts into which the Russian Empire was divided. In the provincial and port cities, teams of gendarmes operated, whose task was to "pacify the riot and restore violated obedience", as well as "disperse the law-prohibited crowds."
Fourth Branch S.E.I.V. The office was engaged organization of charitable activities and women's education. Fifth Branch prepared and carried out a reform of the management of state peasants. AT Sixth Branch concentrated Caucasian affairs. In general, S.E.I.V. The office actually stood above the entire administrative apparatus, and the rights of its branches did not differ from the rights of the ministries.
Under Alexander I, on the initiative of Speransky, an attempt was also made to reform the process of promotion of state officials through the ranks. Until 1909, this promotion to the rank of state councilor (grade 5 - the lowest general rank) was carried out according to the principle seniority. An official who served the required number of years received the next rank, regardless of the place he occupied, and on his real merits. Everyone moved up: both negligent and ignorant. There was no incentive to try especially hard to fulfill one's duty, for the one who had entered the service earlier, though not so capable and dishonest, was beyond the reach of those who followed him.
By decree of 1909, for civil ranks, educational qualification. Starting with a collegiate assessor (8th grade - the lowest staff officer rank), it was necessary to have a higher university education or pass the appropriate exam. For the production of state councilors, another 10 years of service was required, including 2 years in responsible positions.
The exam assumed “grammatical knowledge of the Russian language and the correct composition in it”, “knowledge of at least one foreign language and the convenience of translating from it into Russian”, “thorough knowledge of the rights of natural Roman and private civil rights with the application of the latter to Russian legislation”, “information in state economy and criminal laws", "a thorough knowledge of national history", universal history with geography and chronology, "the initial foundations of statistics" and "knowledge of at least the initial foundations of mathematics and general information about the main parts of physics". All this knowledge was supposed to contribute not only to the improvement of the mental and business qualities of officials, but also to morality. And although this law, hated by the inert mass of bureaucrats, was repealed in 1834, it played a role in developing the criteria that a responsible statesman invested with power and filled with a sense of duty had to meet. According to the authoritative opinion of contemporaries, he contributed to raising the cultural level of officials.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher answers questions on the lecture material and announces a task for self-study:
1. Study on your own the following questions: His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery in the system of government bodies of the Russian Empire. Peasant question in the reign of Nicholas I.
2. Finalize the abstract.
3. Repeat material.
Developed
Deputy Head of Department
PhD in Law
major of the internal service T.V. Zhukov
Department Lecturer
Candidate of Historical Sciences A.A. Smirnova
"______" _______________ 2012
RUSSIAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS MINISTRY |
SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY |
FIRE SERVICE |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery(abbreviated Own E.I.V. office) - the personal office of the Russian emperors, eventually modified into one of the central authorities. It was created under Peter I, reformed under Catherine II, abolished by Alexander I when creating ministries; however, in 1812 it was re-established to work with cases that required the personal participation of the sovereign. The functions of the Own E. I. V. Chancellery were significantly expanded by Emperor Nicholas I. It lasted until the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917. From 1826 to 1881, the Private Chancellery was divided into several independent departments, the value of each was equal to the ministerial one.
Imperial Cabinet
Office of Alexander I
Office of Nicholas I and Alexander II
The Private Chancellery received new development in the reign of Nicholas I, when special tasks were assigned to it, for which six departments of the Chancellery were gradually formed, which had an independent position, and in their significance were equal to the ministries. In 1826, the former Private Office received the name first branch Own E. I. V. office; in the same year, the second and third departments of the Own Chancellery were established, in 1828 - the fourth, in 1836 - the fifth and in 1842 - the sixth (the last two departments are temporary).
Four departments of the Own Chancellery existed until the early 1880s, when all departments, except for the first, were transferred to the respective ministries.
First branch
Second branch
Third branch
Fourth department
The sixth branch was established in 1842 temporarily. Engaged in organizing a peaceful life in the Transcaucasian region.
Office of Alexander III and Nicholas II
The first branch in 1882 again received the name Own H.I.V. office, which served as the personal office of the emperor. She was in charge of:
- execution of orders and instructions received from the sovereign,
- production in some cases of the highest decrees, rescripts, orders, letters;
- presentation to the sovereign of papers received by the office in the name of the highest name on some of the highest state institutions, as well as reports from the heads of the provinces;
- declaration (in certain cases) of the monarch's will according to the aforesaid ideas;
- consideration of statements about unfulfilled royal decrees and orders;
- consideration and submission to the emperor's discretion of petitions from charitable institutions that were not under the direct jurisdiction of ministries or main departments (primarily those under the patronage of the highest persons);
- initial consideration and further direction of issues related to general, predominantly formal conditions of civil service, as well as awards;
- other issues related to the internal work of the Own Office.
In 1892, a committee was established at the Private Office to consider submissions for awards (since 1894 - a committee on the service of civil servants and awards). The proceedings on cases submitted to this committee were entrusted to the inspection department of the Own Office, restored in 1894.
At the end of the 19th century, E. I. V.’s own office was under the command of the Secretary of State, who was in charge of it. This position was occupied by K. K. Rennenkampf (1889-96) and A. S. Taneev (since 1896).
Sources
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
"Hurrah ah ah!" a drawn-out cry resounded along our line, and, overtaking Prince Bagration and each other, in a discordant, but cheerful and lively crowd, ours ran downhill after the upset French.The attack of the 6th Chasseurs ensured the retreat of the right flank. In the center, the action of Tushin's forgotten battery, which managed to set fire to Shengraben, stopped the movement of the French. The French extinguished the fire carried by the wind and gave time to retreat. The retreat of the center through the ravine was carried out hastily and noisily; however, the troops, retreating, were not confused by teams. But the left flank, which was simultaneously attacked and bypassed by the excellent forces of the French under the command of Lann and which consisted of the Azov and Podolsky infantry and Pavlograd hussar regiments, was upset. Bagration sent Zherkov to the general of the left flank with orders to retreat immediately.
Zherkov briskly, without taking his hand off his cap, touched the horse and galloped off. But as soon as he drove away from Bagration, his forces betrayed him. An insurmountable fear came over him, and he could not go where it was dangerous.
Having approached the troops of the left flank, he did not go forward, where there was shooting, but began to look for the general and commanders where they could not be, and therefore did not give orders.
The command of the left flank belonged in seniority to the regimental commander of the very regiment that presented itself under Braunau Kutuzov and in which Dolokhov served as a soldier. The command of the extreme left flank was assigned to the commander of the Pavlograd regiment, where Rostov served, as a result of which there was a misunderstanding. Both commanders were greatly irritated against each other, and at the same time that the right flank had long been going on and the French had already launched an offensive, both commanders were busy with negotiations that aimed to offend each other. The regiments, both cavalry and infantry, were very little prepared for the upcoming business. The people of the regiments, from a soldier to a general, did not expect a battle and calmly engaged in peaceful affairs: feeding the horses in the cavalry, collecting firewood in the infantry.
“He is, however, older than me in rank,” said the German, a hussar colonel, blushing and turning to the adjutant who drove up, “then leave him to do as he wants. I cannot sacrifice my hussars. Trumpeter! Play Retreat!
But things were getting rushed. Cannonade and shooting, merging, thundered from the right and in the center, and the French hoods of Lannes' shooters were already passing the mill dam and lined up on this side in two rifle shots. The infantry colonel with a shuddering gait approached the horse and, mounting it and becoming very straight and tall, rode to the Pavlograd commander. The regimental commanders arrived with courteous bows and hidden malice in their hearts.
“Again, colonel,” said the general, “however, I cannot leave half the people in the forest. I beg you, I beg you,” he repeated, “take position and prepare for the attack.
“And I ask you not to interfere with your own business,” the colonel answered, getting excited. - If you were a cavalryman ...
- I'm not a cavalryman, Colonel, but I'm a Russian general, and if you don't know...
“Very well known, Your Excellency,” the colonel suddenly cried out, touching the horse, and turning red-purple. - Would you like to join the chains, and you will see that this position is worthless. I don't want to destroy my regiment for your pleasure.
“You are forgetting, Colonel. I do not observe my pleasure and I will not allow it to be said.
The general, accepting the colonel's invitation to the tournament of courage, straightening his chest and frowning, rode with him in the direction of the chain, as if all their disagreement was to be decided there, in the chain, under the bullets. They arrived at the chain, several bullets flew over them, and they silently stopped. There was nothing to see in the chain, since even from the place where they had previously stood, it was clear that it was impossible for the cavalry to operate through the bushes and ravines, and that the French were bypassing the left wing. The general and the colonel looked sternly and significantly as the two roosters, preparing for battle, looked at each other, waiting in vain for signs of cowardice. Both passed the test. Since there was nothing to say, and neither one nor the other wanted to give a reason to the other to say that he was the first to get out from under the bullets, they would have stood there for a long time, mutually experiencing courage, if at that time in the forest, almost behind them, the rattle of guns and a muffled, merging cry were heard. The French attacked the soldiers who were in the forest with firewood. The hussars could no longer retreat with the infantry. They were cut off from the retreat to the left by a French line. Now, however inconvenient the terrain was, it was necessary to attack in order to make their way.
The squadron, where Rostov served, who had just managed to get on his horses, was stopped facing the enemy. Again, as on the Ensky bridge, there was no one between the squadron and the enemy, and between them, separating them, lay the same terrible line of uncertainty and fear, as it were, a line separating the living from the dead. All people felt this line, and the question of whether or not they would cross the line and how they would cross the line worried them.
A colonel rode up to the front, angrily answered something to the questions of the officers, and, like a man desperately insisting on his own, gave some kind of order. No one said anything definitive, but rumors of an attack swept through the squadron. There was a command to build, then sabers screeched out of their scabbards. But still no one moved. The troops of the left flank, both the infantry and the hussars, felt that the authorities themselves did not know what to do, and the indecision of the commanders was communicated to the troops.
“Hurry, hurry,” thought Rostov, feeling that at last the time had come to taste the pleasure of the attack, about which he had heard so much from his comrades hussars.
- With God, g "fuck," Denisov's voice sounded, - g "ysyo, magician" sh!
In the front row, the croups of horses swayed. Grachik pulled the reins and set off on his own.
On the right, Rostov saw the first ranks of his hussars, and even further ahead he could see a dark stripe, which he could not see, but considered the enemy. Shots were heard, but in the distance.
- Add lynx! - a command was heard, and Rostov felt how he was giving in backwards, interrupting his Grachik at a gallop.
He guessed his movements ahead, and he became more and more cheerful. He noticed a lone tree ahead. This tree was at first in front, in the middle of that line that seemed so terrible. And so they crossed this line, and not only was there nothing terrible, but it became more and more cheerful and lively. "Oh, how I will cut him," thought Rostov, clutching the hilt of the saber in his hand.
– Oh oh oh ah ah!! - voices boomed. "Well, now whoever gets caught," thought Rostov, pressing Grachik's spurs, and, overtaking the others, let him go all over the quarry. The enemy was already visible ahead. Suddenly, like a wide broom, something lashed the squadron. Rostov raised his saber, preparing to cut, but at that time the soldier Nikitenko, galloping ahead, separated from him, and Rostov felt, as in a dream, that he continued to rush forward with unnatural speed and at the same time remained in place. Behind him, the familiar hussar Bandarchuk galloped up at him and looked angrily. Bandarchuk's horse shied away, and he galloped past.
"What is this? am I not moving? “I fell, I was killed ...” Rostov asked and answered in an instant. He was already alone in the middle of the field. Instead of moving horses and hussar backs, he saw around him motionless earth and stubble. Warm blood was under him. "No, I am wounded and the horse is killed." Rook got up on his front legs, but fell, crushing his rider's leg. Blood was flowing from the horse's head. The horse struggled and could not get up. Rostov wanted to get up and fell too: the cart caught on the saddle. Where were ours, where were the French - he did not know. Nobody was around.
He freed his leg and stood up. “Where, on what side was now that line that so sharply separated the two troops?” he asked himself and could not answer. “Has something bad happened to me? Are there such cases, and what should be done in such cases? he asked himself, getting up; and at that time he felt that something superfluous was hanging on his left numb hand. Her brush was like someone else's. He looked at his hand, searching in vain for blood. “Well, here are the people,” he thought happily, seeing several people running towards him. “They will help me!” Ahead of these people ran one in a strange shako and in a blue overcoat, black, tanned, with a hooked nose. Two more and many more fled behind. One of them said something strange, non-Russian. Between the rear of the same people, in the same shakos, stood one Russian hussar. He was held by the hands; his horse was kept behind him.
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